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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Pycnidiospore”

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Data publikacji: 22 lipca 2023

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1

Guo, X. W., and W. G. D. Fernando. "Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns of Spore Dispersal by Leptosphaeria maculans from Canola Stubble in Relation to Environmental Conditions." Plant Disease 89, no. 1 (2005): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0097.

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Seasonal and diurnal patterns of spore dispersal by Leptosphaeria maculans, which causes blackleg disease of canola, were studied in two consecutive field seasons using a 7-day Burkard spore sampler and rotorod impaction spore samplers. Ascospores of L. maculans were trapped from mid-June to the end of July, whereas pycnidiospores were trapped from mid-July until the end of July or early August. Ascospores and pycnidiospores were trapped between 9:00 P.M. and 4:00 A.M., when air temperatures were 13 to 18°C and relative humidity was >80%. Peak ascospore and pycnidiospore dispersal was assoc

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2

Chen, Wei-Qun, David P. Morgan, Dan Felts, and Themis J. Michailides. "Antagonism of Paenibacillus lentimorbus to Botryosphaeria dothidea and Biological Control of Panicle and Shoot Blight of Pistachio." Plant Disease 87, no. 4 (2003): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.4.359.

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A potential microbial fungicide, Paenibacillus lentimorbus isolate CBCA-2, against Botryosphaeria dothidea, the pistachio panicle and shoot blight fungus, was obtained from healthy pistachio leaves by both in vitro and in vivo screening techniques. CBCA-2 caused 100% inhibition of pycnidiospore germination after 24 h incubation at 25°C. Malformation of pycnidiospores and hyphae, and lysis and swollen pycnidiospores of B. dothidea occurred in the presence of cell suspensions of CBCA-2. Among the five media tested, nutrient yeast dextrose broth significantly increased the production of antifunga

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3

Zhang, Jin Xiu, W. G. Dilantha Fernando, and Allen G. Xue. "Daily and seasonal spore dispersal by Mycosphaerella pinodes and development of mycosphaerella blight of field pea." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 3 (2005): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-003.

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Daily and seasonal spore dispersal of Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk & Bloxam) Vestergren and the relationship of spore dispersal to distance and disease severity were investigated in a pea field in western Canada during two consecutive years. Most ascospores were released in response to rain events, during the first 2327 d after the inoculum source area was infested with naturally diseased pea residue, whereas most pycnidiospores were trapped during the first 20 d. For both ascospores and pycnidiospores, the highest peaks of spore release occurred during the first 1420 d after infestation

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4

Dorrance, A. E., O. K. Miller, and H. L. Warren. "Comparison of Stenocarpella maydis Isolates for Isozyme and Cultural Characteristics." Plant Disease 83, no. 7 (1999): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.7.675.

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Isolates of Stenocarpella maydis from seed companies and plant disease clinics in the United States and the Republic of South Africa were assayed for isozyme polymorphisms and cultural variability. A low level of isozyme polymorphisms was detected in this collection of isolates. Isozyme polymorphisms were detected for α-esterase, hexose kinase, and malate dehydroge-nase of the enzymes assayed. Fungi often have limited variability among isozyme profiles, and this is especially true for fungi that have host specialization such as biotrophs or fungi with formae speciales designations. Optimum gro

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5

Galper, S., A. Sztejnberg, and N. Lisker. "Scanning electron microscopy of the ontogeny of Ampelomyces quisqualis pycnidia." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 10 (1985): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-181.

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Observations on Ampelomyces quisqualis disclosed that the pycnidium may originate either from one cell of a single pycnidiospore, or from one hyphal cell. In the first case the pycnidiospore becomes two celled and swollen and a profuse germination of one of the two swollen spore cells can be observed. Later, the short hyphae branches, interweave, and anastomose to form a compact network around the mother spore, the pycnidium primordium. Similarly, we observed profuse branching in a single hyphal cell. The newly formed branches interweave and anastomose to form a compact network which gives ris

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6

Hu, Jiahuai, Evan G. Johnson, Nan-Yi Wang, Tiago Davoglio, and Megan M. Dewdney. "qPCR Quantification of Pathogenic Guignardia citricarpa and Nonpathogenic G. mangiferae in Citrus." Plant Disease 98, no. 1 (2014): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-13-0465-re.

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Citrus black spot, a major citrus disease caused by Guignardia citricarpa, was recently introduced in Florida. The nonpathogenic fungal endophyte G. mangiferae is commonly found in the same citrus tissues as G. citricarpa. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 genes were developed to detect, quantify, and distinguish between these morphologically similar organisms in environmental samples. The primer/probe sets GCITS and GMITS were more than 95% efficient in single-set reactions in complex environmental DNA samples. Detection of 10 fg

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7

Li, Hua, John Kuo, Martin John Barbetti, and Krishnapillai Sivasithamparam. "Differences in the responses of stem tissues of spring-type Brassica napus cultivars with polygenic resistance and single dominant gene-based resistance to inoculation with Leptosphaeria maculans." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 2 (2007): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-159.

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Six spring-type Brassica napus L. cultivars, either susceptible or with polygenic or monogenic resistance, were inoculated with Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not. (organism causing phoma stem canker in crucifers) to investigate differences in the responses of host stem tissues to the pathogen. At growth stage 1.06, plants were inoculated with pycnidiospores at the junction of the petiole and stem. The pre-penetration and penetration phases were examined along with the histological, ultrastructural, and histochemical responses. The processes of pycnidiospore attachment, germina

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8

Moyo, Providence, Paul H. Fourie, Siyethemba L. Masikane, et al. "The Effects of Postharvest Treatments and Sunlight Exposure on the Reproductive Capability and Viability of Phyllosticta citricarpa in Citrus Black Spot Fruit Lesions." Plants 9, no. 12 (2020): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121813.

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Citrus black spot (CBS) is caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa, which is classified as a quarantine organism in certain countries whose concerns are that CBS-infected fruit may be a pathway for introduction of the pathogen. This study evaluated the reproductive capability and viability of P. citricarpa under simulated conditions in which the whole fruit, peel segments, or citrus pulp with CBS lesions were discarded. Naturally infected ‘Midknight’ Valencia orange and ‘Eureka’ lemon fruit, either treated using standard postharvest sanitation, fungicide, and wax coating treatments or untreated, wer

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9

Shaw, Brian D., and H. C. Hoch. "Ca2+ Regulation of Phyllosticta ampelicida Pycnidiospore Germination and Appressorium Formation." Fungal Genetics and Biology 31, no. 1 (2000): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fgbi.2000.1223.

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10

Ma, Zhonghua, and Themis J. Michailides. "Characterization of Botryosphaeria dothidea Isolates Collected from Pistachio and Other Plant Hosts in California." Phytopathology® 92, no. 5 (2002): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.5.519.

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Eighty-six isolates of Botryosphaeria dothidea, the causal agent of Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight of pistachio, were collected from pistachio and other plant hosts in California. The isolates were characterized by microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction (MP-PCR), sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S gene, and ITS2), morphological and cultural characters, osmotic and fungicide sensitivity, and pathogenicity on pistachio. Three groups of these isolates were identified based upon analysis of MP-PCR data and ITS sequences. Group I

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11

Shaw, B. D., and H. C. Hoch. "The pycnidiospore of Phyllosticta ampelicida: surface properties involved in substratum attachment and germination." Mycological Research 103, no. 7 (1999): 915–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095375629800793x.

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12

Szlávik, Sz, T. Barasits, and W. G. D. Fernando. "First Report of Pathogenicity Group-3 of Leptosphaeria maculans on Winter Rape in Hungary." Plant Disease 90, no. 5 (2006): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0684c.

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Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is an increasing threat to winter rape (Brassica napus L.) in Hungary. The winter rape acreage has been increasing, and the occurrence and severity of the disease has become widespread in all rapeseed-growing regions throughout Hungary in a very short time. The blackleg-infected rape stubbles were collected in the autumn of 2003 in Ikervár, County Vas where the disease was severe. Ascospores were obtained from pseudothecia growing on infected rape stubble (susceptible cvs. GK Helga and Aladin). Three single-spore cultures were grown on V8 agar medium

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13

Fernando, W. G. D., and Y. Chen. "First Report on the Presence of Leptosphaeria maculans Pathogenicity Group-3, the Causal Agent of Blackleg of Canola in Manitoba." Plant Disease 87, no. 10 (2003): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.10.1268a.

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Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not. (anamorph = Phoma lingam) (Tode:Fr.) Desmaz.), is an economically important and serious disease of canola (Brassica napus L.) in Australia, Europe, and Canada. L. maculans isolates can be categorized into four pathogenicity groups (PGs) on the basis of the interaction phenotypes (IP) on the differential canola cvs. Westar, Glacier, and Quinta (1) by using a standard screening protocol in the greenhouse. PG1 isolates are weakly virulent and PG2, PG3, and PG4 isolates are highly virulent. In Manitoba, L. maculans population

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14

Fernando, W. G. D., P. S. Parks, G. Tomm, L. V. Viau, and C. Jurke. "First Report of Blackleg Disease Caused by Leptosphaeria maculans on Canola in Brazil." Plant Disease 87, no. 3 (2003): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.3.314c.

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Canola (Brassica napus L.) is a relatively new crop in Brazil, having been grown there for approximately 8 years. In 2000, leaf lesions and stem cankers were observed in cvs. Hyola 420 and Hyola 401 in farmers' fields in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Cankered stems were received at the University of Manitoba, Canada, from Rio Grande do Sul for disease identification. Small pieces of the stem were cut from the cankered area, and standard protocol was followed to surface sterilize the stem pieces. Stem pieces were plated on V8 agar medium and incubated under light for 12 days. Typical fungal c

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15

Fernando, W. G. D., K. Ghanbarnia, and M. Salati. "First Report on the Presence of Phoma Blackleg Pathogenicity Group 1 (Leptosphaeria biglobosa) on Brassica napus (Canola/Rapeseed) in Iran." Plant Disease 91, no. 4 (2007): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-4-0465a.

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Canola/rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a new crop in Iran, grown since 1996. In 2006, 180,000 ha were planted. During the same year, leaf and upper stem lesions (3) were observed on cv. Hyola 401 at rosette and flowering stages in the Gorgan Province in northern Iran. Field disease incidence ranged from 1 to 40%. Several isolates from stem lesions were sent to the Department of Plant Science, Blackleg Research Lab, University of Manitoba, Canada from the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Golestan Province of Iran for pathogenicity group identification. The blackleg pathogen

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16

Ojiambo, Peter S., Harald Scherm, and Phillip M. Brannen. "Temporal Dynamics of Septoria Leaf Spot of Blueberry and its Relationship to Defoliation and Yield." Plant Health Progress 8, no. 1 (2007): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2007-0726-05-rs.

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In field trials on Premier rabbiteye blueberry in Georgia, onset of Septoria leaf spot (caused by Septoria albopunctata) occurred between late April and mid-June. Average disease severity increased sigmoidally until late September, after which it declined due to the abscission of severely affected leaves. Disease severity was highest on early-emerging leaves and on those located on shoots closer to the ground. Pycnidiospore inoculum was present throughout the season, and leaves became infected by S. albopunctata season-long. Disease severity, defoliation, flower bud set, and next season's yiel

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17

Dorrance, A. E., K. H. Hinkelmann, and H. L. Warren. "Diallel Analysis of Diplodia Ear Rot Resistance in Maize." Plant Disease 82, no. 6 (1998): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.6.699.

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A diallel cross of seven inbreds and one synthetic line of maize were analyzed in 1994 and 1995 for their reaction to Diplodia ear rot. An additional inbred line was included in the 1995 analysis. Plants were inoculated by placing a pycnidiospore suspension (5 × 103 spores per ml) of Stenocarpella maydis in the whorl at the V14 to V15 growth stage. Crosses were evaluated for disease incidence of Diplodia ear rot at harvest, and the percentage of plants with Diplodia ear rot in a plot was used for analysis. In both years, general combining ability (GCA) effects were significant. In 1995, specif

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18

Tan, Kar-Chun, Joshua L. Heazlewood, A. Harvey Millar, Gordon Thomson, Richard P. Oliver, and Peter S. Solomon. "A Signaling-Regulated, Short-Chain Dehydrogenase of Stagonospora nodorum Regulates Asexual Development." Eukaryotic Cell 7, no. 11 (2008): 1916–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00237-08.

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ABSTRACT The fungus Stagonospora nodorum is a causal agent of leaf and glume blotch disease of wheat. It has been previously shown that inactivation of heterotrimeric G protein signaling in Stagonospora nodorum caused development defects and reduced pathogenicity [P. S. Solomon et al., Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 17:456-466, 2004]. In this study, we sought to identify targets of the signaling pathway that may have contributed to phenotypic defects of the signaling mutants. A comparative analysis of Stagonospora nodorum wild-type and Gα-defective mutant (gna1) intracellular proteomes was perfo

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19

Sprague, Susan J., Stephen J. Marcroft, Kurt D. Lindbeck, Andrew H. Ware, Ravjit K. Khangura, and Angela P. Van de Wouw. "Detection, prevalence and severity of upper canopy infection on mature Brassica napus plants caused by Leptosphaeria maculans in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 1 (2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17140.

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Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is the main disease constraint for canola production in Australia. The fungus infects all aboveground and belowground parts of the canola plant. Yield loss in Australia and worldwide is generally associated with cankers at the crown, which arise from leaf infections during the early stages of seedling growth. Infection of flowers, peduncles, siliques, main stems and branches, with resultant lesions and canker formation, are typically uncommon symptoms. We propose the term ‘upper canopy infection’ to encompass symptoms on all of these plant parts beca

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20

Bradley, C. A., P. S. Parks, Y. Chen, and W. G. D. Fernando. "First Report of Pathogenicity Groups 3 and 4 of Leptosphaeria maculans on Canola in North Dakota." Plant Disease 89, no. 7 (2005): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0776c.

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Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz) Ces. & de Not (anamorph = Phoma lingam), is an economically important disease of canola (Brassica napus L.) worldwide and was first detected in North Dakota in 1991 (3). L. maculans can be categorized into one of several pathogenicity groups (PGs) on the basis of the interaction phenotypes in differential canola cvs. Westar, Glacier, and Quinta by using a standard screening protocol in the greenhouse (4). With this system, PG1 strains are weakly virulent and PG2, PG3, and PG4 are highly virulent. The predominant strains of L. maculans in

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21

Reszka, E., E. Arseniuk, A. Malkus, et al. "A New Biotype of Phaeosphaeria sp. of Uncertain Affinity Causing Stagonospora Leaf Blotch Disease in Cereals in Poland." Plant Disease 90, no. 1 (2006): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0113b.

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A new Phaeosphaeria sp. biotype was isolated from winter ryes in Poland during 1995. Two isolates, Sn23-1 and Sn48-1, were obtained from diseased leaves of cvs. Motto and Dańkowskie, respectively. The rye Phaeosphaeria sp. represented by isolate Sn48-1 has similar pycnidiospore morphology and induces disease symptoms in cereals similar to Phaeosphaeria nodorum, the causal agent of Stagonospora nodorum blotch disease (4). The pathogen (Sn48-1) produces hyaline, cylindrical pycnidiospores that are mostly three-septate and measure 12.8 to 23.7 × 2.1 to 3.2 μm (average size = 16 × 2.6 μm) on water

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22

Zhao, Xinbei, Yunxia Ni, Xintao Liu, et al. "A Simple and Effective Technique for Production of Pycnidia and Pycnidiospores by Macrophomina phaseolina." Plant Disease 104, no. 4 (2020): 1183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-19-1795-re.

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Production of pycnidia and pycnidiospores by Macrophomina phaseolina is not often seen in vitro. The objective of this study is to develop a simple and effective technique to obtain pycnidiospores of M. phaseolina isolates in vitro and to evaluate germination rates and pathogenicity of pycnidiospores. We found M. phaseolina isolates can produce pycnidia on oatmeal agar (OMA) under ultraviolet light with 365 nm wavelength (UV). For evaluating the effect of OMA and UV on growth of M. phaseolina, combinations of two agar media and three lighting conditions were tested. The results confirm that al

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23

Sudha, Appusami. "Volatile Organic Compounds of some Antagonists against Lasiodiplodia theobromae, a Pathogen of Coconut." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 26, no. 06 (2021): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1889.

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Biocontrol agents are the potential microbes and used for the control of aerial and soil-borne pathogens present in all crops. An attempt was made on identification, morphological and molecular characterization of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, a pathogen causing disease in nuts and leaves of coconut. A virulent isolate Lasiodiplodia theobromae L26 was selected based on the growth parameters and pycnidiospore production. Three efficient biocontrol agents (BCAs) namely Trichoderma asperellum, Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces rochei, were selected for in vitro studies. Among these, T. asperellum sh

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24

Ma, Zhonghua, Eric W. A. Boehm, Yong Luo, and Themis J. Michailides. "Population Structure of Botryosphaeria dothidea from Pistachio and Other Hosts in California." Phytopathology® 91, no. 7 (2001): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.7.665.

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Genetic diversity was investigated among California populations of Botryosphaeria dothidea, causal agent of Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight of pistachio, with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction (MP-PCR). We surveyed 120 isolates, 112 of which originated from the California Central Valley and included pistachio isolates (n = 52) and isolates from other plant species (n = 60). Out-group isolates (n = 8) were obtained from pistachio in Greece. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.99; P < 0.0001) between the RAPD- and MP-PCR diss

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25

Chen, Y., and W. G. D. Fernando. "First Report of Canola Blackleg Caused by Pathogenicity Group 4 of Leptosphaeria maculans in Manitoba." Plant Disease 89, no. 3 (2005): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0339b.

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Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & de Not., causal agent of blackleg of canola (Brassica napus L.), was initially placed in several pathogenicity groups (PG) on the basis of the interaction phenotypes (IP) of L. maculans isolates on the differential canola cvs. Westar (W), Glacier (G), and Quinta (Q) (4). PG1 isolates are weakly virulent and PG2, PG3, and PG4 isolates are highly virulent. In Manitoba, the L. maculans population consists mainly of PG2 isolates (virulent on W and avirulent on G and Q), a few PG1 isolates (avirulent on W, G, and Q), and PGT (virulent on W and Q, but avir

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Cordo, C. A., C. I. Mónaco, R. Altamirano, et al. "Weather Conditions Associated with the Release and Dispersal of Zymoseptoria tritici Spores in the Argentine Pampas Region." International Journal of Agronomy 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1468580.

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The abundance of Zymoseptoria tritici ascospores and conidia in a field was examined throughout two one-year periods (1998-1999 and 1999-2000) establishing the relationship between spore release and weather variables. Radiation, temperature, intensity of rainfall, and relative humidity significantly affected the dispersal of ascospores and pycnidiospores of this pathogen. Spore traps collected both types of spores, at weekly intervals, at two different stages of the wheat crop (vegetative and wheat stubble stages) and different distances from the sources. Ascospores were the predominant source

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Li, H., K. Sivasithamparam, and M. J. Barbetti. "Breakdown of a Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris Single Dominant Blackleg Resistance Gene in B. napus Rapeseed by Leptosphaeria maculans Field Isolates in Australia." Plant Disease 87, no. 6 (2003): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.6.752a.

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Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is a major disease of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) grown in Canada, Europe, and Australia. Cv. Surpass 400 was released in Australia in 2000 as the most resistant cultivar to L. maculans. It carries a single dominant resistance gene from B. rapa subsp. sylvestris. This cultivar usually shows a hypersensitive response to L. maculans characterized by small, dark brown lesions that are necrotic, localized, and without pycnidia on cotyledons, leaves, and stems. However, in 2001 on a Western Australian experimental farm, a small proportion of the lesions

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Shaw, B. D., KerChung Kuo, and H. C. Hoch. "Germination and Appressorium Development of Phyllosticta ampelicida Pycnidiospores." Mycologia 90, no. 2 (1998): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3761301.

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Brennan, R. M., B. D. L. Fitt, J. Colhoun, and G. S. Taylor. "Factors Affecting the Germination of Septoria nodorum Pycnidiospores." Journal of Phytopathology 117, no. 1 (1986): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1986.tb04359.x.

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Morant, M. A. "A Synthetic Medium for Mass Production of Pycnidiospores ofStenocarpellaSpecies." Plant Disease 77, no. 4 (1993): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-77-0424.

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Brennan, R. M., B. D. L. Fitt, G. S. Taylor, and J. Colhoun. "Dispersal of Septoria nodorum Pycnidiospores by Simulated Rain and Wind." Journal of Phytopathology 112, no. 4 (1985): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1985.tb00806.x.

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del Río Mendoza, L. E., A. Nepal, J. M. Bjerke, M. Boyles, and T. Peeper. "Identification of Leptosphaeria maculans Pathogenicity Group 4 Causing Blackleg on Winter Canola in Oklahoma." Plant Disease 95, no. 5 (2011): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-10-0789.

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Winter canola (Brassica napus L.) is a relatively new crop to Oklahoma and other southern U.S. states where it is considered a desirable rotation crop with wheat. In 2009, approximately 15,000 ha of winter canola were harvested in Oklahoma (3); that area is expected to almost double in 2010. Blackleg, a potentially devastating canola disease, was detected in Oklahoma in 2009. Blackleg is caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & de Not (anamorph = Phoma lingam (Tode:Fr.) Desmaz.). In early 2010, leaf samples showing typical symptoms of blackleg were collected from four canola field

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Arseniuk, E., T. Góral, and A. L. Scharen. "Seasonal Patterns of Spore Dispersal of Phaeosphaeria spp. and Stagonospora spp." Plant Disease 82, no. 2 (1998): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.2.187.

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The spatial and temporal patterns of discharge and dissemination of airborne spores of Phaeosphaeria spp. and Stagonospora spp. were studied. Both ascospores and pycnidiospores of the pathogens were deposited at various densities on microscope slides used as spore samplers. The maximum deposition of the spores was observed during the period of August to October. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine which weather factors significantly explained the variation measured in the numbers of ascospores that settled on microscope slides. Rainfall, air temperature, and relative air humid

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Brennan, R. M., B. D. L. Fitt, G. S. Taylor, and J. Colhoun. "Dispersal of Septoria nodorum Pycnidiospores by Simulated Raindrops in Still Air." Journal of Phytopathology 112, no. 4 (1985): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1985.tb00805.x.

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Bannon, F. J., and B. M. Cooke. "Studies on dispersal of Septoria tritici pycnidiospores in wheat?clover intercrops." Plant Pathology 47, no. 1 (1998): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00200.x.

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Aderiye, B. I., S. A. Laleye, and B. Ojo. "Toxicity of citric and succinic acids for the pycnidiospores ofBotryodiplodia theobromae." Folia Microbiologica 43, no. 2 (1998): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02816500.

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Zivkovic, Svetlana, Sasa Stojanovic, Jelica Balaz, and Veljko Gavrilovic. "Characteristics of Phomopsis sp. isolates of plum trees origin." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 113 (2007): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0713083z.

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Twelve isolates of Phomopsis sp. were obtained from the branches and the trunk of plums (Prunus domestica L) with decay symptoms in Valjevo, Ljig Koceljeva and Ub vicinity during 2004-2006. Morphological, pathogenic and growing characteristics were studied. Pathogen caused tissue necrosis of branches around the inoculate seats, and wrinkling and watering of plum fruits. All media were suitable for pathogen development, except prune agar. The best growth of isolates was at medium pH 5,5. The optimal temperature for growth and germination of pycnidiospores was 25?C.

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Kuo, KerChung, and H. C. Hoch. "Visualization of the extracellular matrix surrounding pycnidiospores, germlings, and appressoria ofPhyllosticta ampelicida." Mycologia 87, no. 6 (1995): 759–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1995.12026597.

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Kuo, KerChung, and H. C. Hoch. "Visualization of the Extracellular Matrix Surrounding Pycnidiospores, Germlings, and Appressoria of Phyllosticta ampelicida." Mycologia 87, no. 6 (1995): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760852.

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Travadon, R., L. Bousset, S. Saint-Jean, H. Brun, and I. Sache. "Splash dispersal of Leptosphaeria maculans pycnidiospores and the spread of blackleg on oilseed rape." Plant Pathology 56, no. 4 (2007): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01572.x.

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Kempenaar, C., P. J. F. M. Horsten, and P. C. Scheepens. "Spore germination and disease development after application of pycnidiospores ofAscochyta caulina toChenopodium album plants." European Journal of Plant Pathology 102, no. 2 (1996): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01877101.

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Hong, Sung-Jun, and Sung-Chul Yun. "Effects of Dryness, Moisture Interruption, and Temperature on Germination of Diaporthe citri Pycnidiospores on Yuzu." Research in Plant Disease 24, no. 2 (2018): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2018.24.2.132.

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Vanniasingham, Vasanthi M., and C. A. Gilligan. "Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on germination of pycnidiospores of Leptosphaeria maculans in vitro." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 90, no. 3 (1988): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(88)80150-5.

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Sosnowski, M. R., E. S. Scott, and M. D. Ramsey. "Temperature, wetness period and inoculum concentration influence infection of canola (Brassica napus) by pycnidiospores ofLeptosphaeria maculans." Australasian Plant Pathology 34, no. 3 (2005): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap05036.

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LI, HUA, NICOLE TAPPER, NEREE DEAN, MARTIN BARBETTI, and KRISHNAPILLAI SIVASITHAMPARAM. "Enhanced Pathogenicity of Leptosphaeria maculans Pycnidiospores from Paired Co-inoculation of Brassica napus Cotyledons with Ascospores." Annals of Botany 97, no. 6 (2006): 1151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcl062.

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Ojiambo, P. S., and H. Scherm. "Temporal Progress of Septoria Leaf Spot on Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei)." Plant Disease 89, no. 10 (2005): 1090–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1090.

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Septoria leaf spot, caused by Septoria albopunctata, is an important disease on blueberry in the southeastern United States, yet its epidemiology is largely unknown. Disease severity and dissemination of pycnidiospores were monitored from 2002 to 2004 in a planting of susceptible Premier rabbiteye blueberry to characterize the temporal progress of the disease and determine the effect of inoculum dynamics and selected leaf attributes on disease development. Disease onset was observed between late April and mid-June, followed by a rapid increase in disease severity until mid- to late September;

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Wang, L., and P. Vincelli. "Coniothyrium minitans on Apothecia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum." Plant Disease 81, no. 6 (1997): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.695d.

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During a study of apothecial dynamics of Sclerotinia trifoliorum at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Farm at Lexington, an apothecium with small black patches on the surface of the hymenium was found. The affected apothecium was incubated in a moist chamber at room temperature. After 3 days, white, cottony mycelium was observed on the surface of the hymenium; pycnidia formed in the mycelium and around the stipe of the apothecium several days later. The apothecium eventually decayed and shrunk. Pycnidia measured 168 to 520 μm (mean 311 μm). Pycnidiospores were dark brown en masse; they wer

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Hur, Kil-Hyun, and Seur-Kee Park. "Sporulation and Dissemination of Pycnidiospores of Diaporthe citri in Yuzu Tree (Citrus junos Sieb) in Jeonnam Area." Research in Plant Disease 11, no. 1 (2005): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2005.11.1.016.

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GOTT, KATHLEEN A., R. B. MAUDE, and T. H. THOMAS. "Fungitoxicity of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and PGR/fungicide mixtures in soak treatments to Septoria apiicola pycnidiospores." Plant Pathology 38, no. 1 (1989): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1989.tb01423.x.

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Mims, C. W., and R. L. Doudrick. "Ultrastructure of spermatia and spermatium ontogeny in the rust fungus Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 7 (1996): 1050–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-129.

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Spermogonia of Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme developed just beneath the bark on galled regions of infected pine seedlings. Spermogonia consist of flattened, spreading, island-like masses of fungal tissue covered with a thin layer of liquid containing large numbers of spermatia. Spermatia arose in an annellophoric fashion from the tips of long, slender sporogenous cells produced in a distinct layer. Each sporogenous cell contained a large prominent nucleus that underwent mitosis as each spermatium initial developed. One of the resulting nuclei moved into the initial while the other remain

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