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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Proportional representation – United States”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Rae, Douglas W. "Using District Magnitude to Regulate Political Party Competition." Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no. 1 (1995): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.1.65.

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This is an essay about the use of districting systems to regulate electoral outcomes and the evolution of party systems. By changing the number of seats from each district, a balance can be struck between the often conflicting goals of minority representation and defractionalization. Defractionalization is the process of forming broad-based governing majorities. Special attention is given to the electoral systems of Italy, Spain, and the United States. In the case of the United States, the author recommends a proportional representation system that mixes high-magnitude districts that encourage

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Amy, Douglas J. "Proportional Representation and the Future of the American Party System." American Review of Politics 16 (January 1, 1996): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1995.16.0.371-383.

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Few laws have had a more direct impact on American political parties than the requirement that elections be conducted in single-member districts, with the winner being the candidate with the plurality of the vote. This common electoral arrangement has played a significant role in determining the structure of the United States party system and in shaping the behavior of our parties. It is also an arrangement that has largely been taken for granted by most citizens and political scientists.

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Volkomer, Walter E., and Douglas J. Amy. "Real Choices/New Voices: The Case for Proportional Representation in the United States." Political Science Quarterly 109, no. 2 (1994): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2152648.

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Resnick, Ilyse, Nora Newcombe, and Micah Goldwater. "Reasoning about fraction and decimal magnitudes, reasoning proportionally, and mathematics achievement in Australia and the United States." Journal of Numerical Cognition 9, no. 1 (2023): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.8249.

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There is strong evidence from research conducted in the United States that fraction magnitude understanding supports mathematics achievement. Unfortunately, there has been little research that examines if this relation is present across educational contexts with different approaches to teaching fractions. The current study compared fourth and sixth grade students from two countries which differ in their approach to teaching fractions: Australia and the United States. We gathered data on fraction and decimal magnitude understanding, proportional reasoning, and a standardized mathematics achieve

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Yoon, Jiso, and Amber E. Boydstun. "Dominating the news: government officials in front-page news coverage of policy issues in the United States and Korea." Journal of Public Policy 34, no. 2 (2014): 207–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x14000051.

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AbstractWhat determines which political actors dominate a country’s news? Understanding the forces that shape political actors’ news coverage matters, because these actors can influence which problems and alternatives receive a nation’s public and policy attention. Across free-press nations, the degree of media attention actors receive is rarely proportional to their degree of participation in the policymaking process. Yet, the nature of this “mis”-representation varies by country. We argue that journalistic operating procedures – namely, journalists’ incentive-driven relationships with govern

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Park, See Hyun. "A Directly-Elected House of Lords: A Proposal for Reform." LSE Law Review 4 (June 1, 2019): 122–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.61315/lselr.35.

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This article proposes a possible reform of the House of Lords, namely to its composition and functions. By examining previous reform attempts as well as the current criticisms and issues facing the United Kingdom’s upper chamber, the article contends that the House of Lords is necessary due to the benefits of a bicameral legislature that it offers to the United Kingdom. The article provides arguments in favour of the implementation of direct elections and addresses criticisms of this scheme. Subsequently, this article argues in favour of a system of party-list proportional representation; it r

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Guo, Lei, and Hong Tien Vu. "Media vs. reality." Agenda Setting Journal 2, no. 1 (2018): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/asj.16020.guo.

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Abstract This study advances agenda-setting theory by applying it to understand the media influence on the public’s perception of health issues. The longitudinal analysis compared news indices, public opinion polls, and reality indicators in the United States from 2001 to 2010. The results show that news media, especially print media, did have some agenda-setting effects on the public’s health priorities. However, the coverage had little to do with reality and, ironically, the media representation of certain health issues showed an opposite trend to that of the reality indicators. These findin

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Dwyer, Alexander J., Lindsey Mortensen, Beverly R. Wuertz, and Frank G. Ondrey. "Abstract LB139: Disparities in oral precancerous lesion surveillance in the United States upper Midwest." Cancer Research 84, no. 7_Supplement (2024): LB139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-lb139.

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Abstract Objective: To determine whether geographic representation and race of patients in a regional oral cancer surveillance program (University of Minnesota Cancer Active Surveillance Population (UMN CASP)) mirror characteristics in the corresponding National Cancer Institute (NCI) designated comprehensive cancer center catchment. Introduction: Oral cancer poses a significant public health concern that may be mitigated through lesion surveillance. Representation of patients for clinical trials throughout an NCI cancer center catchment area is a crucial goal to promote improved health outcom

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Sueyoshi, Mark, Tiarrah Salvi-Jackson, Utkarsh Shukla, Damian Archer, and Kathryn Huber. "Examining disparities in cancer pain-specific clinical trials." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (2022): e18513-e18513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e18513.

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e18513 Background: Clinical trials overall have been found to lack proportional representation of minority patient populations. This limits their generalizability as well as progress towards equitable care. This work examines the racial representation of cancer pain related clinical trials in the United States. Methods: All trials with posted results that had started between 1999 to 2019 on ClinicalTrials.gov were examined, excluding trials that included sites that were not within the United States and trials without demographic results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov. We calculated enrollment fr

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FIVA, JON H., and DANIEL M. SMITH. "Political Dynasties and the Incumbency Advantage in Party-Centered Environments." American Political Science Review 112, no. 3 (2018): 706–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000047.

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A handful of recent studies have investigated the causal effect of incumbency on dynasty formation in candidate-centered electoral contexts. We use candidate-level data and a regression discontinuity design to estimate the incumbency advantage and its relation to dynasty formation in the party-centered, closed-list, proportional-representation setting of Norway. The results indicate that the incumbency advantage exists even in this party-centered environment; however, in contrast to recent findings for the United States and the Philippines, we find no evidence that incumbency is important to t

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Linzer, Drew A. "The Relationship between Seats and Votes in Multiparty Systems." Political Analysis 20, no. 3 (2012): 400–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mps017.

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The relationship between a party's popular vote share and legislative seat share—its seats—votes swing ratio—is a key characteristic of democratic representation. This article introduces a general approach to estimating party-specific swing ratios in multiparty legislative elections, given results from only a single election. I estimate the joint density of party vote shares across districts using a finite mixture model for compositional data and then computationally evaluate this distribution to produce parties' expected change in legislative seats for plausible changes in their vote share. T

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Pflibsen, Lacey R., Brittany M. Foley, Robert W. Bernard, et al. "Representation of Women on Plastic Surgery Journal Editorial Boards in the United States." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 41, no. 7 (2021): NP914—NP920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjab034.

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Abstract Background During the past decade, a growing number of women have pursued medical careers, including in plastic surgery. However, female physicians have tended to be underrepresented in a variety of leadership roles in their respective specialties. Objectives The authors sought to evaluate the representation of female plastic surgeons on the editorial boards of high-impact plastic surgery journals. Methods The gender of editorial board members on 3 high-impact plastic surgery journals was evaluated from 2009 and 2018. The number of women on each editorial board was then compared with

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Smith, Alexander, Anna Buadze, Petra Stute, and Michael Liebrenz. "Political representation of medical doctors in Switzerland’s executive and legislative branches in 2023." F1000Research 12 (February 27, 2023): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130986.1.

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Background: Healthcare policy is an important societal concern in Switzerland, often dominating the national agenda. In other countries, studies have explored the influence of physicians in public office on healthcare policies, but little is known about the representation of medical doctors in Switzerland's political structures, despite ongoing health-related debates. Methods: In January 2023, we examined the proportion of registered doctors currently serving in Swiss governmental branches: the executive (the Federal Council) and the legislative (the Council of States and the National Council,

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Smith, Alexander, Anna Buadze, Petra Stute, and Michael Liebrenz. "Political representation of medical doctors in Switzerland’s executive and legislative branches in 2023." F1000Research 12 (April 28, 2023): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130986.2.

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Background: Healthcare policy is an important societal concern in Switzerland, often dominating the national agenda. In other countries, studies have explored the influence of physicians in public office on healthcare policies, but little is known about the representation of medical doctors in Switzerland's political structures, despite ongoing health-related debates. Methods: In January 2023, we examined the proportion of registered doctors currently serving in Swiss governmental branches: the executive (the Federal Council) and the legislative (the Council of States and the National Council,

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Smith, Alexander, Anna Buadze, Petra Stute, and Michael Liebrenz. "Political representation of medical doctors in Switzerland’s executive and legislative branches in 2023." F1000Research 12 (July 20, 2023): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130986.3.

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Background: Healthcare policy is an important societal concern in Switzerland, often dominating the national agenda. In other countries, studies have explored the influence of physicians in public office on healthcare policies, but little is known about the representation of medical doctors in Switzerland's political structures, despite ongoing health-related debates. Methods: In January 2023, we examined the proportion of registered doctors currently serving in Swiss governmental branches: the executive (the Federal Council) and the legislative (the Council of States and the National Council,

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Zimmerman, Joseph F. "Douglas J. Amy, Red Choices/New Voices: The Case for Proportional Representation Elections in the United States, Columbia University Press, 1993, $32.50 (cloth)." National Civic Review 82, no. 4 (1993): 408–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ncr.4100820412.

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McLawhorn, Melissa M., Taryn E. Travis, Shawn Tejiram, Jeffrey W. Shupp, and Laura S. Johnson. "605 Representation Matters: An Assessment of Diversity in Current Major Textbooks on Burn Care." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (2021): S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.255.

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Abstract Introduction Racial and gender disparities in health care have been well described. The Association of American Medical Colleges states they are committed to diversity, equity, and inclusion in preparing medical trainees. Increasing attention is paid to representative diversity in the images and educational resources utilized during medical training. One recent example of this is the Instagram account, “Brown Skin Matters,” that focuses on the representation of dermatologic diseases in the skin of people of color. Nearly 40% of the population of the United States identifies as a perso

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Ma, Rui, Tae Hyun Jung, Peter N. Peduzzi, Sheldon T. Brown, and Tassos C. Kyriakides. "Analysis of the Impact of Antiretroviral Drug Changes on Survival of Patients with Advanced-Stage AIDS with Multidrug-Resistant HIV Infection." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 18 (January 1, 2019): 232595821984910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958219849101.

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Objectives: This article aims to elucidate the relationship between antiretroviral (ARV) medication changes and all-cause mortality using a total of 368 patients recruited from the United States (78%), United Kingdom (11%), and Canada (11%). Methods: Data sources included demographic characteristics, ARV treatment history and modifications, and clinical biomarker data from the completed OPTions In Management with Antiretrovirals clinical trial. Descriptive analysis and graphical trajectory representation of ARV drug modifications and biomarker changes were undertaken. Three hypotheses aimed at

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NORRANDER, BARBARA. "The Attrition Game: Initial Resources, Initial Contests and the Exit of Candidates During the US Presidential Primary Season." British Journal of Political Science 36, no. 3 (2006): 487–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123406000251.

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In contests for the presidential nominations from the Democratic and Republican parties in the United States, the duration of candidacies determines both the winning candidate (i.e., the one who outlasts his or her opponents) and the amount of intraparty conflict before the nomination is bestowed. This article analyses how strategic considerations lead some candidates to exit the race more quickly than others. Factors which could shape such strategic considerations include initial candidate assets and characteristics (national poll standings, fund-raising totals and occupational background), i

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Amberg, Stephen. "Constructing Industrial Order in the Center of the American Economy: How Electoral Competition and Social Collaboration Evolved in Twentieth-Century New York." Studies in American Political Development 31, no. 1 (2017): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x17000013.

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Comparative studies of capitalist political economies have settled on a new understanding of how historical choices about electoral rules were constitutive of the current varieties of capitalism that are distinguished by their strategies of growth and adjustment to competitive conditions. The countries that have “coordinated market economies” typically have well-organized unions and employers with distinct partisan representation under multiparty electoral rules, and they have more egalitarian outcomes. The countries that have “liberal market economies” have arms-length market-based relationsh

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Lemmink, Jacques. "‘Op proef doeltreffend gebleken, kunnen we spreken van een bereikt ideaal’." De Moderne Tijd 5, no. 1 (2021): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/dmt2021.1.002.lemm.

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Abstract ‘Proved effective on trial, we can speak of an achieved ideal’ Abraham Kuyper and the mechanical voting machine, c. 1895-1905 During the latest presidential elections in the United States, unfounded conspiracy theories sprung up concerning alleged ballot box fraud by compromised voting machines. Although different voting machines had been used in the Netherlands since 1966, concerns over their reliability ended this in 2007. This article investigates the forgotten but ultimately failed attempt to introduce mechanical voting machines a century earlier. It focuses on the role played by

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Argote, Pablo, and Patricio Navia. "Do Voters Affect Policies? Within-Coalition Competition in the Chilean Electoral System." Journal of Politics in Latin America 10, no. 1 (2018): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1866802x1801000101.

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It has been argued that close elections lead to policy convergence, as legislators elected by a small margin are more likely to adopt moderate policy positions (Downs 1957). However, Lee, Moretti, and Butler (2004) find that electoral competition does not affect legislators’ policy preferences in the United States, questioning the median voter paradigm. To help to discern this paradox, we estimate the effect of close elections on legislators’ subsequent policy positions under different electoral rules. With Chile's two-seat open-list proportional representation system, we exploit the dynamics

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Devroe, Robin, and Bram Wauters. "Political Gender Stereotypes in a List-PR System with a High Share of Women MPs: Competent Men versus Leftist Women?" Political Research Quarterly 71, no. 4 (2018): 788–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912918761009.

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On the basis of a candidate’s sex, voters ascribe particular personality traits, capacities, and opinions to candidates (often to the detriment of women), which are referred to as political gender stereotypes. The prevalence of political gender stereotypes has almost exclusively been investigated in the United States. As the presence of these stereotypes is highly dependent on contextual factors, we switch the context and investigate whether they are also present in a List-Proportional Representation (PR) system with a high share of women in parliament spread over different parties. The result

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Shahadu, Hardi, Najatu Umaru, and Eliasu Mumuni. "When will a woman head the state? A historical gendered analysis of Ghana’s fourth republican democracy." Ghana Journal of Science, Technology and Development 10, no. 2 (2025): 216–33. https://doi.org/10.47881/462.967x.

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In November of 2016, a woman contested for the presidency of the United States of America. She lost, not to a seasoned, but a novice male politician who could comfortably challenge the most disliked American president's title. Why Americans will reject an experienced female politician and elect a novice male politician re-ignites the ‘woman question’ in contemporary world politics. While the woman question in the 1970s-90s was focused on the women's rights to vote and participate in the state's decision-making processes, the woman question today is whether the world is ready for female leaders

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Gong, Xinyu. "SDG Viz: A Web-based System for Visualizing Sustainable Development Indicators." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-39-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> To promote sustainable development, United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has adopted “The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”, which consists of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (e.g., “No poverty” and “Zero hunger”) with a set of 169 targets. To measure and track the progress, 230 indicators have been developed. It has been recognized by many international communities (e.g., ICA and ISPRS) that effective visualization of SDG indicators so as to communicate the SDG status to the public and decision-makers is one of the key issues. I

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Kolaitis, Nicholas A., Daniel R. Calabrese, Patrick Ahearn, et al. "Tacrolimus trough monitoring guided by mass spectrometry without accounting for assay differences is associated with acute kidney injury in lung transplant recipients." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 76, no. 24 (2019): 2019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz243.

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Abstract Purpose Tacrolimus is a nephrotoxic immunosuppressant historically monitored via enzyme-based immunoassay (IA). After 2011, the 2 largest laboratory companies in the United States implemented tacrolimus quantification by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS); this method excludes metabolites, potentially resulting in lower quantified drug concentrations. We sought to determine if tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring via LC-MS, as performed using trough targets originally derived from IA values, influences clinical outcomes. Methods In a single-center retrospective cohort s

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Boyd, Douglas D. "General Aviation Flight Safety During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 92, no. 10 (2021): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5876.2021.

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 virus has caused over 582,000 deaths in the United States to date. However, the pandemic has also afflicted the mental health of the population at large in the domains of anxiety and sleep disruption, potentially interfering with cognitive function. From an aviation perspective, safely operating an aircraft requires an airmans cognitive engagement for: 1) situational awareness, 2) spatial orientation, and 3) avionics programming. Since impaired cognitive function could interfere with such tasks, the current study was undertaken to determine if flight safety f

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Rush, Mark E. "Real Choices, New Voices: The Case for Proportional Representation Elections in the United States. By Douglas Amy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. 278p. $32.50 cloth. - Restoring Real Representation. By Robert C. Grady. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.170p. $29.95 cloth." American Political Science Review 88, no. 2 (1994): 462–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2944735.

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Guo, Yi, Jiang Bian, Francois Modave, et al. "Assessing the effect of data integration on predictive ability of cancer survival models." Health Informatics Journal 26, no. 1 (2019): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460458218824692.

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. To improve cancer prognosis and survival rates, a better understanding of multi-level contributory factors associated with cancer survival is needed. However, prior research on cancer survival has primarily focused on factors from the individual level due to limited availability of integrated datasets. In this study, we sought to examine how data integration impacts the performance of cancer survival prediction models. We linked data from four different sources and evaluated the performance of Cox proportional hazard models for

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Iachan, Ronaldo, Christopher H. Johnson, Richard L. Harding, et al. "Design and Weighting Methods for a Nationally Representative Sample of HIV-infected Adults Receiving Medical Care in the United States-Medical Monitoring Project." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (2016): 164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010164.

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Background: Health surveys of the general US population are inadequate for monitoring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection because the relatively low prevalence of the disease (<0.5%) leads to small subpopulation sample sizes. Objective: To collect a nationally and locally representative probability sample of HIV-infected adults receiving medical care to monitor clinical and behavioral outcomes, supplementing the data in the National HIV Surveillance System. This paper describes the sample design and weighting methods for the Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) and provides estimates o

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Kemper Patrick, Susan, and Francisco Arturo Santelli. "Exploring the Relationship between Demographic Isolation and Professional Experiences of Black and Latinx Teachers." Journal of Education Human Resources 40, no. 2 (2022): 138–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jehr-2021-0042.

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Educational leaders throughout the United States have repeatedly emphasized the importance of increasing the number of Black and Latinx teachers in American schools. Prior qualitative work suggests that Black and Latinx teachers who are demographically isolated in their schools often report negative experiences. Drawing on theories of proportional representation in organizations, we use Tennessee statewide survey and administrative data to examine whether self-reported professional experiences of Black and Latinx teachers are different when they are demographically isolated. We estimate models

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Wang, Roxanna, Robin Roberts, James C. Fredenburgh, Mary Cushman, and Jeffrey I. Weitz. "Trends in the proportion of women as reviewers, editors, and editorial board members of 15 North American and British medical journals from 2014 to 2019: A retrospective study." European Science Editing 48 (July 5, 2022): e80709. https://doi.org/10.3897/ese.2022.e80709.

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<b>Background and objective: </b>There is persistent men-dominated gender disparity in medical academia. Predominance of men in the editorial makeup of medical journals might contribute to this inequity. This retrospective study (2014–2019)sought to evaluate gender representation in reviewers, editors, and members of the editorial boards in 15 leading medical journals from the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<b>Methods: </b>We surveyed lists of reviewers, editors, and editorial board members from seven journals of internal medicine, a specialty dominated by men; three journ

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Ariawan, Soni. "CULTURAL ASPECTS REPRESENTATION IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK AND ITS IMPLICATION ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING." JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGLISH STUDIES 3, no. 1 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47354/jaes.v3i1.82.

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Abstract. The present study investigates cultural aspects representation in an English textbook prescribed for senior high school in Indonesia which is officially published by Ministry of Education and Culture in 2017. The study aims to explore cultural aspects revealed in the textbook by employing Byram’s checklist of cultural dimensions and Cortazzi and Jin’s categories of culture as the theoretical frameworks. The data for analysis is selected from the textbook which includes conversations, reading texts and visual elements. The inclusion of national identity is pivotal for learners since t

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Ogutu, Dr Dorcas Anyango, and Dr Kennedy Ogollah. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL CONSIDERATION AND PROPORTION OF WOMEN IN TOP LEADERSHIP POSITIONS." Human Resource and Leadership Journal 2, no. 3 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/hrlj.172.

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Introduction: In 2000 the United Nations member states ratified and committed themselves to achieving the eight millennium development goals. The most salient of the goals is number three that sought to promote gender equality and empower women. Despite the new constitution and other affirmative measures that have been undertaken by the Government of Kenya, there is still low representation of women in leadership in Kenya.Purpose: The study sought to determine the relationship between political consideration and proportion of women in top leadership positions in Kenya. The justification was dr

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Yin, Jun, Shaheenah Dawood, Romain Cohen, et al. "Impact of geography on prognostic outcomes of 21,509 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer enrolled in clinical trials: an ARCAD database analysis." Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology 13 (January 2021): 175883592110205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17588359211020547.

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Background: Benchmarking international cancer survival differences is necessary to evaluate and improve healthcare systems. Our aim was to assess the potential regional differences in outcomes among patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) participating in international randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Design: Countries were grouped into 11 regions according to the World Health Organization and the EUROCARE model. Meta-analyses based on individual patient data were used to synthesize data across studies and regions and to conduct comparisons for outcomes in a two-stage random-effect

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Tang, Qi, Stephen A. Klein, Shaocheng Xie, et al. "Regionally refined test bed in E3SM atmosphere model version 1 (EAMv1) and applications for high-resolution modeling." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 7 (2019): 2679–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2679-2019.

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Abstract. Climate simulations with more accurate process-level representation at finer resolutions (<100 km) are a pressing need in order to provide more detailed actionable information to policy makers regarding extreme events in a changing climate. Computational limitation is a major obstacle for building and running high-resolution (HR, here 0.25∘ average grid spacing at the Equator) models (HRMs). A more affordable path to HRMs is to use a global regionally refined model (RRM), which only simulates a portion of the globe at HR while the remaining is at low resolution (LR, 1∘). In this s

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Aldrighetti, Christopher M., Andrzej Niemierko, Eliezer Mendel Van Allen, Henning Willers, and Sophia C. Kamran. "Racial and ethnic disparities among participants in precision oncology clinical studies." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (2021): 3014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.3014.

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3014 Background: Precision medicine has revolutionized oncologic care in the United States (US) in the past two decades. While the US cancer population is rapidly diversifying, enrollment of a diverse patient population into clinical trials lags behind. In particular, it is unclear whether minority patients are adequately represented in precision oncology trials. Herein, we report racial/ethnic representation in precision oncology studies spanning four common cancer types (breast, lung, prostate, colorectal cancers). Methods: Completed US clinical studies incorporating precision medicine objec

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Smith, Brandon T., Francesco M. Egro, and Vu T. Nguyen. "Microsurgery fellowship representation in the United States." Microsurgery 40, no. 5 (2020): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/micr.30582.

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Nguyen, V. V., S. Wang, R. Whitlock, et al. "A223 THE CHAIR STAND TEST IS A RELIABLE FRAILTY METRIC FOR PREDICTING WAITLIST MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS." Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 5, Supplement_1 (2022): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab049.222.

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Abstract Background Frailty is defined as a clinical state of increased vulnerability to health and age associated stressors. The liver frailty index (LFI), composed of grip strength, chair stand and balance testing, is an accepted predictor of morbidity and mortality in cirrhosis. With the need for COVID-19 related social distancing, many appointments are being carried out virtually. The chair stand subcomponent of the LFI has the potential to be evaluated virtually, with a high reliability as compared to in-person testing noted in other disease populations. Aims To determine if the chair sta

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D’Angelo, Nicholas J. "Politically Palatable Parity: What the United States Can Learn from France in Achieving a more Representative Democracy." International and Comparative Law Review 16, no. 2 (2016): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0013.

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Summary The United States considers itself a world superpower in many realms, but equality in political representation is not one of them. Currently, female representation in the United States Congress hovers around nineteen-percent, placing the United States in league with nations that have historically oppressed women, including Kenya and Tajikistan. While other, more infant, democracies have utilized political quotas as a means to increase female political involvement, the United States’ maintains a tradition of formal equality and neutralism. Long-standing precedent remains suspicious of a

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Tolbert, Caroline J., and Daniel A. Smith. "REPRESENTATION AND DIRECT DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES." Representation 42, no. 1 (2006): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890600583743.

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Warshaw, Christopher. "Local Elections and Representation in the United States." Annual Review of Political Science 22, no. 1 (2019): 461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-071108.

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In recent years, there has been a surge in the study of representation and elections in local politics. Scholars have made progress on many of the empirical barriers that stymied earlier researchers. As a result, the study of representation and elections in local politics has moved squarely into the center of American politics. The findings of recent research show that local politics in the modern, polarized era is much more similar to other areas of American politics than previously believed. Scholars have shown that partisanship and ideology play important roles in local politics. Due to the

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Moser, Robert G. "Electoral Systems and the Number of Parties in Postcommunist States." World Politics 51, no. 3 (1999): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100009114.

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Scholars studying electoral systems have consistently found that single-member plurality elections tend to constrain the number of parties operating in a polity to a much greater extent than multimember proportional representation systems. This article tests this hypothesis in the post-communist context by examining the effects of proportional representation and single-member district elections on the number of parties in five postcommunist states. It is shown that some postcommunist states, most notably Poland and Hungary, have followed the standard pattern of party consolidation over time in

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Johnston, R. J. "Proportional representation and a ‘fair electoral system’ for the United Kingdom." Journal of Legislative Studies 4, no. 2 (1998): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13572339808420557.

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Rogowski, Ronald. "Trade and the variety of democratic institutions." International Organization 41, no. 2 (1987): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027442.

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Students of comparative politics have long acknowledged the importance of such institutional factors as electoral systems, parliamentary versus presidential rule, and the strength of parties; but they have either regarded the institutions as given or have explained them entirely in domestic terms (associating proportional representation, for example, with the intensity of social cleavages). In economically advanced democracies, however, these institutional aspects can be plausibly linked to dependence on trade: proportional representation, the parliamentary system, strong parties, and large el

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Gause, LaGina. "Costly Protest and Minority Representation in the United States." PS: Political Science & Politics 55, no. 2 (2022): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096521001591.

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Go, Lewis, Madugodaralalage Gunaratne, and Jithma P. Abeykoon. "Asian representation in the United States (US) oncology workforce." JCO Oncology Practice 20, no. 10_suppl (2024): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/op.2024.20.10_suppl.152.

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152 Background: The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) started the Diversity in Oncology initiative in 2017. Minority representation in the US oncology physician workforce was the subject of a recent series of ASCO State of the Oncology Workforce in America snapshots (1). However, Asian minority representation was not mentioned in any of these reports. Our objective was to determine the proportion of Asian workforce in various oncology specialties inclusive of physician and non-physician practitioners as well as physician trainees. Methods: We searched the web for publicly available

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Ahuja, Sunil. "Electoral Status and Representation in the United States Senate." American Politics Quarterly 22, no. 1 (1994): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x9402200107.

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Ma, Manuel A., Dora E. Gutiérrez, Joanna M. Frausto, and Wael K. Al-Delaimy. "Minority Representation in Clinical Trials in the United States." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 96, no. 1 (2021): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.027.

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Schildkraut, Deborah J. "Latino Attitudes About Surrogate Representation in the United States*." Social Science Quarterly 97, no. 3 (2016): 714–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12266.

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