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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Primary inoculum”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 10 marca 2023

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1

Deckers, T., and W. Porreye. "PRIMARY INOCULUM FORMATION OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 217 (November 1987): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1987.217.20.

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Bailey, D. J., and C. A. Gilligan. "Dynamics of Primary and Secondary Infection in Take-All Epidemics." Phytopathology® 89, no. 1 (January 1999): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.1.84.

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Using a combination of experimentation and mathematical modeling, the effects of initial (particulate) inoculum density on the dynamics of disease resulting from primary and secondary infection of wheat by the take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, were tested. A relatively high inoculum density generated a disease progress curve that rose monotonically toward an asymptote. Reducing the initial inoculum density resulted in a curve that initially was monotonic, rising to a plateau, but which increased sigmoidally to an asymptotic level of disease thereafter. Changes in the infec

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3

Lenhard, Justin R., та Zackery P. Bulman. "Inoculum effect of β-lactam antibiotics". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, № 10 (6 червня 2019): 2825–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz226.

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AbstractThe phenomenon of attenuated antibacterial activity at inocula above those utilized for susceptibility testing is referred to as the inoculum effect. Although the inoculum effect has been reported for several decades, it is currently debatable whether the inoculum effect is clinically significant. The aim of the present review was to consolidate currently available evidence to summarize which β-lactam drug classes demonstrate an inoculum effect against specific bacterial pathogens. Review of the literature showed that the majority of studies that evaluated the inoculum effect of β-lact

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4

Kim, Seung-Han, Dong-Geun Kim, Jae-Tak Yoon, Sung-Gook Choi, and Joon-Tak Lee. "Primary Inoculum of Strawberry Anthracnose in Nursing Field." Research in Plant Disease 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2002.8.4.228.

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5

LOPEZ-HERRERA, C. J. "Eradication of Primary Inoculum ofBotrytis cinereaby Soil Solarization." Plant Disease 78, no. 6 (1994): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-78-0594.

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Lung-Escarmant, Brigitte, and Dominique Guyon. "Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Primary and Secondary Infection by Armillaria ostoyae in a Pinus pinaster Plantation." Phytopathology® 94, no. 2 (February 2004): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.2.125.

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Epidemiological investigations were performed in a 3-ha maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) plantation established on a site heavily infested by Armillaria ostoyae. Geostatistics were used to examine the density and the distribution of the initial inoculum. Disease dynamics were monitored for 17 years after planting. On the whole site, the cumulative mortality rate reached 35% over this period, plateauing at 12 years. Disease progress curves differed according to the density of the initial inoculum, although in all the cases, the Gompertz model described the epidemics well. The epidemiological cont

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7

Van der Heyden, Hervé, Guillaume J. Bilodeau, Odile Carisse, and Jean-Benoit Charron. "Monitoring of Peronospora destructor Primary and Secondary Inoculum by Real-Time qPCR." Plant Disease 104, no. 12 (December 2020): 3183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-20-0687-re.

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Onion downy mildew (ODM), caused by Peronospora destructor, is a serious threat for onion growers worldwide. In southwestern Québec, Canada, a steady increase in occurrence of ODM has been observed since the mid-2000s. On onion, P. destructor can develop local and systemic infections producing numerous sporangia which act as initial inoculum locally and also for neighboring areas. It also produces oospores capable of surviving in soils and tissues for a prolonged period of time. A recent study showed that ODM epidemics are strongly associated with weather conditions related to production and s

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8

Safar, Korai M., Mahar R. Bux, Uqaili M. Aslam, Bhattacharjee A. Shankar, and Ramesh K. Goel. "The feasibility of putrescible components of municipal solid waste for biomethane production at Hyderabad, Pakistan." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 2 (January 9, 2018): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17748363.

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This study analyzes the feasibility of putrescible components of municipal solid waste (PCMSW) such as food waste (FW) and yard waste (YW) for methane production in Pakistan. The batch experiments have been conducted at two different inoculums to substrate ratios (ISRs) by using various inoculums under mesophilic condition. The highest methane yield of FW and YW is achieved to be 428 Nml g-1 volatile solids (VS) added and 304 Nml g-1 VS added respectively by using buffalo dung inoculum at ISR-5. While, lowest methane yield of FW and YW is obtained as 236 Nml g-1 VS added and 151Nml g-1 VS adde

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9

Khan, J., L. E. del Rio, R. Nelson, V. Rivera-Varas, G. A. Secor, and M. F. R. Khan. "Survival, Dispersal, and Primary Infection Site for Cercospora beticola in Sugar Beet." Plant Disease 92, no. 5 (May 2008): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-5-0741.

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Cercospora beticola survives as stromata in infected crop residue. Spores produced on these survival structures serve as primary inoculum during the next cropping season. This study was conducted to determine how long C. beticola can survive at different soil depths, the mechanism of inoculum dispersal, and the primary infection site in sugar beet. Longevity of C. beticola was studied over a 3-year period under field conditions at Fargo, ND. C. beticola-infected leaves were placed at depths of 0, 10, and 20 cm and retrieved after 10, 22, and 34 months. Survival of C. beticola inoculum declined

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10

Gutierrez, W. A., H. D. Shew, and T. A. Melton. "Sources of Inoculum and Management for Rhizoctonia solani Damping-off on Tobacco Transplants under Greenhouse Conditions." Plant Disease 81, no. 6 (June 1997): 604–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.604.

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Damping-off and target spot are important diseases of tobacco transplants produced under greenhouse conditions. Identification of sources of inoculum for these diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani is an important first step in disease management. Control strategies based on sanitation and the eradication of primary inoculum were studied. Potting mix and Styrofoam trays used in transplant production were assayed to determine if they were sources of primary inoculum. Eleven sources of potting mix were sampled over a 2-year period. None of the mixes contained viable inoculum of R. solani. R. sol

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11

Sujkowski, L. S., G. R. Parra, M. L. Gumpertz, and J. B. Ristaino. "Temporal Dynamics of Phytophthora Blight on Bell Pepper in Relation to the Mechanisms of Dispersal of Primary Inoculum of Phytophthora capsici in Soil." Phytopathology® 90, no. 2 (February 2000): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.2.148.

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The effect of components of primary inoculum dispersal in soil on the temporal dynamics of Phytophthora blight epidemics in bell pepper was evaluated in field and growth-chamber experiments. Phytophthora capsici may potentially be dispersed by one of several mechanisms in the soil, including inoculum movement to roots, root growth to inoculum, and root-to-root spread. Individual components of primary inoculum dispersal were manipulated in field plots by introducing (i) sporangia and mycelia directly in soil so that all three mechanisms of dispersal were possible, (ii) a plant with sporulating

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12

van den Ende, J. E., and M. G. Pennock-Vos. "PRIMARY SOURCES OF INOCULUM OF BOTRYTIS ELLIPTICA IN LILY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 430 (December 1997): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.430.94.

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13

Horsfield, Andrew, and Trevor Wicks. "Sources of primary inoculum ofTranzschelia discolorin Australian almond orchards." Australasian Plant Pathology 39, no. 4 (2010): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap10037.

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14

Gilligan, Christopher A., and Adam Kleczkowski. "Population dynamics of botanical epidemics involving primary and secondary infection." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1353 (May 29, 1997): 591–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0040.

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In this paper we study the dynamical properties of models for botanical epidemics, especially for soil–borne fungal infection. The models develop several new concepts, involving dual sources of infection, host and inoculum dynamics. Epidemics are modelled with respect to the infection status of whole plants and plant organs (the G model) or to lesion density and size (the SW model). The infection can originate in two sources, either from the initial inoculum (primary infection) or by a direct transmission between plant tissue (secondary infection). The first term corresponds to the transmissio

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15

Bennett, Rebecca S., Michael G. Milgroom, and Gary C. Bergstrom. "Population Structure of Seedborne Phaeosphaeria nodorum on New York Wheat." Phytopathology® 95, no. 3 (March 2005): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-0300.

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Population genetic and epidemiological studies have resulted in different hypotheses about the predominant source of primary inoculum in the Phaeosphaeria nodorum-wheat pathosystem (i.e., sexually derived, windborne ascospores versus asexual or seedborne inoculum). We examined the genetic structure of seedborne populations of P. nodorum as a further step toward evaluating the hypothesis that seedborne inoculum is an important contributor to foliar epidemics in New York's rotational wheat fields. In all, 330 seedborne isolates from seven field populations were genotyped at 155 amplified fragmen

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16

Bailey, D. J., A. Kleczkowski, and C. A. Gilligan. "An Epidemiological Analysis of the Role of Disease-Induced Root Growth in the Differential Response of Two Cultivars of Winter Wheat to Infection by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici." Phytopathology® 96, no. 5 (May 2006): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0510.

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Epidemiological modeling combined with parameter estimation of experimental data was used to examine differences in the contribution of disease-induced root production to the spread of take-all on plants of two representative yet contrasting cultivars of winter wheat, Ghengis and Savannah. A mechanistic model, including terms for primary infection, secondary infection, inoculum decay, and intrinsic and disease-induced root growth, was fitted to data describing changes in the numbers of infected and susceptible roots over time at a low or high density of inoculum. Disease progress curves were c

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17

Elbeshbishy, Elsayed, George Nakhla, and Hisham Hafez. "Biochemical methane potential (BMP) of food waste and primary sludge: Influence of inoculum pre-incubation and inoculum source." Bioresource Technology 110 (April 2012): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.025.

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18

Guo, Chunna, Xiaoping Liao, Mingru Wang, Feng Wang, Chaoqun Yan, Xia Xiao, Jiang Sun, and Yahong Liu. "In VivoPharmacodynamics of Cefquinome in a Neutropenic Mouse Thigh Model of Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 at Varied Initial Inoculum Sizes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 2 (December 14, 2015): 1114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02065-15.

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ABSTRACTStreptococcus suisserotype 2 is an emerging zoonotic pathogen and causes severe disease in both pigs and human beings. Cefquinome (CEQ), a fourth-generation cephalosporin, exhibits broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive bacteria such asS. suis. This study evaluated thein vitroandin vivoantimicrobial activities of CEQ against four strains ofS. suisserotype 2 in a murine neutropenic thigh infection model. We investigated the effect of varied inoculum sizes (106to 108CFU/thigh) on the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) indices and magnitudes of a particular PK/PD index or do

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19

Carisse, Odile, and Annie Lefebvre. "A Model to Estimate the Amount of Primary Inoculum of Elsinoë ampelina." Plant Disease 95, no. 9 (September 2011): 1167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-10-0798.

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In Eastern Canada, anthracnose, caused by the fungus Elsinoë ampelina, is a serious disease on susceptible grape cultivars. In the absence of management tools, anthracnose management relies almost exclusively on fungicide applications programmed at fixed intervals. Therefore, a better understanding of the factors affecting primary inoculum release and abundance would help in the timing of the first fungicide applications. The temporal dynamics of airborne primary inoculum released from cane cankers were investigated from 2007 to 2010. One to three times per week, starting in the first week of

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20

Amekan, Yumechris, Dyah Sekar A. P. Wangi, Muhammad Nur Cahyanto, Sarto Sarto, and Jaka Widada. "Effect of Different Inoculum Combination on Biohydrogen Production from Melon Fruit Waste." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 7, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.101-109.

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The natural microbial consortium from many sources widely used for hydrogen production. Type of substrate and operating conditions applied on the biodigesters of the natural consortium used as inoculum impact the variation of species and number of microbes that induce biogas formation, so this study examined the effect of different inoculum source and its combination of biohydrogen production performance. The hydrogen producing bacteria from fruit waste digester (FW), cow dung digester (CD), and tofu waste digester (TW) enriched under strictly anaerobic conditions at 37OC. Inoculums from 3 dif

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21

Hamada, Natasha Akemi, Rafaele Regina Moreira, Cristiano Nunes Nesi, and Louise Larissa May De Mio. "Pathogen Dispersal and Glomerella Leaf Spot Progress Within Apple Canopy in Brazil." Plant Disease 103, no. 12 (December 2019): 3209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-18-1375-re.

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Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) of apple is caused by three different Colletotrichum species complexes. This study evaluated the dispersal of Colletotrichum spores related to GLS temporal progress and defoliation. Spores were monitored by air and water runoff in different plant heights, and the temporal progress of GLS and defoliation were assessed. Spores of the pathogen were first cached in the lower part of the tree closer to the ground, confirming the importance of dead leaves on the ground as main source of primary inoculum. In plots with high primary inoculum, the disease increases exponentia

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22

Krell, Rayda K., Larry P. Pedigo, John H. Hill, and Marlin E. Rice. "Potential Primary Inoculum Sources of Bean pod mottle virus in Iowa." Plant Disease 87, no. 12 (December 2003): 1416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.12.1416.

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A survey of Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) in Iowa counties was conducted and the virus was found throughout the state. A long-term monitoring study (1989 to 2002) of the main BPMV vector, the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata, indicated that, in 2002, populations reached the highest abundance recorded in 14 years. Three potential sources for an early season primary inoculum source were found: (i) soybean (Glycine max) seed, (ii) overwintered bean leaf beetles, and (iii) alternate BPMV host plants. Examination of 5,804 and 8,064 soybean seedlings of two cultivars yielded 0 and 3 seedlings, r

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23

Morlock, Glenn P., Frances C. Tyrrell, Dorothy Baynham, Vincent E. Escuyer, Nicole Green, Youngmi Kim, Patricia A. Longley-Olson, et al. "Using Reduced Inoculum Densities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in MGIT Pyrazinamide Susceptibility Testing to Prevent False-Resistant Results and Improve Accuracy: A Multicenter Evaluation." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3748163.

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The primary platform used for pyrazinamide (PZA) susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the MGIT culture system (Becton Dickinson). Since false-resistant results have been associated with the use of this system, we conducted a multicenter evaluation to determine the effect of using a reduced cell density inoculum on the rate of false resistance. Two reduced inoculum densities were compared with that prescribed by the manufacturer (designated as “BD” method). The reduced inoculum methods (designated as “A” and “C”) were identical to the manufacturer’s protocol in all aspects wi

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Mueller, E. E., R. L. Groves, and C. Gratton. "Crop and Non-Crop Plants as Potential Reservoir Hosts of Alfalfa mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus for Spread to Commercial Snap Bean." Plant Disease 96, no. 4 (April 2012): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-11-0089.

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Diseases caused by aphid-transmitted viruses such as Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) have increased in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Midwestern United States. Plants immediately surrounding agricultural fields may serve as primary virus inocula for aphids to acquire and transmit to bean crops. The project objectives were to (i) identify potentially important AMV and CMV reservoirs among naturally infected plants and (ii) determine the relationship between the virus inoculum potential (VIP) in adjacent crop field margins and virus incidence in P. vulgaris. Fro

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25

Rossi, Vittorio, and Tito Caffi. "The Role of Rain in Dispersal of the Primary Inoculum of Plasmopara viticola." Phytopathology® 102, no. 2 (February 2012): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-11-0223.

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Although primary infection of grapevines by Plasmopara viticola requires splash dispersal of inoculum from soil to leaves, little is known about the role of rain in primary inoculum dispersal. Distribution of rain splashes from soil to grapevine canopy was evaluated over 20 rain periods (0.2 to 64.2 mm of rain) with splash samplers placed within the canopy. Samplers at 40, 80, and 140 cm above the soil caught 4.4, 0.03, and 0.003 drops/cm2 of sampler area, respectively. Drops caught at 40 and 80 cm (1.5 cm in diameter) were larger than drops at 140 cm (1.3 cm). Leaf coverage by splashed drops,

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26

Scagel, C. F., K. Reddy, and J. M. Armstrong. "Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rooting Substrate Influences the Quantity and Quality of Roots on Stem Cuttings of Hick's Yew." HortTechnology 13, no. 1 (January 2003): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.13.1.0062.

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In a commercial nursery propagation system for hick's yew (Taxu×media `Hicksii'), we assessed whether or not the addition of inoculum of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) Glomus intraradices into the rooting substrate during cutting propagation increased rooting, and how the quantity of inoculum influenced rooting. At 15 and 22 weeks (108 and 156 d) after cuttings were treated with root hormones and stuck, root initiation was higher on cuttings stuck in the rooting substrate containing VAMF inoculum. Increasing the quantity of inoculum in the rooting substrate increased root g

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Desilets, H., S. Rochefort, J. Coulombe, S. Yelle, and J. Brodeur. "Potential of Propane Flamers for Reduction of Apple Scab Primary Inoculum on Orchard Ground." HortScience 32, no. 2 (April 1997): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.2.267.

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The potential impact of propane flamers on the development and release of ascosporic inoculum of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. from infected dead apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves that overwintered on the soil of an experimental orchard was assessed. Thermal reduction of scab primary inoculum was first conducted under controlled conditions using an indoor testing facility. At the time of ascospore maturation, heavily infected leaves were submitted to temperature rises ranging from 150 to 200 °C with open-flame burners, thus reducing the number of ascospores subsequently released by 76%

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Lin, Shan, and Francesca Peduto Hand. "Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly." Plant Disease 103, no. 5 (May 2019): 951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-18-1694-re.

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Fruit rot of deciduous holly, caused by species of the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, and Epicoccum, is affecting plant production in Midwestern and Eastern U.S. nurseries. To determine the sources of inoculum, dormant twigs and mummified fruit were collected, and leaf spot development was monitored throughout the season from three Ohio nurseries over two consecutive years. Mummified fruit was the main source of primary inoculum for species of Alternaria and Epicoccum, whereas mummified fruit and bark were equally important for species of Colletotrichum and Diaporthe. Brown, irr

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Jeffers, S. N. "Phytophthora Crown Rot of Apple Trees: Sources ofPhytophthora cactorumandP. cambivoraas Primary Inoculum." Phytopathology 78, no. 3 (1988): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-78-328.

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Patterson, C. L. "Role of Microsclerotia as Primary Inoculum ofMicrodochium panattonianum,Incitant of Lettuce Anthracnose." Plant Disease 75, no. 2 (1991): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-75-0134.

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Nissa, Rossy Choerun, Dadan Sumiarsa, Wawan Kosasih, Bonita Firdiana, and Akbar Hanif Dawam Abdullah. "SYNTHESIS L-LACTIC ACID FROM FERMENTATION OF CASSAVA PULP BY USING TEMPEH INOCULUM." Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia 23, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jsmi.2021.23.1.6265.

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SYNTHESIS L-LACTIC ACID FROM FERMENTATION OF CASSAVA PULP BY USING TEMPEH INOCULUM. This study used cassava waste pulp as a fermentation substrate to produce lactic acid using a tempeh inoculum. Tempeh inoculum is a mixed culture of Rhizopus with Rhizopus oligosporus as the primary fungus. Lactic acid is an organic acid most widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical industries. One of the important uses of lactic acid is as a raw material for producing Polylactic Acid (PLA) biopolymers, namely polymers that can decompose naturally in a relatively fast time. The analysis wa

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Bailey, D. J., N. Paveley, J. Spink, P. Lucas, and C. A. Gilligan. "Epidemiological Analysis of Take-All Decline in Winter Wheat." Phytopathology® 99, no. 7 (July 2009): 861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-7-0861.

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Take-all dynamics within crops differing in cropping history (the number of previous consecutive wheat crops) were analyzed using an epidemiological model to determine the processes affected during take-all decline. The model includes terms for primary infection, secondary infection, inoculum decay, and root growth. The average rates of root production did not vary with cropping history. The force of primary infection increased from a low level in 1st wheat crops, to a maximum in 2nd to 4th wheat crops, and then to intermediate levels thereafter. The force of secondary infection was low but in

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Cabrefiga, Jordi, Maria Victoria Salomon, and Pere Vilardell. "Improvement of Alternaria Leaf Blotch and Fruit Spot of Apple Control through the Management of Primary Inoculum." Microorganisms 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010101.

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Alternaria spp. is the causal agent of apple leaf blotch and fruit spot, diseases of recent appearance in Spain. The overwinter inoculum of Alternaria spp. is the source of primary infections in apple, thus the aim of this work was to optimize the control of infection through two environmentally friendly inoculum-management strategies, the removal of winter fallen leaves and the treatment of leaves with the biological agent Trichoderma asperellum to inhibit or prevent inoculum development in commercial orchards. The results of commercial orchard trials showed that leaf aspiration and applicati

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34

Ji, Tao, Irene Salotti, Chaoyang Dong, Ming Li, and Vittorio Rossi. "Modeling the Effects of the Environment and the Host Plant on the Ripe Rot of Grapes, Caused by the Colletotrichum Species." Plants 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112288.

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Ripe rot caused by Colletotrichum spp. is a serious threat in many vineyards, and its control relies mainly on the repeated use of fungicides. A mechanistic, dynamic model for the prediction of grape ripe rot epidemics was developed by using information and data from a systematic literature review. The model accounts for (i) the production and maturation of the primary inoculum; (ii) the infection caused by the primary inoculum; (iii) the production of a secondary inoculum; and (iv) the infection caused by the secondary inoculum. The model was validated in 19 epidemics (vineyard × year combina

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Roumagnac, P., O. Pruvost, F. Chiroleu, and G. Hughes. "Spatial and Temporal Analyses of Bacterial Blight of Onion Caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii." Phytopathology® 94, no. 2 (February 2004): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.2.138.

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Bacterial blight of onion is a severe disease, which emerged over the past decade in several onion-producing areas. This disease currently is observed in both the Old and New Worlds. Although the causative agent, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii, is potentially seedborne, seed transmission and significance of seedborne initial inoculum for the development of bacterial blight of onion previously has not been assessed. This article describes experimental work designed to evaluate the biological importance of seedborne X. axonopodis pv. allii as an initial inoculum source, and examine the tempora

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Taylor, Robert G., and Karim Moshrefi. "Calcium, Nitrogen, and Rhizobium Effects on Arachis Hypogaea L. Valencia C." Peanut Science 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-14-1-8.

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Abstract Nutritional needs of numerous plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars have been extensively examined, especially responses to N fertilizer, Ca availability in the soil solution, and the use of rhizobium soil inoculum. The nutritional effects of these three factors and their interactions on particular processes at various stages of growth and development of the plant were examined. Three levels of Ca and four N treatments were tested in a greenhouse on two sets of the Valencia C peanut cultivar, one receiving a soil inoculum and the other did not. Nutritional and soil inoculum treatment

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Bennett, Rebecca S., Michael G. Milgroom, Raazesh Sainudiin, Barry M. Cunfer, and Gary C. Bergstrom. "Relative Contribution of Seed-Transmitted Inoculum to Foliar Populations of Phaeosphaeria nodorum." Phytopathology® 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-5-0584.

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A marked-isolate, release-recapture experiment was conducted to assess the relative contributions of seed-transmitted (released isolates) versus all other inocula to foliar and grain populations of Phaeosphaeria nodorum in winter wheat rotated with nonsusceptible crops in New York and Georgia, United States. Seed infected with two distinct groups of marked isolates of P. nodorum containing rare alleles (identified by amplified fragment length polymorphisms [AFLPs]) and balanced for mating type were planted in experimental field plots in two locations in each state. Recapture was done by isolat

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Mancini, Stefano, Elias Bodendoerfer, Natalia Kolensnik-Goldmann, Sebastian Herren, Kim Röthlin, Patrice Courvalin, and Erik C. Böttger. "Evaluation of standardized automated rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Enterobacterales-containing blood cultures: a proof-of-principle study." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 11 (August 7, 2020): 3218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa336.

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Abstract Background Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (RAST) of bacteria causing bloodstream infections is critical for implementation of appropriate antibiotic regimens. Objectives We have established a procedure to prepare standardized bacterial inocula for Enterobacterales-containing clinical blood cultures and assessed antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) data generated with the WASPLabTM automated reading system. Methods A total of 258 blood cultures containing Enterobacterales were examined. Bacteria were enumerated by flow cytometry using the UF-4000 system and adjusted t

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Sutton, Donald K., William E. MacHardy, and William G. Lord. "Effects of Shredding or Treating Apple Leaf Litter with Urea on Ascospore Dose of Venturia inaequalis and Disease Buildup." Plant Disease 84, no. 12 (December 2000): 1319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.12.1319.

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Ascospores produced on diseased leaves in the leaf litter constitute the primary inoculum causing scab in commercial apple orchards in the northeastern United States. Two sanitation practices, shredding the leaf litter with a flail mower and urea application, were evaluated for their potential to reduce the risk of primary scab. Three measures of a treatment's potential were made: leaf litter density was evaluated to determine reduction of the source or primary inoculum; trapped ascospores were counted to measure the reduction of primary inoculum; and scab lesions on trees and seedlings were c

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Villarino, M., P. Melgarejo, J. Usall, J. Segarra, and A. De Cal. "Primary Inoculum Sources of Monilinia spp. in Spanish Peach Orchards and Their Relative Importance in Brown Rot." Plant Disease 94, no. 8 (August 2010): 1048–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-8-1048.

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Immediately following the identification of Monilinia fructicola in a Spanish peach orchard in the Ebro Valley in 2006, this orchard and two other orchards in the same valley were intensively sampled for potential tree and ground sources of primary Monilinia inoculum before and during three growing seasons between 2006 and 2008. Overwintered Monilinia spp. produced inoculum from only mycelium, and no apothecia were found in any of the three orchards over the three growing seasons. Mummies on trees were the main source of primary inoculum. More than 90% of Monilinia isolates on all fruit mummie

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Tshomo, K., I. J. Horner, M. Walter, A. Stewart, and M. V. Jaspers. "Treatment of overwintering apple leaves to reduce primary inoculum of apple black spot." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6044.

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Field trials were conducted in Hawkes Bay and Lincoln into methods of treating overwintering apple leaves to reduce ascospore production by the apple black spot pathogen Venturia inaequalis The leaf treatments comprised three levels of nutrient amendments (including a water control) and five levels of saprophytic fungal isolates (including a nofungus control) in a factorial design Leaves were left to overwinter on the orchard floor and in spring the V inaequalis ascospores released were trapped on glass slides and counted Ascospore numbers were reduced (Plt;005) by the leaf amendment urea whic

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Pearson, Roger C. "Cleistothecia, the Source of Primary Inoculum for Grape Powdery Mildew in New York." Phytopathology 77, no. 11 (1987): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-77-1509.

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De la Torre-González, Francisco Javier, José Alberto Narváez-Zapata, Patricia Taillandier, and Claudia Patricia Larralde-Corona. "Mezcal as a Novel Source of Mixed Yeasts Inocula for Wine Fermentation." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101296.

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Mezcal yeasts were evaluated for their potential as grape-juice fermenters, characterizing their fermentation performance, both in terms of primary and volatile metabolites. Experiments were first carried-out in a semi-synthetic medium and then on grape juice, and population dynamics of the chosen mixed inoculum was assessed in grape juice. Accordingly, we initially tested 24 mezcal yeasts belonging to ten different species, and chose those that were more productive and stress tolerant for the mixed (dual) inoculum, having a final selection of three Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (plus Fermi

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Mao, YX, GA Chilvers, and JJ Burdon. "Computer Modelling of Damping-Off Epidemics in Relation to Host Density and Number of Disease Foci." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 5 (1988): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880589.

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In a previous experimental study of post-emergence damping-off epidemics in populations of cress seedlings, rate of advance ( A ) of spreading disease fronts and apparent infection rates ( r ) were measured separately in relation to differences in host density. In this study, a computer model was built to simulate those damping-off epidemics, with the aim of relating A and r. Over a range of host densities it was found that r could be predicted from the known quantitative relationship between A and host density, provided that the number of primary infection foci was also taken into account. Sc

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Johansen, J. E., and R. Bakke. "Enhancing hydrolysis with microaeration." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 8 (April 1, 2006): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.234.

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Effects of microaeration on hydrolysis of primary sludge are investigated in 500 ml batch reactors at 377 °C. Two experiments, one with a microaerobic inoculum and one with a combination of a microaerobic and an anaerobic inoculum, are carried out to also investigate the role of the inoculum. Assuming an acidogenic, methanogenic and aerobic biomass yield of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.45 mgC/mgC, respectively, a 50–60% hydrolysis increase, during the 4 day experiment, is observed with a ratio between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in the range 0.5–0.7. The extra hydrolysed products are oxidized to carbo

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Masangkay, Rhomela F., Timothy C. Paulitz, Steven G. Hallett, and Alan K. Watson. "Factors Influencing Biological Control of Sphenoclea zeylanica with Alternaria alternata f. sp. sphenocleae." Plant Disease 83, no. 11 (November 1999): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.11.1019.

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Alternaria alternata f. sp. sphenocleae is an endemic disease causing a few small necrotic foliar lesions and occasionally a foliar blight on Sphenoclea zeylanica, a problem weed in paddy rice. The effects of inoculum concentration, dew period, and plant age on the biocontrol of S. zeylanica with A. alternata f. sp. sphenocleae were studied under controlled environmental conditions. S. zeylanica plants are susceptible from seedling to maturity. When higher inoculum concentrations (106 conidia ml-1, 108 conidia m-2) were applied to plants of different ages with a long dew period, 100% leaf area

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Kawchuk, L. M., and J. Nielsen. "Improved bunt inoculation of wheat utilizing adventitious shoots." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-180.

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A procedure is described of injecting inoculum of dwarf or common bunt at the bases of the internodes of wheat. Physical stimulation by wounding of the intercalary meristem located above the nodes resulted in the formation of adventitious shoots. If inoculum of dwarf or common bunt is injected at the time of stimulation, the spike of the resulting shoot is usually infected. This procedure shortened the period between teliospore germination and production of sori, gave a high infection rate, and induced several infected spikes on one primary stem.

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Kumar, Shrvan, Dhanbir Singh, Subhash Dhancholia, and Asha Sinha. "Effect of wheat seed dressing fungicides, botanicals and bio-control agent on Karnal bunt incidence in natural condition." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1513.

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In this study the efficacy of four fungicides, three botanicals and one bio-control agent under field conditions revealed that all the treatments gave reduction of Karnal bunt over check at significant level (P=0.05). Maximum disease control was achieved with Tilt 25EC (48.72%) followed by Bavistin 50WP (47.08 %), Vitavax 75WP (45.30%) and Raxil 2DS (37.61%). Among botanicals L. camara was adjudged best as it gave 41.88 per cent disease control. However, seed treatment of T. viride (Ecoderma) resulted in 28.21 percent disease control. In all treatments over all disease control level was ranged

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Cieniewicz, Elizabeth, Madison Flasco, Melina Brunelli, Anuli Onwumelu, Alice Wise, and Marc F. Fuchs. "Differential Spread of Grapevine Red Blotch Virus in California and New York Vineyards." Phytobiomes Journal 3, no. 3 (January 2019): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-04-19-0020-r.

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Limited information is available on the spread dynamics of grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV, genus Grablovirus, family Geminiviridae) in vineyards. In this study, we investigated red blotch disease progress in three vineyards with a disparate initial inoculum prevalence. Secondary spread was documented in Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet franc vineyards in California, but not in a Merlot vineyard in New York. Increase in annual disease incidence (4.8, 0.13, and 0%) was unrelated to the estimated initial source of inoculum at planting (1, 40, and 40%) in the Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, a

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Holb, Imre, and Bart Heijne. "Comparative Study of Dutch and Hungarian Environmentally-friendly Apple Orchards on Potential Ascospore Dose of Apple Scab." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (May 12, 2002): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/3533.

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In a 2-year study, Dutch and Hungarian environmentally-friendly apple orchards were compared as regards the amount of apple scab primary inoculum. The PAD (potential ascospore dose) method was used to quantify the potential amount of primary inoculum (ascospores) per m2 orchard floor. Applying this method, the number of lesions per m2 of leaf in the autumn (LD), the proportion of the orchard floor covered by leaf litter at bud break (LLD) and potential ascospore dose (PAD) were determined. In autumn, LD values ranged between 2.2 and 13.5 in the integrated orchards, while in the organic orchard

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