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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Pit toilet”

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Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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1

Rao, Sudhakar M., and R. Malini. "Use of permeable reactive barrier to mitigate groundwater nitrate contamination from on-site sanitation." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 2 (2015): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.159.

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Nearly 50% of India's population depends on variants of pit-toilet systems for human waste disposal. Nitrate contamination of groundwater by pit-toilet leachate is a major environmental concern in the country as it sources a major proportion (50–80%) of potable water from aquifers. Therefore, minimizing nitrate contamination of groundwater due to leachate infiltration from pit-toilet systems is essential. Batch and column experiments demonstrated the capability of bentonite-enhanced sand (BES) specimens to reduce nitrate concentrations in synthetic solutions (initial NO3-N concentration = 22.7
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Jurmang, Comfort Isuwa. "Social Studies for Awareness of Toilet Facilities in Job to Achieve Environmental Sanitation." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 19 (December 2013): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.19.192.

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Social studies is a field of study concern with the study of people, places and environments. Ten children were randomly selected from five public primary schools in Jos to identify where people defecate through observations and interview. 100 % of the respondents did not know what water closet and lavatory are. Water closet is locally referred to as water system toilet. 100 % of them know toilet room, urinal, bathroom and pit latrines. Public institutions like Banks, Motor Parks, Fuel station and Public primary schools have different levels of provisions of toilets. Institutions that all have
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Nancy S, K. Mujibur Rahman, K. Mohamed Ali, Govindarajan PK, and Thirumeni S. "Why Villagers Use Toilets Only During Specific Time and Season? A Mixed-Methods Study in Rural Tamil Nadu." National Journal of Community Medicine 13, no. 12 (2022): 889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55489/njcm.131220222500.

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Background: Due to the efforts of sanitation promotion interventions in India, majority of the villagers started using toilets. But there is an inconsistency in toilet usage with regard to time and season. Objectives: The objectives were to determine the time and seasonal variations in toilet usage among villagers who use toilets and to identify the reasons for time and seasonal variations in toilet usage. Methodology: A community-based mixed-methods study was executed in the four field practice villages of UHTC, Villupuram. After IEC clearance, 405 individuals who were using an owned toilet w
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Rao, Sudhakar M., Lydia Arkenadan, Nitish V. Mogili, Saksham K. Atishaya, and Priscilla Anthony. "Bioremediation of pit toilet sewage." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 12, no. 2 (2017): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jenes.16.00020.

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Byansi, Jade Zziwa, Richard Mutabazi, Joel Buwaguzibwa, and Najib Bateganya Lukooya. "Enhancing waterborne toilets to reduce water usage in schools: experience from Kampala, Uganda." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 7 (2022): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i7.6s.

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Over 620 million children worldwide lacked a basic sanitation service at their school and 12% of schools have facilities that are not usable. In Kampala’s public primary school, the pupil to stance area stands at 57:1 as compared to the required 40:1 by the public health regulation of 2000. A number of waterborne toilets have been constructed in schools to change the pupil to stance ratio from 118:1 to 57:1 in the period 2012- 2018. However, the administrators of schools have denied 07% of the toilets in schools to be accessed by pupils in an effort to control water bills. Administrators prefe
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Byansi, Jade Zziwa, Richard Mutabazi, Joel Buwaguzibwa, and Najib Bateganya Lukooya. "Enhancing waterborne toilets to reduce water usage in schools: experience from Kampala, Uganda." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 7 (2022): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i7.6s.

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Over 620 million children worldwide lacked a basic sanitation service at their school and 12% of schools have facilities that are not usable. In Kampala’s public primary school, the pupil to stance area stands at 57:1 as compared to the required 40:1 by the public health regulation of 2000. A number of waterborne toilets have been constructed in schools to change the pupil to stance ratio from 118:1 to 57:1 in the period 2012- 2018. However, the administrators of schools have denied 07% of the toilets in schools to be accessed by pupils in an effort to control water bills. Administrators prefe
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7

Rao, Sudhakar M., Lydia Arkenadan, and Nitish V. Mogili. "Performance of modified twin pit toilet in Mulbagal town, Karnataka, India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 3 (2018): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2018.159.

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Abstract Transformation of ammonium to nitrate upon sewage discharge to sub-surface environment exposes about 65 million households in rural and urban India to risks of drinking nitrate contaminated groundwater. Building on earlier research, a twin pit is modified in Mulbagal town, Karnataka, to remove nitrate in pit toilet sewage and is functional for nearly one year. The first pit serves as an anaerobic chamber, while the second pit facilitates aerobic reactions in the upper half and is equipped with a bio-barrier in its lower half. Quality of treated sewage is monitored by soil water sample
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8

Mkhize, Nosipho, Myra Taylor, Kai M. Udert, Teddy G. Gounden, and Chris A. Buckley. "Urine diversion dry toilets in eThekwini Municipality, South Africa: acceptance, use and maintenance through users' eyes." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 1 (2017): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.079.

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This study was part of the VUNA project aimed to develop an affordable sanitation system that produces a valuable fertiliser, reduces pollution of water resources and promotes health. Urine diversion dry toilets (UDDTs) simplify the on-site hygienisation of faeces and allow for nutrient recovery from urine. Social acceptance is vital for the implementation of the UDDT, because sanitation is only effective if the system not only provides a well-designed toilet and effective waste management, but also offers users a facility that caters to their needs and is sensitive to their cultural lifestyle
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9

Munamati, Muchaneta, Innocent Nhapi, and Shepherd N. Misi. "Types and distribution of improved sanitation technologies in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 2 (2017): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.123.

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Access to improved sanitation technologies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is very low. Despite the importance of improved sanitation technologies in sanitation monitoring, little attention has been given towards the types and distributions of improved sanitation technologies used in SSA. This paper presents an analysis of the distribution of improved sanitation technologies in SSA, with particular emphasis on factors influencing their distribution. Study data were derived from demographic health surveys, multiple indicator cluster surveys and World Bank Development Indicators. Results showed that
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10

Karkana, M. Z., and Adamu Muktar. "Assessment of Faecal Sludge Management in Nguru Town, Yobe State, Northeastern Nigeria." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 1 (2021): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2161.024.

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The aim of the study is to assess faecal sludge management (FSM) in Nguru town, Nguru Local Government area of Yobe State. Random sampling method was used in the selection of respondents in six political wards of the study area. A total of 399 questionnaires were administered to respondents in the study area with the view to identify the types and current practices of faecal sludge management in the study area. The result of the study indicates that majority of the respondents 68% used pit latrine, 24% used water closet while 8% used other type of toilet facilities. However, on the excreta def
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Antwi-Agyei, Prince, Bismark Dwumfour-Asare, Kwaku Amaning Adjei, Raphael Kweyu, and Sheillah Simiyu. "Understanding the Barriers and Opportunities for Effective Management of Shared Sanitation in Low-Income Settlements—The Case of Kumasi, Ghana." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (2020): 4528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124528.

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Improved sanitation for all is a daunting task for low-income countries, and shared toilets often provide an alternative to private household sanitation for most urban residents. This study sought to provide better understanding of the existing barriers and opportunities for improved management of shared sanitation. The study used focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with 70 users (landlords and tenants) of shared sanitation in Kumasi, Ghana to assess barriers and opportunities of “high-quality” shared sanitation. The commonly used toilet facilities were dry toilets—Kumasi Ventilate
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12

Egbinola, Christiana Ndidi, and Amobichukwu Chukwudi Amanambu. "Water supply, sanitation and hygiene education in secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 29, no. 29 (2015): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bog-2015-0023.

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Abstract Access to potable water supply, sanitation and hygiene education remains relatively low both in the urban and rural areas in developing countries. The main aim of the study was to get an overview of the condition of the water and sanitary facilities in schools and of hygiene education. The method of investigation involved systematic random sampling with the use of questionnaires and interviews with the students and teachers and onsite inspection of the sanitation facilities available within the schools. The results revealed that 24% of schools used W/C while 76% of schools used pit to
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13

Olatunji, S., A. Yoade, and S. Olanrewaju. "Environmental Sanitation Practices: Residents’ Involvement in Ilesa, Nigeria." March 2022 6, no. 1 (2022): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0213.

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This study examined residents’ involvement in environmental sanitation in Ilesa, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling, six political wards were selected: three from the high-density area, two from the medium-density area, and one from the low-density area. In all 300 copies of the questionnaire were administered. Data obtained were analysed using percentages and the Pearson correlation. This was with a view to suggesting policy response capable of enhancing healthy environment in the city and others with similar background. Information on the kind of toilet available revealed that 50.9% used flu
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Olatunji, S., A. Yoade, and S. Olanrewaju. "Environmental Sanitation Practices: Residents’ Involvement in Ilesa, Nigeria." March 2022 6, no. 1 (2022): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2022.01.0213.

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This study examined residents’ involvement in environmental sanitation in Ilesa, Nigeria. Using multistage sampling, six political wards were selected: three from the high-density area, two from the medium-density area, and one from the low-density area. In all 300 copies of the questionnaire were administered. Data obtained were analysed using percentages and the Pearson correlation. This was with a view to suggesting policy response capable of enhancing healthy environment in the city and others with similar background. Information on the kind of toilet available revealed that 50.9% used flu
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15

Velkushanova, Konstantina V., Lungi Zuma, and Chris Buckley. "Mechanical properties of faecal sludge." Gates Open Research 3 (October 17, 2019): 1582. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13049.1.

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On-site sanitation facilities contribute to the majority of toilet facilities in developing countries as full waterborne sanitation is not feasible or affordable. The characteristics of faecal sludge vary greatly between different locations and types of onsite sanitation facilities and at the same time their understanding is crucial for improvement of the existing faecal sludge management services. The Pollution Research Group (PRG), within the School of Chemical Engineering in the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal have been focussing on the analysis of faecal sludge from different on-site sanitati
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16

Delaire, Caroline, Joyce Kisiangani, Kara Stuart, Prince Antwi-Agyei, Ranjiv Khush, and Rachel Peletz. "Can open-defecation free (ODF) communities be sustained? A cross-sectional study in rural Ghana." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (2022): e0261674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261674.

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Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is a widely used approach to reduce open defecation in rural areas of low-income countries. Following CLTS programs, communities are designated as open defecation free (ODF) when household-level toilet coverage reaches the threshold specified by national guidelines (e.g., 80% in Ghana). However, because sanitation conditions are rarely monitored after communities are declared ODF, the ability of CLTS to generate lasting reductions in open defecation is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the extent to which levels of toilet ownership and use were
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17

Anumveh, Nkemasong Nicasius, Yinkfu Randy Nkuh, Mbella Fiona Mojoko, Fang Amos, Nformi Beatrice Malu, and Baba Adamu. "An Assessment of the Health Implications of Poor Household Toilets on the Population in Bomaka, Buea Municipality, Fako Division, South West Cameroon." International Journal of Global Sustainability 6, no. 1 (2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijgs.v6i1.20649.

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Household latrines remain one of the most vital aspects of housing facilities neglected in housing development in fast growing urban peripheral zones. The existence of dilapidated latrines has become the new normal in the Bomaka locality and with the associated health consequences. This study sought to investigate the implications of poor household latrines (independent variable) in the Bomaka locality on the health conditions of the inhabitants (dependent variable). The study employed the mixed research design (triangulation) combining the observational and exploratory methods with emphasis o
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18

Chitagubbi, Geeta, S. Mudnal, and B. Jhansi. "Involvement of Rural People in Swachh Bharath Mission – A Study on Socio Economic Profile." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 41, no. 4 (2023): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i41871.

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Study was carried out in 2020-2021 from Dharwad taluk (Dharwad district) and Muddebihal taluk (Vijayapura district) of Karnataka. The present research aimed to explore the existing awareness and involvement about Swachh Bharath Mission among rural people. A total of 320 respondents were selected for the study through purposive random sampling technique. Data was collected through personal interview method and analayzed through frequency and percentages. Swachh Bharath Abhiyan is not a new programme. Launched in 1986 as the central rural sanitation programme, the scheme advanced became the tota
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19

Anda, Martin, Kuruvilla Mathew, and Goen Ho. "Appropriate Technology Hygiene Facility for Small Communities." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 5 (1991): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0122.

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Small communities will often need alternative systems of water supply, sanitation, washing and wastewater disposal facilities. Numerous agencies supply various models of ablutions facilities. The Remote Area Hygiene Facility comprises laundry, shower, toilet, wastewater disposal trench, solar water heater, chipheater, hand-operated washing machine and washing line. The toilet is a water–seal, low water demand, pit type. A plastic, solar water heater has been developed to overcome the problems experienced by commercial, metallic units such as blockages, breakages and ruptures due to freezing. T
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20

S Simelane, Maswati. "A multilevel analysis of the determinants of handwashing behavior among households in Eswatini: a secondary analysis of the 2014 multiple indicator cluster survey." African Health Sciences 20, no. 4 (2020): 1996–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i4.58.

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Introduction: Handwashing with soap has received considerable attention due to its importance in the prevention and inter- ruption of the transmission of diseases. Regardless of the positive effects of handwashing with soap, developing countries still have a low rate of handwashing.
 Objective: The study aimed to determine the individual, household and community-level factors associated with handwash- ing behavior among households in Eswatini.
 Methods: Using the Eswatini Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey conducted in 2014, a secondary analysis was done of the households surveyed. A
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Rotowa, O. O., and O. Adeleye. "Water and Sanitation Situation in Selected Villages in Ifedore Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 5, no. 2 (2021): 511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2021.02.0298.

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Water is essential for life, while sanitation is for dignity. Worldwide, Nigeria is second to India in term of open defecation, with an estimated population of 109 million open defecators. The rural areas currently lagged behind the urban areas in term of water and sanitation. A survey of two villages in the Ifedore Local Government of Ondo State, Nigeria was conducted, using 88 respondents selected through purposive sampling technique from Ikota and Aaye village cluster. Findings from the study revealed that sources of water are boreholes, wells and streams. On the other hand, most of the ind
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McGarvey, Stephen T., Justin Buszin, Holly Reed, et al. "Community and household determinants of water quality in coastal Ghana." Journal of Water and Health 6, no. 3 (2008): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.057.

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Associations between water sources, socio-demographic characteristics and household drinking water quality are described in a representative sample of six coastal districts of Ghana's Central Region. Thirty-six enumeration areas (EAs) were randomly chosen from a representative survey of 90 EAs in rural, semi-urban and urban residence strata. In each EA, 24 households were randomly chosen for water quality sampling and socio-demographic interview. Escherichia coli per 100 ml H2O was quantified using the IDEXX Colilert® system and multi-stage regression models estimated cross-sectional associati
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Chunga, Richard, M. W. Jenkins, Jeroen Ensink, and Joe Brown. "Moving up the sanitation ladder with the help of microfinance in urban Malawi." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 8, no. 1 (2017): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.186.

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Abstract We carried out a stated preference survey in Malawi to examine whether access to microfinance for sanitation would significantly increase the proportion of households upgrading to improved pit latrines or alternative improved sanitation technologies (urine diverting dry toilet, fossa alterna, pour flush). We presented a range of sanitation options at local market prices, initially without and then with a real microfinance option, to 1,300 households sampled across 27 low-income urban settlements in the two largest cities, Lilongwe and Blantyre. When we gave respondents a microfinance
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Iwashita, Hanako, Asako Tokizawa, Vu Dinh Thiem, et al. "Risk Factors Associated with Diarrheal Episodes in an Agricultural Community in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (2022): 2456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042456.

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In Vietnam, data on the risk factors for diarrhea at the community level remain sparse. This study aimed to provide an overview of diarrheal diseases in an agricultural community in Vietnam, targeting all age groups. Specifically, we investigated the incidence of diarrheal disease at the community level and described the potential risk factors associated with diarrheal diseases. In this prospective cohort study, a total of 1508 residents were enrolled during the 54-week study period in northern Vietnam. The observed diarrheal incidence per person-year was 0.51 episodes. For children aged <5
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Alabi, Oluwole Titilayo, Sakariyau Jamiu Kayode, AbdulKadir Misbahu, and Oluwadare Joel Olaifa. "Effect of Physical Characteristics on Resident’s Satisfaction in a High-Density Area of Ilorin Metropolis." Path of Science 7, no. 9 (2021): 1001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22178/pos.74-1.

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This study looked at the impact of a resident’s physical attributes on housing satisfaction in Ilorin to figure out how to uncover the significant relationship in Ilorin. The research took a quantitative method. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to 126 household heads, with 94 responses. Households were polled using systematic random sampling to collect information on socio-economic variables and housing satisfaction. To analyze the effect of variables, the data were subjected to descriptive statistics and linear regression using SPSS. The study found that physical factors have a su
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Adzawla, William, Hamdiyah Alhassan, and Adams Imoru Jongare. "Explaining the Effects of Socioeconomic and Housing Characteristics on the Choice of Toilet Facilities among Ghanaian Households." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (May 20, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4036045.

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Open defecation remains a major environmental sanitation challenge facing all areas of Ghana. This notwithstanding, the socioeconomic drivers of this phenomenon are overlooked. This study, therefore, analysed the factors that influence the choice of toilet facilities over the practice of open defecation in the country. Ghana Living Standard Survey round 7 (GLSS7) data were analysed using multinomial logit regression. From the data, a majority of households used improved toilet facilities (WC, KVIP, and pit latrines with slab) in Ghana and over one-fourth of households engaged in open defecatio
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Shabani, M., A. Zacharia, V. Mushi, M. Joseph, C. Kinabo, and T. Makene. "Prevalence and predictors of intestinal schistosomiasis among the adult population, and water and sanitation conditions - A community-based cross-section study at Muleba District, Tanzania." Rwanda Medical Journal 79, no. 1 (2022): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v79i1.5.

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INTRODUCTION: Intestinal schistosomiasis is one of the serious public health problems in all age groups and can lead to considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in communities with an inadequate supply of safe water and sanitation services. This study was conducted to establish the current burden of intestinal schistosomiasis among adults in the Muleba District and assess water and sanitation conditions that might influence the transmission of intestinal schistosomiasis.METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted between July and August 2020. A total of 328 stool sam
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Islam, MS, BC Sarker, NA Mahmud, and ASM Saifullah. "Water quality and Sanitation status: A study on Char land of Bhuapur upazila under Tangail district." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 11, no. 2 (2014): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i2.19895.

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The study was aimed to review the damage of sanitation facilities; since Char land’s dwellers faces manifold challenges concerning sanitation, hygiene and water during flood. It also explored the possibilities of overcoming the negative impacts of floods on sources of safe drinking water and sanitation. The study result shows that, about 54% of the overall latrines were included ring slab with water seal, pit latrine, bush or hanging toilet of the flood affected people during the flood. Around 19% of the respondents use to do toilet in the open area during flood. Different NGOs e.g. Jamuna Cha
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Israel, O. K., A. A. Olotu, A. Idowu, A. R. Ojewuyi, M. O. Odusan, and O. A. Adeniji. "Biologic quality of households' drinking-water in an urban local government area of Oyo State, Southwest, Nigeria." Research Journal of Health Sciences 11, no. 4 (2023): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v11i4.8.

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Background: Inadequate access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) facilities is a global public health issue with several associated illnesses, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. It is imperative to understand the availabilities of these facilities, to provide baseline data for policy design and implementation. This study assessed access to WASH facilities. It also examined the factors associated with drinking-water contamination by coliform organisms in households within Ogbomoso North Local Government Area, Oyo-State, Nigeria.
 Methods: Cross-sectional design was em
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Obeng, Peter A., Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng, Bernard Keraita, et al. "Redesigning the ventilated improved pit latrine for use in built-up low-income settings." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 2 (2019): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.098.

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Abstract The ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine has the potential to address the challenge of access to improved sanitation in built-up low-income settings. However, its conventional technical design fails to address the needs and preferences of some users. The objective of this paper was to test the technical performance of modified engineering designs of the technology to respond to some preferences of toilet users. The entry of air from multiple windows in the superstructure and installation of insect screens in windows were tested in an experimental VIP latrine. The modified design achi
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Rawlings, A., and S. Seghosime. "Evaluation of water supply, sanitation and hygiene facilities in Ekosodin Community of Ovia North-East LGA, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Technology 41, no. 4 (2022): 632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v41i4.1.

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Globally, poor access to improved water and sanitation remains a major contributing factor to high morbidity and mortality rates among the populace. Thus, access to water supply and sanitation is essential for sustainable development. In this study, a cross sectional descriptive survey method was adopted. Data were collected via questionnaires and observational checklist which were designed to extract information on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH). The data were then, analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 26.0). Four hundred and twenty (420) semi-structu
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Chukwu, H. O., O. Owhoeli, and C. C. Amuzie. "Intestinal Parasites in School-Aged Children of Rumuodogo, Emohua Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria." International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health 44, no. 4 (2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i41400.

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Aim: This epidemiological survey was carried out to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites in School aged Children.
 Place and Duration of study: The study was carried out in Rumuodogo Community in Emohua Local Government area of Rivers State, Nigeria between the months of March to June 2019.
 Methodology: Microscopic examination of stool samples from 200 school-aged pupils between the ages 3-18 years was carried out using formol-ether concentration and direct wet mount, and stained iodine. Demographic as well as epidemiological data were obtained using a questionnaire.
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Mittal, Akshit, Rahul Singh, Sumedha Chakma, and Gaurav Goel. "Permeable reactive barrier technology for the remediation of groundwater contaminated with nitrate and phosphate resulted from pit-toilet leachate." Journal of Water Process Engineering 37 (October 2020): 101471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101471.

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Mutyambizi, Chipo, Tholang Mokhele, Catherine Ndinda, and Charles Hongoro. "Access to and Satisfaction with Basic Services in Informal Settlements: Results from a Baseline Assessment Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12 (2020): 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124400.

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Subjective responses of satisfaction with basic services delivery is an indicator of service delivery performance. This study provides an overview of the status of basic service delivery and determines the factors associated with service delivery satisfaction within informal settlements targeted for upgrading in South Africa. A multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between satisfaction with basic services of water, sanitation, refuse and electricity with several predictors including individual factors, household factors, community factors and service-related fact
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Naidoo, D., C. E. Archer, S. Septien, C. C. Appleton, and C. A. Buckley. "Inactivation of Ascaris for thermal treatment and drying applications in faecal sludge." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 2 (2020): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.119.

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Abstract Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common helminth of human health importance, and the most resilient helminth found in faecal sludge. There are numerous types of sludge treatments; however, heating and drying are most commonly used for pathogen inactivation. Ascaris suum eggs were heated in a water bath at 40–55 °C for 10 seconds to 60 minutes in water, as well as heated in both urine diversion dry toilet and ventilated improved pit latrine sludge at 40 °C, 60 °C and 80 °C for times ranging from 5 seconds to 120 minutes. Eggs were also spiked into sludges of different moisture contents
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Williams Olatunji, Rotimi, and Noeem Taiwo Thanny. "Availability and adequacy of WASH facilities in secondary schools in Lagos State, Nigeria." E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021101023.

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The curtailment of infectious diseases is facilitated through observance of good hand hygiene, a habit which tends to be low less observed in developing countries. This paper investigated the level of availability and adequacy of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) materials in secondary schools in Lagos State, Nigeria. The sample size is made up of 620 respondents, selected through a combination of purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling methods. Research instruments adopted included questionnaires, focus group discussion guide, document observation, and unobtrusive observation. Qu
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Nyaaba, Albert Apotele, Augustine Tanle, Louis Kobina Kobina, and Matthew Ayamga. "Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in Ghana: Evidence from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 4, no. 2 (2020): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.161.

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Background and Objectives: This study aims to investigate the strength of the association between socio-economic, maternal and environmental determinants and under-five mortality in Ghana.
 Methods: We utilized data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, a population-based cross-sectional study, which included 4151 children born alive to women aged 15-49 years. The primary outcome variable was under-five mortality. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were applied to assess the relationship and relative association of the independent variables with the o
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Kumwenda, Save, Chisomo Msefula, Wilfred Kadewa, Bagrey Ngwira, and Tracy Morse. "Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3931802.

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Use of Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) sludge is becoming popular due to increasing price of organic fertilizers in Malawi; however, there is little evidence on the associated risks. Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) was done to determine health risks associated with use of EcoSan. Pathogens considered includedEscherichia coli (E. coli),Salmonella,and soil transmitted helminths (STHs). Exponential and Beta Poisson models were used to estimate the risk from helminthic and bacterial pathogens, respectively. Main exposure pathways were through poor storage of sludge, contaminatio
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Tsegaw, Menen, Bezawit Mulat, and Kegnie Shitu. "Safe stool disposal and associated factors among mothers of children aged under-two years in Gambia: Evidence from Gambia Demographic Health Survey 2019/20." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (2023): e0284986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284986.

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Background Appropriate disposal of child stool is vital in preventing the spread of faecal-oral diseases. According to WHO/ UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program, Safe child stool disposal includes disposing a stool in a Flush or pour-flush toilet/latrine (to a piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine), Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine or a Pit latrine with slab. Objective The study aimed to assess safe child stool disposal practice and associated factors among mothers with children aged under-two years in Gambia. Methods This study was based on a large community-based cross-sectional surve
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Ueno, Takunori, Hideo Suzuki, Mitsuaki Hirose, et al. "Influence of Living Environment during Childhood on Helicobacter pylori Infection in Japanese Young Adults." Digestion 101, no. 6 (2019): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000502574.

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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection is usually established during childhood, for which certain responsible environmental factors have been identified. However, the details of the infection routes remain unclear. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To determine the relation between <i>H. pylori</i> infection statuses and living environment of Japanese young adult. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The subjects were 449 healthy young adult medical students of Tsukuba University (299 men and 150
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Ross, Ian, Giulia Greco, Zaida Adriano, et al. "Impact of a sanitation intervention on quality of life and mental well-being in low-income urban neighbourhoods of Maputo, Mozambique: an observational study." BMJ Open 12, no. 10 (2022): e062517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062517.

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ObjectivesToilet users often report valuing outcomes such as privacy and safety more highly than reduced disease, but effects of urban sanitation interventions on such outcomes have never been assessed quantitatively. In this study, we evaluate the impact of a shared sanitation intervention on quality of life (QoL) and mental well-being.DesignWe surveyed individuals living in intervention and control clusters of a recent non-randomised controlled trial, and used generalised linear mixed regression models to make an observational comparison of outcomes between arms.SettingLow-income unsewered a
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Ubhayawardana, Nushka, Ishani Gammana Liyanage, H. M. J. C. B. Herath, et al. "Direct Microscopy of Stool Samples for Determining the Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminthic Infections among Primary School Children in Kaduwela MOH Area of Sri Lanka following Floods in 2016." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (June 10, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4929805.

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A descriptive cross-sectional school based study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of soil-transmitted intestinal helminths and the associated factors among school children in Kaduwela Medical Officer of Health (MOH) area in the Colombo district, which was affected by floods in 2016. The study was conducted in 9 selected schools in Kaduwela MOH area from September 2016 to March 2017. Permission was obtained from the relevant authorities. Grade 1 students were enrolled in the study after obtaining informed written consent from their parents/guardian. Interviewer based questionnaire
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O'Reilly, Kathleen, Elizabeth Louis, Evan Thomas, and Antara Sinha. "Combining sensor monitoring and ethnography to evaluate household latrine usage in rural India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 3 (2015): 426–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.155.

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This paper advances research on methods used to evaluate sanitation usage and behavior. The research used quantitative and qualitative methods to contribute to new understanding of sanitation practices and meanings in rural India. We estimated latrine usage behavior through ethnographic interviews and sensor monitoring, specifically the latest generation of infrared toilet sensors, Portland State University Passive Latrine Use Monitors (PLUMs). Two hundred and fifty-eight rural households in West Bengal (WB) and Himachal Pradesh, India, participated in the study by allowing PLUMs to be install
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Jenkins, M. W., O. Cumming, B. Scott, and S. Cairncross. "Beyond ‘improved’ towards ‘safe and sustainable’ urban sanitation: assessing the design, management and functionality of sanitation in poor communities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 1 (2013): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.180.

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This study assessed sanitation access in rapidly expanding informal settlements in Dar es Salaam (Dar) against eight proposed indicators of hygienic safety, sustainability and functionality, and in relation to the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) ‘improved’ sanitation definition. Information was collected on toilet facility designs, management and functionality through a structured interview and observations at 662 randomly selected residential properties across 35 unplanned, low-income sub-wards of Dar. Trends in access and associations with sharing, occupancy, latrine replacement, income, e
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Rao, Sudhakar M., M. Sekhar, and P. Raghuveer Rao. "Impact of pit-toilet leachate on groundwater chemistry and role of vadose zone in removal of nitrate and E. coli pollutants in Kolar District, Karnataka, India." Environmental Earth Sciences 68, no. 4 (2012): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1794-9.

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Nazli, Tamanna. "Socio-Demographic Profile of Schedule Tribes of Five Integrated Tribal Development Agency Spots at Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh in India." International Journal of Preventive, Curative & Community Medicine 07, no. 02 (2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.325x.202108.

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Background: Tribal population is the second largest in India next to Africa, constituting 8.6% of total India population. Tribal population have unique physical, socio-economic and cultural environment but most deprived from health care facilities and vulnerable to malnutrition and diseases. Objective: To study the living condition of tribal people which includes socio-economic, demographic and health status profile along with providing health care facilities to tribes. Methods: Five Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) spots which belongs to Chenchu tribe of Kurnool district Andhra Pra
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Nazli, Tamanna. "Socio-Demographic Profile of Schedule Tribes of Five Integrated Tribal Development Agency Spots at Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh in India." International Journal of Preventive, Curative & Community Medicine 07, no. 02 (2021): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2454.325x.202108.

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Background: Tribal population is the second largest in India next to Africa, constituting 8.6% of total India population. Tribal population have unique physical, socio-economic and cultural environment but most deprived from health care facilities and vulnerable to malnutrition and diseases. Objective: To study the living condition of tribal people which includes socio-economic, demographic and health status profile along with providing health care facilities to tribes. Methods: Five Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) spots which belongs to Chenchu tribe of Kurnool district Andhra Pra
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Ovutor, Owhoeli, Imafidor Helen, and Grace Awi-waadu. "Assessment of Physico-chemical Parameters of Soils in Fallowing Farmlands and Pit Toilet Environments as it Affects the Abundance of Geohelminthes in Emohua Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria." Annual Research & Review in Biology 14, no. 3 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb/2017/31546.

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Borka Balas, Reka, Lorena Elena Meliț, and Cristina Oana Mărginean. "Worldwide Prevalence and Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children." Children 9, no. 9 (2022): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9091359.

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Helicobacter pylori is usually acquired during childhood. The reports from the last two decades pointed out a decrease in H. pylori prevalence across geographical areas worldwide compared to previously reported data. Most of the studies performed in America found an overall H. pylori infection prevalence of approximately 50%. The most important risk factors in America include being male, poor adherence or difficult access to treatment, and the lack of in-home water service. Despite the descending trend in prevalence worldwide, the overall prevalence in Africa remains very high (70%). Neverthel
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Howell, Diane M., Karen Wysocki, and Michael J. Steiner. "Toilet Training." Pediatrics In Review 31, no. 6 (2010): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.31.6.262.

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