Artykuły w czasopismach: „Proton exchange membrane fuel cells Heat”

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Ramousse, Julien, Olivier Lottin, Sophie Didierjean i Denis Maillet. "Heat sources in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells". Journal of Power Sources 192, nr 2 (15.07.2009): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.03.038.

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Sun, Shi Mei, Yao Shi i Wei Liu. "The Efficient Thermal Management of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells". Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (wrzesień 2013): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.483.

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According to the principle of heat transfer to set up corresponding model of lumped parameters, and calculate the heat production of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Under the steady state condition, with the help of numerical simulation and calculation in Sinda/Fluent,heat which from the internal of battery can be diffused through the heat pipe,especially dealing with issues such as local overheating. The result of this research shows that the use of the technique of liquid phase change heat transfer in the close room can have a high heat transfer efficiency, also start quickly and isothermal performance is good, the finally , its control is simple and it is very suitable for heat removal of PEMFC battery pack.

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Li, Qinghe, Zhiqiang Liu, Yi Sun, Sheng Yang i Chengwei Deng. "A Review on Temperature Control of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells". Processes 9, nr 2 (27.01.2021): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020235.

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This paper provides a comprehensive review of the temperature control in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells inevitably emit a certain amount of heat while generating electricity, and the fuel cell can only exert its best performance in the appropriate temperature range. At the same time, the heat generated cannot spontaneously keep its temperature uniform and stable, and temperature control is required. This part of thermal energy can be classified into two groups. On the one hand, the reaction heat is affected by the reaction process; on the other hand, due to the impedance of the battery itself to the current, the ohmic polarization loss is caused to the battery. The thermal effect of current generates Joule heat, which is manifested by an increase in temperature and a decrease in battery performance. Therefore, it is necessary to design and optimize the battery material structure to improve battery performance and adopt a suitable cooling system for heat dissipation. To make the PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) universal, some extreme situations need to be considered, and a cold start of the battery is included in the analysis. In this paper, the previous studies related to three important aspects of temperature control in proton exchange membrane fuel cells have been reviewed and analyzed to better guide thermal management of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC).

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Bapat, Chaitanya J., i Stefan T. Thynell. "Anisotropic Heat Conduction Effects in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells". Journal of Heat Transfer 129, nr 9 (26.07.2006): 1109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2712478.

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The focus of this work is to study the effects of anisotropic thermal conductivity and thermal contact conductance on the overall temperature distribution inside a fuel cell. The gas-diffusion layers and membrane are expected to possess an anisotropic thermal conductivity, whereas a contact resistance is present between the current collectors and gas-diffusion layers. A two-dimensional single phase model is used to capture transport phenomena inside the cell. From the use of this model, it is predicted that the maximum temperatures inside the cell can be appreciably higher than the operating temperature of the cell. A high value of the in-plane thermal conductivity for the gas-diffusion layers was seen to be essential for achieving smaller temperature gradients. However, the maximum improvement in the heat transfer characteristics of the fuel cell brought about by increasing the in-plane thermal conductivity is limited by the presence of a finite thermal contact conductance at the diffusion layer/current collector interface. This was determined to be even more important for thin gas-diffusion layers. Anisotropic thermal conductivity of the membrane, however, did not have a significant impact on the temperature distribution. The thermal contact conductance at the diffusion layer/current collector interface strongly affected the temperature distribution inside the cell.

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Liu, Jia Xing, Hang Guo, Fang Ye, De Cai Qiu i Chong-Fang Ma. "INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA AND HEAT TRANSFER IN PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS". Interfacial Phenomena and Heat Transfer 3, nr 3 (2015): 259–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interfacphenomheattransfer.2016014779.

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Wang, Qianqian, Bing Li, Daijun Yang, Haifeng Dai, Jim P. Zheng, Pingwen Ming i Cunman Zhang. "Research progress of heat transfer inside proton exchange membrane fuel cells". Journal of Power Sources 492 (kwiecień 2021): 229613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229613.

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Sun, Shi Mei, Wei Liu i Shi Yao. "Thermal Simulation of Cooling Channels in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell". Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (wrzesień 2013): 2091–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.2091.

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Fuel cells heat dissipation and cooling is a vital part of PEMFC heat management. This paper used pure water as the coolant to control the temperature distribution inside fuel cells. Established cooling channels geometrical model and simulated the temperature distribution in the steady state by using software SINDA/FLUINT. Then discusses the effects of cooling channels branch quantity, diameter and coolant velocity on fuel cell internal temperature distribution, concludes that multi-branch, large diameter pipes and low-velocity coolant make PEMFC work at best conditions.

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Cho, Son Ah, Pil Hyong Lee, Sang Seok Han i Sang Soon Hwang. "Heat transport characteristics of flow fields in proton exchange membrane fuel cells". Journal of Power Sources 178, nr 2 (kwiecień 2008): 692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.09.057.

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Nguyen, Trung V., i Ralph E. White. "A Water and Heat Management Model for Proton‐Exchange‐Membrane Fuel Cells". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 140, nr 8 (1.08.1993): 2178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2220792.

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Das, Sarit K., i Annasaheb S. Bansode. "Heat and Mass Transport in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells—A Review". Heat Transfer Engineering 30, nr 9 (sierpień 2009): 691–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457630802677997.

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Han, Yuan, Cong Lai, Jiarui Li, Zhufeng Zhang, Houcheng Zhang, Shujin Hou, Fu Wang i in. "Elastocaloric cooler for waste heat recovery from proton exchange membrane fuel cells". Energy 238 (styczeń 2022): 121789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121789.

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Wilk, Andrzej, i Daniel Węcel. "Analysis of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell in transient operation". E3S Web of Conferences 128 (2019): 01026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912801026.

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Currently, fuel cells are increasingly used in industrial installations, means of transport and household applications as a source of electricity and heat. The paper presents the results of experimental tests of PEMFC at variable load, which characterizes the cell's operation in real installations. The measurements made show changes in the performance of the fuel cell during step changing or smooth changing of an electric load. Load was carried out as a change in the current or a change in the resistance of the receiver. The analysis covered the times of reaching steady states and the efficiencyof the fuel cell system taking into account additional devices. The analysis of the measurement results will allow determining the possibility of using fuel cells in installations with a rapidly changingload profile and indicate possible solutions to improve the performance of the installation.

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Matamoros, Luis, i Dieter Brüggemann. "Simulation of the water and heat management in proton exchange membrane fuel cells". Journal of Power Sources 161, nr 1 (październik 2006): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.078.

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Malahova, Ekaterina, Larisa Fomina i Tat'yana Raskulova. "NEW PROTON-CONDUCTIVE MEMBRANES FOR ELECTROMEMBRANE PROCESSES". Bulletin of the Angarsk State Technical University 1, nr 12 (18.12.2018): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-777x-2018-1-12-83-88.

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New hybrid organic-inorganic composites based on sulfur-containing styrene copolymers and allyl glycidyl ether and tetraethoxysilane were obtained by a sol-gel synthesis method. The membranes created on the basis of composites have proton- conductive properties and are characterized by a higher heat-exchange capacity compared with commercial membranes as Nafion and MF-4 SK, enabling to consider them as perspective membrane materials for fuel cells.

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Magistri, L., A. Traverso, A. F. Massardo i R. K. Shah. "Heat Exchangers for Fuel Cell and Hybrid System Applications". Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, nr 2 (7.10.2005): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2173665.

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The fuel cell system and fuel cell gas turbine hybrid system represent an emerging technology for power generation because of its higher energy conversion efficiency, extremely low environmental pollution, and potential use of some renewable energy sources as fuels. Depending upon the type and size of applications, from domestic heating to industrial cogeneration, there are different types of fuel cell technologies to be employed. The fuel cells considered in this paper are mainly the molten carbonate (MCFC) and the solid oxide (SOFC) fuel cells, while a brief overview is provided about the proton exchange membrane (PEMFC). In all these systems, heat exchangers play an important and critical role in the thermal management of the fuel cell itself and the boundary components, such as the fuel reformer (when methane or natural gas is used), the air preheating, and the fuel cell cooling. In this paper, the impact of heat exchangers on the performance of SOFC, MCFC gas turbine hybrid systems and PEMFC systems is investigated. Several options in terms of cycle layout and heat exchanger technology are discussed from the on-design, off-design and control perspectives. A general overview of the main issues related to heat exchangers performance, cost and durability is presented and the most promising configurations identified.

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Żyjewska, Urszula. "Rodzaje ogniw paliwowych i ich potencjalne kierunki wykorzystania". Nafta-Gaz 77, nr 5 (maj 2021): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.05.06.

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Fuel cells are not a new technology, but they are gaining in popularity and are being intensively developed. The article presents and characterizes various types of fuel cells that are currently of interest to research and development centers dealing with environmental protection issues. These include: alkaline fuel cell (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), including direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The operating parameters of the previously mentioned fuel cells were compared. The principle of operation of a fuel cell was described. The growing interest in devices using hydrogen as a fuel also results from the development of Power to Gas technology (P2G). Furthermore, the article presents the potential directions of development and use of fuel cells in various fields and sectors of the economy. Fuel cells can be used in transport. The characteristic of motor vehicles fleet by fuel type in usage in the European Union was presented. The technical specification of commercially available passenger cars using fuel cells with proton exchange membrane was presented. The possibility of using fuel cells in public transport (buses, trains) was discussed. The possibilities of operation of fuel cells in combined heat and power systems (CHP) were presented. Usage of fuel cell technology in large cogeneration units and micro systems was considered. One of the presented cogeneration systems is a combination of fuel cells with a gas turbine. Another possibility of using fuel cells is energy storage systems (EES). Interesting way of using fuel cells can also be Power to Power systems, which were briefly characterized.

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Shangguan, Zixuan, Bing Li, Pingwen Ming i Cunman Zhang. "Understanding the functions and modifications of interfaces in membrane electrode assemblies of proton exchange membrane fuel cells". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, nr 27 (2021): 15111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta01591e.

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Massie, Darrell D., Daisie D. Boettner i Cheryl A. Massie. "Residential Experience with Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems for Combined Heat and Power". Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 2, nr 4 (1.04.2005): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2041668.

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As part of a one-year Department of Defense demonstration project, proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems have been installed at three residences to provide electrical power and waste heat for domestic hot water and space heating. The 5kW capacity fuel cells operate on reformed natural gas. These systems operate at preset levels providing power to the residence and to the utility grid. During grid outages, the residential power source is disconnected from the grid and the fuel cell system operates in standby mode to provide power to critical loads in the residence. This paper describes lessons learned from installation and operation of these fuel cell systems in existing residences. Issues associated with installation of a fuel cell system for combined heat and power focus primarily on fuel cell siting, plumbing external to the fuel cell unit required to support heat recovery, and line connections between the fuel cell unit and the home interior for natural gas, water, electricity, and communications. Operational considerations of the fuel cell system are linked to heat recovery system design and conditions required for adequate flow of natural gas, air, water, and system communications. Based on actual experience with these systems in a residential setting, proper system design, component installation, and sustainment of required flows are essential for the fuel cell system to provide reliable power and waste heat.

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Simon Araya, Samuel, Fan Zhou, Simon Lennart Sahlin, Sobi Thomas, Christian Jeppesen i Søren Knudsen Kær. "Fault Characterization of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack". Energies 12, nr 1 (2.01.2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010152.

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In this paper, the main faults in a commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack for micro-combined heat and power ( μ -CHP) application are investigated, with the scope of experimentally identifying fault indicators for diagnosis purposes. The tested faults were reactant starvation (both fuel and oxidant), flooding, drying, CO poisoning, and H2S poisoning. Galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were recorded between 2 kHz and 0.1 Hz on a commercial stack of 46 cells of a 100- cm 2 active area each. The results, obtained through distribution of relaxation time (DRT) analysis of the EIS data, show that characteristic peaks of the DRT and their changes with the different fault intensity levels can be used to extract the features of the tested faults. It was shown that flooding and drying present features on the opposite ends of the frequency spectrum due the effect of drying on the membrane conductivity and the blocking effect of flooding that constricts the reactants’ flow. Moreover, it was seen that while the effect of CO poisoning is limited to high frequency processes, above 100 Hz, the effects of H2S extend to below 10 Hz. Finally, the performance degradation due to all the tested faults, including H2S poisoning, is recoverable to a great extent, implying that condition correction after fault detection can contribute to prolonged lifetime of the fuel cell.

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Song, Man Cun, Pu Cheng Pei, Peng Cheng Li i Xia Zeng. "Pre-Heat and Start-Up Process of High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell". Advanced Materials Research 746 (sierpień 2013): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.173.

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High temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) advances the applications of fuel cells in automobile applications, and smooth start-up is one of the critical topics in researches. This work utilizes four pre-heat fluid mediums, i.e. water, silicone oil, liquid paraffin and air, to examine the pre-heat and start-up performance of single HT-PEMFC. Experimental temperature data at 10 different locations on upper side of bipolar plates matches well with that of simulation. The results show preheating in liquid phase meets the requirements of start-up, but leads to instability in the system. So liquid cannot be employed for pre-heat. On the contrary, preheating by gas phase will achieve good start-up performance, and may be used for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).

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Pasquini, Luca, Botagoz Zhakisheva, Emanuela Sgreccia, Riccardo Narducci, Maria Luisa Di Vona i Philippe Knauth. "Stability of Proton Exchange Membranes in Phosphate Buffer for Enzymatic Fuel Cell Application: Hydration, Conductivity and Mechanical Properties". Polymers 13, nr 3 (2.02.2021): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030475.

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Proton-conducting ionomers are widespread materials for application in electrochemical energy storage devices. However, their properties depend strongly on operating conditions. In bio-fuel cells with a separator membrane, the swelling behavior as well as the conductivity need to be optimized with regard to the use of buffer solutions for the stability of the enzyme catalyst. This work presents a study of the hydrolytic stability, conductivity and mechanical behavior of different proton exchange membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and sulfonated poly(phenyl sulfone) (SPPSU) ionomers in phosphate buffer solution. The results show that the membrane stability can be adapted by changing the casting solvent (DMSO, water or ethanol) and procedures, including a crosslinking heat treatment, or by blending the two ionomers. A comparison with NafionTM shows the different behavior of this ionomer versus SPEEK membranes.

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Kone, Jean-Paul, Xinyu Zhang, Yuying Yan, Guilin Hu i Goodarz Ahmadi. "Three-dimensional multiphase flow computational fluid dynamics models for proton exchange membrane fuel cell: A theoretical development". Journal of Computational Multiphase Flows 9, nr 1 (13.02.2017): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757482x17692341.

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A review of published three-dimensional, computational fluid dynamics models for proton exchange membrane fuel cells that accounts for multiphase flow is presented. The models can be categorized as models for transport phenomena, geometry or operating condition effects, and thermal effects. The influences of heat and water management on the fuel cell performance have been repeatedly addressed, and these still remain two central issues in proton exchange membrane fuel cell technology. The strengths and weaknesses of the models, the modelling assumptions, and the model validation are discussed. The salient numerical features of the models are examined, and an overview of the most commonly used computational fluid dynamic codes for the numerical modelling of proton exchange membrane fuel cells is given. Comprehensive three-dimensional multiphase flow computational fluid dynamic models accounting for the major transport phenomena inside a complete cell have been developed. However, it has been noted that more research is required to develop models that include among other things, the detailed composition and structure of the catalyst layers, the effects of water droplets movement in the gas flow channels, the consideration of phase change in both the anode and the cathode sides of the fuel cell, and dissolved water transport.

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Boudouh, Mounir, Ameur Si i Hasna Louahlia-Gualous. "Experimental investigation of convective boiling in mini-channels: Cooling application of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells". Thermal Science 21, nr 1 Part A (2017): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140521024b.

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An experimental study of convective boiling heat transfer of water flowing in minichannels at low flow rate is carried out with pure de-ionised water and copper-water nanofluids. A low concentration of copper nanometer-sized particles was used to enhance the boiling heat transfer. The aim is to characterize the surface temperature as well as to estimate the local heat transfer coefficients by using the inverse heat conduction problem IHCP. The inlet water temperature is fixed at 60?C and mass fluxes operated in range of 212-573 kg/m?.s in minichannels of dimensions 500?2000 ?m?. The maximum heat flux investigated in the tests is limited to 7000 W/m?. The results show that the surface temperature and the local heat transfer coefficient are dependent on the axial location and the adding of copper nanoparticles can significantly improve the heat transfer.

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Yuan, Jinliang, Masoud Rokni i Bengt Sundén. "A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF GAS FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS". Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 44, nr 3 (sierpień 2003): 255–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/716100507.

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Nguyen, Huy Quoc, i Bahman Shabani. "Proton exchange membrane fuel cells heat recovery opportunities for combined heating/cooling and power applications". Energy Conversion and Management 204 (styczeń 2020): 112328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112328.

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Mihanović, Luka, Željko Penga, Lei Xing i Viktor Hacker. "Combining Baffles and Secondary Porous Layers for Performance Enhancement of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells". Energies 14, nr 12 (20.06.2021): 3675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123675.

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A numerical study is conducted to compare the current most popular flow field configurations, porous, biporous, porous with baffles, Toyota 3D fine-mesh, and traditional rectangular flow field. Operation at high current densities is considered to elucidate the effect of the flow field designs on the overall heat transfer and liquid water removal. A comprehensive 3D, multiphase, nonisothermal computational fluid dynamics model is developed based on up-to-date heat and mass transfer sub-models, incorporating the complete formulation of the Forchheimer inertial effect and the permeability ratio of the biporous layers. The porous and baffled flow field improves the cell performance by minimizing mass transport losses, enhancing the water removal from the diffusion layers. The baffled flow field is chosen for optimization owing to the simple design and low manufacturing cost. A total of 49 configurations were mutually compared in the design of experiments to show the quantitative effect of each parameter on the performance of the baffled flow field. The results elucidate the significant influence of small geometry modifications on the overall heat and mass transfer. The results of different cases have shown that water saturation can be decreased by up to 33.59% and maximal temperature by 7.91 °C when compared to the reference case which is already characterized by very high performance. The most influencing geometry parameters of the baffles on the cell performance are revealed. The best case of the 49 studied cases is further optimized by introducing a linear scaling factor. Additional geometry modifications demonstrate that the gain in performance can be increased, but at a cost of higher pressure drop and increased design complexity. The conclusions of this work aids in the development of compact and high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks.

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Abaza, Amlak, Ragab A. El-Sehiemy, Karar Mahmoud, Matti Lehtonen i Mohamed M. F. Darwish. "Optimal Estimation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Parameter Based on Coyote Optimization Algorithm". Applied Sciences 11, nr 5 (25.02.2021): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052052.

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In recent years, the penetration of fuel cells in distribution systems is significantly increased worldwide. The fuel cell is considered an electrochemical energy conversion component. It has the ability to convert chemical to electrical energies as well as heat. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen as fuel. It is a low-temperature type that uses a noble metal catalyst, such as platinum, at reaction sites. The optimal modeling of PEM fuel cells improves the cell performance in different applications of the smart microgrid. Extracting the optimal parameters of the model can be achieved using an efficient optimization technique. In this line, this paper proposes a novel swarm-based algorithm called coyote optimization algorithm (COA) for finding the optimal parameter of PEM fuel cell as well as PEM stack. The sum of square deviation between measured voltages and the optimal estimated voltages obtained from the COA algorithm is minimized. Two practical PEM fuel cells including 250 W stack and Ned Stack PS6 are modeled to validate the capability of the proposed algorithm under different operating conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed COA is demonstrated through the comparison with four optimizers considering the same conditions. The final estimated results and statistical analysis show a significant accuracy of the proposed method. These results emphasize the ability of COA to estimate the parameters of the PEM fuel cell model more precisely.

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Song, Hyeon-Bee, Jong-Hyeok Park, Jin-Soo Park i Moon-Sung Kang. "Pore-Filled Proton-Exchange Membranes with Fluorinated Moiety for Fuel Cell Application". Energies 14, nr 15 (22.07.2021): 4433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154433.

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Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are the heart of promising hydrogen-fueled electric vehicles, and should lower their price and further improve durability. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the performances of the proton-exchange membrane (PEM), which is a key component of a PEMFC. In this study, novel pore-filled proton-exchange membranes (PFPEMs) were developed, in which a partially fluorinated ionomer with high cross-linking density is combined with a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrate. By using a thin and tough porous PTFE substrate film, it was possible to easily fabricate a composite membrane possessing sufficient physical strength and low mass transfer resistance. Therefore, it was expected that the manufacturing method would be simple and suitable for a continuous process, thereby significantly reducing the membrane price. In addition, by using a tri-functional cross-linker, the cross-linking density was increased. The oxidation stability was greatly enhanced by introducing a fluorine moiety into the polymer backbone, and the compatibility with the perfluorinated ionomer binder was also improved. The prepared PFPEMs showed stable PEMFC performance (as maximum power density) equivalent to 72% of Nafion 212. It is noted that the conductivity of the PFPEMs corresponds to 58–63% of that of Nafion 212. Thus, it is expected that a higher fuel cell performance could be achieved when the membrane resistance is further lowered.

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Yang, Kai, Zhi Yong Xie, Qi Zhong Huang, Xian Tang i Rong Hu. "Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Fiber Paper for Application of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells". Materials Science Forum 787 (kwiecień 2014): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.787.407.

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Using the dry method-prepared polyacrylonitrile based carbon fibers as raw the material, carbon paper applied for proton exchange membrane fuel cells was prepared by the processes of molding, high temperature carbonization, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and graphitization. The effects of resin carbon content and subsequent heat-treatment process parameters on the properties of carbon paper were studied. The results show that: the resin carbon content is an important factor to affect the density, thickness, through-plane resistivity and porosity of carbon paper. When the resin carbon content is 20%, the thickness of carbon paper is 0.20mm, the density is 0.41g/cm3, and the porosity is 74.5%, in line with requirements of the fuel cell. When the heating time is 4 hours, the porosity is 71.9%.

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Koh, Joon-Ho, Andrew T. Hsu, Hasan U. Akay i May-Fun Liou. "Analysis of overall heat balance in self-heated proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells for temperature predictions". Journal of Power Sources 144, nr 1 (czerwiec 2005): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.055.

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Nandjou, F., J. P. Poirot-Crouvezier, M. Chandesris, J. F. Blachot, C. Bonnaud i Y. Bultel. "Impact of heat and water management on proton exchange membrane fuel cells degradation in automotive application". Journal of Power Sources 326 (wrzesień 2016): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.004.

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Lv, Haifeng, Peng Wu, Wei Wan i Shichun Mu. "Electrochemical Durability of Heat-Treated Carbon Nanospheres as Catalyst Supports for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 14, nr 9 (1.09.2014): 7027–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2014.8971.

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Hwang, J. J. "Heat Transfer in a Porous Electrode of Fuel Cells". Journal of Heat Transfer 128, nr 5 (21.10.2005): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2175092.

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The thermal-fluid behaviors in a porous electrode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in contact with an interdigitated gas distributor are investigated numerically. The porous electrode consists of a catalyst layer and a diffusion layer. The heat transfer in the catalyst layer is coupled with species transports via a macroscopic electrochemical model. In the diffusion layer, the energy equations based on the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) are derived to resolve the temperature difference between the solid phase and the fluid phase. Parametric studies include the Reynolds number and the Stanton number (St). Results show that the wall temperature decreases with increasing Stanton number. The maximum wall temperatures occur at the downstream end of the module, while the locations of local minimum wall temperature depend on the Stanton numbers. Moreover, the solid phase and the fluid phase in the diffusion layer are thermally insulated as St⪡1. The diffusion layer becomes local thermal nonequilibrium as the Stanton number around unity. The porous electrode is local thermal equilibrium for St⪢1. Finally, the species concentrations inside the catalyst and diffusion layers are also provided.

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Du, Li Ming. "Coupling Experiment of Compact Integrated Fuel Processors with 75kW PEM Fuel Cells". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (październik 2013): 3066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3066.

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A compact autothermal reformer suitable for liquid fuel for instance methanol et al. was developed. The fuel reformer was combined with polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEM FC) and a system test of the process chain was successfully performed. The fuel processor consists of a fuel evaporating step, two-stage reformer and a two-stage reactor of water gas shift (WGS, one for high temperature water gas shift and the other for low temperature water gas shifter) and a four-stage preferential oxidation (PROX) reactor and some internal heat exchanger in order to achieve optimized heat integration. The fuel processor is designed to provide enough hydrogen for 75kWel fuel cells. After the initial step of methanol ATR, CO WGS and CO PROX steps are used for 'clean-up' CO. The exhaust gas from FC anode feedback to the fuel processor to vaporizes the feedstock of methanol and water by a catalytic combusting-evaporator. The hydrogen source system can produce hydrogen 70.5 m3/hr and its specific gravity power and specific volume power reach 255W/kg and 450W/L respectively. During three hours coupling experiment, the fuel processing system and the fuel cells all has been running smoothly. The volume concentration of H2 and CO in product gas (dry basis) was kept in 53% and 20ppm respectively, completely meeting the requirements of PEM fuel cells. The conversion efficiency of the hydrogen producing system based on LHV of fuel and hydrogen can exceed 95.85%. The fuel cells stacks put up strong resistance to CO and its maximum electronic load to the fuel cells reaches 75.5kW. It indicates that it is feasible technically for supplying hydrogen for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells by catalytic reforming of hydrogen-rich liquid fuel on-board or on-site.

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Han, Chaoling, Tao Jiang, Kang Shang, Bo Xu i Zhenqian Chen. "Heat and mass transfer performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells with electrode of anisotropic thermal conductivity". International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 182 (styczeń 2022): 121957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121957.

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Xing, Yashan, Ramon Costa-Castelló i Jing Na. "Temperature Control for a Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System with Unknown Dynamic Compensations". Complexity 2020 (23.10.2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8822835.

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Numerous control strategies of temperature regulation have been carried out for proton-exchange membrane fuel cell systems including a cooling fan in order to ensure operation at the desired condition and extend the lifetime of the fuel cell stack. However, most existing control strategies are developed without considering the efficiency limitation of the cooling system such that the cooling fan may be unable to eliminate the additional heat. Moreover, there are unknown modelling errors, external disturbance and noise during modelling and experiment processes for fuel cells. Due to those unknown dynamics, the conventional control strategies may fail to achieve the expectant results. To address this issue, an alternative control strategy is proposed in this paper, which consists of a composite proportional-integral (PI) controller with an unknown system dynamics estimator. First, the control strategy is developed by reducing the temperature of input air through the humidifier and simultaneously increasing the mass flow of air in order to eliminate the excess heat that a cooling fan cannot remove. Moreover, an unknown system dynamics estimator is proposed in order to compensate the effect of the unknown dynamics. The construction of the estimator is designed through finding an invariant manifold which implies the relation between known variables and the unknown manifold. The invariant manifold is derived by applying a simple low-pass filter to the system which is beneficial to avoid the requirement of the unmeasurable state derivative. Furthermore, the proposed estimator is easily merged into the proposed PI control strategy and ensures the exponential convergence of estimated errors. Besides, the estimator is further modified such that the derivative of the desired temperature is not required in the controller. Finally, numerical simulations of the PEMFC system are provided and the results illustrate the efficacy of the proposed control strategy.

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Zhao, Xue Nan, Hong Sun i Zhi Jie Li. "Effects of CO on Performance of HT-PEM Fuel Cells". Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (sierpień 2013): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.723.

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High temperature proton exchange membrane (HT-PEM) fuel cell is considered as one of the most probable fuel cells to be large-scale applied due to characteristics of high efficiency, friendly to environment, low fuel requirement, ease water and heat management, and so on. However, carbon monoxide (CO) content in fuel plays an important role in the performance of HT-PEM fuel cells. Volt-ampere characteristics and AC impedance of HT-PEM fuel cell are tested experimentally in this paper, and effects of CO in fuel on its performance are analyzed. The experimental results show that CO in fuel increases remarkably the Faraday resistance of HT-PEM fuel cell and decreases the electrochemical reaction at anode; the more CO content in fuel is, the less HT-PEM fuel cell performance is; with the increasing cell temperature, the electrochemical reaction on the surface of catalyst at anode is improved and the poisonous effects on the HT-PEM fuel cell are alleviated.

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Tullius, Vietja, Marco Zobel i Alexander Dyck. "Development of a Heuristic Control Algorithm for Detection and Regeneration of CO Poisoned LT-PEMFC Stacks in Stationary Applications". Energies 13, nr 18 (7.09.2020): 4648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184648.

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Combined heat and power (CHP) systems based on low-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (LT-PEMFC) technology are suspected to CO poisoning on the anode side. The fuel cell CO sensitivity increases with ongoing operation time leading to high performance losses. In this paper we present the development of detection and regeneration algorithm based on air bleed to minimize voltage losses due to CO poisoning. Therefore, CO sensitivity tests with two short stacks with different operation time will be analyzed and the test results of aged membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) will be presented for the first time. Additionally, the first results of the algorithm in operation will be shown.

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Abdi, Hamid, Messaoudene Ait, Lioua Kolsi i Messaoud Belazzoug. "Multi-objective optimization of operating parameters of a PEMFC under flooding conditions using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm". Thermal Science 23, nr 6 Part A (2019): 3525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180211144a.

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In the present study, the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cells is studied under cathode flooding conditions. A 2-D model of water and heat management based on the laws of conservation and electrochemical equations is used. The performance of the proton exchange membrane cell is evaluated on the basis of the computed average current density and its distribution along the channels. Operating parameters are optimized with the objective of maximizing average current density while minimizing its variations. The problem is formulated into a multi-objective form that is solved by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II to find the optimal Pareto front. The results of the base case are compared to those of the optimized cell. A 38.94% increase in average current density and a 38.8% decrease in standard deviation are obtained.

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Calay, R. K., Mohamad Y. Mustafa i Mahmoud F. Mustafa. "Challenges Facing Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology to Replace Combustion Engines". Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (sierpień 2013): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.715.

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In this paper; technological challenges and commercialization barriers for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell are presented. Initially, the criteria that must be met by the energy source of the future is presented from the point of view of the authors. Sustainability, high energy content and combustion independence are recognized as the main decisive factor of future fuels, which are all met by hydrogen, consequently the application of fuel cells as combustion free direct energy converters of the future. Fuel cell technology as an alternative to heat engines is discussed in the context of the current status of fuel cells in various applications. Finally, the challenges facing fuel cell technology to replace heat engines from the commercial and research points of view are presented and discussed supported by current trends in the industry. It is concluded that there have been several advancements and breakthrough in materials, manufacturing and fabricating techniques of fuel cells since the eighties, many of these challenges which are associated with cost and durability still exist when compared with the already matured technology of internal combustion engines. Any effort to achieve these goals would be a significant contribution to the technology of the fuel cell.

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Chen, Zhenxiao, Derek Ingham, Mohammed Ismail, Lin Ma, Kevin J. Hughes i Mohamed Pourkashanian. "Effects of hydrogen relative humidity on the performance of an air-breathing PEM fuel cell". International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, nr 4 (1.07.2019): 2077–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-11-2018-0674.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of hydrogen humidity on the performance of air-breathing proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Design/methodology/approach An efficient mathematical model for air-breathing PEM fuel cells has been built in MATLAB. The sensitivity of the fuel cell performance to the heat transfer coefficient is investigated first. The effect of hydrogen humidity is also studied. In addition, under different hydrogen humidities, the most appropriate thickness of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) is investigated. Findings The heat transfer coefficient dictates the performance limiting mode of the air-breathing PEM fuel cell, the modelled air-breathing fuel cell is limited by the dry-out of the membrane at high current densities. The performance of the fuel cell is mainly influenced by the hydrogen humidity. Besides, an optimal cathode GDL and relatively thinner anode GDL are favoured to achieve a good performance of the fuel cell. Practical implications The current study improves the understanding of the effect of the hydrogen humidity in air-breathing fuel cells and this new model can be used to investigate different component properties in real designs. Originality/value The hydrogen relative humidity and the GDL thickness can be controlled to improve the performance of air-breathing fuel cells.

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Wilk, Andrzej, i Daniel Węcel. "Measurements Based Analysis of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Operation in Transient State and Power of Own Needs". Energies 13, nr 2 (20.01.2020): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020498.

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Currently, fuel cells are increasingly used in industrial installations, means of transport, and household applications as a source of electricity and heat. The paper presents the results of experimental tests of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) at variable load, which characterizes the cell’s operation in real installations. A detailed analysis of the power needed for operation fuel cell auxiliary devices (own needs power) was carried out. An analysis of net and gross efficiency was carried out in various operating conditions of the device. The measurements made show changes in the performance of the fuel cell during step changing or smooth changing of an electric load. Load was carried out as a change in the current or a change in the resistance of the receiver. The analysis covered the times of reaching steady states and the efficiency of the fuel cell system taking into account auxiliary devices. In the final part of the article, an analysis was made of the influence of the fuel cell duration of use on obtained parameters. The analysis of the measurement results will allow determination of the possibility of using fuel cells in installations with a rapidly changing load profile and indicate possible solutions to improve the performance of the installation.

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Thomas, A., G. Maranzana, S. Didierjean, J. Dillet i O. Lottin. "Study of coupled heat and water transfer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells by the way of internal measurements". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 395 (26.11.2012): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/395/1/012065.

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Kandlikar, Satish G., Jacqueline Sergi, Jacob LaManna i Michael Daino. "Hydrogen Horizon". Mechanical Engineering 131, nr 05 (1.05.2009): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2009-may-3.

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This review focuses on the role of hydrogen technologies in transition from petroleum production to new fuel to power transportation system. At present, the looming crisis caused by the decline in petroleum production and the need to control greenhouse gas emissions exemplifies the need for new energy solutions. The key component of a hydrogen-powered transportation sector will be the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. PEM fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity, with water and heat as by-products of the electro-chemical reaction. The review also discusses that to compete favorably with internal combustion engines and hybrid cars, PEM fuel cells need to address several issues, including performance, durability, and cost. Hydrogen from natural gas could provide a firm stepping stone as the energy system evolves away from petroleum.

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Jannelli, E., M. Minutillo i E. Galloni. "Performance of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell System Fueled With Hydrogen Generated by a Fuel Processor". Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, nr 4 (19.04.2006): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2756568.

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Fuel cells, which have seen remarkable progress in the last decade, are being developed for transportation, as well as for both stationary and portable power generation. For residential applications, the fuel cells with the largest market segment are the proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which are suitable for small utilities since they offer many advantages: high power density, small footprint, low operating temperature, fast start-up and shutdown, low emissions, and quiet operation. On the other hand, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells require high purity hydrogen as fuel. Currently, the infrastructure for the distribution of hydrogen is almost nonexistent. In order to use PEM fuel cell technology on a large scale, it is necessary to feed them with conventional fuel such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline or methanol to generate hydrogen in situ. This study aims to predict the performance of a PEM fuel cell integrated with a hydrogen generator based on steam reforming process. This integrated power unit will be able to provide clean, continuous power for on-site residential or light commercial applications. A precommercial natural gas fuel processor has been chosen as hydrogen generator. This fuel processor contains all the elements—desulphurizer, steam reformer, CO shift converter, CO preferential oxidation (PROX) reactor, steam generator, burner, and heat exchanger—in one package. The reforming system has been modeled with the ASPEN PLUS code. The model has a modular structure in order to allow performance analysis, component by component. Experimental investigations have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the fuel cell fed with the reformate gas, as produced by the reformer. The performance of the integrated system reformer/fuel cell has been evaluated both using the numerical results of the reformer modeling and the experimental data of the PEM fuel cell.

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Ionescu, Viorel. "High temperature PEM fuel cell steady-state transport modeling". Analele Universitatii "Ovidius" Constanta - Seria Chimie 24, nr 1 (1.06.2013): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2013-0011.

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AbstractA fuel cell is a device that can directly transfer chemical energy to electric and thermal energy. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are highly efficient power generators, achieving up to 50-60% conversion efficiency, even at sizes of a few kilowatts. There are several compelling technological and commercial reasons for operating H2/air PEM fuel cells at temperatures above 100 °C; rates of electrochemical kinetics are enhanced, water management and cooling is simplified, useful waste heat can be recovered, and lower quality reformed hydrogen may be used as the fuel. All of the High Temperature PEMFC model equations are solved with finite element method using commercial software package COMSOL Multiphysics. The results from PEM fuel cell modeling were presented in terms of reactant (oxygen and hydrogen) concentrations and water concentration in the anode and cathode gases; the polarization curve of the cell was also displayed.

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Von Spakovsky, Michael R. "Stacking Up". Mechanical Engineering 125, nr 06 (1.06.2003): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-jun-1.

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This article reviews that efficiency on a small scale and a means of curbing emissions make fuel cells an investment for the future. The Connecticut Clean Energy Fund put up the $1.25 million to purchase the fuel cell-power plant from a local company, Fuel Cell Energy Inc., in Danbury. The motive for funding fuel cells goes beyond boosting for local industry, though. As pressures mount on available resources and the environment, fuel cell systems can play a major role in the future of stationary and mobile power generation. Many adherents believe that fuel cell systems promise to provide benefits in a variety of applications. Systems based on PEM and direct methanol technology promise to make power more portable and convenient, and proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology also promises to provide a more efficient, cleaner technology for the automotive industry. PEM, phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, and solid oxide fuel cells are likely to be applied in cogeneration applications that use the exhaust heat.

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Pohl, Elmar, Pascal Meier, Marius Maximini i Jörg vom Schloß. "Primary energy savings of a modular combined heat and power plant based on high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells". Applied Thermal Engineering 104 (lipiec 2016): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.055.

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Chen, Sitong, Shubo Wang, Xueke Wang, Weiwei Li, Baorui Liang, Tong Zhu i Xiaofeng Xie. "Microencapsulated Phase Change Material Suspension for Cold Start of PEMFC". Materials 14, nr 6 (19.03.2021): 1514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061514.

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We added microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) into the homemade antifreeze fluid to take advantage of the latent heat of phase change materials, and explored the possibility of solving the cold start problem of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) with variable specific heat capacity antifreeze. The physical and chemical properties of the MPCMs and their suspensions were tested, and a PEMFC platform for cold start with a thermal management system was established to compare the exothermic performance of MPCS and commercial antifreeze fluid. According to the output voltage, temperature and polarization curves before and after cold start, the MPCMs has a stronger heat transfer capacity than the commercial antifreeze fluid, and the addition of MPCMs can transform the latent heat generated during the phase transition into apparent specific heat capacity, leading to a better solution to the problem of PEMFC cold start.

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Vourdoubas, John. "Possibilities of Using Fuel Cells for Energy Generation in Agricultural Greenhouses: A Case Study in Crete, Greece". Journal of Agricultural Science 11, nr 8 (15.06.2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n8p113.

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The possibility of using fuel cells powered by solar hydrogen for energy generation in greenhouses with reference to the island of Crete, Greece has been examined. Change of fossil fuels used in greenhouses with renewable energies and sustainable energy technologies is very important for mitigation of climate change. Various renewable energy sources and low carbon emission technologies including geothermal energy, biomass, solar photovoltaics and co-generation systems have been used so far. Use of solar photovoltaics for generating electricity consumed in water electrolysis for hydrogen production has been investigated. Hydrogen feeding a proton exchange membrane fuel cell co-generating electricity and heat was used in a greenhouse located in Crete, Greece. The system could be useful in a stand-alone greenhouse with annual specific energy consumption at 150 KWh/m2. A solar photovoltaic system with nominal power at 33.33 KWp powering an electrolytic cell at 5.71 KW could produce annually 2,083 kg hydrogen. The hydrogen could feed a fuel cell at 1.71 KWel generating annually all the electricity required in a greenhouse of 1,000 m2. Co-produced heat could also cover 11.11% of the annual heat requirements in the greenhouse. It was found though that the overall electric efficiency of the system was very low at 4.5%. The low overall efficiency and the size of the solar-PV required indicate that the abovementioned energy system is not suitable in commercial agricultural greenhouses.

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