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Musakwa, Mercy T., i Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "Causality Between ICT, Financial Development And Economic Growth In Kenya". Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 24, nr 2 (1.12.2024): 182–201. https://doi.org/10.2478/foli-2024-0022.
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Abstract Research background The growing importance of information and communication technology (ICT) in every facet of life motivated this study to examine the association between ICT, financial development and economic growth. Purpose The purpose of the study is to establish if there is a causal relationship among ICT, financial development and economic growth using annual data from 1990 to 2021. Research methodology The study used ARDL bounds test for cointegration and the error correction model (ECM) – based Granger causality technique to examine the causal relationship between the three variables. Three proxies for ICT: the number of fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 people, the number of individuals using the internet as a percentage of the total population, and the number of cellular subscriptions per 100 people were used. Results The study found the causality between ICT, financial development and economic growth to vary depending on the ICT proxy used. A unidirectional causal flow from ICT to economic growth was found to predominate in the long run when two out of three ICT proxies were considered. The study also found bidirectional causality between ICT and financial development to dominate in the short run when two out of three ICT proxies were considered and a unidirectional causal flow from ICT to financial development in the long run when all three ICT proxies were considered. Novelty The study departs from the current literature on the causal relationship between ICT, financial development and economic growth by employing three proxies of ICT, namely the number of telephone subscriptions per 100 people, the number of cellular subscriptions per 100 people and the number of individuals using the internet as a percentage of the total population.
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COELHO, W. F., L. CALVETTI, C. BENETI i P. A. MELLO. "Observational Study of Two Squall Lines Using Reflectivity Proxies". Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ 43, nr 1 (30.03.2020): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2020_1_71_84.
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Okazaki, Atsushi, i Kei Yoshimura. "Development and evaluation of a system of proxy data assimilation for paleoclimate reconstruction". Climate of the Past 13, nr 4 (20.04.2017): 379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-379-2017.
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Abstract. Data assimilation (DA) has been successfully applied in the field of paleoclimatology to reconstruct past climate. However, data reconstructed from proxies have been assimilated, as opposed to the actual proxy values. This prevented full utilization of the information recorded in the proxies. This study examined the feasibility of proxy DA for paleoclimate reconstruction. Isotopic proxies (δ18O in ice cores, corals, and tree-ring cellulose) were assimilated into models: an isotope-enabled general circulation model (GCM) and forward proxy models, using offline data assimilation. First, we examined the feasibility using an observation system simulation experiment (OSSE). The analysis showed a significant improvement compared with the first guess in the reproducibility of isotope ratios in the proxies, as well as the temperature and precipitation fields, when only the isotopic information was assimilated. The reconstruction skill for temperature and precipitation was especially high at low latitudes. This is due to the fact that isotopic proxies are strongly influenced by temperature and/or precipitation at low latitudes, which, in turn, are modulated by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on interannual timescales. Subsequently, the proxy DA was conducted with real proxy data. The reconstruction skill was decreased compared to the OSSE. In particular, the decrease was significant over the Indian Ocean, eastern Pacific, and the Atlantic Ocean where the reproducibility of the proxy model was lower. By changing the experimental design in a stepwise manner, the decreased skill was suggested to be attributable to the misrepresentation of the atmospheric and proxy models and/or the quality of the observations. Although there remains a lot to improve proxy DA, the result adequately showed that proxy DA is feasible enough to reconstruct past climate.
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Zia, Mohammed, Ziyadin Cakir i Dursun Zafer Seker. "Turkey OpenStreetMap Dataset - Spatial Analysis of Development and Growth Proxies". Open Geosciences 11, nr 1 (9.04.2019): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0012.
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Abstract Number of studies covering major data aspects of OpenStreetMap (OSM) for developed cities and countries are available in scientific literature. However, this is not the case for developing ones mainly because of low data availability in OSM. This study presents a time-series spatial analysis of Turkey OSM dataset, a developing country, between the year 2007 and 2015 to understand how the dataset has developed with time and space. Five different socio-economic factors of the region are tested to find their relationship, if any, with dataset growth. An east-west spatial trend in data density is observed within the country. Population Density and Literacy Level of the region are found be the factors controlling it. It has also been observed that the street network of the region has followed the Exploration and Densification evolutionary model. High participation inequality is found within the OSM mappers, with only 5 of them responsible for the country’s 50% geo-data upload. Furthermore, it is found that these mappers use other Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) and government open-dataset to feed into OSM. This study is believed to bring some high level insights of OSM for a developing country which would be useful for geographers, open-data policy makers, VGI projects planners and data-curators to structure and deploy similar future projects.
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Tierney, Jessica E. "GDGT Thermometry: Lipid Tools for Reconstructing Paleotemperatures". Paleontological Society Papers 18 (listopad 2012): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002588.
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Microbial communities adjust the chemical structure of their cell membranes in response to environmental temperature. This enables the development of lipid-based paleothermometers such as the glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) proxies described here. Surface-sediment calibrations establish a strong empirical relationship between the relative distribution of GDGTs and temperature. GDGT proxies can be used in marine, lacustrine, and paleosol sequences as long as the organic material is not thermally mature. Thus far, GDGT proxies have been applied to sediments dating back to the middle Jurassic. Many of the key uncertainties of these proxies are related to our emerging understanding of archaeal (and for the branched GDGTs, bacterial) ecology.
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Turner, Naomi, Jennifer M. Dinh, Jennah Durham, Lisa K. Schroder, Jeanette Y. Ziegenfuss i Julie A. Switzer. "Development of a Questionnaire to Assess Patient Priorities in Hip Fracture Care". Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation 11 (1.01.2020): 215145932094600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2151459320946009.
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Background: Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are becoming well recognized as an important component of health care outcomes and determinants of value in patient-centered care. Yet, there is emerging recognition that guidance is lacking in the utilization of PROMs in hip fracture patients. The aim of this study was to collect input from hip fracture patients and their health care advocates as proxies to identify outcomes that are important and to gain insight into which ones are of greatest importance. Methods: A cross-section of patients aged 65 and older treated for hip fractures at a single level 1 trauma center within the previous 3 to 9 months was identified. Semistructured telephone interviews of patients and/or health care proxies were performed in 2 phases: (1) concept identification and conceptual framework development and (2) item generation and assessment of relative importance of health care outcomes. Each phase was completed by separate patient cohorts. Results: Sixty-four interviews were completed. Eighteen interviews with 13 patients and 5 proxies were completed for framework development. Forty-six interviews with 33 patients and 13 proxies were completed for the assessment of relative importance. Care team and communication were reported as important in hip fracture patients. Physical outcomes were ranked as most important by only 9% of respondents. “Having confidence that I/my loved one received the best care possible” was perceived as very important by 98% of respondents and “Having access to the surgeon” was perceived as very important by 76% of the respondents. Conclusions: In our study, communication between patients and care providers as well as collaboration among patients’ care providers ranked as the most important postoperative preferences in our cohort. Notably, physical outcomes were ranked as most important by only 9% of respondents.
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Afridi, Usman A., i Rehana Siddiqui. "Framework for Deriving Real Exchange Rates". Pakistan Development Review 33, nr 4II (1.12.1994): 1099–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1099-1112.
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In the last conference we presented a study on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Real Exchange Rates (RER). One of the conclusions we reached was that a PPP-based measure of the RER did not give sufficient insight into the structural problems underlying disequilibrium situation for Real Exchange Rates. We present a review of recent studies which model the path of Real Exchange Rates determined by sets of determinants. These determinants are usually difficult to quantify and are often represented by proxies. We have reservations about both the choice of some determinants and also appropriativeness of the proxies used to represent them. The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate frameworks for determining real exchange rates in developing countries. We would suggest a basis for estimation of RER and its equilibrium path.
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Thomas, Carrie L., Boris Jansen, Sambor Czerwiński, Mariusz Gałka, Klaus-Holger Knorr, E. Emiel van Loon, Markus Egli i Guido L. B. Wiesenberg. "Comparison of paleobotanical and biomarker records of mountain peatland and forest ecosystem dynamics over the last 2600 years in central Germany". Biogeosciences 20, nr 23 (12.12.2023): 4893–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4893-2023.
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Abstract. As peatlands are a major terrestrial sink in the global carbon cycle, gaining an understanding of their development and changes throughout time is essential in order to predict their future carbon budget and potentially mitigate the adverse outcomes of climate change. With this aim to understand peat development, many studies have investigated the paleoecological dynamics by analyzing various proxies, including pollen, macrofossil, elemental, and biomarker analyses. However, as each of these proxies is known to have its own benefits and limitations, examining them in parallel allows for a deeper understanding of these paleoecological dynamics at the peatland and a systematic comparison of the power of these individual proxies. In this study, we therefore analyzed peat cores from a peatland in Germany (Beerberg, Thuringia) to (a) characterize the vegetation dynamics over the course of the peatland development during the late Holocene and (b) evaluate to what extent the inclusion of multiple proxies, specifically pollen, plant macrofossils, and biomarkers, contributes to a deeper understanding of those dynamics and interaction among factors. We found that, despite a major shift in the regional forest composition from primarily beech to spruce as well as many indicators of human impact in the region, the local plant population in the Beerberg area remained stable over time following the initial phase of peatland development up until the last couple of centuries. Therefore, little variation could be derived from the paleobotanical data alone. The combination of pollen and macrofossil analyses with the elemental and biomarker analyses enabled further understanding of the site development as these proxies added valuable additional information, including the occurrence of climatic variations, such as the Little Ice Age, and more recent disturbances, such as drainage.
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Shen, Yu, Yang Li, Jian Zheng, Wentao Zhang, Peng Yao, Jixiang Li, Sen Yang, Ji Liu i Bin Cui. "ProxyBO: Accelerating Neural Architecture Search via Bayesian Optimization with Zero-Cost Proxies". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, nr 8 (26.06.2023): 9792–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i8.26169.
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Designing neural architectures requires immense manual efforts. This has promoted the development of neural architecture search (NAS) to automate the design. While previous NAS methods achieve promising results but run slowly, zero-cost proxies run extremely fast but are less promising. Therefore, it’s of great potential to accelerate NAS via those zero-cost proxies. The existing method has two limitations, which are unforeseeable reliability and one-shot usage. To address the limitations, we present ProxyBO, an efficient Bayesian optimization (BO) framework that utilizes the zero-cost proxies to accelerate neural architecture search. We apply the generalization ability measurement to estimate the fitness of proxies on the task during each iteration and design a novel acquisition function to combine BO with zero-cost proxies based on their dynamic influence. Extensive empirical studies show that ProxyBO consistently outperforms competitive baselines on five tasks from three public benchmarks. Concretely, ProxyBO achieves up to 5.41× and 3.86× speedups over the state-of-the-art approaches REA and BRP-NAS.
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Chae, Yeora, Seo Hyung Choi i Yong Jee Kim. "Climate Change Policy Implications of Sustainable Development Pathways in Korea at Sub-National Scale". Sustainability 12, nr 10 (25.05.2020): 4310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104310.
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Climate action is goal 13 of UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Future impacts of climate change depend on climatic changes, the level of climate change policy, both mitigation and adaptation, and socio-economic status and development pathways. To investigate the climate change policy impact of socio-economic development pathways, we develop three pathways. Climate change affects socio-economic development in many ways. We interpret global storylines into South Korean contexts: Shared Socio-economic Pathway 1 (SSP1), SSP2, and SSP3 for population, economy, and land use. SSP elements and proxies were identified and elaborated through stakeholder participatory workshops, demand survey on potential users, past trends, and recent national projections of major proxies. Twenty-nine proxies were quantified using sector-specific models and downscaled where possible. Socio-economic and climate scenarios matrixes enable one to quantify the contribution of climate, population, economic development, and land-use change in future climate change impacts. Economic damage between climate scenarios is different in SSPs, and it highlights that SSPs are one of the key components for future climate change impacts. Achieving SDGs generates additional incentives for local and national governments as it can reduce mitigation and adaptation policy burden.
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T. Musakwa, Mercy, Nicholas M. Odhiambo i Sheilla Nyasha. "DOES TOURISM INFLUENCE FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA?" Acta Economica 20, nr 36 (26.06.2022): 155–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/ace2236155m.
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Objective: In this study, we investigate the impact of tourism on financial development in Kenya using time series data from 1995 to 2017. The study uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing approach to cointegration and error correction model to examine this connection. To increase the robustness of the results, the study uses two proxies of financial development, namely broad money (bank-based financial development proxy) and total value of stocks traded (market-based financial development proxy). Results show that tourism has an insignificant impact on financial development in Kenya – both in the short run and in the long run. The results are relevant regardless of whether the financial development is proxied by a bank-based financial development indicator or by a market-based financial development indicator. This finding points to the fact that, although tourism is one of the main sources of foreign exchange in Kenya, it has no direct impact on financial development. The findings from this study add value to policy makers in Kenya by revealing the insignificant impact that tourism has on financial development, although this is in contrast to other studies that found a positive contribution. Based on the findings, Kenya may not anchor its financial development policies on tourism.
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Yousaf, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Kashif Khurshid, Aftab Ahmed i Muhammad Zulfiqar. "Empirical investigation of relationship between research and development intensity and firm performance: The role of ownership structure and board structure". International Journal of Financial Engineering 06, nr 02 (czerwiec 2019): 1950016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786319500166.
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Research and development is an emerging competitive advantage to gain maximum market share. This study is conducted to empirically investigate the relationship between research and development intensity and firm performance in selected non-financial firms listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Moreover, the role of ownership structure and board structure have been evaluated between predictor and outcome variable. For this purpose, 27 non-financial firms listed on PSX have been selected for the period of eight years from 2009 to 2016 and unbalanced panel data was obtained. Research and development intensity has been used as an independent variable. ROA, ROE, and TQ are used as measures of financial performance, i.e., dependent variable. Ownership concentration, institutional ownership, and managerial ownership are used as the proxies for ownership structure. Board size, board independence, and board meeting frequency are used as the proxies for board structure. Moreover, firm size, firm age and leverage have also been used as a control variables in data analysis. Based on data analyses, it is concluded that research and development intensity has a positive and significant relationship with all three proxies of firm performance, i.e., ROA, ROE and Tobin’s Q. Afterward, the researchers have investigated the moderating role of ownership structure and board structure between research and development intensity and three proxies of firm performance. It is also concluded that in general ownership structure as well as board structure are negatively moderating the relationship between research and development intensity and firm performance which raises a question mark on the effectiveness of corporate governance mechanism in terms of R&D performance.
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Ndanusa, Adamu, Jiya Kolo i Mnena Ade. "GLOBALISATION, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARD: THE NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVE". International Journal of Advanced Research in Accounting, Economics and Business Perspectives 7, nr 1 (2.02.2023): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijaraebp.v7.i1.03.
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The paper examines the effect of globalisation on development in Nigeria from 1981-2021. Auto-regressive distribution lags model (ARDL) based on the Unit root test was used to determine the effect of three major factors; Degree of Openness (DO), External reserve (ER) and Exchange rate (EXCR) on real gross domestic product (RGDP) which proxies’ economic growth. Findings from empirical results reveal that external reserves, exchange rates and other related variables considered for the analysis jointly had insignificant effect on economic growth in Nigeria during the period under review, implying that external reserves rate and exchange rate are an important determinant of productivity in Nigeria. The real Gross Domestic Product is the dependent variable proxied by economic growth. The result shows that there is positive and significant impact of ER while DO and EXR have negative impact on economic growth in Nigeria. The study therefore recommended that, government should provide enabling macroeconomic environment particularly right foreign policies in place in terms of providing policies that will boast the local production in order to increase output to cushion effects of high cost of the goods and services as well as increase forex supply to maintain stability of the exchange rate.
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Meadows, Michael E. "Recent methodological advances in Quaternary palaeoecological proxies". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 38, nr 6 (24.07.2014): 807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133314540690.
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This progress report reviews and assesses recent developments in the analysis and interpretation of palaeoecological proxies that have led to important advances in our understanding of past Quaternary environments that emerge as crucial elements of more robust and reliable predictions of future climates and their ecological implications. Recently discovered archives, or technological advances associated with the biological proxies they contain, are leading to higher resolution and more detailed reconstructions of environments in a wide range of geographical circumstances. There are also important emerging palaeoecological methodologies that enable scientists to reconstruct past environments in greater detail and to apply chronologies that are more precise and accurate. Given these developments, a variety of applications, some of which are more obviously aimed at resolving practical problems in, for example, conservation science and even archaeology, are explored.
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Oke, Babatunde Olufemi, Ibrahim Olawale Alli i Olusegun Kayode Agbesuyi. "The Effects of Oil Price Volatility on Stock Market Development in Nigeria". Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges 2023, nr 2 (2023): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51865/eitc.2023.02.04.
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This study examines the effects of oil price volatility on stock market development in Nigeria from the period 1993 to 2019. Average annual oil price is used as a proxy to measure oil price in this study while Proxies for stock market development are stoc
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Almansour, Ammar Yaser, Elina F. Hasan, Ghassan Ahmad Abu Matar, Yaser Mansour Almansour i Hossam Haddad. "Investigating the Influence of Financial Indicators on Stock Returns in the Presence of the COVID-19 Pandemic". Asian Economic and Financial Review 12, nr 10 (4.10.2022): 837–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5002.v12i10.4623.
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In this paper, we investigate the influence of financial proxies on companies in the real estate sector listed on the Amman stock exchange during the Covid-19 pandemic. A panel data method is employed for the sample, which includes 29 listed real estate companies, for the period from 2010 to 2020. The financial proxies are considered as independent variables, which consist of earnings per share, book value per share, price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, price-to-book value, debt ratio, and current ratio, while the market return is the dependent variable. The results revealed that all financial proxies have a significant impact on market returns. Furthermore, the financial proxies are positively and significantly correlated with market returns. The results also showed that the Covid-19 pandemic negatively affected the real estate sector returns. Decision makers in real estate companies are required to manage their working capital in an effective and efficient manner in order to deal with unforeseen short-term events as investors might use historical financial data to estimate companies’ returns.
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Ghaffarian, Saman, Norman Kerle i Tatiana Filatova. "Remote Sensing-Based Proxies for Urban Disaster Risk Management and Resilience: A Review". Remote Sensing 10, nr 11 (7.11.2018): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111760.
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Rapid increase in population and growing concentration of capital in urban areas has escalated both the severity and longer-term impact of natural disasters. As a result, Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and reduction have been gaining increasing importance for urban areas. Remote sensing plays a key role in providing information for urban DRM analysis due to its agile data acquisition, synoptic perspective, growing range of data types, and instrument sophistication, as well as low cost. As a consequence numerous methods have been developed to extract information for various phases of DRM analysis. However, given the diverse information needs, only few of the parameters of interest are extracted directly, while the majority have to be elicited indirectly using proxies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the proxies developed for two risk elements typically associated with pre-disaster situations (vulnerability and resilience), and two post-disaster elements (damage and recovery), while focusing on urban DRM. The proxies were reviewed in the context of four main environments and their corresponding sub-categories: built-up (buildings, transport, and others), economic (macro, regional and urban economics, and logistics), social (services and infrastructures, and socio-economic status), and natural. All environments and the corresponding proxies are discussed and analyzed in terms of their reliability and sufficiency in comprehensively addressing the selected DRM assessments. We highlight strength and identify gaps and limitations in current proxies, including inconsistencies in terminology for indirect measurements. We present a systematic overview for each group of the reviewed proxies that could simplify cross-fertilization across different DRM domains and may assist the further development of methods. While systemizing examples from the wider remote sensing domain and insights from social and economic sciences, we suggest a direction for developing new proxies, also potentially suitable for capturing functional recovery.
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Sofia Arie Damayanty, Singgih Riphat, Hadi Setiawan,. "CAUSALITY ANALYSIS BETWEEN FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: A CASE STUDY OF PROVINCES IN EASTERN INDONESIA". Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 20, nr 3 (1.12.2016): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v20i3.195.
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This research aims to examine the causal relationship between the provincial financial performance and the Human Development Index (HDI). The results of this research are important since it can be used as a guidance to make a sound policy of local government’s revenue and budget allocation which can improve the welfare or quality of the society. The methodology of this paper is a quantitative approach by using the Granger causality test. Several provinces in Eastern Indonesia are used as the object of research since those areas are underdeveloped compared to western Indonesia. Several financial ratios are used as the proxies of local financial performance. The results show that most of the financial performances do not have a causal relationship with HDI, except for several proxies in some provinces.
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Maciulyte-Sniukiene, Alma, i Mindaugas Butkus. "Does Infrastructure Development Contribute to EU Countries’ Economic Growth?" Sustainability 14, nr 9 (6.05.2022): 5610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095610.
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Traditionally, infrastructure has been considered an essential component of a country’s development. Therefore, European Union (EU) Member States (MS) invest heavily in this area. A lot of support for infrastructure development is also directed from the EU Structural Funds (SF). However, the results of previous studies do not fully reveal whether the development of infrastructure contributes to EU MS’ economic growth and what factors mediate this effect. Considering the limitations of previous studies, this article aims to examine whether the development of different types of infrastructure (transport, information and communication technologies (ICT), energy, and water and sanitation) contribute to economic growth and to assess whether government quality affects the growth outcomes of infrastructure. Empirical estimations are based on neoclassical specifications and cover 28 EU countries from 2000 to 2019. Estimates revealed that all types of infrastructure positively correlate with growth but not all correlations are significant. Only mobile cellular, which proxies ICT infrastructure, electricity production, which proxies energy infrastructure, and pipeline transport infrastructure significantly affect economic growth. Water and sanitation infrastructure development do not significantly contribute to EU MS’ economic growth. The institutional environment, i.e., less corruption, has a considerable positive effect on the growth outcomes of electricity production and pipeline transport infrastructure.
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Boudinot, F. Garrett, i Joseph Wilson. "Does a proxy measure up? A framework to assess and convey proxy reliability". Climate of the Past 16, nr 5 (28.09.2020): 1807–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1807-2020.
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Abstract. Earth scientists describe a wide range of observational measurements as “proxy measurements”. By referring to such a vast body of measurements simply as “proxy”, researchers dilute significant differences in the various ways that measurements relate to the phenomena they intend to describe. The limited language around these measurements makes it difficult for the nonspecialist to assess the reliability and uncertainty of data generated from proxy measurements. Producers and reviewers of proxy data need a common framework for conveying proxy measurement methodology, uncertainty, and applicability for a given study. We develop a functional distinction between different forms of measurement based on the different ways that their outputs (values, interpretations) relate to the phenomena they intend to describe (e.g., temperature). Paleotemperature measurements, which are used to estimate temperatures of systems in Earth's past, serve as a case study to examine and apply this new functional proxy definition. We explore the historical development and application of two widely used paleotemperature proxies, calcite δ18O and TEX86, to illustrate how different measurements relate to the phenomena they intend to describe. Both proxies are vulnerable to causal factors that interfere with their relationship with temperature but address those “confounding causal factors” in different ways. While the goal of proxy development is to fully identify, quantify, and calibrate to all confounding causal factors, the reality of proxy applications, especially for past systems, engenders unavoidable and potentially significant uncertainties. We propose a framework that allows researchers to be explicit about the limitations of their proxies and identify steps for further development. This paper underscores the ongoing effort and continued need for critical examination of proxies throughout their development and application, particularly in Earth's history, for reliable proxy interpretation.
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Güngör, Hasan, Salih Katircioglu i Mehmet Mercan. "Revisiting the nexus between financial development, FDI, and growth: New evidence from second generation econometric procedures in the Turkish context". Acta Oeconomica 64, nr 1 (1.03.2014): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.64.2014.1.4.
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This study investigates the impact of the selected financial development proxies and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the growth in the case of Turkey, using annual data for the 1960–2011 period. The second-generation econometric procedure has been applied for the first time to the Turkish data with this respect. Unit root tests by Carrion-i-Silvestre et al. (2009) assume that real income, financial development proxies, and FDI are non-stationary at levels, but become stationary at first differences through multiple structural breaks. Cointegration results by Maki (2012) confirm the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between real income growth, financial development, and FDI, again through multiple structural breaks. Finally, this paper confirms that financial development and FDI are long-term drivers of real income, which enable it to react to its long-term path significantly.
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Mann, John, i David Shideler. "Measuring Schumpeterian activity using a composite indicator". Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 4, nr 1 (13.04.2015): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-07-2013-0029.
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Purpose – As an economic development strategy, entrepreneurship policies should target innovative activities – those which Schumpeter described as leading to new goods, production methods, markets, input sources, or new industries. However, popular entrepreneurship proxies, such as firm births (<500 employees) and sole proprietorships, capture multiple types of entrepreneurship which may have conflicting qualities. To address the need for more accurate measures of Schumpeterian activity, indices are constructed to specifically measure the relative amount of Schumpeterian activity among US states. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Four composite indices of Schumpeterian activity are constructed using different methods to combine variables related to innovative activity into single indicator, since there is uncertainty about the weighting of dimensions: principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), data envelopment analysis and equal weights. Robustness checks were used to compare state rankings across indices. These indices were also compared to common entrepreneurship proxies and real GDP to demonstrate and justify their measurement of Schumpeterian activity. Findings – The results show that the Schumpeterian Activity Indices (SAIs) similarly rank states and measure phenomena different from the common proxies of entrepreneurship. Furthermore, these indices better predict GDP than the common proxies. Lastly, state rankings based upon the SAIs support previous research suggesting that innovation and agglomeration economies are interrelated. Originality/value – The paper demonstrates a methodology for constructing a measure of innovative activity, which is necessary to develop and evaluate entrepreneurship policy for economic development.
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Stylos, Nikolaos, i Victoria Bellou. "Investigating Tourists’ Revisit Proxies: The Key Role of Destination Loyalty and Its Dimensions". Journal of Travel Research 58, nr 7 (20.10.2018): 1123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287518802100.
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Literature in tourism marketing has focused on understanding tourists’ revisit patterns, mostly through its proxies (i.e., destination loyalty, past visitation, intention to revisit). Interestingly, however, consensus has not been reached yet, regarding not only the distinctiveness of these proxies but also their interrelationships. This study hypothesizes the impact of past visitation, along with holistic image and subjective norms, on tourists’ intention to revisit directly, and via destination loyalty, expecting place attachment to serve as key moderator. Additionally, since research remains quite vague in terms of the destination loyalty components and their operationalization, this study tests other than the baseline model, a competing one, in which we replace destination loyalty construct with two of its main components, namely, destination commitment and intention to recommend. Evidence coming from 1,292 British tourists visiting Crete, Greece, verifies the distinctiveness of the three proxies and identifies the superior explanatory power of the competing model.
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Guilbert, Eric, Oscar Affholder, Olivier Montreuil, Opale Coutant i Pierre-Michel Forget. "Human Disturbance Affects Dung Beetle Assemblages in French Guiana Forests". Diversity 14, nr 12 (2.12.2022): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14121059.
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French Guiana forests are threatened by increasing human activity such as infrastructure development, facilitating access to the forest and, therefore, logging, mining, farming and hunting. To highlight the impact of human pressure on the forest fauna, dung beetle assemblage was analyzed near Saint-Georges-de-l’Oyapock and compared with other sites in French Guiana, considering the distance to the main city and forest cover loss as proxies of human activities. Hill numbers and beta diversity were calculated. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and redundancy analyses were carried out to disentangle the effect of the distance to the nearest city and forest cover loss as proxies of human pressure, but also temperature and rainfall as proxies of climatic variations on dung beetle assemblage. Species richness increased significantly with the distance to the nearest city and decreasing forest cover loss. Assemblage structure varied among sites mainly with distance to the nearest city but also with rainfall. It varied also with forest cover loss, but not significantly. This study showed that human disturbances and climatic conditions, even if represented by proxies, affected dung beetle assemblage structures in French Guiana forests.
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Yazdanfar, Darush, Saeid Abbasian i Carina Hellgren. "Competence development and performance among Swedish micro firms". European Journal of Training and Development 38, nr 3 (1.04.2014): 162–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-10-2013-0106.
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Purpose – This study examines the association between performance and competence development among Swedish micro firms, measured as number of hours per person a company allocates annually to competence development. Design/methodology/approach – A panel dataset consisting of around 395 firms will be analyzed using seemingly unrelated regression-model (SUR-model) for relationships between the hours allocated to competence development and various proxies for business performance, and the relationship between attending a business training program and various proxies for business performance. Findings – The empirical results are mixed showing a positive association between owners' attendance on a business training program and company performance merely with regard to four performance variables: better job satisfaction within a company, increased number of employees, organizational improvements and increased exports. However, the findings provide no evidence to suggest that there is a link between competence development and other performance variables. Practical implications – The present study provides a better understanding of the relationship between company performance and competence development. An investment in entrepreneur training and education could ensure the improvement of the performance of micro firms. This implication is especially relevant to firms in such industries as the service sectors, which are highly competitive. Originality/value – This study is based on a unique sample including many relevant variables, compared to previous researches. To the authors' best knowledge, this study is the one of the first empirical investigations focusing on this issue in the Swedish context.
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Mudau, Naledzani, i Paidamwoyo Mhangara. "Mapping and Assessment of Housing Informality Using Object-Based Image Analysis: A Review". Urban Science 7, nr 3 (21.09.2023): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7030098.
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Research on the detection of informal settlements has increased in the past three decades owing to the availability of high- to very-high-spatial-resolution satellite imagery. The achievement of development goals, such as the Sustainable Development Goals, requires access to up-to-date information on informal settlements. This review provides an overview of studies that used object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques to detect informal settlements using remotely sensed data. This paper focuses on three main aspects: image processing steps followed when detecting informal settlements using OBIA; informal settlement indicators and image-based proxies used to detect informal settlements; and a review of studies that extracted and analyzed informal settlement land use objects. The success of OBIA in detecting informal settlements depends on the understanding and selection of informal settlement indicators and image-based proxies used during image classification. To meet the local ontology of informal settlements, the transfer of OBIA mapping techniques requires the fine-tuning of the rulesets. Machine learning OBIA techniques using image proxies derived from multiple sensors increase the opportunities for detecting informal settlements on the city or national level.
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Kamalu, Kabiru, i Wan Hakimah Binti Wan Ibrahim. "Access to Finance and Sustainable Human Development: Does Institutional Quality Matters in Developing Countries?" International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, nr 3 (22.06.2023): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.vi.1186.
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Access to finance plays an important role in boosting economic activities, human capital development and access to health care, which promote human well-being. this study examines the heterogenous relationship between access to finance and sustainable human development in 21 developing countries, from 1996 to 2020. The study uses group-mean FMOLS and DOLS estimators with deterministic trend. The results show that the three proxies of access to finance promote sustainable human development in developing countries, but the effect of number of ATMs per 100,000 people is higher than that of number of commercial bank branches and domestic credit to private sector. The results also show that institutional quality matters as it enhances the positive effect of access to finance on sustainable human development for all the three proxies of access to finance. Government spending, Institutional quality and FDI found to promote sustainable human development in the long run. To promote sustainable human development, policymakers should pursue policies, programs and incentives that motivate commercial banks to establishes more branches and ATMs not only in urban centres but also in villages and remote locations.
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Kusiyah, Kusiyah, Mansoor Mushtaq, Shabbir Ahmed, Ansar Abbas i Mochammad Fahlevi. "Impact of Urbanization on Environmental Eminence: Moderating Role of Renewable Energy". International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 14, nr 2 (15.03.2024): 244–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14232.
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In the era of modernization, the movement of the multitude from rural to urban regions all over the globe is rising swiftly. This movement crafts so many socio-economic prospects for the masses. However, in chorus, it has made severe challenges for the eminence of the environment due to a decrease in forestation and the arrangement of more buildings and plants, causing CO2 emissions. It is unmanageable to edge the endurance of urbanization, and the issue is how we can switch its adversative effects on the environment. This study investigated the moderating role of renewable energy consumption in the urbanization-CO2 nexus. For this study, twenty-three of the most urbanized economies from around the world were chosen from 1997 to 2021. Three econometrics techniques are applied for empirical investigation: fixed effect model, robust least square and panel quantile regression with twelve model specifications. The dependent variable is carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The explanatory variables are gross fixed capital formation, patent application, inflation, financial development, industrial growth, urbanization and interaction term of renewable energy and urbanization. To check the robustness of empirical findings, we used four different proxies of (CO2) emissions and three different proxies of urbanization. In our empirical findings, patent application, inflation and industrial growth are positively and significantly associated with all proxies of CO2 emissions. While financial development is inversely and significantly allied with CO2 emissions. The impact of all proxies of urbanization is positive and significant on CO2 production. But the moderating effect of renewable energy on environmental depredation is inverse and significant. It suggests using clean and renewable energy and developing the financial sector to improve the eminence of the environment. Our research aligns with the sustainable development goals and the corporate social responsibility stream, making some valuable contributions to the body of previously established research.
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Xu, Zhen, i Jianqi Qin. "A Comparative Analysis of the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Measured from Earth and Mars: Toward a General Empirical Model for the Study of Planetary Aeronomy". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 271, nr 1 (20.02.2024): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad17c2.
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Abstract Accurate estimation of the solar vacuum ultraviolet irradiance between 0.1 and 200 nm is critical for the study of planetary aeronomy. Previous empirical models have relied on a limited number of reference spectra, or on multiple data sets with various degrees of uncertainty, and on an empirical selection of solar proxies. Here we propose a novel method for the development of empirical models based on Fourier transform and least-squares fitting of the long-term measurements from the Solar EUV Experiment on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics mission. A Fourier transform analysis is performed to examine a large number of solar proxies, which reveals that the solar radio flux at 10.7 cm and the solar Lyα flux at 121.6 nm are better proxies for solar irradiance below and above ∼120 nm, respectively. Using these two proxies, a nonlinear empirical model is developed through Fourier transform and least-squares fitting of solar irradiance measurements, which can reproduce the solar irradiance with uncertainties of only ∼1%–2% above ∼120 nm, ∼2%–4% within ∼45–120 nm, and ∼4%–8% below ∼45 nm. Comparison with measurements from the Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission indicates that the solar irradiance at Mars can be predicted with uncertainties of less than ∼8% by geometric extrapolation of the solar irradiance measured from Earth, provided that the measurements from Earth can be calibrated accurately. Our study provides a general method for the development of empirical models using long-term observations in planetary aeronomy.
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Rothschild, Annabel, Ding Wang, Niveditha Jayakumar Vilvanathan, Lauren Wilcox, Carl DiSalvo i Betsy DiSalvo. "The Problems with Proxies: Making Data Work Visible through Requester Practices". Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society 7 (16.10.2024): 1255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aies.v7i1.31721.
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Fairness in AI and ML systems is increasingly linked to the proper treatment and recognition of data workers involved in training dataset development. Yet, those who collect and annotate the data, and thus have the most intimate knowledge of its development, are often excluded from critical discussions. This exclusion prevents data annotators, who are domain experts, from contributing effectively to dataset contextualization. Our investigation into the hiring and engagement practices of 52 data work requesters on platforms like Amazon Mechanical Turk reveals a gap: requesters frequently hold naive or unchallenged notions of worker identities and capabilities and rely on ad-hoc qualification tasks that fail to respect the workers’ expertise. These practices not only undermine the quality of data but also the ethical standards of AI development. To rectify these issues, we advocate for policy changes to enhance how data annotation tasks are designed and managed and to ensure data workers are treated with the respect they deserve.
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Kylin, Henrik, Henk Bouwman i Steven Evans. "USING PROXIES TO ELUCIDATE ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO ENDANGERED SPECIES". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management preprint, nr 2009 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/ieam_2009-038.1.
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Kylin, Henrik, Henk Bouwman i Steven Evans. "USING PROXIES TO ELUCIDATE ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS TO ENDANGERED SPECIES". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 5, nr 3 (2009): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/1551-3793-5.3.484.
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Geng, Guannan, Qiang Zhang, Randall V. Martin, Jintai Lin, Hong Huo, Bo Zheng, Siwen Wang i Kebin He. "Impact of spatial proxies on the representation of bottom-up emission inventories: A satellite-based analysis". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, nr 6 (28.03.2017): 4131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-4131-2017.
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Abstract. Spatial proxies used in bottom-up emission inventories to derive the spatial distributions of emissions are usually empirical and involve additional levels of uncertainty. Although uncertainties in current emission inventories have been discussed extensively, uncertainties resulting from improper spatial proxies have rarely been evaluated. In this work, we investigate the impact of spatial proxies on the representation of gridded emissions by comparing six gridded NOx emission datasets over China developed from the same magnitude of emissions and different spatial proxies. GEOS-Chem-modeled tropospheric NO2 vertical columns simulated from different gridded emission inventories are compared with satellite-based columns. The results show that differences between modeled and satellite-based NO2 vertical columns are sensitive to the spatial proxies used in the gridded emission inventories. The total population density is less suitable for allocating NOx emissions than nighttime light data because population density tends to allocate more emissions to rural areas. Determining the exact locations of large emission sources could significantly strengthen the correlation between modeled and observed NO2 vertical columns. Using vehicle population and an updated road network for the on-road transport sector could substantially enhance urban emissions and improve the model performance. When further applying industrial gross domestic product (IGDP) values for the industrial sector, modeled NO2 vertical columns could better capture pollution hotspots in urban areas and exhibit the best performance of the six cases compared to satellite-based NO2 vertical columns (slope = 1.01 and R2 = 0. 85). This analysis provides a framework for information from satellite observations to inform bottom-up inventory development. In the future, more effort should be devoted to the representation of spatial proxies to improve spatial patterns in bottom-up emission inventories.
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Alshubiri, Faris, Syed Ahsan Jamil i Mohamed Elheddad. "The impact of ICT on financial development: Empirical evidence from the Gulf Cooperation Council countries". International Journal of Engineering Business Management 11 (1.01.2019): 184797901987067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847979019870670.
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The globalization revolution has led to many countries considering advancing technology, which has led to electronic finance becoming an important aspect in all economic and financial sectors. This study aims to investigate the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on the financial development index of six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries from the period 2000 to 2016. The results are reported in terms of two main ICT variables: fixed broadband and Internet users as a proxy of ICT and domestic credit to private sector as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) and broad money supply/GDP as two proxies of the financial development index. This methodology used fixed effects (FEs) estimations, and the results show that an increase in fixed broadband has a statistically significant and positive effect on both proxies of financial development. In terms of domestic credit as a percentage of the GDP proxy, the positive effects of ICT (broadband) are greater than the one from Internet users. A 1% increase in fixed broadband leads to approximately 2% increase in financial development, but the Internet user variable resulted in about a 0.09% increase. The other money supply proxy increased by 0.40% when ICT increased by 1%. Additionally, money supply increased by 0.11% when the Internet user ratio increased by 1% .To control for the endogeneity problem, the study used a generalized method of moments estimator, and the results confirm the previous results of the FE. Moreover, the negative impact of economic growth and natural resources was found to be valid and significant, while urbanization and trade openness were found to significantly and positively affect both financial development proxies. The main conclusion of the study is that GCC countries should take action in building an effective joint information system to help construct efficient economic sectors.
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Véquaud, Pierre, Sylvie Derenne, Alexandre Thibault, Christelle Anquetil, Giuliano Bonanomi, Sylvie Collin, Sergio Contreras i in. "Development of global temperature and pH calibrations based on bacterial 3-hydroxy fatty acids in soils". Biogeosciences 18, nr 12 (1.07.2021): 3937–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3937-2021.
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Abstract. Gram-negative bacteria produce specific membrane lipids, i.e. 3-hydroxy fatty acids with 10 to 18 C atoms. They have been recently proposed as temperature and pH proxies in terrestrial settings. Nevertheless, the existing correlations between pH or temperature and indices derived from 3-OH FA distribution are based on a small soil dataset (ca. 70 samples) and only applicable regionally. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of 3-OH FAs as mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and pH proxies at the global level. This was achieved using an extended soil dataset of 168 topsoils distributed worldwide, covering a wide range of temperatures (5 to 30 ∘C) and pH (3 to 8). The response of 3-OH FAs to temperature and pH was compared to that of established branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT)-based proxies (MBT'5Me/CBT). Strong linear relationships between 3-OH-FA-derived indices (RAN15, RAN17 and RIAN) and MAAT or pH could only be obtained locally for some of the individual transects. This suggests that these indices cannot be used as palaeoproxies at the global scale using simple linear regression models, in contrast with the MBT'5Me and CBT. However, strong global correlations between 3-OH FA relative abundances and MAAT or pH were shown by using other algorithms (multiple linear regression, k-NN and random forest models). The applicability of the three aforementioned models for palaeotemperature reconstruction was tested and compared with the MAAT record from a Chinese speleothem. The calibration based on the random forest model appeared to be the most robust. It generally showed similar trends with previously available records and highlighted known climatic events poorly visible when using local 3-OH FA calibrations. Altogether, these results demonstrate the potential of 3-OH FAs as palaeoproxies in terrestrial settings.
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Phiri, Andrew. "Asymmetric cointegration and causality effects between financial development and economic growth in South Africa". Studies in Economics and Finance 32, nr 4 (5.10.2015): 464–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-01-2014-0009.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate asymmetric cointegration and causality effects between financial development and economic growth for South African data spanning over the period of 1992-2013. Design/methodology/approach – This study makes the use of the momentum threshold autoregressive (M-TAR) approach which allows for threshold error-correction (TEC) modeling and Granger causality analysis between the variables. In carrying out an empirical analysis, the author uses six measures of the financial development variables against gross domestic per capita, that is, three measures which proxy banking activity and another three proxies for stock market development. Findings – The empirical results generally indicate an abrupt asymmetric cointegration relationship between banking activity and economic growth, on the one hand, and a smooth cointegration relationship between stock market activity and economic growth, on the other hand. Moreover, causality analysis generally reveals that while banking activity tends to Granger cause economic growth, stock market activity is, however, caused by economic growth increase. Originality/value – This study contributes to the literature by examining asymmetries in the cointegration and causality relations by using both banking and stock market proxies against economic growth for the South African economy.
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Suhadi, Suhadi, Ade Cahyana, Jaka Aulia Pratama, M. Arna Ramadhan, Salman Alfarisy Totalia i Sigit Wahyudi. "Automation Model Development for School Reaccreditation of Early Childhood Education". International Journal of Instruction 17, nr 1 (1.01.2024): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/iji.2024.17111a.
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As stated in the Research and Development Objectives 2020-2024 by BSKAP, it was agreed on the need to implement a correct and credible quality monitoring and evaluation system. For Primary and Secondary Education, it is determined that 100% of education units will carry out Competency Assessment (AK) and Character Surveys (SK) starting in 2021 by first developing and preparing relevant measuring tools along with indicators of AK-SK readiness in the future, its implementation in 2021 while trying implement the overall accreditation process automation policy. Therefore, performance assessment in these units requires other proxies of learning indicators which are considered to have functions equivalent to competency assessments and character surveys. Instead of direct field visits, if correct, mathematical modeling can be performed to derive measurement proxies derived from the PPA or IPV variables or a combination of both. Automation modeling has been applied to approximately 5,000 school samples by applying three alternative methods, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Square (PLS) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). PCA modeling was successfully used on 49 predictors without a response variable (Y); ii) PLS modeling was successfully applied to 49 predictors involving response variables; iii) CFA modeling has been successfully carried out on PPA and IPV one by one, because the combined modeling has not succeeded in producing an adequate model in the form of goodness of fit. Keywords: accreditation, assessments, early childhood education, statistical modeling
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Musakwa, Mercy T., i Nicholas M. Odhiambo. "Energy Consumption and Human Development in South Africa: Empirical Evidence from Disaggregated Data". Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 32, nr 2 (13.04.2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2022-0006.
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Abstract This study investigated the impact of energy consumption on human development in South Africa, using annual data from 1990 to 2019. The study used disaggregated data on energy measures namely: oil products consumption; electricity consumption; renewable energy consumption; natural gas; coal and lignite; and total energy consumption at an aggregate level. Human Development Index (HDI) was used as a measure of human development. By employing autoregressive distributed lag bounds test to cointegration and error correction model, the study found the impact of energy consumption on human development to be positive in the short run when renewable energy was used as a proxy, but insignificant in the long run. When oil products, natural gas and total energy were used as proxies for energy, a negative impact was confirmed in the short run, while an insignificant impact was confirmed in the long run. When electricity, coal and lignite were used as proxies for energy, an insignificant impact was confirmed, irrespective of the time frame considered. The results revealed that the positive impact of renewable energy on human development is not big enough to offset the negative impact of other energy sources. This suggests that South Africa has to continue to expand renewable energy if a positive impact of energy on human development is to be realized.
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Mathivha, Fhumulani, i Nkanyiso Mbatha. "Comparison of Long-Term Changes in Non-Linear Aggregated Drought Index Calibrated by MERRA–2 and NDII Soil Moisture Proxies". Water 14, nr 1 (23.12.2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010026.
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This study aimed at evaluating Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA–2) and Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) soil moisture proxies in calibrating a comprehensive Non-linear Aggregated Drought Index (NADI). Soil moisture plays a critical role in temperature variability and controlling the partitioning of water into evaporative fluxes as well as ensuring effective plant growth. Long-term variability and change in climatic variables such as precipitation, temperatures, and the possible acceleration of the water cycle increase the uncertainty in soil moisture variability. Streamflow, temperature, rainfall, reservoir storage, MERRA–2, and NDII soil moisture proxies’ data from 1986 to 2016 were used to formulate the NADI. The trend analysis was performed using the Mann Kendall, SQ-MK was used to determine the point of trend direction change while Theil-Sen trend estimator method was used to determine the magnitude of the detected trend. The seasonal correlation between the NADI-NDII and NADI-MERRA–2 was higher in spring and autumn with an R2 of 0.9 and 0.86, respectively. A positive trend was observed over the 30 years period of study, NADI-NDII trend magnitude was found to be 0.02 units per year while that of NADI-MERRA–2 was 0.01 units. Wavelet analysis showed an in-phase relationship with negligible lagging between the NDII and MERRA–2 calibrated NADI. Although a robust comparison is recommended between soil moisture proxies and observed soil moisture, the soil moisture proxies in this study were found to be useful in monitoring long-term changes in soil moisture.
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Zheng, Anqing, Sally Wadsworth, Naomi Friedman i Chandra Reynolds. "PHENOME-WIDE SEARCH OF COGNITIVE RESERVE PROXIES ACROSS AGE COHORTS". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1.11.2022): 820–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2952.
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Abstract Cognitive reserve (CR) refers to adaptability allowing for better cognitive outcomes given the degree of brain changes or other risk factors for cognitive decline. Despite significant research efforts, our knowledge of cognitive reserve proxies remains limited. Studies predominantly use a single sociodemographic variable (e.g., education attainment) as a proxy measure when CR can manifest in multiple domains. Studies also tend to rely on older samples, whereas adversity factors of cognitive performance may have differing onset ages, suggesting different risk or protective mechanisms at different ages. We examine two cohort datasets spanning from early adolescence (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, N = 5559) up to the cusp of mid-adulthood (Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development and cognitive aging; CATSLife, N = 1327) to evaluate the role of CR proxies across over 100 variables. Defined as a moderator between a cognitive outcome and structural brain measure, these variables cover behavioral, environmental, physical and mental health, and psychological trait domains. Using cross-validated regularized regression, we identified dozens of factors acting as CR proxies (e.g., leisure reading as protective and screen usage as a risk factor during adolescence). We then use a within-family design to examine the moderation effect over and above genetic and environmental covariates. For example, adolescents who read more tend to show better cognitive performance given their gray matter volume (b = .093, 95%CI = [0.035, 0.152]). This study aims to identify factors that could be targeted with scalable prevention and intervention efforts earlier in life to maximize cognitive functioning.
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AKINWUMI, Ayorinde Olutimi, Toluwa Celestine Oladele i ADEBOYE Emmanuel Sanmi. "NIGERIA ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CAPITAL MARKET DEVELOPMENT: DOES CONTRIBUTORY PENSION SCHEME MATTER?" Gusau Journal of Accounting and Finance 3, nr 3 (9.05.2023): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.57233/gujaf.v3i3.183.
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Whether the contributory pension scheme (CPS) has addressed the shortage of capital for investments, the challenge of full compliance with the system and the shortage of investment outlets spurred the interest to investigate the impact of the CPS on capital market development and economic growth from 2005 to 2021. Secondary data was adopted for this study, and the data were extracted from the National Pension Commission and world development indicators. The study employed the auto-regressive distribution lag (ARDL) model as an estimation technique. The empirical results show that among the proxies for gross domestic product, total pension fund asset (TPFA) was significant in both the short and long run, which showed that a 1% increase in TPFA would produce a 0.0028% increase in the GDP. Also, among the proxies for capital market development, total pension fund asset (TPFA) was significant in both the short and long run, which showed that a 1% increase in TPFA would produce a 0.024% increase in capital market development. Based on these findings, the study concluded that CPS influenced capital market development and economic growth. Consequently, this study recommended, among others, that the NPC should continue to partner with relevant stakeholders such as pension fund administrators and custodians by making its investment regulations more flexible and encouraging increased pension fund investments.
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Chauvet, Vincent. "Absorptive Capacity: Scale Development and Implications for Future Research". Management international 19, nr 1 (30.01.2015): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1028493ar.
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In response to recent criticism concerning Absorptive CAPacity (ACAP) research we developed a new measure of this concept. Unlike past empirical studies that used proxies, this work tries to take advantage of past research in considering ACAP as a multilevel and multidimensional construct. This article, based on a large literature review, tries to fill this gap in developing and testing a scale of ACAP, composed of four factors and 18 items, that meets main validity and reliability criteria. We believe this research contributes to develop our understanding concerning ACAP and hope it facilitates the emergence of a new approach of the concept.
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LAITIN, DAVID D., i RAJESH RAMACHANDRAN. "Language Policy and Human Development". American Political Science Review 110, nr 3 (sierpień 2016): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055416000265.
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This article explores how language policy affects the socioeconomic development of nation states through two channels: the individual’s exposure to and (in reference to an individual’s mother tongue) linguistic distance from the official language. In a cross-country framework the article first establishes a robust and sizeable negative relationship between an official language that is distant from the local indigenous languages and proxies for human capital and health. To establish this relationship as causal, we instrument language choice with a measure of geographic distance from the origins of writing. Next, using individual level data from India and a set of 11 African countries, we provide microempirical support on the two channels—distance from and exposure to the official language—and their implications for educational, health, occupational and wealth outcomes. Finally, we suggest policy implications based on our findings.
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Musakwa, Mercy T., Nicholas M. Odhiambo i Sheilla Nyasha. "The impact of foreign capital inflows on poverty in Vietnam: An empirical investigation". Croatian Review of Economic, Business and Social Statistics 7, nr 2 (1.12.2021): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/crebss-2021-0008.
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Abstract This study investigates the impact of foreign capital inflows on poverty in Vietnam, using annual time series data from 1990 to 2018. The study was motivated by the need to establish if burgeoning foreign capital inflows in Vietnam can support the poverty alleviation agenda. Foreign direct investment (FDI) and external debt were used as proxies for foreign capital inflows; and infant mortality rate, Human Development Index (HDI) and household consumption expenditure were used as poverty proxies. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the study found foreign direct investment to reduce poverty in the short run and long run when household consumption expenditure was used as a poverty measure. However, the study found FDI to worsen poverty in the short run when infant mortality rate and HDI were used as poverty proxies. The study found external debt to have poverty mitigating effect in the short run regardless of the poverty measure used and in the long run only when household consumption expenditure was used as a poverty measure.
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Ghuman, Sharon, Jere R. Behrman, Judith B. Borja, Socorro Gultiano i Elizabeth M. King. "Family Background, Service Providers, and Early Childhood Development in the Philippines: Proxies and Interactions". Economic Development and Cultural Change 54, nr 1 (październik 2005): 129–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/431258.
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Sefat, M. H., K. Salahshoor, M. Jamialahmadi i B. Moradi. "A New Approach for the Development of Fast-analysis Proxies for Petroleum Reservoir Simulation". Petroleum Science and Technology 30, nr 18 (13.07.2012): 1920–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2010.512885.
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Mazhar, Maria. "Impact of COVID-19 on Pakistan’s economic development: A sector-wise analysis". American Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 8, nr 1 (22.02.2023): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55284/ajssh.v8i1.872.
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The recent COVID-19 pandemic has significantly hampered economic development. The ongoing pandemic has posed challenges to economies and altered global lifestyles, with people mostly staying at home and working from home if possible. As a result, the development of various sectors of the economy is impacted significantly. The present study aims to scrutinize the impact of COVID-19 on Pakistan’s economy focusing on the three main sectors such as services, industrial, and agriculture. The Gross National Product (GNP) of the respective sector is used to measure economic development, and COVID-19 is proxied through total coronavirus cases and the number of infected people (active cases). The data covered in the study range from 2020M2 to 2022M4. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests are used to ensure that the variables are stationary at the level. The empirical investigation is carried out by employing the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. The findings reveal that both the proxies of COVID-19 have a negative and significant impact on all sectors, however, the size differs depending on the nature of these sectors. As such, the impact on the service and industrial sectors is larger than the impact on agriculture. The findings imply that Pakistani ministries should work cooperatively to align the development policies in the aftermath of COVID-19 to improve sectoral development and in turn the overall development of the economy.
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Feliciotti, Alessandra, Ombretta Romice i Sergio Porta. "Design for Change: Five Proxies for Resilience in the Urban Form". Open House International 41, nr 4 (1.12.2016): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2016-b0004.
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The sheer complexity and unpredictability characterising cities challenges the adequacy of existing disciplinary knowledge and tools in urban design and highlights the necessity to incorporate explicitly the element of change and the dimension of time in the understanding of, and intervention on, the form of cities. To this regard the concept of resilience is a powerful lens through which to understand and engage with a changing world. However, resilience is currently only superficially addressed by urban designers, and an explicit effort to relate elements of urban form to resilience principles is still lacking. This represents a great limit for urban designers, as the physical dimension of cities is the matter they work with in the first place. In this paper, we combine established knowledge in urban morphology and resilience theory. We firstly look at resilience theory and consistently define five proxies of resilience in urban form, namely diversity, redundancy, modularity, connectivity and efficiency. Secondly, we discuss the configuration of, and interdependencies between, several constituent elements of the physical city, as defined in urban morphology and design, in light of the mentioned five proxies. Finally, we conduct this exploration at five scales that are relevant to urban morphology and design: plot, street edge, block, street and sanctuary area / district.
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Lee, Sangeun, Toshio Okazumi, Youngjoo Kwak i Kuniyoshi Takeuchi. "Vulnerability proxy selection and risk calculation formula for global flood risk assessment: a preliminary study". Water Policy 17, nr 1 (30.06.2014): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.158.
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By using the data from 15 countries in Asia, this study aims to improve the current global flood risk assessment methods in the aspects of vulnerability proxy selection and a risk calculation formula. In estimating global flood risk, the current methods treat vulnerability in a very simplistic manner. Based on recent literature and empirical findings, this study classifies vulnerability into susceptibility (in terms of marginalized groups, unplanned urbanization, and weak governance), and coping capacity. Each of the four components is, in light of global data availability, expressed by eight proxies, namely, age-related dependency ratio, undernourishment prevalence, urbanization growth rate, deforestation, corruption perceptions index, and three core scores from the Hyogo Framework for Action. Regarding the risk calculation formula, this study tries to break through the limitations of the multiple regression, which is commonly used for estimating coefficients and parameters, by applying the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. The PLSR method makes it possible to include many proxies in the formula without lowering the explanatory power, even when the proxies are highly correlated.
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Hlioui, Zaineb, Mohamed Gabsi i Abdelwahed Omri. "Informal Competition Effect on SMEs’ Innovation: Do Credit Constraints Matter? Evidence from Eastern European Countries". Sustainability 14, nr 21 (25.10.2022): 13874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113874.
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This paper examines the influence of informal competition on SME innovation in the Eastern European transition economies. Using the BEEPS VI, which covers the period from 2018–2020, we investigated the conditional mediation of credit constraints moderated by business plan elaboration. Looking at SMEs’ product innovation, process innovation, radical innovation, and green innovation, we find that informal competition’s direct effect enhances all the innovation proxies. Besides, the informal sector increases SMEs’ credit constraints, which indirectly leads to less corporate innovation. The negative indirect effect is alleviated by the business strategy development. Finally, using bootstrap resampling, we confirm the significant conditional mediation effect of credit constraints on the informal competition and the innovation proxies.