Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Plant-soil relationships – Western Australia

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Plant-soil relationships – Western Australia”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 19 lutego 2022

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Plant-soil relationships – Western Australia"

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Pate, J. S., W. H. Verboom, and P. D. Galloway. "Co-occurrence of Proteaceae, laterite and related oligotrophic soils: coincidental associations or causative inter-relationships?" Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 5 (2001): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00086.

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This communication presents the hypothesis that certain Australian lateritic and related oligotrophic soils may have been partly derived biotically from soluble iron-rich complexes generated following secretion of low-molecular weight organic acids by phosphate-absorbing specialised proteoid (cluster) roots of proteaceous plants. Subsequent precipitation of the iron is then pictured as occurring onto the oxide rinds of developing laterite after consumption of the organic components of the complexes by soil bacteria. The hypothesis is f irst examined in relation to current theories of origins o
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Wong, M. T. F., and R. J. Harper. "Use of on-ground gamma-ray spectrometry to measure plant-available potassium and other topsoil attributes." Soil Research 37, no. 2 (1999): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s98038.

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The incidence of potassium (K) deficiency is increasing in crops, pastures, and forestry in south-western Australia. Although soil K can be measured using soil sampling and analysis, γ-ray spectrometry offers a potentially cheaper and spatially more precise alternative. This could be particularly useful in precision agriculture, where inputs are applied according to need rather than by general prescription. In a study of topsoils near Jerramungup, Western Australia, strong relationships (r2 = 0·9) were found between on-ground counts of γ-rays derived from 40K (γ-K) and both total K and plant-a
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Wong, M. T. F., R. J. Corner, and S. E. Cook. "A decision support system for mapping the site-specific potassium requirement of wheat in the field." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 5 (2001): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00191.

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The intensely weathered nature of Western Australian cropping soils and the long history of potassium depletion by the farming system has resulted in increased incidence of potassium deficiency in wheat. There is currently no scientifically based method for potassium recommendation in Western Australia. This paper describes the use of site-specific plot-scale field trials carried out in 1995–98 and a crop response model to develop a generally applicable potassium recommendation system. Geographic information system technology was used to extend the uniform potassium recommendation system into
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Samadi, Abbas, and R. J. Gilkes. "Phosphorus Transformations and Their Relationships with Calcareous Soil Properties of Southern Western Australia." Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, no. 4 (July 1999): 809–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.634809x.

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Wong, M. T. F., R. W. Bell, and K. Frost. "Mapping boron deficiency risk in soils of south-west Western Australia using a weight of evidence model." Soil Research 43, no. 7 (2005): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05022.

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The aim of this work was to develop a risk map for boron (B) deficiency in the grain cropping regions of Western Australia (WA), whilst avoiding the high costs associated with direct B measurements for an area as vast as the south-west of WA. The study firstly determined relationships between 0.01 m CaCl2-extractable soil B levels and readily available data on soil properties and parent materials for Reference Soils of south-west Australia and secondly assembled direct evidence of B deficiency risk from surveys of farmers’ crops and soils and from glasshouse experiments. Across 73 Reference So
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Bolland, MDA, IR Wilson, and DG Allen. "Effect of P-buffer capacity and P-retention index of soils on soil test-P, soil test P-calibrations and yield response curvature." Soil Research 32, no. 3 (1994): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940503.

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Twenty-three virgin Western Australian soils of different buffer capacities (BC) for phosphorus (P) were collected. The effects of BC on the relationships between Colwell soil test P and the level of P applied, yield and soil test P, and yield and the level of P applied were studied. Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Reeves), grown for 27 days in a glasshouse, was used. Two methods of measuring P sorption of soils, P buffer capacity (PBC) and P retention index (PRI), were used. The PBC is determined from a multi-point sorption curve. The PRI is a new, diagnostic, one-point, sorption method now wide
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Taylor, Miranda J., Keith Smettem, Gabriella Pracilio, and William Verboom. "Relationships Between Soil Properties and High-Resolution Radiometrics, Central Eastern Wheatbelt, Western Australia." Exploration Geophysics 33, no. 2 (June 2002): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg02095.

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Anderson, Geoffrey, and Richard Bell. "Wheat grain-yield response to lime application: relationships with soil pH and aluminium in Western Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 4 (2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19033.

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Soil acidity, or more specifically aluminium (Al) toxicity, is a major soil limitation to growing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the south of Western Australia (SWA). Application of calcium carbonate (lime) is used to correct Al toxicity by increasing soil pH and decreasing soluble soil Al3+. Soil testing using a 0.01 m calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution can measure both soil pH (pHCaCl2) and soil Al (AlCaCl2) for recommending rates of lime application. This study aimed to determine which combination of soil pHCaCl2 or soil AlCaCl2 and sampling depth best explains the wheat grain-yield increas
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Coates, Fiona, and J. B. Kirkpatrick. "Is Geographic Range Correlated with Climatic Range in Australian Spyridium Taxa?" Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 5 (1999): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97066.

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The major centres of local endemism and richness at the species level and below in Spyridium Fenzl are located on the southern coast of Western Australia and in south-eastern South Australia. There are only a few Spyridium taxa with ranges that transgress the boundaries of the following four regions: south- western Western Australia; south-eastern South Australia and western Victoria; eastern Victoria, New South Wales and southern Queensland; Tasmania. Synthetic climatic variables were generated for all recorded populations of Spyridium taxa. Variabilities in these were related to the maximum
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O'Rourke, Tiernan A., Tim T. Scanlon, Megan H. Ryan, Len J. Wade, Alan C. McKay, Ian T. Riley, Hua Li, Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam, and Martin J. Barbetti. "Severity of root rot in mature subterranean clover and associated fungal pathogens in the wheatbelt of Western Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 1 (2009): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08187.

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Pasture decline is considered to be a serious challenge to agricultural productivity of subterranean clover across southern Australia. Root disease is a significant contributing factor to pasture decline. However, root disease assessments are generally carried out in the early part of the growing season and in areas predominantly sown to permanent pastures. For this reason, in spring 2004, a survey was undertaken to determine the severity of root disease in mature subterranean clover plants in pastures located in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. DNA-based soil assays were used to estimate p
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Plant-soil relationships – Western Australia"

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Dolling, P. J. "Lucerne (Medicago sativa) productivity and its effect on the water balance in southern Western Australia /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0108.

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Collins, Shane. "Residue composition influences nutrient release from crop residues." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0171.

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[Truncated abstract] A greater adoption of stubble retention, minimum-till and no-till farming practices for the purposes of conserving soil, water and fertility requires a greater understanding of the complexity of physical and chemical interactions between the soil and crop residues. There is currently insufficient knowledge to allow reliable predictions of the effects of different residue types in different environments on soil fertility and crop growth, owing to the many residue characteristics and environmental interactions that have been shown to affect decomposition or nutrient release.
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Setyawan, Dwi. "Soil development, plant colonization and landscape function analysis for disturbed lands under natural and assisted rehabilitation." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0117.

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[Truncated abstract] Spontaneous plant growth and soil development occur at disturbed sites with their extent and nature being variously affected by soil fertility status, local climate and topographic conditions. Soil-plant interactions can be diverse and site-specific within a disturbed landscape. The main purpose of the present study is to evaluate soil characteristics and landscape indices in relation to natural plant growth and soil development under different conditions and for diverse materials. A comprehensive study has been carried out to evaluate spontaneous soil development and pl
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Dolling, Perry. "Lucerne (Medicago sativa) productivity and its effect on the water balance in southern Western Australia." University of Western Australia. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0108.

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[Truncated abstract] In southern Western Australia the replacement of deep-rooted native vegetation with annual species has resulted in rising water tables and increased salinity due to insufficient water use. The area has a Mediterranean-type climate where rainfall during summer is generally low but variable resulting in limited plant growth. However, if rainfall does occur it potentially can contribute to to the increased water excess or drainage by increasing the soil water content before the main drainage period in winter. The first study investigated factors controlling soil water content
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Doole, Graeme John. "Value of perennial pasture phases in dryland agricultural systems of the eastern-central wheat belt of Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0213.

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Over the past thirty years, price relativities and technological development have motivated an increase in the area of land allocated to cropping, as opposed to pasture production, throughout the central wheat belt of Western Australia. Nevertheless, reducing the proportion of pasture in these rotations has challenged the future productivity of farming systems in this area. First, the frequent application of selective herbicides for weed control in extended cropping rotations has promoted the development of herbicide resistance in a number of major agricultural weeds. Second, the primary use o
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Radomiljac, Andrew M. "Santalum album L. plantations : a complex interaction between parasite and host." Murdoch University, 1998. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060818.134603.

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This thesis examines a broad spectrum of physiological and silvicultural features of the highly valued woody angiosperm hemi-parasite Santalurn album L. (Indian sandalwood) in relation to its culture in plantations in northern Western Australia. Topics covered include allometry of host and Santalum when grown as single plant pairings in both field and pot culture, nutritional interactions between Santalum and beneficial and non-beneficial hosts, deleterious influences of parasitism on plantation productivity and heartwood induction in young trees. In Western Australia sandalwood is grown in t
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Horsnell, Tara Kathleen. "Quantifying thresholds for native vegetation to salinity and waterlogging for the design of direct conservation approaches." University of Western Australia. School of Environmental Systems Engineering, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0082.

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A field-based project was undertaken to develop and test a mechanism which would allow for the correlation of the health of vegetation surrounding playa lakes in south-west Australia with the natural variation in salinity and waterlogging that occurs spatially and temporally in natural systems. The study was designed to determine threshold ranges of vegetation communities using moderately extensive data over short temporal periods which will guide the design of potential engineering solutions that manipulate hydrological regimes to ultimately conserve and protect native vegetation. A pair of p
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Poulter, Rachel. "Investigating the role of soil constraints on the water balance of some annual and perennial systems in a Mediterranean environment." University of Western Australia. Faculty of Agriculture, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0018.

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This thesis compares the in situ water balance of common annual production systems (wheat, lupin, subclover and serradella) with a grazed perennial system (lucerne) at a site in the Avon Catchment, Western Australia. Using a physically-based water balance approach the value of a plant based solution in redressing the hydrological imbalance that has become a feature of much of the dryland agricultural region of Western Australia is investigated. The effectiveness of lucerne in providing greater available storage for buffering large rainfall events, as compared to the annual systems, is illustra
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Lucas, Anne. "Water stress and disease development in Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi." Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040820.13290.

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Bleby, Timothy Michael. "Water use, ecophysiology and hydraulic architecture of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) growing on mine rehabilitation sites in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0004.

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[Truncated abstract. Please see the pdf format for the complete text. Also, formulae and special characters can only be approximated here. Please see the pdf version for an accurate reproduction.] This thesis examines the water use, ecophysiology and hydraulic architecture of Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) growing on bauxite mine rehabilitation sites in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia. The principal objective was to characterise the key environment and plant-based influences on tree water use, and to better understand the dynamics of water use over a range of spatial and tempo
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Książki na temat "Plant-soil relationships – Western Australia"

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Websdane, Kirsten. The impact of smut diseases on rushes and sedges in pre- and post-mining situations: Morphological and ecological aspects of the pathogen and its impact on host reproduction and growth and host population regeneration after fire : results of research carried out as MERIWA Project No. M200 at the Kings Park and Botanical Gardens and the Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Western Australia. East Perth, WA: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia, 1995.

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Veneman, Peter L. M. Soil-vegetation correlations in the Connecticut River floodplain of western Massachusetts. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990.

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Veneman, Peter L. M. Soil-vegetation correlations in the Connecticut River floodplain of western Massachusetts. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990.

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Veneman, Peter L. M. Soil-vegetation correlations in the Connecticut River floodplain of western Massachusetts. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990.

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Veneman, Peter L. M. Soil-vegetation correlations in the Connecticut River floodplain of western Massachusetts. Washington, D.C: Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990.

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Veneman, Peter L. M. Soil-vegetation correlations in the Connecticut River floodplain of western Massachusetts. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990.

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Veneman, Peter L. M. Soil-vegetation correlations in the Connecticut River floodplain of western Massachusetts. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990.

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Gilkes, R. J. Mineralogy of Darling Range bauxites: Forms of Al in pisolitic ore : results of research carried out as part of MERIWA Project No. 90 in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, the University of Western Australia. East Perth, WA: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia, 1995.

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Aylmore, M. G. Mineralogy of Darling Range bauxites in relation to chemical reactivity, new ore types: Results of research carried out as MERIWA Project No. 90 in the Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department of the School of Agriculture, the University of Western Australia. East Perth, WA: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia, 1991.

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B, Summerfield Harry, and Intermountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), eds. Edaphic relationships in climax singleleaf pinyon stands of western Nevada. [Ogden, UT]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1986.

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Części książek na temat "Plant-soil relationships – Western Australia"

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Verboom, W. H., and J. S. Pate. "Relationships between cluster root-bearing taxa and laterite across landscapes in southwest Western Australia: an approach using airborne radiometric and digital elevation models." In Structure and Functioning of Cluster Roots and Plant Responses to Phosphate Deficiency, 321–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0243-1_28.

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Tomanek, G. W. "Some Soil-Vegetation Relationships in Western Kansas." In Forage Plant Physiology and Soil-Range Relationships, 158–64. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub5.c13.

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Connell, Karen. "Marketing soil acidity knowledge in Western Australia." In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH: Principles and Management, 717–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0221-6_114.

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White, Robert E. "Putting it All Together." In Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.003.0009.

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In reality, there can be no generic definition of an “ideal soil” because a soil’s performance is influenced by the local climate, landscape characteristics, grape variety, and cultural practices and is judged in the context of a winegrower’s objectives for style of wine to be made, market potential, and profitability of the enterprise. This realization essentially acknowledges the long-established French concept of terroir: that the distinctiveness or typicity of wines produced in individual locations depends on a complex interaction of biophysical and human cultural factors, interpreted by many as meaning a wine’s sense of place. As discussed in “Soil Variability and the Concept of Terroir” in chapter 1, because of this interaction of factors that determine a particular terroir, it is not surprising that no specific relationships between one or more soil properties and wine typicity have been unequivocally demonstrated. While acknowledging this conclusion, it is still worthwhile to examine how variations in several single or combined soil properties can influence vine performance and fruit character. These properties are: • Soil depth • Soil structure and water supply • Soil strength • Soil chemistry and nutrient supply • Soil organisms Provided there are no subsoil constraints, the natural tendency of long-lived Vitis vinifera, on own roots or rootstocks, to root deeply and extensively gives it access to a potentially large store of water and nutrients. In sandy and gravely soils that are naturally low in nutrients, such as in the Médoc region of France, the Margaret River region in Western Australia, and the Wairau River plain, Marlborough region, New Zealand, the deeper the soil the better. A similar situation pertains on the deep sandy soils on granite in the Cauquenas region, Chile. However, such depth may be a disadvantage where soils are naturally fertile and rain is plentiful, as in parts of the Mornington Peninsula, King and Yarra Valley regions, Victoria, Australia, and the Willamette Valley region in Oregon (see figure 1.11, chapter 1), because vine growth is too vigorous and not in balance.
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Blondel, Jacques, and Frédéric Médail. "Biodiversity and Conservation." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0039.

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The biodiversity of Mediterranean-climate ecosystems is of particular interest and concern, not only because all five of these regions (the Mediterranean basin, California, central Chile, Cape Province of South Africa, western and southern parts of Australia) are among the thirty-four hotspots of species diversity in the world (Mittermeier et al. 2004), but they are also hotspots of human population density and growth (Cincotta and Engelman 2000). This relationship is not surprising because there is often a correlation between the biodiversity of natural systems and the abundance of people (Araùjo 2003; Médail and Diadema 2006) and this, inevitably, raises conservation problems. Within the larger hotspot of the Mediterranean basin as a whole, ten regional hotspots have been identified. They cover about 22 per cent of the basin’s total area and harbour about 44 per cent of Mediterranean endemic plant species (Médail and Quézel 1997, 1999), as well as a large number of rare and endemic animals (Blondel and Aronson 1999). A key feature of these Mediterranean hotspots as a whole is their extraordinarily high topographic diversity with many mountainous and insular areas. Not surprisingly this results in high endemism rates and they contain more than 10 per cent of the total plant richness (see the recent synthesis of Thompson 2005). However, of all the mediterranean-type regions in the world, the Mediterranean basin harbours the lowest percentage (c.5%) of natural vegetation considered to be in ‘pristine condition’ (Médail and Myers 2004; Chapter 7). With an average of as many as 111 people per km2, one may expect a significant decline in biological diversity in the Mediterranean basin—a region that has been managed, modified, and, in places, heavily degraded by humans for millennia (Thirgood 1981; Braudel 1986; McNeill 1992; Blondel and Aronson 1999; Chapter 9). There are two contrasting theories that consider the relationships between humans and ecosystems in the Mediterranean (Blondel 2006, 2008). The first one is the ‘Ruined Landscape or Lost Eden’ theory, first advocated by painters, poets, and historians in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and later by a large number of ecologists.
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Alexander, Earl B., Roger G. Coleman, Todd Keeler-Wolfe, and Susan P. Harrison. "Synthesis and Future Directions." In Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165081.003.0031.

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Ultramafic rocks come from deep within the earth. Most rocks on the surface of the earth are quite different from them. Unique rocks make unique soils and support special plants. Exploring the links and interactions among these unique rocks, soils, and vegetation is an interdisciplinary endeavor that has been accomplished by experts in three areas. It has helped elucidate serpentine rock–soil–plant relationships and provide a rationale for the unusual soil properties and vegetation associated with ultramafic rocks. Examples from arctic tundra to temperate rainforest and hot desert in western North America provide a framework for the investigation of serpentine geoecosystems around the world. The unusual character of most serpentine vegetation is readily apparent even to an untrained eye. Although a vast number of rock and soil types make up the earth’s surface, few have as dramatic and visible effects on ecosystems as do ultramafic, or serpentine materials. Most ultramafic rocks in western North America have been derived from the mantle of earth via ocean crust. Magnesium is highly concentrated in the mantle and calcium, potassium, and phosphorous are relatively low. Calcium and potassium are further depleted from peridotite in the partial melting of ultramafic rock at the base of the ocean crust. As oceanic plates drift from spreading centers, most of the ocean crust is subducted and returns to the mantle (chapter 2). Only relatively small fragments of ocean crust are added to the continents. Because eukaryotic organisms, from protozoa to plants and animals, have evolved on continental crust, they are adapted to soils with higher concentrations of calcium, potassium, and phosphorus (elements with higher concentrations in continental crust than in ultramafic rocks from the base of the ocean crust) and much lower concentrations of magnesium. Having evolved on continents, plants depend on relatively high ratios of calcium and potassium to magnesium, elements that they use for a wide range of physiological functions. Although there has been a long history of evolutionary adaptation to the chemistry of the continental crust, special adaptations have allowed some plants to colonize the atypical conditions of serpentine.
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Maltman, Alex. "Weathering, Soil, and the Minerals in Wine." In Vineyards, Rocks, and Soils. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863289.003.0014.

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Weathering of rocks is the crucial first step in making vineyards possible. For where the debris produced by weathering—the sediment we met in Chapter 5—becomes mixed with moist humus, it will be capable of supporting higher plant life. And thus we have soil, that fundamental prerequisite of all vineyards, indeed of the world’s agriculture. So how does this essential process of weathering come about? Any bare rock at the Earth’s surface is continually under attack. Be it a rocky cliff, a stone cathedral, or a tombstone, there will always be chemical weathering—chemical reactions between its surface and the atmosphere A freshly hewn block of building stone may look indestructible, but before long it will start to look a bit discolored and its surface a little crumbly. We are all familiar with an analogy of this: a fresh surface of iron or steel reacting with moisture and oxygen in the air to form the coating we call rust. In his “Guide to the Lakes” of England, William Wordsworth put the effects of weathering far more picturesquely: “elementary particles crumbling down, over-spread with an intermixture of colors, like the compound hues of a dove’s neck.” A weathered rock is one that is being weakened, broken down. The rock fragments themselves are further attacked, which is why stones in a vineyard often show an outer coating of discolored material, sometimes referred to as a weathering rind (Figure 9.1; see Plate 22). If the stone is broken open, it may show multiple zones of differing colors paralleling the outer surface of the fragment and enclosing a core of fresh rock. Iron minerals soon weather to a powdery combination of hematite, goethite, and limonite, and the rock takes on a reddish-brown, rusty-looking color. The great example of such weathering in viticulture is the celebrated terra rossa, but the rosy soils in parts of Western Australia and places further east such as McLaren Vale and the Barossa Valley are also due to iron minerals. Several Australian wines take their names from this “ironstone.”
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Peters, Debra P. C., and Robert P. Gibbens. "Plant Communities in the Jornada Basin: The Dynamic Landscape." In Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0014.

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Plant communities of the Jornada Basin are characteristic of the northern Chihuahuan Desert both in structure and dynamics. Although a number of plant communities can be differentiated, five major vegetation types are often distinguished that differ in plant species cover and composition, as well as other factors, such as animal populations, soil properties, and elevation. These five types are black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grasslands, playa grasslands, tarbush (Flourensia cernua) shrublands, creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) shrublands, and mesquite (Prosopis grandulosa) shrublands. Similar to many other parts of the Chihuahuan Desert, these plant communities have experienced major shifts in vegetation composition over the past 50–150 years (York and Dick-Peddie 1969). The most dramatic changes in vegetation and associated ecosystem processes have occurred as a result of a shift in life form due to woody plant encroachment into perennial grasslands (Grover and Musick 1990; Bahre and Shelton 1993). This encroachment of shrubs has occurred in many arid and semiarid regions of the world, including the Western United States, northern Mexico, southern Africa, South America, New Zealand, and Australia (McPherson 1997; Scholes and Archer 1997). A number of drivers have been implicated in these grass–shrub dynamics, including various combinations of livestock grazing, small animal activity, drought, changes in fire regime, and changes in climate (Humphrey 1958; Archer 1989; Allred 1996; Reynolds et al. 1997; Van Auken 2000). The causes of shrub invasion are quite variable and often poorly understood, although the consequences consistently lead to the process of desertification (Schlesinger et al. 1990). This chapter describes the characteristics of each vegetation type and the documented changes in each type at the Jornada Basin. We then discuss the key drivers influencing these dynamics. Vegetation in the Chihuahuan Desert region has been classified as desert-grassland transition (Shreve 1917), desert savanna (Shantz and Zon 1924), desert plains grasslands (Clements 1920), desert shrub grassland (Darrow 1944), and shrubsteppe (Kuchler 1964). Desert grassland is often used as a general descriptive name for the area (McClaran 1995), although landscapes at the Jornada and throughout the northern Chihuahuan Desert often consist of a mosaic of desert grasslands, Chihuahuan Desert shrublands, and plains-mesa sand scrub (Dick-Peddie 1993).
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