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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Pregnancy trimester”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 31 stycznia 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Pregnancy trimester"

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Kanekasu, Hitomi, Mayumi Nishioka, Shu Taira i Hiroko Watanabe. "The Impact of Maternal Prenatal Depressive Symptoms and Anxiety on Infant Birth Weight in Japanese Primiparous Women". Women, Midwives and Midwifery 1, nr 2 (30.06.2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36749/wmm.1.2.1-15.2021.

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Introduction: Depressive symptoms and anxiety are the most common mental health problems during pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between each trimester’s maternal depressive symptoms, anxiety, and infant birth weight. Methods: We recruited pregnant women in their second trimester. Participants’ blood and saliva were collected in the second trimester to investigate plasma cortisol and saliva oxytocin levels. Participants completed self-reported questionnaires that included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in the second and third trimesters. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was conducted using stepwise selection. Results: Eighty-one primiparas participated in the study. As the results of linear regression showed, gestational age, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, weight gain during pregnancy, and depressive symptoms in the third trimester were associated with infant birth weight. Depressive symptoms in the third trimester predicted lower infant birth weight. In contrast, depressive symptoms in the second trimester, state anxiety, and trait anxiety in both the second and third trimesters did not predict infant birth weight. Similarly, maternal plasma cortisol and saliva oxytocin levels were not related to infant birth weight. Conclusion: Maternal depressive symptoms in the third trimester predicted lower infant birth weight. Mental health care for depressive symptoms in late pregnancy might be important for infant birth weight increases.

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Banik, Shyamal Chandra, Kamrunnahar Alo, Farjana Ahmed, Najmul Islam i Ferdous Towhid. "Antithyroid Antibody Status During Pregnancy". KYAMC Journal 12, nr 2 (6.09.2021): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v12i2.55443.

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Background: Gradual alteration of antithyroid antibody level occurs during different trimesters of gestation. The study finds the type of alteration in Bangladeshi population. Objective: The present study was carried out to find out the alterations of antithyroid antibody levels during each trimester in normal pregnant women in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from July 2016 to June 2017. Total 90 apparently healthy pregnant women of different trimesters, age ranged from 20 to 35 years were selected as study group (Group I). Again according to gestational age, study group was subdivided into 1st trimester of gestation (Group Ia, n=30), 2nd trimester of gestation (Group Ib, n=30) and 3rd trimester of gestation (Group Ic, n=30) respectively for comparison. For assessment of antithyroid antibody status, serum TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab levels were measured by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) method in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). The statistical analysis was done by ANOVA test and Bonferroni test. Results: In this study, mean serum TPO-Ab level was significantly (p≤0.05, p<0.001) lower in 2nd and 3rd trimester in comparison to that of 1st trimester. On the other hand, mean serum Tg-Ab level was significantly (p<0.01, p<0.001) lower in 2nd and 3rd trimester in comparison to that of 1st trimester. Again, this value was significantly (p≤0.05) lower in 3rd trimester than that of 2nd trimester. Conclusion: Antithyroid antibody titre gradually decreases with the progression of trimesters of gestation. KYAMC Journal.2021;12(02): 98-100

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Hanafy, Samy, Neveen E. Srour i Taymour Mostafa. "Female sexual dysfunction across the three pregnancy trimesters: an Egyptian study". Sexual Health 11, nr 3 (2014): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13153.

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Background Pregnancy is a special period in the life of women characterised by physical, hormonal and psychological changes that, in conjugation with social and cultural influences, could affect women’s sexuality as well as couples’ sexual relationships. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate female sexual dysfunction (FSD) among the three pregnancy trimesters. Methods: A total of 300 healthy heterosexual pregnant Egyptian women with stable marital relationships were included. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire was used as a standard method for measuring female sexual function in each pregnancy trimester. Results: There was no significant relationship between FSD and women’s education, work, gravidity and parity. The incidence of FSD demonstrated significant alterations throughout pregnancy, being 68% in the first trimester, decreasing in the second trimester to 51% and increasing to 72% in the third trimester. Sexual desire decreased in the first trimester, was variable in the second trimester and decreased at the end of the third trimester (3.5 ± 1.2, 3.7 ± 1.2 and 3.4 ± 1.1 respectively). Sexual satisfaction declined significantly in the first trimester compared with the second and the third trimesters (4.2 ± 1.1, 4.8 ± 0.8 and 4.6 ± 1.0 respectively). Scores for the arousal, lubrication and orgasm domains were significantly decreased in the third trimester, where pain was increased in the second trimester compared with the first and third trimesters. Conclusion: Female sexual function is affected during pregnancy, with a significant change in all Female Sexual Function Index domains, especially in the first and third trimesters.

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Meyer, Antoine, Marion Fermaut, Jérôme Drouin, Franck Carbonnel i Alain Weill. "Drug use for gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy: A French nationwide study 2010–2018". PLOS ONE 16, nr 1 (22.01.2021): e0245854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245854.

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Purpose To describe drug prescription for gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy. Methods Using the French national health database, we identified pregnancies ending with a birth between April 2010 and December 2018, in France. We studied prescription of antacids, antispasmodics, antinauseants, laxatives and antidiarrheals during pregnancy, between two trimesters before and two trimesters after delivery. We also assessed hospitalization for gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy. Results Among 6,365,471 pregnancies, 4,452,779 (74.0%) received at least one gastrointestinal drug during pregnancy; 2,228,275 (37.0%) received an antacid, 3,096,858 (51.5%) an antispasmodic, 1,861,731 (31.0%) an antinauseant, 919,116 (15.3%) a laxative and 617,808 (10.3%) an antidiarrheal. Prescription of proton pump inhibitors doubled from 12.2% in 2010 to 26.0% in 2018, while domperidone use decreased from 18.3% in 2010 to 2.2% in 2018. In addition, prescription of antacids increased from 7.0% during the trimester before pregnancy to 11.8% during the 1st trimester, 17.0% during the 2nd trimester and 23.4% during the 3rd trimester. Antispasmodic use was 10.6% during the trimester before pregnancy, 23.1% during the 1st trimester, 25.2% during the 2nd trimester and 24.0% during the 3rd trimester. Prescription of antinauseant drugs increased from 5.0% during the trimester before pregnancy to 25.7% during the 1st trimester, then decreased to 6.4% during the 2nd trimester and 3.2% during the 3rd trimester. Nausea/vomiting was the most common cause of hospitalization for gastrointestinal symptoms or diseases during pregnancy, although it accounted for only 1.0% of pregnancies. Conclusions Approximately three-quarters of women use drugs for gastrointestinal symptoms during pregnancy in France. Prescription of gastrointestinal drugs during pregnancy should be the subject of more detailed risk-benefit assessment and recommendations.

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Scrinic, Olesea, i E. Circo. "Thyroid screening in pregnancy - a compulsory preventive activity". ARS Medica Tomitana 21, nr 3 (1.08.2015): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arsm-2015-0038.

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ABSTRACT Obiectives: To assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in a group of pregnant women, originating from Dobrogea region of southeastern Romania, considered to be an area without iodine deficiency, including the Black Sea area. Materials and methods: We enrolled 324 pregnant women in different trimesters of pregnancy. Each case was reviewed by a detailed madical history, clinical examination and by serum dosage of thyroid hormones: TSH, FT4, and the antithyroidperoxidase. They were evaluated by comparison with trimester -specific reference range for TSH recommended by American Thyroid Association, then the results were compared with those obtained using the manufacturers reference range. Abortion rate was also analysed. Results: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was different in all the 3 trimesters: subclinical hypothyroidism being the most frequently approx. 24% of all cases; 7% of pregnant women had overt hypothyroidism. Incidence of thyrotoxicosis in entire study cases was approx. 5.5%. The most frecvent thyroid autoimune disorders were Hashimoto thyroiditis: 42 % - I trimester, 26,6% in II trimester and about 12,5 % in III-trimester; Graves disease have an incidence of only 0,9 % (n=3).The difference between reference methods eluded a lower number of cases using manufactures reference range for TSH (P< 0,001), but higher for recommended trimester - specific TSH value, confirming the undervalueted hypothesis. The risk of misclassifying the hypothyroidism is between 3 %-8 %. Conclusion: Necessity for thyroid hormone dosage periodic/trimesterly/ in pregnancy is a preventive measure. The reference values for hormonal dosage requires trimester-specific assessment. The possibility of hormonal disorders during pregnancy is common. The need for specific therapy at diagnosis depends on the nature of hormonal disorder. Further precautions are needed in pregnant women with known autoimmune thyroid disorder or newly diagnosed

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Noshiro, Kiwamu, Takeshi Umazume, Rifumi Hattori, Soromon Kataoka, Takashi Yamada i Hidemichi Watari. "Hemoglobin Concentration during Early Pregnancy as an Accurate Predictor of Anemia during Late Pregnancy". Nutrients 14, nr 4 (17.02.2022): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14040839.

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It is undetermined which blood variables related to iron storage during the first trimester of pregnancy could efficiently predict anemia occurring during the third trimester. Red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, ferritin, iron, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were assessed longitudinally during the first, second, and third trimesters of 231 healthy Japanese women. None of the patients had anemia in the first trimester and none used iron supplementation before the second trimester blood test. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) < 11 g/dL for the first trimester and Hb < 10.0 g/dL for the third trimester. Forty-seven (20%) women developed anemia in the third trimester. The first trimester RBC, Hb, hematocrit, and ferritin levels were significantly lower in women with third-trimester anemia than those without anemia. The first trimester hemoglobin level exhibited a greater area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve for prediction of the third trimester anemia than other blood variables; the optimal cut-off (12.6 g/dL) of hemoglobin yielded a sensitivity of 83% (39/47). First trimester hemoglobin levels were significantly better predictors of anemia during the third trimester than the indices of iron storage, including serum iron, ferritin, and TIBC levels.

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Lopes, Eliane Aversa, Luciane Bizari Coin de Carvalho, Priscila Bernal da Costa Seguro, Rosiane Mattar, Ademir Baptista Silva, Lucila B. Fernandes do Prado i Gilmar Fernandes do Prado. "Sleep disorders in pregnancy". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 62, nr 2a (czerwiec 2004): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2004000200005.

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CONTEXT: The precise function of sleep in animals and human beings is still unknown, and any sort of physical, social or psychological variation may change the normal sleep-wake cycle. PURPOSE: This research aims is to determine the sleep disorders (SD) for each of the three trimesters of the pregnancy comparing them to the pre-pregnancy state (PG). METHOD: SD were investigated in three hundred pregnant women 11- to 40-years-old through with a brief clinical interview based on directed questions. One hundred pregnant women were considered for each trimester. RESULTS: The rate of pregnant women with insomnia increased by 23% in the 2nd trimester (p< 0.005); the rate for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) by 15% in the 1st trimester (p<0.003), 55% in the 2nd trimester (p<0.001) and by 14% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.002); the rate for mild sleepiness increased by 33% in the 2nd trimester (p<0.002) and by 48% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.001); the rate for specific awakenings increased by 63% in the 1st trimester, by 80% in the 2nd trimester and by 84% in the 3rd trimester (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: SD were more frequent during pregnancy comparatively to PG state, mostly at the expenses of EDS and specific awakenings.

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Mastorakos, George, Georgios Valsamakis, Dimitrios C. Papatheodorou, Ioannis Barlas, Alexandra Margeli, Anastasios Boutsiadis, Evangelia Kouskouni i in. "The Role of Adipocytokines in Insulin Resistance in Normal Pregnancy: Visfatin Concentrations in Early Pregnancy Predict Insulin Sensitivity". Clinical Chemistry 53, nr 8 (1.08.2007): 1477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.084731.

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Abstract Background: Throughout pregnancy maternal adipose tissue is metabolically active, producing adipocytokines involved in the process of insulin resistance. We explored the role of serum adipocytokines, including the newly identified adipocytokine visfatin, in the process of insulin resistance in normal pregnancy. Methods: We examined 80 pregnant nonobese, nondiabetic white women during the 3 trimesters of pregnancy. All study participants underwent anthropometric measurements, adipocytokine evaluation, and a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Homeostasis mathematical model assessment (HOMA-R), insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and indices of β-cell secretion were calculated. Results: Maternal weight, percentage total body fat, hip circumference, and indices of β-cell secretion increased significantly during the 3 trimesters, and HOMA-R and ISI increased and decreased, respectively, in the 3rd trimester. During early pregnancy, insulin resistance, β-cell secretion, and weight correlated positively with leptin. During the 1st trimester, visfatin correlated negatively with percentage body fat and was the best positive predictor of 2nd trimester ISI. In the 2nd trimester, serum visfatin was the best negative predictor of percentage body fat. Conclusions: During normal pregnancy of nonobese, nondiabetic women, adipose tissue increases, accompanied by a significant progressive increase of insulin resistance. Visfatin concentrations in the 1st trimester positively predict insulin sensitivity during the 2nd trimester. Body fat mass during 1st trimester of pregnancy is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity during the 2nd trimester and perhaps should be kept under control.

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Noor, Nushrat, Nasim Jahan i Nayma Sultana. "Serum Copper and Plasma Protein Status in Normal Pregnancy". Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist 7, nr 2 (5.04.2013): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v7i2.14452.

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Background: Gradual alteration of serum copper and some plasma protein levels may occur with advancement of pregnancy, which is associated with increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Objective: To observe serum copper and plasma protein levels in normal pregnant women of different trimesters in order to find out their nutritional status. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka, between 1st January 2010 and December 2010. Ninety normal pregnant women of different trimesters with age 20-30 years were included in the study group. They were selected from Out Patient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SSMC. Age matched 30 non-pregnant women were taken as control. Serum copper level was measured by Spectrophotometric method, serum total protein and albumin levels were estimated by standard method. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA, Bonferroni and Pearsons correlation coefficient test as applicable. Results: Serum Cu levels were significantly higher in all trimesters of pregnant women compared to control. Again, this value was significantly higher in 3rd trimester than that of in 1st and 2nd trimester and also in 2nd trimester than that of in 1st trimester. In addition, mean serum total protein level was significantly lower in 3rd trimester than control but no statistically significant difference was observed among different trimesters. Again, mean serum albumin level was significantly lower in 2nd and 3rd trimester than 1st trimester and control. In addition, serum Cu concentration showed significant positive correlation with different trimesters of gestation. Conclusion: This study reveals that hypercupremia along with hypoproteinemia occur in pregnant women from 1st to 3rd trimester of gestation. This gradual alteration of micro and macronutrients become more profound with advancement of pregnancy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v7i2.14452 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2012, December; 7(2): 66-71

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Fuchs, Anna, Iwona Czech, Jerzy Sikora, Piotr Fuchs, Miłosz Lorek, Violetta Skrzypulec-Plinta i Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop. "Sexual Functioning in Pregnant Women". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 21 (30.10.2019): 4216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214216.

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Sexual activity during pregnancy is determined by emotional, psychosocial, hormonal, and anatomical factors and varies during trimesters. This work aimed to establish women’s sexual activity during each trimester of pregnancy. A total of 624 women were included in the study and filled in the questionnaire three times, once during each trimester of pregnancy. The first part of the survey included questions about socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, and medical details of a given pregnancy. The second part was the Polish version of the female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire. Comparison of the mean scores for the overall sexual function of each trimester revealed clinically relevant sexual dysfunction in the second and third trimesters (mean values 25.9 ± 8.7 and 22.7 ± 8.7, respectively; p < 0.01). Women were most sexually active during their second trimester. In the first trimester of pregnancy, women were most likely to choose intercourse in the missionary position. Women with vocational education were characterized by the lowest and homogenous FSFI values. Total FSFI score depended on the martial status—the highest value pertained to married women (25.2 ± 6.9; p = 0.02).

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Pregnancy trimester"

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Romaniuk, D. G. "Dental status of pregnant women in different trimester of pregnancy". Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17830.

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Wieringa-de, Waard Margrethe. "Bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy". [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2002. http://dare.uva.nl/document/61606.

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Niemimaa, M. (Marko). "First trimester screening for Down syndrome". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2003. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514270290.

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Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the first trimester screening for Down syndrome (DS) in an unselected low-risk Finnish population. The study involved 4,617 women who attended screening between the 8th and 14th weeks of pregnancy in 1998-2000. They gave a blood sample for the measurement of pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG). Of these women, 3,178 also had an ultrasound examination for the measurement of fetal nuchal translucency (NT). The risk figure for every screened woman was calculated using a computerized risk figure program. The risk 1 in 250 was used as a cut-off. The subgroup of screen positives comprised 5.8% of the study group. There were 16 DS cases. The combined method (maternal age, NT and the biochemical markers) detected 77% of the affected pregnancies. NT combined with maternal age gave a detection rate of 69%. Serum markers without NT combined with maternal age found 75% of the Down's. In 49 consecutive singleton in-vitro-fertilization pregnancies, the β-hCG value was more often elevated compared to spontaneous pregnancies, increasing the false positive rate. In 67 twin pregnancies, the serum marker levels were approximately double those in singletons. Smoking reduced PAPP-A by 20% making the smokers more likely to get a positive screening result. To determine the impact of the screening on the live born incidence of DS, two historical populations were compared. The first group was screened by second trimester serum samples (β-hCG and AFP) and the second group by first trimester ultrasound examination. When detection rates were at the same level, the second trimester screening reduced the number of live born Down's children more effectively. In conclusion, the first trimester combined method (maternal age, NT, β-hCG and PAPP-A) for Down syndrome screening is efficient in an unselected low risk population. The biochemical screening is not recommended in IVF-pregnancies.

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Di, Giovanni Jessica Louise. "Early second trimester amniotic fluid erythropoietin and pregnancy outcomes". Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112615.

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The study objective was to determine whether early 2 nd trimester amniotic fluid (AF) erythropoietin (EPO) was associated with and predictive of (a) development of maternal gestational diabetes (GDM) and (b) the infant outcome parameters of (i) gestational age at birth (GAAB) assessed exclusively among spontaneous vaginal deliveries or (ii) birth weight (measured in grams and percentiles). Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay was used to determine the EPO concentration of 170 biobanked AF samples. Student's t-test revealed no difference between GDM and non-GDM subjects. AF EPO was not predictive of GAAB despite being significantly greater among preterm infants compared to post-term infants. In contrast, AF EPO was significantly higher among the smallest infants using both birth weight classification schemes. However, following inclusion of known covariates AF EPO was predictive of gram birth weight only. Early 2nd trimester AF EPO may emerge as a useful biomarker of fetal nutritional status and/or growth.

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Rodger, Mary Wallace. "Studies with an antiprogesterone in early and mid trimester pregnancy". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22598.

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In this thesis safety, efficacy and acceptability of early medical abortion with mifepristone and the prostaglandin analogue gemeprost are investigated in Chapters 2,3 and 5. In Chapter 4 the mechanism of abortion with these agents is explored. The use of a single dose of 400 mg, 500 mg or 600 mg of mifepristone followed 48 hours later by a half or a whole 1 mg gemeprost pessary was shown to induce complete abortion in 95% of women of £ 56 days amenorrhoea. No significant differences were demonstrated between the three treatment regimes. When 600 mg of mifepristone was given with either a half or a whole gemeprost pessary, women receiving the smaller dose of prostaglandin experienced significantly less severe pain. Abortion rates were not compromised by a reduction in the dose of prostaglandin with 98% of women receiving a half pessary aborting, compared with 100% of women receiving a whole pessary. Pretreatment with mifepristone or gemeprost 48 hours prior to the administration of 1 mg gemeprost was also studied. Measurement of uterine tone with an intrauterine pressure catheter showed that while pretreatment with gemeprost had no effect on uterine tone following a further dose of gemeprost, pretreatment with mifepristone exerted a significant effect. In addition, the pattern of uterine activity following gemeprost or mifepristone pretreatment was shown to differ. Blood loss was measured during and after the induction of abortion with mifepristone and gemeprost in 222 consecutively treated women of <63 days of amenorrhoea. The median loss <56 days amenorrhoea was 72 mls. Blood loss was found to increase with increasing gestation and was significantly greater in women treated between 56 and 63 days of amenorrhoea. Although the introduction of prostaglandins to gynaecological practice has improved midtrimester abortion techniques, it remains a long, unpleasant and relatively high risk procedure.

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Goode, Natasha Diane, i Natasha Diane Goode. "Assessment of Tdap Administration in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625597.

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Introduction: In 2012, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention expanded their recommendation for the Tdap vaccination to include the antepartum period. Regardless of immunization history, the recommendation states that medical practitioners should administer the Tdap vaccination to every pregnant woman in each occurring pregnancy (Munoz, et al., 2014; Shakib, et al., 2013; Goldfarb, Little, Brown, Riley, 2014). Methods: To describe treatment practices and uptake of Tdap vaccine, a cross-sectional descriptive survey design was utilized. The purpose of survey is to gather information regarding prevalence, distribution, and interrelations of variables within a population (Polit & Beck). In this study, the survey questionnaire was conducted in an online format. Results: Of the six HBM questions included in the study, except for question four, the results of the chi-squared analysis suggest that any single measured dimension of the HBM cannot predict a health behavior, in this case receipt of the Tdap vaccination. The population is split regarding infants' perceived susceptibility to pertussis infection. Strong agreement to the benefit of vaccination was revealed. Question six regarded available information, although the majority were satisfied a significant percentage indicated a desire for more information. Discussion: This Doctorate of Nursing Practice project developed a survey based on the Health Belief Model with the intention of assessing perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers to the health care preventative action of receiving the Tdap vaccination in the third trimester of pregnancy. Through in-depth literature review, consideration of the updated ACIP guidelines, and support of a developed theoretical framework, an eight-question survey was developed. The data examined in this project may serve to illustrate limitations in provider care that can be immediately improved upon, such as information sharing. The primary limitation of the study is in the sample size of 44 eligible survey responses and the uniform demographics of the population. Despite these limitations, the survey design may be extended to other populations of interest, with greater demographic variation for further study.

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Tong, Stephen. "Investigation of novel endocrine markers of early pregnancy and later pregnancy health". Monash University, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9689.

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Ramos-Orosco, Elizabeth J. "Comment on first trimester maternal serum analytes and second trimester uterine artery doppler in the prediction of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction". Taiwan Association of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622873.

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Chen, Min, i 陳敏. "Application of ultrasonography in early pregnancy". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36603314.

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Buckley, Rebecca J. "The role of decidual macrophages in the first trimester of pregnancy and in the pregnancy complication pre-eclampsia". Thesis, St George's, University of London, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.719150.

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Uterine decidual macrophages are present throughout pregnancy however, little is known of their phenotype or functional relevance. This study aimed to further the understanding of decidual macrophage phenotype and function across the first and early second trimester. In addition, this study aimed to compare decidual macrophages derived from normal pregnancies and those at increased risk of developing complications (pre-eclampsia, FGR and stillbirth). Macrophage phenotype was shown to differentially affect trophoblast behaviour, with pro-inflammatory (M1 -like) macrophages inducing trophoblast apoptosis and impairing trophoblast motility, proliferation and network formation, when compared with an anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotype. Decidual macrophages were found to become increasingly anti-inflammatory with gestation; with upregulation of CD206 expression and downregulation of CD86, TLR4 and CD11c expression between the 4th and 14th week of pregnancy. The relative risk of a pregnancy developing complications was calculated by uterine artery resistance indices (Rl) measured by Doppler Ultrasound scanning, enabling phenotypic and functional comparisons to be made between decidual macrophages from normal and higher risk pregnancies. Decidual macrophages from normal pregnancies and those with a higher risk were found to differ in their cytokine secretion profiles, with those from higher risk pregnancies having reduced TNF-a, IL-8, VEGF, IL-1 ra and M-CSF secretion. Decidual macrophages from pregnancies with a higher risk of developing complications were also found to increase trophoblast apoptosis, reduce trophoblast proliferation, and impair trophoblast chemotaxis and network formation, when compared to decidual macrophages from normal pregnancies. Vascular smooth muscle apoptosis, proliferation and motility was not found to be affected by decidual macrophages. When decidual NK cells were cultured with secreted factors from decidual macrophages no effect on decidual NK phenotype was observed. Conversely, decidual macrophages cultured with decidual NK cell secreted factors were found to have elevated expression of CD11c and TLR4. The shift in decidual macrophage phenotype with advancing gestation likely reflects the requirement for tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus to support a successful pregnancy. The differential regulatory effect of decidual macrophages from normal and higher risk pregnancies on trophoblast phenotype and function are particularly interesting given that aberrant trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodelling is related to the pathology of pre-eclampsia. These observations suggest that preeclampsia is preceded by impaired decidual macrophage-trophoblast interactions.

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Książki na temat "Pregnancy trimester"

1

Garite, Thomas J. Trimester. Incline Village, NV: Marshall Educational Health Solutions, 1995.

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Garite, Thomas J. Trimester. Minden, NV: Marshall Educational Health Solutions, 1997.

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Pregnancy questions and answers: Everything you need to know trimester by trimester. London: Rodale International, 2006.

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1958-, Jurkovic D., i Jauniaux E, red. Ultrasound and early pregnancy. Pearl River, N.Y., USA: Parthenon Pub. Group, 1996.

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International Symposium on First Trimester Fetal Diagnosis (1985 Lausanne, Switzerland). Chorionic villi sampling (CVS): International Symposium on First Trimester Fetal Diagnosis, Lausanne, November 1-2, 1985. Redaktorzy Pescia G. ed i Nguyen The H. ed. Basel: Karger, 1986.

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G, Farquharson Roy, i Stephenson Mary D, red. Early pregnancy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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1938-, Teoh Eng-Soon, Ratnam S. S i Wong Peng-Cheang, red. Ovulation and early pregnancy: With special supplement on adolescent sexuality. Carnforth, Lancs., U.K: Parthenon Pub. Group, 1987.

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Lane, Brenda J. Knack pregnancy guide: An illustrated handbook for every trimester. Guilford, CT: Knack, 2009.

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R, Barnea E., Parvensky Mary T i Society for Implantation and Early Pregnancy in Humans. World Conference, red. Implantation and early pregnancy in humans: A combuned research and clinical approach. London: Parthenon Pub. Group, 1994.

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Profet, Margie. Pregnancy sickness: Using your body's natural defenses to protect your baby-to-be. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1997.

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Więcej źródeł

Części książek na temat "Pregnancy trimester"

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Do, Linda, i James M. Shwayder. "Ectopic Pregnancy: Pregnancy of Unknown Location (PUL)". W First-Trimester Ultrasound, 283–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20203-7_16.

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Hansmann, Mandfred, Bernhard-Joachim Hackelöer i Alfons Staudach. "Pregnancy (First Trimester)". W Ultrasound Diagnosis in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 35–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70423-9_4.

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Potts, Stacy, i Sara G. Shields. "Second Trimester". W Women-Centered Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth, 79–82. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429272219-18.

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Potts, Stacy, i Sara G. Shields. "Third Trimester". W Women-Centered Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth, 83–90. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429272219-19.

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Maulik, Dev, Timothy L. Bennett, Blake Porter, Shilpa Babbar i Devika Maulik. "Doppler Sonography in Early Pregnancy". W First-Trimester Ultrasound, 195–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20203-7_12.

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Hack, Kalesha, i Phyllis Glanc. "Normal First Trimester of Pregnancy". W First-Trimester Ultrasound, 99–129. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20203-7_7.

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Porche, Lea M., Steven Warsof i Alfred Abuhamad. "Fetal Biometry in Early Pregnancy". W First-Trimester Ultrasound, 153–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20203-7_9.

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Hernandez-Andrade, Edgar, i Manasi S. Patwardhan. "The Fetal Heart in Early Pregnancy". W First-Trimester Ultrasound, 173–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20203-7_11.

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Canavan, Timothy P., i Joan M. Mastrobattista. "First-Trimester Ultrasound: Early Pregnancy Failure". W First-Trimester Ultrasound, 253–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20203-7_15.

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Gonçalves, Luís F. "Three-Dimensional Ultrasound: A Role in Early Pregnancy?" W First-Trimester Ultrasound, 213–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20203-7_13.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Pregnancy trimester"

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Dewi, Rahma Kusuma, i Halimatus Saidah. "Relationship between Gravidity and Severity of Emesis Gravidarum in Trimester I Pregnant Women at PMB Fatimatu Zahrok Midwifery Care, Kediri, East Java". W The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.77.

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ABSTRACT Background: Emesis gravidarum or nausea and vomiting has commonly occurred during pregnancy. However, excessive nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy have a potentially adverse effect on pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between gravidity and severity of emesis gravidarum in women with first-trimester of pregnancy at PMB Fatimatu Zahrok Midwifery Care, Kediri, East Java. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at PMB Fatimatu Zahrok Midwifery Care, Kediri, East Java, from July to August 2020. A sample of 32 women with first-trimester of pregnancy was selected for this study. The dependent variable was severity of emesis gravidarum categorized into mild to moderate and severe. The independent variable was the number of gravidities categorized into primigravida and multigravida. The data were collected using questionnaire. The data were analyzed by chi-square. Results: Multigravida reduced the severity of emesis gravidarum (OR= 0.14; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.85; p= 0.034). Conclusion: Multigravida reduces the severity of emesis gravidarum in women with first-trimester pregnancy. Keywords: emesis gravidarum, first trimester, gravidity, severity, pregnant women Correspondence: Rahma Kusuma Dewi. Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Kadiri. Jl. Selomangleng No 1, Kediri, East Java. Email: rahmakusumadewi@unik-kediri.ac.id. Mobile: +6281229440101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.77

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Fitria, Nurhidaya, i Ida Lestari Tampubolon. "The Effect of Ginger Extract Consumption on Reducing Morning Sickness in First Trimester of Pregnant Women at Pratama Mariana Clinic Medan, North Sumatra". W The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.44.

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ABSTRACT Background: Nausea and vomiting are common in pregnant women, and the condition may be a mild or severe disabling disease. Nausea and vomiting are common in the early stages of pregnancy, affecting 70-80% of pregnant mothers. In most women, vomiting begins between 4-7 weeks of pregnancy. Nausea and vomiting are usually mild and self-limiting, but some mothers have a deeper course and cause pregnancy vomiting. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of ginger extract consumption on reducing morning sickness in first trimester of pregnant women at Pratama Mariana Clinic Medan, North Sumatra. Subject and Method: This was a quasi experiment study with pretest-posttest control group design conducted in Pratama Mariana Clinic, Medan from July to August 2018. A sample of 15 pregnant women. The dependent variable was emesis gravidarum. The independent variable was extract of ginger. The data were collected by observation and analyzed by wilcoxon test. Result: The extract of ginger is effective to reduce nausea and vomiting in first trimester pregnancy women after ginger extract was given (Mean= 1.93; SD= 0.26) was higher than before (Mean= 1.20; SD= 0.41), and it was statistically significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: The extract of ginger is effective to reduce nausea and vomiting in first trimester pregnancy women after ginger extract Keywords: Emesis gravidarum, extract of ginger Correspondence: Nurhidaya Fitria. Helvetia Institute of Health, Sumatera Utara. Email: nurhidayafitria@gmail.com. Mobile: 082385317328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.44

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Wahyuningsih, Astri, Piscolia Dynamurti Wintoro, Wiwin Rohmawati i Yuriyahtun Khasanah. "Anemia Incidence in a Third Trimester Pregnant of Adolescent Pregnancy". W 1st Borobudur International Symposium on Humanities, Economics and Social Sciences (BIS-HESS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200529.121.

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Meschengieser, S. S., A. I. Woods i M. Z. Lazzari. "ANTICOAGULATION IN PREGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC VALVE PROSTHESIS". W XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643266.

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The use of oral anticoagulation in pregnancy is controversial due to the risk of embryopathy (1° trimester), intracerebral hemorrhages (2° trimester) and the use of heparin is associated with a high morbidity due to abortion and prematurity. The outcome of 50 pregnancies in 30 patients with heart prosthesis was evaluated. Acenocoumarol and aspirin 500 mg/daily were given in all the patients since their surgery. Anticoagulant doses were controlled with prothrombin time (PT) performed with human brain thromboplastin and APTT. The therapeutic range for the PT was the International Calibrated Ratio (ICR) 2.5 to 3.5. In 12 pregnancies, oral anticoagulation was replaced by subcutaneous heparin in the first trimester; the same policy was followed before delivery except in 4 cases. The foetal loss was 34% with equal distribution along the three trimesters and no correlation with excess of anticoagulation. The incidence of hemorrhage was 6% and the rate of cerebral embolism was also 6% (3 on to 50). Two of the three episodes of embolism appeared while patients were on heparin. A total of 33 normal babies were born (66%). No typical warfarin embryopathy was found and no perinatal mortality was observed. A slight reduction in the anticoagulant doses was necessary in almost half of the cases.As the rate of foetal loss with heparin is not better than with oral anticoagulants and the incidence of embolism is higher, we are doubtful about the indication of subcutaneous heparin in the first trimester considering our absence of malformations with the acenocoumarin.

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Micalizzi, Lauren, i Rachel Gunn. "Cannabis Use in Pregnancy". W 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.39.

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Concern for adverse effects of prenatal cannabis use (PCU) is warranted. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends refraining from PCU, because Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) crosses the placenta at approximately 10% of maternal levels, which can result in adverse offspring outcomes. Little is known about patterns and contexts of PCU; to advance this effort, 64 pregnant women who use cannabis were recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk for a study of PCU thoughts and behaviors. Women were, on average, 22 years of age (range 22-49); mean income was ~$44,000 (range $0-$150,000). 53.3% of respondents were in the first trimester, 43.3% were in the second and 3.4% were in the third. Polysubstance use was common; 25% reported prenatal alcohol use and 64% reported prenatal tobacco use. Approximately 40% reported using about the same amount of cannabis as before pregnancy. Regarding availability and patterns, approximately 44% indicated that cannabis was “somewhat” or “very” easy to get. Women in the third trimester reported the most frequent PCU. Across all trimesters, the majority of women reported using cannabis with roughly equal parts THC and cannabidiol and PCU primarily consisted of consumption of leaf and concentrates. The most common modes of administration were joints in the first trimester and hand pipes in the second and third trimesters. On a typical PCU day, approximately 70% of participants reported consuming ¼ gram of flower or less, 73% reported taking 5 or fewer hits of concentrates, and 85% reported ingesting 10 milligrams of THC or less in edibles. PCU among social networks was prevalent; over 50% reported that their spouse/partner used cannabis during their pregnancy and approximately 80% reported that a few, several, or most of their family and friends use cannabis. Regarding contexts, during a typical week, women reported PCU in their homes (alone [30%], with others [54.7%]), at friends’ or family members’ homes (alone [28%], with others [39%]), in bars/nightclubs/restaurants/breweries (alone [30%], with others [34%]), as well as outdoors (alone [34%], with others [33%]), at work (alone [34%], with others [36%]), at school (alone [23%], with others [36%]), in the car (alone [31%], with others [36%]) or elsewhere (alone [23%], with others [39%]). PCU was perceived as ‘highly effective’ (as reported by 75-95%) at managing nausea, distress (anxiety, depression), and physical discomfort (e.g., backaches). Perceived harm of PCU was low, more than half of participants believed PCU would harm the fetus (~60%) or herself (~64%) “not at all” or “a little.” In conclusion, polysubstance use, particularly tobacco use, is common among women who use cannabis during pregnancy. Although quantity of PCU consumption was relatively low in our sample, any amount is concerning and may have negative impact on the developing fetus. The majority of women’s social networks used cannabis and, in all contexts (with the exception of outdoor use), PCU was typically in the company of others. Perceived efficacy of PCU for symptom modulation was high across a variety of conditions, and risk perceptions were low, both of which may result in riskier use trajectories.

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Gilabert, J., J. A. Fernández, F. Espana, J. Aznar i A. Estellés. "PHYSIOLOGICAL COAGULATION INHIBITORS (PROTEIN S, PROTEIN C AND ANTITHROMBIN III) IN NORMAL PREGNANCY AND IN SEVERAL HYPERTENSION STATES IN PREGNANCY". W XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644289.

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The protein C (PC) - protein S (PS) anticoagulant system and antithrorribin III (AT III) were evaluated in normal pregnancy (group A, n= 53), severe preeclampsia (group B, n= 15) and chronic hypertension with superinposed severe preeclampsia (group C, n= 18). Group A was classified according to the stage of pregnancy as 1st (n=9), 2nd (n=ll) and 3rd (n=33) trimester (tr). A control group comprised 21 normal, non-pregnant women who were non-users of oral contraceptives. In normal pregnancy a significant decrease in the level of free protein S was observed in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy and was sustained throughout the remaining months. The other coagulation inhibitors (protein C and AT III) undergo no significant changes during pregnancy and remain within the limits of normality. In cases of preeclampsia a significant decrease in protein C was observed. It was more evident in severe preeclarrpsia but was also found in chronic hypertension with superiirposed severe preeclanpsia when compared with the normal pregnancy group at similar gestational age. No statistically significant differences in protein S were found when the normal and pathological groups were compared. AT III decreased slightly in the severe preeclamptic group but the decrease was not significant.The decrease in protein C and AT III levels in severe preeclanpsia could be related with the microthrombotic state that these patients may present. However, protein S, which decreases during normal pregnancy, seems to play no role in preeclanpsia.

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Diana, Sulis, Chatarina Umbul Wahyuni i Budi Prasetyo. "Effect of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Incidence of Pre-eclampsy in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review". W The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.82.

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ABSTRACT Background: The prevalence of preeclampsia is around 5-8% of all diseases that occur during pregnancy. There was an increase from 10.5% of women with OSA in the first trimester to 26.7% in the third trimester. This study aimed to investigate the effect of obstructive sleep apnea on incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women. Subjects and Method: A systematic review was conducted by searching the articles from PubMed and Google Scholar databases published between 2015 to 2019. An obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) analysis was performed. Sensitivity analysis was performed to identify designs, summary results and publication estimates. Results: As many as 15 studies with a total of 1,837 subjects were included. OSA during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. The selected studies were conducted in observational designs. The existing studies showed that maternal OSA was significantly associated with preeclampsia (aOR= 1.96; 95% CI= 1.30 to 2.42). Conclusion: There is the adverse relationship of OSA and preeclampsia. OSA increases the risk of multiple pregnancy and perinatal complications. Keywords: preeclampsia, OSA, pregnancy Correspondence: Sulis Diana. Doctoral Program, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java. Email: Diana.sulis6@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282234209942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.82

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Bracamontes Piña, María Georgina, Erik Bojorges-Valdez, Lisbeth Camargo Marín, Mario Guzmán Huerta, Moisés Sánchez Rivera i Verónica Medina Bañuelos. "Fetal biometric measurements during the first trimester of pregnancy". W 12th International Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis, redaktorzy Eduardo Romero, Natasha Lepore, Jorge Brieva i Ignacio Larrabide. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2256899.

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Andrievskaya, Irina, A. Milovanov, Igor Gorikov, Inna Dovzhikova i Nataliya Ishutina. "RELATIONSHIP OF INTERLEUKIN-6 AND BLOOD FLOW IN THE UMBILICAL ARTERY DURING EXCERVATION OF MONO- AND MIXT-CYTOMEGALOVIRAL INFECTION IN THE SECOND TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY". W XIV International Scientific Conference "System Analysis in Medicine". Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_5fe01d9c664388.47461710.

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In order to determine the role of a cytokine in the regulation of blood supply to the placenta, the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum and blood flow in the umbilical artery in healthy pregnant women and during pregnancy complicated by exacerbation of mono- and mixed cytomegalovirus infection in the second trimester was studied

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González Mota, Alba, Marina Covacho González, Isabel Valriberas Herrero i Carlos Roncero Alonso. "Screening of cannabis use during pregnancy and neonates". W 22° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2020. SEPD, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2020p090.

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Introduction: Cannabis use in pregnancy is related to developmental and mental disorders. The acknowledgement of prenatal exposure frequently depends on the mother’s report, which can often be omitted. There exists little description in the literature of the different methods to detect the use of cannabis during pregnancy. Moreover, nowadays there is no standardized screening available. Objectives: The objective is to analyze the different methods of prenatal screening of cannabis during pregnancy. Methods: A systematic review of studies on the methods of screening of cannabis use during pregnancy and neonates was carried out in PubMed in July 2020 in English, French and Spanish including the last 10 years with the keywords: screening, test, detection, analysis, urine, blood, hair, meconium, lactation, milk, cannabis, marijuana, THC, pregnancy, pregnant, perinatal and prenatal. Results: 107 studies were analyzed, 52 studies included and 55 excluded. Urine toxicology is the most accurate method for maternal testing and depends on chronicity of use, since its duration varies from 2-3 days in occasional users to several weeks in chronic users. Neonatal meconium and umbilical cord tissue indicates fetal exposure to cannabinoids during second and third trimester, being cord tissue more rapidly available than meconium. Neonatal hair indicates third trimester exposure and it is less sensitive than meconium. Maternal serum and hair can also be used to assess cannabis use, being serum affected by chronicity with shorter half-life than urine, and hair less accurate than other drugs of abuse, lasting several weeks positive. To analyze the samples it typically involves a cleanup pretreatment, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS), enzyme-linked inmunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) and/or an immunoassay screening and a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmatory method. Conclusions: Standardized prenatal screening of cannabis during pregnancy using analytical methods for drug detection should be established to overcome the heterogeneity and improve clinical practice.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Pregnancy trimester"

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Winikoff, Beverly. Acceptability of first trimester medical abortion. Population Council, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1994.1010.

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Unwanted pregnancy is a serious and stressful problem for women. As stated in this paper, technologies that afford safe and effective abortion are well accepted and provide relief from a great difficulty. Many women fear surgery and will go far to avoid it. There is substantial apprehension about general anesthesia during surgery and also fear that local anesthesia may not prevent pain. This leads to a high demand for a medical abortion alternative. Some women consider that the quick and definitive surgical alternative is easier; some find that swallowing a pill is easier. Privacy is greatly valued. Medical abortion technology seems to meet this need more than surgical abortion, especially if the surgical alternative mandates hospital admission and absence from home. The high values placed on privacy, autonomy, and the wish to be able to be at home combine, in at least some settings, to create a demand for a self-administered home treatment for early abortion. Given a choice between surgery and any of several medical abortion methods, most eligible women appear to prefer the medical method.

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Fields, Michael J., Mordechai Shemesh i Anna-Riitta Fuchs. Significance of Oxytocin and Oxytocin Receptors in Bovine Pregnancy. United States Department of Agriculture, sierpień 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568790.bard.

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Oxytocin has multiple actions in bovine reproductive tract and it was our purpose to determine the nature of these actions and their significance for the physiology of bovine reproduction. The bovine oxytocin receptors (OTR) gene was cloned and its expression studied during the cycle and pregnancy. OTR mRNA changed in parallel with OTR with control occurring mainly at the transcriptional level. However, the endocrine regulation of OTR were found in endometrium and cervical mucosa at estrus and at parturition. In both tissues OTR were suppressed in the luteal phase and early pregnancy. Whereas cervical OTR remained suppressed throughout pregnancy, endometrial OTR began to increase soon after implantation and reached higher concentrations in midpregnancy than at estrus. OTR in caruncles did not increase until third trimester, and OTR in cervical mucosa, cotyledons and fetal membranes increased only at term. Myometrial OTR showed less variation and OTR were present throughout the cycle and pregnancy but increased significantly during mid- and late pregnancy. OTR were localized in endometrial epithelial cells and lumina epithelial cells of cervical mucosa as determined by immunohistochemistry. Endometrial OTR were functional throughout pregnancy and mediated PGF release from day 50 onwards in a receptor density related manner. OTR in cervical mucosa mediated PGE release both in vivo and in vitro, as shown in cyclic cows. The ontogeny of uterine OTR was studied from third trimester fetal stage until puberty. OTR were present in endometrium and cervical mucosa in high concentrations throughout this period; myometrial OTR began to increase somewhat later but also reached adult values by 6-mo of age. In the prepuberal heifers OT injections failed to initiate PGF2a, release. The influence of steroids on the effect of OT was examined. Ovariectomy and E2 were without effect, but P4 with or without E2 induced a massive PGF2a release in response to OT in spite of reduced OTR. Bovine cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) were cloned and their expression studied in the endometrium of prepuberal heifers and pregnant cows. Untreated and E2 treated prepuberal heifers did not express COX-2 but P4 treated heifers did express the mRNA for COX-2, albeit weakly. During the second half of pregnancy COX-2 mRNA was strongly expressed in cotyledons and somewhat less in caruncles, whereas endometrium, myometrium and cervical mucosa showed only weak, if any, COX-2 mRNA under basal conditions. However, 2 h after OT injection significant increases in COX-2 mRNA were found in endometrial RNA. Thus OT is capable of inducing the expression of the inducible COX-2 gene, and hence the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids. The results indicate that the functions of OT are numerous and probably essential for successful pregnancy and parturition.

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Stabin, M. G., E. E. Watson, M. Cristy, J. C. Ryman, K. F. Eckerman, J. L. Davis, D. Marshall i M. K. Gehlen. Mathematical models and specific absorbed fractions of photon energy in the nonpregnant adult female and at the end of each trimester of pregnancy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/91944.

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Viswanathan, Meera, Jennifer Cook Middleton, Alison Stuebe, Nancy Berkman, Alison N. Goulding, Skyler McLaurin-Jiang, Andrea B. Dotson i in. Maternal, Fetal, and Child Outcomes of Mental Health Treatments in Women: A Systematic Review of Perinatal Pharmacologic Interventions. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), kwiecień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer236.

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Background. Untreated maternal mental health disorders can have devastating sequelae for the mother and child. For women who are currently or planning to become pregnant or are breastfeeding, a critical question is whether the benefits of treating psychiatric illness with pharmacologic interventions outweigh the harms for mother and child. Methods. We conducted a systematic review to assess the benefits and harms of pharmacologic interventions compared with placebo, no treatment, or other pharmacologic interventions for pregnant and postpartum women with mental health disorders. We searched four databases and other sources for evidence available from inception through June 5, 2020 and surveilled the literature through March 2, 2021; dually screened the results; and analyzed eligible studies. We included studies of pregnant, postpartum, or reproductive-age women with a new or preexisting diagnosis of a mental health disorder treated with pharmacotherapy; we excluded psychotherapy. Eligible comparators included women with the disorder but no pharmacotherapy or women who discontinued the pharmacotherapy before pregnancy. Results. A total of 164 studies (168 articles) met eligibility criteria. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period probably improves depressive symptoms at 30 days (least square mean difference in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, -2.6; p=0.02; N=209) when compared with placebo. Sertraline for postpartum depression may improve response (calculated relative risk [RR], 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95 to 5.24; N=36), remission (calculated RR, 2.51; 95% CI, 0.94 to 6.70; N=36), and depressive symptoms (p-values ranging from 0.01 to 0.05) when compared with placebo. Discontinuing use of mood stabilizers during pregnancy may increase recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.2; N=89) and reduce time to recurrence of mood disorders (2 vs. 28 weeks, AHR, 12.1; 95% CI, 1.6 to 91; N=26) for bipolar disorder when compared with continued use. Brexanolone for depression onset in the third trimester or in the postpartum period may increase the risk of sedation or somnolence, leading to dose interruption or reduction when compared with placebo (5% vs. 0%). More than 95 percent of studies reporting on harms were observational in design and unable to fully account for confounding. These studies suggested some associations between benzodiazepine exposure before conception and ectopic pregnancy; between specific antidepressants during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes such as postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia, and spontaneous abortion, and child outcomes such as respiratory issues, low Apgar scores, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, depression in children, and autism spectrum disorder; between quetiapine or olanzapine and gestational diabetes; and between benzodiazepine and neonatal intensive care admissions. Causality cannot be inferred from these studies. We found insufficient evidence on benefits and harms from comparative effectiveness studies, with one exception: one study suggested a higher risk of overall congenital anomalies (adjusted RR [ARR], 1.85; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.78; N=2,608) and cardiac anomalies (ARR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.17 to 4.34; N=2,608) for lithium compared with lamotrigine during first- trimester exposure. Conclusions. Few studies have been conducted in pregnant and postpartum women on the benefits of pharmacotherapy; many studies report on harms but are of low quality. The limited evidence available is consistent with some benefit, and some studies suggested increased adverse events. However, because these studies could not rule out underlying disease severity as the cause of the association, the causal link between the exposure and adverse events is unclear. Patients and clinicians need to make an informed, collaborative decision on treatment choices.

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Xu, Lingxia, Donmei Yan, Bin Li, Liping Tang, Peng Sun i Fei Wang. Efficacy and safety of Yunkang oral liquil combined with conventional therapy for threatened miscarriage of first-trimester pregnancy A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, kwiecień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.4.0105.

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Woods, Rachel, Alison Zhong i Madelyn Vincent. Factors Associated with Influenza & Tdap Vaccine Uptake in Pregnant Patients at the UT Family Medicine Clinic in Memphis. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/com.lsp.2020.0003.

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INTRODUCTION: Given the increased risk for infections among pregnant patients and newborns, vaccination against influenza (>50,000,000 annual US cases affecting all ages) and pertussis (>15,000 annual US cases disproportionately affecting newborns) are recommended among pregnant patients in order to protect them and their babies via passive immunity to cover a newborn’s window of vaccine ineligibility. Though flu and Tdap vaccination rates among pregnant patients have been trending upwards nationally, there is still room for improvement to achieve optimal rates. OBJECTIVES: The primary objectives were to study factors that affect the vaccination rates at the University of Tennessee Family Medicine Clinic at Memphis (UTFMC-M), compare those rates with national pregnancy flu/Tdap vaccination rates, and to generate recommendations based off observed factors associated with vaccine uptake to improve flu/Tdap vaccination rates in UTFMC-M pregnant patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of UTFMC-M patients who were pregnant from September 1, 2019-April 24, 2020 (included 2019-2020 flu season) (n=465). Variables studied included demographic data (race, age, insurance), immunization history (vaccine status, history of physician encouragement), and prenatal history (parity, number of prenatal visits, trimester at first visit, high risk clinic (HRC) admittance status). Vaccination status was based on ACIP recommendations (Flu shot eligible = any gestational age; Tdap eligible = ≥27 weeks). Positive HRC admittance was noted for patients with ≥2 visits to the UTFMC-M HRC, a clinic that specializes in high risk pregnant patient care. RESULTS: The patient sample was predominantly black (84.3%) and insured by Medicaid programs (88%). Among eligible UTFMC-M pregnant patients, 50.1% were flu-vaccinated (n=465); 73.8% were Tdap-vaccinated (n=317); and 52.1% were Flu+Tdap-vaccinated (n=317). No significant associations were found between vaccine uptake and HRC status, parity, and age. However, statistically significant relationships were found between vaccine uptake and physician encouragement (positive relationship with flu shot: X2(1, N = 465) =131, p < 0.001, Tdap: X2 (6, N = 465) =476, p < 0.001), number of prenatal visits (flu shot group median 8 visits, Tdap group median 9 visits vs. unvaccinated group median 4 visits; p < 0.001), and early trimester age at first prenatal visit (X2(6, N = 465) =47.635 , p CONCLUSION: 2019-2020 UTFMC-M vaccination rates were on par with 2018-2019 US flu vaccine rates and higher than 2018-2019 US Tdap and Flu+Tdap rates. There were statistically significant relationships between vaccine uptake at UTFMC-M and physician encouragement, number of prenatal visits, and early trimester age at first prenatal visit but no significant relationships with UTFMC-M HRC admittance, parity, or age. Recommendations following from our observations to address further vaccine rate improvement include: continue vaccine encouragement, continue booking multiple visits (8 for flu, 9 for Tdap), prioritize Tdap vaccine higher for late trimester intake patients, and focus on flu vaccine encouragement and education.

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Splitter, Gary, i Menachem Banai. Microarray Analysis of Brucella melitensis Pathogenesis. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7709884.bard.

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Original Objectives 1. To determine the Brucella genes that lead to chronic macrophage infection. 2. To identify Brucella genes that contribute to infection. 3. To confirm the importance of Brucella genes in macrophages and placental cells by mutational analysis. Background Brucella spp. is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium that infects ruminants causing abortion or birth of severely debilitated animals. Brucellosis continues in Israel, caused by B. melitensis despite an intensive eradication campaign. Problems with the Rev1 vaccine emphasize the need for a greater understanding of Brucella pathogenesis that could improve vaccine designs. Virulent Brucella has developed a successful strategy for survival in its host and transmission to other hosts. To invade the host, virulent Brucella establishes an intracellular niche within macrophages avoiding macrophage killing, ensuring its long-term survival. Then, to exit the host, Brucella uses placenta where it replicates to high numbers resulting in abortion. Also, Brucella traffics to the mammary gland where it is secreted in milk. Missing from our understanding of brucellosis is the surprisingly lillie basic information detailing the mechanisms that permit bacterial persistence in infected macrophages (chronic infection) and dissemination to other animals from infected placental cells and milk (acute infection). Microarray analysis is a powerful approach to determine global gene expression in bacteria. The close genomic similarities of Brucella species and our recent comparative genomic studies of Brucella species using our B. melitensis microarray, suqqests that the data obtained from studying B. melitensis 16M would enable understanding the pathogenicity of other Brucella organisms, particularly the diverse B. melitensis variants that confound Brucella eradication in Israel. Conclusions Results from our BARD studies have identified previously unknown mechanisms of Brucella melitensis pathogenesis- i.e., response to blue light, quorum sensing, second messenger signaling by cyclic di-GMP, the importance of genomic island 2 for lipopolysaccharide in the outer bacterial membrane, and the role of a TIR domain containing protein that mimics a host intracellular signaling molecule. Each one of these pathogenic mechanisms offers major steps in our understanding of Brucella pathogenesis. Strikingly, our molecular results have correlated well to the pathognomonic profile of the disease. We have shown that infected cattle do not elicit antibodies to the organisms at the onset of infection, in correlation to the stealth pathogenesis shown by a molecular approach. Moreover, our field studies have shown that Brucella exploit this time frame to transmit in nature by synchronizing their life cycle to the gestation cycle of their host succumbing to abortion in the last trimester of pregnancy that spreads massive numbers of organisms in the environment. Knowing the bacterial mechanisms that contribute to the virulence of Brucella in its host has initiated the agricultural opportunities for developing new vaccines and diagnostic assays as well as improving control and eradication campaigns based on herd management and linking diagnosis to the pregnancy status of the animals. Scientific and Agricultural Implications Our BARD funded studies have revealed important Brucella virulence mechanisms of pathogenesis. Our publication in Science has identified a highly novel concept where Brucella utilizes blue light to increase its virulence similar to some plant bacterial pathogens. Further, our studies have revealed bacterial second messengers that regulate virulence, quorum sensing mechanisms permitting bacteria to evaluate their environment, and a genomic island that controls synthesis of its lipopolysaccharide surface. Discussions are ongoing with a vaccine company for application of this genomic island knowledge in a Brucella vaccine by the U.S. lab. Also, our new technology of bioengineering bioluminescent Brucella has resulted in a spin-off application for diagnosis of Brucella infected animals by the Israeli lab by prioritizing bacterial diagnosis over serological diagnosis.

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Liu, Jing, Yuanmei Chen, Die Liu, Fang Ye, Qi Sun, Qiang Huang, Jing Dong Dong, Tao Pei, Yuan He i Qi Zhang. Prenatal exposure to particulate matter and term low birth weight：systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0064.

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Review question / Objective: To assess the effects of particulate matter exposure during various periods of pregnancy on low birth weight and term low birth weight. Population:pregnant women and their singleton live-births; Exposure: maternal exposure to ambient PM2.5 and PM10 during the entire pregnancy or each trimesters were estimated based on ground-level atmospheric pollution monitoring stations or validated exposure models (μg/m3 ); Comparator(s): risk estimates were presented as hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with per specific increment in PM2.5; Outcomes: term LBW(≥37weeks and<2500g) or LBW(<2500g)were defined as a dichotomous variables.

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