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1

Shiau, Ai-Li, Chih-Szu Liao, Chi-Wen Tu, Sheng-Nan Wu, Hsin-Yen Cho, and Meng-Cheng Yu. "Characterization in Effective Stimulation on the Magnitude, Gating, Frequency Dependence, and Hysteresis of INa Exerted by Picaridin (or Icaridin), a Known Insect Repellent." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (2022): 9696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179696.

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Picaridin (icaridin), a member of the piperidine chemical family, is a broad-spectrum arthropod repellent. Its actions have been largely thought to be due to its interaction with odorant receptor proteins. However, to our knowledge, to what extent the presence of picaridin can modify the magnitude, gating, and/or the strength of voltage-dependent hysteresis (Hys(V)) of plasmalemmal ionic currents, such as, voltage-gated Na+ current [INa], has not been entirely explored. In GH3 pituitary tumor cells, we demonstrated that with exposure to picaridin the transient (INa(T)) and late (INa(L)) compon
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Almeida, Rafael M., Barbara A. Han, Alexander J. Reisinger, Catherine Kagemann, and Emma J. Rosi. "High mortality in aquatic predators of mosquito larvae caused by exposure to insect repellent." Biology Letters 14, no. 10 (2018): 20180526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0526.

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In the face of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks, effective mosquito control is a primary goal for public health. Insect repellents, containing active compounds such as DEET and picaridin, are a first defence against biting insects. Owing to widespread use and incomplete sewage treatment, these compounds are frequently detected in surface waters, but their effects on aquatic taxa such as mosquito larvae or their naturally occurring aquatic predators are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of commercial products containing DEET and picaridin
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Carroll, J. F., J. P. Benante, M. Kramer, K. H. Lohmeyer, and K. Lawrence. "Formulations of Deet, Picaridin, and IR3535 Applied to Skin Repel Nymphs of the Lone Star Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) for 12 Hours." Journal of Medical Entomology 47, no. 4 (2010): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/47.4.699.

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Abstract The efficacies of a 20% 1-methyl-propyl-2-(hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylate (picaridin) spray, 20% 3-(N-acetyl-N-butyl)aminopropionic acid ethyl ester (IR3535) spray, 20% picaridin lotion, 10% IR3535 lotion, and 33% N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) cream in repelling nymphal lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), were determined at 2-h intervals over 12 h using human subjects. A repellent formulation was applied in a 5-cm-wide band encircling a volunteer’s lower leg. For each challenge, 70 host-seeking nymphs were released on each volunteer’s ankle, and tick locations we
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Choudhury, Arunima, Innifa Hasan, Pobi Gogoi, and Dip Jyoti Haloi. "Efficacy of compounds used in mosquito repellents (DEET, picaridin, prallethrin and IR3535) against odorant binding protein (OBP20) of Anopheles gambiae: A molecular docking study." ENTOMON 48, no. 2 (2023): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v48i2.888.

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The study is to use AutoDock software to determine the binding affinity or binding energy of DEET, picaridin, prallethrin, and IR3535 components with the odorant receptor of the Anopheles gambiae say (Diptera, Culicidae) mosquito species. The binding energy (ÄG) of prallethrin was determined to be highest at -10.55 kcal/mol followed by picaridin at -7.1 kcal/mol, DEET at -6.57 kcal/mol and IR3535 at -5.6 kcal/mol being the lowest among all. By comparing their binding energy levels after AutoDocking, it is to decide which mosquito repellent is the most effective.
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Peng, Zhe-Yu, Mu-Zi He, Ling-Yan Zhou, et al. "Mosquito Repellents: Efficacy Tests of Commercial Skin-Applied Products in China." Molecules 27, no. 17 (2022): 5534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175534.

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As a prevention tool for mosquito-borne diseases, mosquito repellents have received substantial attention. To make a convincing recommendation for repellent products to Chinese consumers, we compared the protection time (landing time and probing time) of the 26 best-selling commercial repellents in the Chinese market in a controlled laboratory environment. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Meanwhile, prices and favorable rates of repellents are also taken into consideration. In our study, N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)-based products provided the longest protection time (0.5–3.88 h lan
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Antwi, Frank B., Leslie M. Shama, and Robert K. D. Peterson. "Risk assessments for the insect repellents DEET and picaridin." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 51, no. 1 (2008): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.03.002.

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Gu, Xiaochen, and Ting Chen. "In vitro permeation characterization of repellent picaridin and sunscreen oxybenzone." Pharmaceutical Development and Technology 14, no. 3 (2009): 332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10837450802647318.

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Scott, Jodi M., Tanjim Hossain, Claudia Davidson, Michael L. Smith, and Rui-De Xue. "Laboratory Evaluation of Citronella, Picaridin, and Deet Repellents AgainstPsorophora ciliataandPsorophora howardii." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 30, no. 2 (2014): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/13-6368.1.

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Feuser, Zoé Paulina, Tamy Colonetti, Antonio José Grande, Maria Laura Rodrigues Uggioni, Leonardo Roever, and Maria Inês da Rosa. "Efficacy of the DEET, IR3535, and Picaridin Topical Use Against Aedes Aegypti." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 28, no. 6 (2020): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000875.

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Ghali, Helana, and Sharon E. Albers. "Reply to picaridin: A safe and effective alternative insect repellent to DEET." Pediatric Dermatology 41, no. 4 (2024): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.15630.

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Goodyer, Larry, and Steven Schofield. "Mosquito repellents for the traveller: does picaridin provide longer protection than DEET?" Journal of Travel Medicine 25, Suppl_1 (2018): S10—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tay005.

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Ryan, Justin J., Riccardo Casalini, Joshua A. Orlicki, and Jeffrey G. Lundin. "Controlled release of the insect repellent picaridin from electrospun nylon‐6,6 nanofibers." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 31, no. 12 (2020): 3039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.5028.

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Terriquez, J. A., S. A. Klotz, E. A. Meister, J. H. Klotz, and J. O. Schmidt. "Repellency of DEET, Picaridin, and Three Essential Oils toTriatoma rubida(Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 50, no. 3 (2013): 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/me12282.

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Lyu, Zhaoqing, Sani Rachman Soleman, Meng Li, and Kouji H. Harada. "Letter to the editors regarding “Risk assessments for the insect repellents DEET and picaridin”." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 122 (June 2021): 104928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104928.

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Galamgam, Jayden, and Carol E. Cheng. "Picaridin: A safe and effective alternative insect repellent to N, N‐diethyl‐meta‐toluamide." Pediatric Dermatology 41, no. 4 (2024): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pde.15631.

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Kalaycı, Sadık, Selami Demirci, and Fikrettin Sahin. "Determination of antimicrobial properties of Picaridin and DEET against a broad range of microorganisms." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30, no. 2 (2013): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-013-1456-4.

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Charlton, Nathan P., Lauren T. Murphy, Jennifer L. Parker Cote, and J. Priyanka Vakkalanka. "The toxicity of picaridin containing insect repellent reported to the National Poison Data System." Clinical Toxicology 54, no. 8 (2016): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2016.1186806.

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Frances, S. P., D. G. E. Waterson, N. W. Beebe, and R. D. Cooper. "Field Evaluation of Repellent Formulations Containing Deet and Picaridin Against Mosquitoes in Northern Territory, Australia." Journal of Medical Entomology 41, no. 3 (2004): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.414.

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Sanford, Jillian L., Sharon A. Barski, Christina M. Seen, Joseph C. Dickens, and Vonnie D. C. Shields. "Neurophysiological and Behavioral Responses of Gypsy Moth Larvae to Insect Repellents: DEET, IR3535, and Picaridin." PLoS ONE 9, no. 6 (2014): e99924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099924.

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Miot, Hélio Amante, Gerhard da Paz Lauterbach, Felipe Augusto Horácio Ribeiro, et al. "Comparison among homemade repellents made with cloves, picaridin, andiroba, and soybean oil against Aedes aegypti bites." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, no. 6 (2011): 793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822011000600030.

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Corazza, Monica, Alessandro Borghi, Maria Rosaria Zampino, and Annarosa Virgili. "Allergic Contact Dermatitis due to an Insect Repellent: Double Sensitization to Picaridin and Methyl Glucose Dioleate." Acta Dermato-Venereologica -1, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00015550510025597.

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Coetzee, Divan, Jiri Militky, and Mohanapriya Venkataraman. "Functional Coatings by Natural and Synthetic Agents for Insect Control and Their Applications." Coatings 12, no. 4 (2022): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040476.

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Insect repellent textiles offer protection against disease-causing vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, and ticks. Protection is based on the incorporation of insect repellent compounds present in plant oil derivatives or synthetic oils. The effectiveness and application of natural insect repellents such as citronella grass, lemongrass, rosemary, peppermint, holy basil, tea tree, neem, lavender, thyme, lemon eucalyptus, clove, and cinnamon oils, as well as synthetic compounds permethrin, allethrin, malathion, DEET, DETA, IR3535, and picaridin, are compared here. The insect repellent and insectic
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Kajla, Mayur K., Gregory A. Barrett-Wilt, and Susan M. Paskewitz. "Bacteria: A novel source for potent mosquito feeding-deterrents." Science Advances 5, no. 1 (2019): eaau6141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6141.

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Antibiotic and insecticidal bioactivities of the extracellular secondary metabolites produced by entomopathogenic bacteria belonging to genusXenorhabdushave been identified; however, their novel applications such as mosquito feeding-deterrence have not been reported. Here, we show that a mixture of compounds isolated fromXenorhabdus budapestensisin vitro cultures exhibits potent feeding-deterrent activity against three deadly mosquito vectors:Aedes aegypti,Anopheles gambiae, andCulex pipiens. We demonstrate that the deterrent active fraction isolated from replicate bacterial cultures is highly
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Heng, Somony, Vincent Sluydts, Lies Durnez, et al. "Safety of a topical insect repellent (picaridin) during community mass use for malaria control in rural Cambodia." PLOS ONE 12, no. 3 (2017): e0172566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172566.

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Naucke, T. J., R. Kröpke, G. Benner, et al. "Field evaluation of the efficacy of proprietary repellent formulations with IR3535® and Picaridin against Aedes aegypti." Parasitology Research 101, no. 1 (2007): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-006-0450-2.

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Lo, Wai Ling, Ka Leung Mok, and Stephanie Dorothy Yu Pui Ming. "Which insect repellents should we choose? Implications from results of local market survey and review of current guidelines." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 25, no. 5 (2018): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024907918773630.

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Mosquito-borne diseases are global problems. The use of topical insect repellents is a key measure recommended by health authorities to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. Despite more than a hundred commercial products available in the market, there are relatively few active ingredients used across these formulations. The most common active components are diethyltoluamide, picaridin, p-menthane-3,8-diol, ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535) and a range of plant-derived products. Research has shown that each of these active ingredients vary in the duration of protection provided against biti
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Van Roey, Karel, Mao Sokny, Leen Denis, et al. "Field Evaluation of Picaridin Repellents Reveals Differences in Repellent Sensitivity between Southeast Asian Vectors of Malaria and Arboviruses." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8, no. 12 (2014): e3326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003326.

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Donchai, Worn, Arunee Kongdee Aldred, Anuluck Junkum, and Arpaporn Chansang. "Controlled release of DEET and Picaridin mosquito repellents from microcapsules prepared by complex coacervation using gum Arabic and chitosan." Pharmaceutical Sciences Asia 2022, no. 5 (2022): 506–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29090/psa.2022.05.22.110.

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Klun, Jerome A., Ashot Khrimian, and Mustapha Debboun. "Repellent and Deterrent Effects of SS220, Picaridin, and Deet Suppress Human Blood Feeding byAedes aegypti,Anopheles stephensi, andPhlebotomus papatasi." Journal of Medical Entomology 43, no. 1 (2006): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/43.1.34.

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Shaily, Saini* Hansika Varshney Anshika Singh. "Formulation And Evaluation Of Mosquitoes Repellent Candles." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 4 (2024): 680–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980502.

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With the number of diseases spread by mosquitoes on the rise, mosquito control is becoming increasingly important. With the correct equipment and a little work, mosquitoes must be eradicated. Applying a chemical to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces that deters mosquitoes (and other arthropods) from landing or climbing on them is known as a mosquito repellent. One efficient strategy to stop the transmission of diseases carried by vectors is to decrease the quantity of host-vector contacts.Nowadays, the majority of commercially available formulations for human protection against mosquitoes a
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Carroll, J. F., M. Kramer, and R. H. Bedoukian. "Solvent, Drying Time, and Substrate Affect the Responses of Lone Star Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) to the Repellents Deet and Picaridin." Journal of Medical Entomology 51, no. 3 (2014): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/me12214.

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Luker, Hailey A., Stacy Rodriguez, Yashoda Kandel, Julia Vulcan, and Immo A. Hansen. "A novel Tick Carousel Assay for testing efficacy of repellents on Amblyomma americanum L." PeerJ 9 (April 21, 2021): e11138. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11138.

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Ticks are important vectors of human and veterinary diseases. A primary way ticks gain access to human hosts is by engaging to clothing. Repellents or acaricides sprayed onto fabric are used to deter ticks’ access to human hosts. However, there are a limited amount of standardized laboratory assays that can determine the potency and efficacy of repellents. We present a novel fabric-engagement assay referred to as the ‘Tick Carousel Assay’. This assay utilizes fabric brushing past ticks located on an artificial grass patch and measures tick engagements to fabric over time. After screening a var
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Wu, Weifeng, Yu Yang, Yingmiao Feng, et al. "Study of the Repellent Activity of 60 Essential Oils and Their Main Constituents against Aedes albopictus, and Nano-Formulation Development." Insects 13, no. 12 (2022): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121077.

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Mosquitoes are one of the most important disease vectors from a medical viewpoint in that they transmit several diseases such as malaria, filariasis, yellow and Dengue fever. Mosquito vector control and personal protection from mosquito bites are currently the most efficient ways to prevent these diseases. Several synthetic repellents such as DEET, ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535) and 1-(1-methylpropoxycarbonyl)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine) (Picaridin), have been widely used to prevent humans from receiving mosquito bites. However, the use of synthetic repellents has raised several e
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Clarkson, Taylor C., Ashley J. Janich, Irma Sanchez-Vargas, et al. "Nootkatone Is an Effective Repellent against Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus." Insects 12, no. 5 (2021): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050386.

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We tested a nootkatone product for insecticide activity against the most prominent vectors of Zika virus (ZIKV), Aedes aegypti, and Aedes albopictus. We tested the permethrin-resistant (PERM-R) Vergel strain of A. aegypti and the permethrin-susceptible (PERM-S) New Orleans strain of A. aegypti to determine if insecticide resistance affected their susceptibility to nootkatone. Bottle bioassays showed that the PERM-S strain (New Orleans) was more susceptible to nootkatone than the confirmed A. aegypti permethrin-resistant (PERM-R) strain, Vergel. The A. albopictus strain ATM-NJ95 was a known PER
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A. Marilag, Krizzia Jewel, Felix Elijah P. Alcontin, Kaina May D. Coquilla, Elliza G. Madria, and Jirah E. Winfield. "Mimosa pudica (Makahiya) with cucumber melon-infused fragrance: a natural air freshener gel and mosquito repellent." International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering, no. 51 (March 21, 2025): 120–34. https://doi.org/10.55529/ijrise.51.120.134.

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Insect repellents commonly contain most ingredients such as: DEET, Picaridin, IR3535, and Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus, thus becoming a common product for manufacturers to manufacture. Insect repellents enable people to feel comfortable and guarded as they have a purpose of repelling insects especially mosquitoes when spending time outdoors or posed on an area with high populations of insects or mosquitoes. Without insect repellents, people would suffer with insect problems, hence, the researchers utilized an eco-friendly and accessible primary ingredient for mosquito repelling and air freshening,
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Sluydts, Vincent, Lies Durnez, Somony Heng, et al. "Efficacy of topical mosquito repellent (picaridin) plus long-lasting insecticidal nets versus long-lasting insecticidal nets alone for control of malaria: a cluster randomised controlled trial." Lancet Infectious Diseases 16, no. 10 (2016): 1169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30148-7.

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Priya, Sridhar Shanmuga, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Ammar B. Altemimi, et al. "Bioactive Molecules Derived from Plants in Managing Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti (Linn.)." Molecules 28, no. 5 (2023): 2386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052386.

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Mosquitoes are the potential vectors of several viral diseases such as filariasis, malaria, dengue, yellow fever, Zika fever and encephalitis in humans as well as other species. Dengue, the most common mosquito-borne disease in humans caused by the dengue virus is transmitted by the vector Ae. aegypti. Fever, chills, nausea and neurological disorders are the frequent symptoms of Zika and dengue. Thanks to various anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, industrialized farming and poor drainage facilities there has been a significant rise in mosquitoes and vector-borne diseases. Control
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Klun, Jerome A., Ashot Khrimian, and Mustapha Debboun. "Repellent and Deterrent Effects of SS220, Picaridin, and Deet Suppress Human Blood Feeding by Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Phlebotomus papatasi." Journal of Medical Entomology 43, no. 1 (2006): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585(2006)043[0034:radeos]2.0.co;2.

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Beddard, Frank E. "Contributions to the Anatomy of Picarian Birds.-Part I. On some Points in the Structure of the Hornbills." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 57, no. 4 (2009): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1889.tb06794.x.

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Chauhan, Kamlesh R., Lee P. McPhatter, Kenneth O’Dell, Zainulabeuddin Syed, Alan Wheeler, and Mustapha Debboun. "Evaluation of a Novel User-Friendly Arthropod Repellent Gel, Verdegen." Journal of Medical Entomology, April 15, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab065.

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Abstract Hand sanitizers are developed as alcohol-based liquid gel formulations, generally used to decrease the amount of infectious agents on human hands. Verdegen, LLC proposed to prepare an arthropod repellent gel for public use when the recent outbreaks of Zika infection vectored through Aedes mosquitoes in the American continents prompted multi-faceted emergency measures. Four different gel formulations were developed, comprising two of the most efficacious commercial arthropod repellent active ingredients, N,N-diethyl-3-methyl benzamide (deet) and 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxyli
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Skvarla, Michael J., Karen Poh, Calvin Norman, and Erika T. Machtinger. "Commercial products are not effective at repelling European deer keds, Lipoptena cervi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) but may increase mortality after exposure." Journal of Medical Entomology, August 26, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjae109.

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Abstract European deer keds, Lipoptena cervi (Linnaeus, 1758), are hematophagous ectoparasitic flies known to bite cervids and noncervids, including humans. To prevent deer keds from landing and biting hosts, 5 commercially available insect repellents (DEET, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), picaridin, and permethrin) and water control were evaluated to determine repellency efficacy and postexposure mortality of deer keds. While there was a significant difference between the groups tested, a post hoc analysis revealed that no treatment was significantly different from the water control. D
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Koehler, P. G., R. M. Pereira, and R. A. Allen. "Use and Application of DEET Repellent." EDIS 2011, no. 5/6 (2011). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-ig122-1994.

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This document discusses the use and application of insect repellents, focusing on DEET and its alternatives. DEET has been effective for over 45 years but has potential adverse effects. New repellents like picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus offer similar protection with fewer side effects. The article provides guidelines for selecting and applying DEET products, minimizing exposure, and using repellents on children. It also highlights the importance of reading labels and following instructions to ensure safe and effective use.
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Farooq, Muhammad, Kai Blore, Rui-de Xue, and Kenneth Linthicum. "EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL SPATIAL REPELLENCY OF CONTACT REPELLENTS AGAINST AEDES AEGYPTI (L.) IN A WIND TUNNEL." Journal of the Florida Mosquito Control Association 69, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/jfmca.v69i1.130637.

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The use of arthropod repellents is an important personal protective measure against vector-borne diseases. For contact repellents, the recommendation to apply repellents to all exposed skin could be relaxed if the repellent exhibits spatial repellency. In 2019, we evaluated four contact repellents containing a mixture of geraniol and soybean natural oils, N,N-diethyl- 3-methyl-benzamide (DEET), 2-(2hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidine carboxylic acid 1-methylpropyl ester (Picaridin), and p-Menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) for their potential as spatial repellents against cohorts of irradiated and non-irradiated
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K, Ashok, Bhavani Reddy J, Radhika VVS, et al. "Formulation and evaluation of natural mosquito repellent hoop cones." International Journal of Indigenous Herbs and Drugs, March 31, 2025, 14–18. https://doi.org/10.46956/ijihd.v10i1.678.

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Mosquitoes are found all over the world and are responsible for spreading diseases like malaria, dengue, and yellow fever. Controlling mosquito populations and protecting oneself from mosquito bites are crucial in preventing the spread of these infectious diseases. Mosquitoes carry a wide range of illnesses, so it's important to use mosquito-repelling solutions. There is also a growing market for "natural" DEET-free repellents. These repellents come in various forms such as spray, lotion, and wearable items and they contain active ingredients like picaridin, IR 3535, and essential oils such as
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Nelson, Peter N., and Willem H. Mulder. "Thermodynamic and kinetic models for the photolytic and hydrolytic degradation of picaridin: A computational and theoretical study." Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, June 2024, 114706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2024.114706.

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Vajda, Élodie A., Amanda Ross, Dyna Doum, et al. "Field evaluation of a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent and etofenprox treated clothing for outdoor protection against forest malaria vectors in Cambodia." Scientific Reports 14, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67470-3.

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AbstractCambodia’s goal to eliminate malaria by 2025 is challenged by persistent transmission in forest and forest fringe areas, where people are exposed to Anopheles mosquito bites during the day and night. Volatile pyrethroid spatial repellents (VPSRs) and insecticide-treated clothing (ITC) could address these gaps. This study evaluated the outdoor application of one passive transfluthrin-based VPSR, four etofenprox-ITCs paired with a picaridin topical repellent, and a combination of VPSR and ITC against wild Anopheles landing in Cambodia. A 7 × 7 Latin-square study was conducted over 49 col
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Lawrence, Maxwell Judd, Rafeqah Raslan, and Nur Shahidah Ab Aziz. "Computer‐aided design of insect‐repellent formulation with inherent safety assessment." Process Safety Progress, December 18, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.12568.

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AbstractInsect repellents are one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of diseases such as dengue, malaria, and yellow fever. However, most insect repellents contain ingredients that pose a significant risk to consumers. Therefore, this research aims to design a safer and less harmful insect‐repellent formulation based on the formulated product design methodology. Computer‐aided molecular design (CAMD) methodology was employed to design an insect‐repellent solvent that exhibits minimum safety and health risks. The safety and health hazards of all the selected ingredients were then
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Yukich, Joshua, Dyna Doum, David J. McIver, et al. "Willingness to pay for a mosquito bite prevention ‘forest pack’ in Cambodia: results of a discrete choice experiment." Malaria Journal 23, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-05224-2.

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Abstract Background Progress towards malaria elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion has left much of the residual malaria transmission concentrated among forest-exposed populations for whom traditional domicile focused malaria vector control is unlikely to be effective. New tools to protect these populations from vector biting outdoors are needed. Methods Alongside implementation research on the deployment of a “forest pack” consisting of a volatile pyrethroid (transfluthrin)-based spatial repellent (VPSR), a picaridin-based topical repellent and etofenprox treatment of clothing, an asses
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Noguera-Gahona, Melissa, Cindy Peña-Moreno, Natalia Quiñones-Sobarzo, Caroline Weinstein-Oppenheimer, María Guerra-Zúñiga, and Ximena Collao-Ferrada. "Repellents against Aedes aegypti bites: synthetic and natural origins." Frontiers in Insect Science 4 (January 22, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3389/finsc.2024.1510857.

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Dengue fever, transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, particularly Aedes aegypti, has emerged as a global health issue. With the expansion of this mosquito to new geographical areas, driven by factors such as climate change, the need for preventive measures like using insect repellents has become critical. The present review explores the current state of the art on topical mosquito repellents, both synthetic and natural, used globally, especially in regions where dengue is endemic. Among synthetic repellents, DEET is the most widely used, supported by investigations demonstrating its eff
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Afzal, Dr Saira. "Endemic Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Pakistan." Annals of King Edward Medical University 22, no. 3 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v22i3.1480.

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<p>“In times of stress and danger such as come about as the result of an epidemic, many tragic and cruel phases of human nature are brought out, as well as many brave and unselfish ones.”</p><p><strong>William Crawford Gorgas</strong></p><p> Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever is endemic in certain parts of world. It is a <em><a title="Zoonotic" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonotic">zoonotic</a></em> disease and reservoirs are domestic and wild animals. It spreads by vector <em><a title="Hyalomma" href="https://en.w
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