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1
Lawrence, Dustin, i Vicente L. Lopes. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAINWATER HARVESTING". Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, nr 1 (23.08.2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n1.124-134.
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The purpose of this study was to inform decision makers at state and local levels, as well as property owners about the amount of water that can be supplied by rainwater harvesting systems in Texas so that it may be included in any future planning. Reliability of a rainwater tank is important because people want to know that a source of water can be depended on. Performance analyses were conducted on rainwater harvesting tanks for three Texas cities under different rainfall conditions and multiple scenarios to demonstrate the importance of optimizing rainwater tank design. Reliability curves were produced and reflect the percentage of days in a year that water can be supplied by a tank. Operational thresholds were reached in all scenarios and mark the point at which reliability increases by only 2% or less with an increase in tank size. A payback period analysis was conducted on tank sizes to estimate the amount of time it would take to recoup the cost of installing a rainwater harvesting system.
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Lawrence, Dustin, i Vicente L. Lopes. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAINWATER HARVESTING". Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering 10, nr 1 (23.08.2016): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2016.v10n1.124134.
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The purpose of this study was to inform decision makers at state and local levels, as well as property owners about the amount of water that can be supplied by rainwater harvesting systems in Texas so that it may be included in any future planning. Reliability of a rainwater tank is important because people want to know that a source of water can be depended on. Performance analyses were conducted on rainwater harvesting tanks for three Texas cities under different rainfall conditions and multiple scenarios to demonstrate the importance of optimizing rainwater tank design. Reliability curves were produced and reflect the percentage of days in a year that water can be supplied by a tank. Operational thresholds were reached in all scenarios and mark the point at which reliability increases by only 2% or less with an increase in tank size. A payback period analysis was conducted on tank sizes to estimate the amount of time it would take to recoup the cost of installing a rainwater harvesting system.
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Ward, S., F. A. Memon i D. Butler. "Rainwater harvesting: model-based design evaluation". Water Science and Technology 61, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.783.
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The rate of uptake of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the UK has been slow to date, but is expected to gain momentum in the near future. The designs of two different new-build rainwater harvesting systems, based on simple methods, are evaluated using three different design methods, including a continuous simulation modelling approach. The RWH systems are shown to fulfill 36% and 46% of WC demand. Financial analyses reveal that RWH systems within large commercial buildings maybe more financially viable than smaller domestic systems. It is identified that design methods based on simple approaches generate tank sizes substantially larger than the continuous simulation. Comparison of the actual tank sizes and those calculated using continuous simulation established that the tanks installed are oversized for their associated demand level and catchment size. Oversizing tanks can lead to excessive system capital costs, which currently hinders the uptake of systems. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the catchment area size is often overlooked when designing UK-based RWH systems. With respect to these findings, a recommendation for a transition from the use of simple tools to continuous simulation models is made.
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Khastagir, A., i L. N. N. Jayasuriya. "Impacts of using rainwater tanks on stormwater harvesting and runoff quality". Water Science and Technology 62, nr 2 (1.07.2010): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.283.
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The popularity of rainwater use in Australia depends completely on the individual householder's preference. The quality of reticulated water supplies in major cities of Australia is far superior to water stored in rainwater tanks. However, due to persistent drought and the implementation of stringent water restrictions, cities such as Melbourne have encouraged the use of rainwater harvesting within the property. The benefits of trapping stormwater within a property and using it effectively also reduce polluted runoff excess reaching receiving water. The study reported herein focuses on the effectiveness of rainwater tanks as a potential water sensitive urban design element used to manage stormwater using the MUSIC model. The study shows that the installation of a 3 kL tank reduces hydraulic loading by 75%, Total Suspended Solids by 97%, Total Phosphorous by 90% and Total Nitrogen by 81% if the rainwater stored in the tank is used to meet the indoor demand (toilet flushing and laundry use) as well as the outdoor demand (garden watering).
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Kim, Mikyeong, i Mooyoung Han. "Composition and distribution of bacteria in an operating rainwater harvesting tank". Water Science and Technology 63, nr 7 (1.04.2011): 1524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.410.
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In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic distribution of the bacteria present in an operating rainwater tank by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and compared the bacterial composition in rainwater and biofilm from the inlet and outlet of the tank. Seventeen species were identified, the DGGE profiles of which showed a clear difference between the planktonic bacterial community and the community in the biofilm. Most of the bacteria were closely related to fresh water, soil, and biofilm bacteria found in natural environments. The high proportion of Proteobacteria indicates the generally clean oligotrophic nature of the tank water. Biofilm formation is an advantage for bacteria that exist in oligotrophic environments. The groups identified in the biofilm, such as Sphingomonas, Bacillus, and Sphingophyxis, have been demonstrated to degrade certain contaminants and to act as bio-control agents. Thus, biofilm formation in rainwater tanks not only represents a survival strategy for bacteria, but also serves as a natural filter by removing contaminants and bacteria from rainwater.
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Daud, N. M., N. N. Mahiran, A. K. Ruslan, N. Hamzah, A. A. A. Bakar, S. Badrealam, E. A. Manan i A. F. Hamzah. "Effect of roof size on the rainwater harvesting tank sizes and performances using Tangki NAHRIM 2.0". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 920, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/920/1/012035.
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Abstract Global warming and increasing population have direct impacts on water demand all over the world. Usage of potable water in Malaysia is high if compared with other countries and the source of potable water is mainly surface water. Rainwater harvesting is one of the popular alternatives to water resources around the world. However, even Malaysia is a country with an abundance of rainfall, rainwater harvesting is still unpopular. Different size of houses has different roof sizes which will subsequently require different sizes of rainwater tanks. This study utilized Tangki NAHRIM 2.0 (TN2); a web application to determine the optimal tank size for a rainwater harvesting system for five different roof sizes for non-potable demand. TN2 simulation uses a daily water balance model with rainfall input from a built-in database by adopting the yield-after-spillage (YAS) convention. The optimum rainwater tank sizes for five different roof sizes are found to be between 2.6 m3 and 3.8 m3 with water-saving efficiency values between 59% to 76.2% and 30.9% to 53.9% for storage efficiency. A bigger tank size offers higher watersaving efficiency but with lower storage efficiency. The output will be useful for the application of RWHS to residential houses.
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Baguma, David, Willibald Loiskandl, Ika Darnhofer, Helmut Jung i Michael Hauser. "Knowledge of measures to safeguard harvested rainwater quality in rural domestic households". Journal of Water and Health 8, nr 2 (9.11.2009): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.030.
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Given the possibility of waterborne diseases caused by inappropriate rainwater harvesting systems, a survey was conducted in Uganda to assess existing knowledge of both physical and non-physical measures that safeguard harvested rainwater. Households who had received rainwater tanks were assessed on issues related to harvested rainwater quality. The study shows that 84% of respondents were aware of various sources of rainwater contamination, but only 5% were aware that they needed to adjust use of rainwater, depending on whether they cleaned the tank or not. Most of the respondents were not aware that gutter cleaning was necessary to improve water quality. Indeed, as the water from the collection surface is channelled through gutters, a number of measures need to be taken to control the entry of contaminations and subsequent growth of pathogens in the tank, e.g. first flush diverts, installation of filters, chemical use and mesh cleaning. The majority, however, did not take adequate care of the gutters and this impacts on health and social livelihood. Overall, the findings emphasize the need to provide more information to households when installing water harvesting tanks to ensure that the harvested rainwater is of high quality.
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Coombes, P. J., i M. E. Barry. "The effect of selection of time steps and average assumptions on the continuous simulation of rainwater harvesting strategies". Water Science and Technology 55, nr 4 (1.02.2007): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.102.
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The use of domestic rainwater tanks with back up from mains water supplies in urban areas can produce considerable reductions in mains water demands and stormwater runoff. It is commonplace to analyse the performance of rainwater tanks using continuous simulation with daily time steps and average water use assumptions. This paper compares this simplistic analysis to more detailed analysis that employs 6 minute time steps and climate dependent water demand. The use of daily time steps produced considerable under-estimation of annual rainwater yields that were dependent on tank size, rain depth, seasonal distribution of rainfall, water demand and tank configuration. It is shown that analysis of the performance of rainwater tanks is critically dependent on detailed inputs.
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Khouw, I. Fakhry, Jusmy D. Putuhena i Debby V. Pattimahu. "KAJIAN KEEKONOMIAN HUJAN DALAM MENUNJANG KEBUTUHAN AIR MASYARAKAT DI DESA BATU MERAH KOTA AMBON". MAKILA 17, nr 2 (7.11.2023): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/makila.v17i2.9914.
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The need for rainwater harvesting continues to increase as a complement to household water sources. Rainwater harvesting has received increasing public attention recently as an alternative water-saving strategy. Rainwater harvesting significantly reduces the use of drinking water. Savings at the household level change long-term water demand, provide more affordable household water supplies, and save communities money on sustainable water management. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the Economic Study of Rain in Supporting Community Water Needs in the Wae Batu Merah Watershed area in Sirimau District, Ambon City. The data analysis method calculates the economic value of rainwater to replace clean water purchased from DSA and tank cars. The calculation of the economic value of household water in the study area showed that the average daily water consumption based on the size of the city according to SNI 2002 for the study area was 150 liters/person/day. The economic value of rainwater utilization by households by converting DSA water prices and tanks shows that the economic value of rainwater utilization by households saves DSA water payment costs of Rp.49,641 per day and Rp.8,935,313 per year. Meanwhile, the use of rainwater by households saves the cost of paying for tank water by Rp.459,672 per day and Rp.82,740,994 per year.
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Cauteruccio, Arianna, i Luca G. Lanza. "Rainwater Harvesting for Urban Landscape Irrigation Using a Soil Water Depletion Algorithm Conditional on Daily Precipitation". Water 14, nr 21 (30.10.2022): 3468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213468.
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The supply of various non-potable water usages based on the harvesting and management of rainwater in urban areas allows to save high-quality water resources for strictly potable use and to limit the squandering of precious freshwater resources. A rainwater harvesting system included in a reconversion project of a former military area located in the town of Genova (Italy) is examined. Rainwater is collected and used for the landscape irrigation of public areas. Three rainwater collection scenarios are considered while varying the size of the storage tank, using daily rainfall data from a local long-term record as the reference rainfall climatology. A behavioural model is adopted to simulate the operation of the rainwater harvesting system and improved with a dedicated algorithm to account for the actual soil water availability for the vegetation and its temporal decay, based on the specific soil type and vegetation. For each scenario/tank size combination, reliability indices are calculated and compared, while the detention time and the annual usage volume per unit tank capacity are used as indicators of water quality deterioration in the tank and the economic benefit associated with the exploitation of the resource. The best solution in terms of rainwater collection scenario and tank size is identified.
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Londra, P. A., A. T. Theocharis, E. Baltas i V. A. Tsihrintzis. "Assessment of rainwater harvesting tank size for livestock use". Water Supply 18, nr 2 (5.07.2017): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.136.
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Abstract Rainwater harvesting is an ancient practice aiming to cover water needs for domestic, irrigation and livestock uses. In this study, the rainwater harvesting tank size was investigated to meet five water-need levels of a mixed goat–sheep farm using a daily water balance method. This method was applied using daily rainfall data for a period of 16 years from six meteorological stations in selected regions of Greece, characterized by different rainfall regimes and well-developed livestock activity, taking into account, among other parameters, the water needs of animals, the rainwater collection area and the runoff coefficient. There is a great variation in the rainwater harvesting tank size among the stations studied due to differences in the annual rainfall and the maximum dry period. Results showed that meeting full demands (100% reliability) requires tank sizes ranging from 20 m3 for short dry period stations–low demand scenario (320 L/day) to 115 m3 for long dry period stations–high demand scenario (576 L/day), assuming a maximum collection area of 450 m2. Correspondingly, reliability analysis showed that very high values of reliability (95%) can be obtained with tank sizes ranging from 10 to 85 m3, respectively.
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Nur Badriyyah, Maryam, Novi Adistya, Salsa Dwi Sagita, Utamy Sukmayu Saputri i Nita Kurnita Sari. "Analysis of rainwater harvesting for toilet and landscaping needs of building B, Nusa Putra University". BIO Web of Conferences 148 (2024): 02010. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202414802010.
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The increasing number of students at Nusa Putra University will lead to high water demand. The research objective was to plan the use of rainwater as an alternative source and design a rainwater harvesting tank. A quantitative descriptive method was used for data collection and analysis. With 1671 students 130 daily staff and a garden of 267.82 m2, efficient water management is necessary. Rainfall data from Ciraden Post for the past 10 years was used. The results showed a rainwater tank capacity of 300 m3 with a total rainwater storage of 1144.82 m3. This tank meets 23% of the toilet and garden water needs every month. The tank is designed using red bricks with a size of 15 m long, 5 m wide, and 4 m high. This research highlights the importance of rainwater utilization in addressing water needs in the campus environment.
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Badriyyah, Maryam Nur, Novi Adistya, Salsa Dwi Sagita, Utamy Sukmayu Saputri, Nita Kurnita Sari i Sofa Lailatul Marifah. "Analysis of rainwater harvesting for toilet and landscaping needs of building B, Nusa Putra University". BIO Web of Conferences 148 (2024): 02031. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202414802031.
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The increasing number of students at Nusa Putra University will lead to high water demand. The research objective was to plan the use of rainwater as an alternative source and design a rainwater harvesting tank. A quantitative descriptive method was used for data collection and analysis. With 1671 students 130 daily staff and a garden of 267.82 m2, efficient water management is necessary. Rainfall data from Ciraden Post for the past 10 years was used. The results showed a rainwater tank capacity of 300 m3 with a total rainwater storage of 1144.82 m3. This tank meets 23% of the toilet and garden water needs every month. The tank is designed using red bricks with a size of 15 m long, 5 m wide, and 4 m high. This research highlights the importance of rainwater utilization in addressing water needs in the campus environment.
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Campisano, Alberto, i Carlo Modica. "Appropriate resolution timescale to evaluate water saving and retention potential of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing in single houses". Journal of Hydroinformatics 17, nr 3 (3.01.2015): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.022.
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The main objective of the paper is to identify the appropriate temporal scale for modeling the behavior of rainwater harvesting tanks in relation to the purpose they are built for, i.e., water saving, stormwater retention potential, etc. A tank water balance model coupled with a specific procedure to determine long-term series of rainfall (tank inflow) and toilet flushes (tank outflow) at different daily and sub-daily resolution timescales was developed. The model was applied to a household case study for which detailed water demand data are available from measurements. Simulations show that the daily scale may be reliably chosen to evaluate the tank water saving efficiency. In contrast, sub-daily resolutions (at least the hourly time step) are needed for the evaluation of the tank retention efficiency to limit inaccuracies, especially for small tanks and for high values of the water demand. Moreover, preliminary results at the 5 min time step show that rainwater tanks can help in reducing the rainfall intensity peak, basically depending on the tank storage and on the rainfall event characteristics.
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Lash, Daniel, Sarah Ward, Tristan Kershaw, David Butler i Matthew Eames. "Robust rainwater harvesting: probabilistic tank sizing for climate change adaptation". Journal of Water and Climate Change 5, nr 4 (5.05.2014): 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2014.080.
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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems are increasingly being implemented in buildings. It is common in the UK for simple RWH tank sizing methods to be utilised, and these do not consider future climate change. This paper describes the development of a tool, which integrates elements of basic and detailed sizing approaches from the British Standard for RWH, with the latest probabilistic UK Climate Projections data. The method was initially applied to the design of a university building in Cornwall, UK. The methodology utilises 3,000 equi-probable rainfall patterns for tank sizing for each time period. Results indicate that, to ensure that it is ‘likely’ that the same non-potable demand could be met in 2080 as in the present, a tank 112% larger would be required. This increases to a 225% over-sizing for a ‘very likely’ probability of meeting the same level of non-potable demand. The same RWH system design was then assessed for three further UK locations with different rainfall characteristics. From these assessments, a simplified method was developed to enable practitioners to size RWH system tanks for current and future climates. The method provides a new approach to meet present and future non-potable demands, while preventing excessive over-sizing of tanks.
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Rahmawaty, Annisa’, Aryl Tri P, Ghifari Salman R, Hisyam Azmi S, Ilham Dwi P, Salsabila Putri N i Salsya Aliya F. "Perencanaan Rainwater Harvesting System Dengan Metode Roof Catchment (Studi Kasus: Gedung 8, Institut Teknologi Nasional, Bandung)". Dampak 19, nr 2 (31.07.2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/dampak.19.2.92-97.2022.
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The Rainwater Harvesting System Development Planning which will be built using the Roof Catchment method in Building 8 Campus of the National Institute of Technology is an effort to implement policies for soil conservation, collecting rainwater so that it can be reused and participating in environmental protection and planning. The data needed in planning the Rainwater Harvesting System is data on water needs, rainfall, active student data and the existing condition of the building which will later be planned for the Rainwater Harvesting System. After doing the calculations, it was found that the water needs of students in building 8 is 1,168.8 m3/month, the tank volume is 11,159.39 m3 with a depth of 2 m and a tank width of 2.4 m, rainwater discharge is 134,564 m3/s, and dimensions gutter signs of 9 m with a length of 22 m as many as 4 (four) gutters. The construction of the Rainwater Harvesting System is expected to be an alternative in minimizing the use of uncontrolled groundwater and utilizing rainwater as a substitute when the dry season comes. Planning for the Rainwater Harvesting System in Building 8 of the National Institute of Technology requires a cost of Rp. 63,522,000.00 Keywords: Rainwater Harvesting System, Roof Catchment, GutterA B S T R A K Perencanaan Pembangunan Rainwater Harvesting System yang akan dibangun dengan metode Roof Catchment di Gedung 8 Kampus Institut Teknologi Nasional merupakan upaya dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan untuk konservasi tanah, menampung air hujan agar dapat digunakan kembali serta peran serta dalam perlindungan dan perencanaan lingkungan hidup. Data yang dibutuhkan dalam perencanaan Rainwater Harvesting System adalah data kebutuhan air, curah hujan, data mahasiswa aktif serta kondisi eksisting bangunan yang nantinya akan direncanakan Rainwater Harvesting System-nya. Setelah dilakukan perhitungan maka didapatkan bahwa kebutuhan air mahasiswa di gedung 8 sebesar 1.168,8 m3/bulan, volume tangki sebesar 11.159,39 m3 dengan kedalam 2 m dan lebar tangki 2,4 m, debit air hujan sebesar 134,564 m3/det, dan dimensi talang rambu sebesar 9 m dengan panjang 22 m sebanyak 4 (empat) talang. Pembangunan Rainwater Harvesting System diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif dalam meminimalisir penggunaan air tanah yang tidak terkontrol dan memanfaatkan air hujan sebagai pengganti disaat musim kemarau datang. Perencanaan Rainwater Harvesting System di Gedung 8 Institut Teknologi Nasional memerlukan biaya sebesar Rp. 63.522.000,00 Kata Kunci: Rainwater Harvesting System, Roof Catchment, Talang
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Londra, Paraskevi A., Panagiota Gkolfinopoulou, Anastasia Mponou i Achilleas T. Theocharis. "Effect of Rainfall Regime on Rainwater Harvesting Tank Sizing for Greenhouse Irrigation Use". Hydrology 9, nr 7 (7.07.2022): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9070122.
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The use of rainwater harvesting tanks to supply human water needs is an old and sustainable practice. In the case of covering irrigation demand in greenhouse agriculture, the potential is huge. Still, the relative research worldwide is low, while it is nearly absent in Greece. In this study, the rainwater harvesting tank size for irrigation use of greenhouse tomato cultivation was investigated by applying a daily water balance model in three regions of Crete Island (Greece) with significant greenhouse areas. Daily rainfall data from three representative rainfall stations of the study areas characterized by different rainfall regime for a 12-year time series were used. Additionally, the daily irrigation water needs for a tomato crop during an 8-month cultivation period were used. The greenhouse roof was defined as catchment area of the rainwater harvesting system and greenhouse areas of 1000, 5000 and 10,000 m2 were studied. In all areas examined, a tank of 30–100 m3 per 1000 m2 of greenhouse area could reach approximately 80–90% reliability. Higher values of reliability (reaching 100%) could be achieved mainly with covered tanks. Tank size for 100% reliability in covered tanks, ranged from 200 m3 (per 1000 m2 of greenhouse area) in the study area with high mean annual rainfall depth (974.24 mm) and moderate mean longest dry period (87.67 days), to 276 m3 (per 1000 m2 of greenhouse area) in the study area with relatively low mean annual rainfall depth (524.12 mm) and high mean longest dry period (117.42 days). For uncovered tanks, a 100% reliability value could be reached only with a tank size of 520 m3 (per 1000 m2 of greenhouse area) in the study area with high mean annual rainfall depth and moderate mean longest dry period.
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Khan, Amjad, Yoonkyung Park, Jongpyo Park i Reeho Kim. "Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting Facilities Tank Size Based on a Daily Water Balance Model: The Case of Korea". Sustainability 14, nr 23 (23.11.2022): 15556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315556.
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Factors affecting rainwater resource management for the present and future include population growth, urbanization, and climate change. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) allows multiple urban water-related issues to be mitigated. In this study, a spreadsheet-based daily water balance model was developed to analyze the existing laws and regulations regarding the storage tank size of RWH facilities. Six buildings at different locations were selected for this study. Two are office buildings, two are school buildings, and two are sports buildings. The term “RWH facility evaluation criteria” is collectively used for rainwater supply satisfaction rate, rainwater guarantee rate, and rainwater utilization rate. A green roof can hold the rainwater for some time, reducing the peak flow and runoff volume. The results provide evidence that, among the selected studied buildings, buildings having a combination of a green roof and RWH facility score the highest in terms of RWH facility evaluation criteria, even though the actual tank size is much smaller than the standard tank size. This is the case with the Yesan County Office, in which a green roof connected to a small (66 m3) rainwater storage tank is installed. As a green roof can decrease the runoff volume, the rainwater can be managed efficiently with less pumping energy and only a small storage tank.
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Chaimoon, Nida. "The Observation of Rainwater Harvesting Potential in Mahasarakham University (Khamriang Campus)". Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (wrzesień 2013): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1087.
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Rainwater harvesting from roof is considered as valuable water resources. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) of water in Mahasarakham University (Khamriang Campus) shows that rainwater harvesting from roof can reduce water supply production by 7% and save more than 200,000 Bt/year for water treatment cost. The sensitivity analysis suggests that by 5% water supply conservation and 20% additional rainwater harvesting, MSU could have enough water resources. The rainwater is suitable to be substituted water for gardening due to the convenience to assemble an above ground storage tank or a pond to store harvested rainwater from roof. The current practice of rainwater is collected and discharged into drainage system and treated in wastewater treatment plant. Utilisation of rainwater harvested could reduce wastewater amount that must be treated by 9%. Rainwater harvesting and reuse should be promoted in campus in order to encourage sustainable living and water conservation policy.
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Vinh, Dang Hoa, Dung Duc Tran, Dao Dinh Cham, Phan Thi Thanh Hang, Duong Ba Man, Danh Mon, Luu Hai Tung, Le Van Kiem, Thien Duc Nguyen i Duong Thi Ngoc Tuyen. "Integrated Exploitation of Rainwater and Groundwater: A Strategy for Water Self-Sufficiency in Ca Mau Province of the Mekong Delta". Hydrology 11, nr 4 (12.04.2024): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology11040055.
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Groundwater sources have been exploited excessively for numerous purposes worldwide, leading to increasingly severe depletion. However, the replenishment of groundwater sources has not usually been a focus in economically and socially underdeveloped countries and regions. In coastal provinces of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), rural areas are facing difficulties in accessing fresh water due to shortages from the water supply plant and excessive use of groundwater, highlighting an urgent need for sustainable development solutions. Our study first conducted interviews with 200 households in Ca Mau Province of the VMD to identify the current situation and the challenges and obstacles of rainwater harvesting and to find sustainable and proactive solutions. We then analyzed daily rainfall data from 10 meteorological stations to construct four scenarios of the water balance method: (i) potential rainwater harvesting based on existing roof area; (ii) optimal scale of storage tank and catchments for different levels of water usage; (iii) tank scale utilizing rainwater entirely during the rainy season and basic needs during the dry season; and (iv) integrated water supply between rain and groundwater. The results showed that using rainwater entirely for domestic water supply requires large storage tank capacities, making these scenarios difficult to achieve in the near future. Our research introduces a novel integrated water supply approach to storing rain and groundwater that has demonstrated high effectiveness and sustainability. With existing tank capacities (0.8 m3 per person), rainwater could only meet over 48% (14 m3 per year) of the water demand while requiring 14.8 m3 of additional groundwater extraction. With a tank capacity of 2.4 m3 per person, ensuring rainwater harvesting meets basic demand, harvested rainwater could satisfy 64% of the demand, with artificial groundwater supplementation exceeding 1.79 times the required extraction, while excess rainwater discharge into the environment would be minimal. Our research results not only provide potential solutions for rainwater and groundwater collection to supplement sustainable domestic water sources for Ca Mau but also serve as an example for similar regions globally.
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Snir, Ofer, i Eran Friedler. "Dual Benefit of Rainwater Harvesting—High Temporal-Resolution Stochastic Modelling". Water 13, nr 17 (2.09.2021): 2415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172415.
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The objective of the presented study was to develop a high-temporal-resolution stochastic rainwater harvesting (RWH) model for assessing the dual benefits of RWH: potable water savings and runoff reduction. Model inputs of rainfall and water demand are used in a stochastic manner, maintaining their natural pattern, while generating realistic noise and temporal variability. The dynamic model solves a mass-balance equation for the rainwater tank, while logging all inflows and outflows from it for post-simulation analysis. The developed model can simulate various building sizes, roof areas, rainwater tank volumes, controlled release policies, and time periods, providing a platform for assessing short- and long-term benefits. Standard passive rainwater harvesting operation and real-time control policies (controlled release) are demonstrated for a 40-apartment building with rainfall data typical for a Mediterranean climate, showing the system’s ability to supply water for non-potable uses, while reducing runoff volumes and flows, with the latter significantly improved when water is intentionally released from the tank prior to an expected overflow. The model could be used to further investigate the effects of rainwater harvesting on the urban water cycle, by coupling it with an urban drainage model and simulating the operation of a distributed network of micro-reservoirs that supply water and mitigate floods.
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Woltersdorf, L., A. Jokisch i T. Kluge. "Benefits of rainwater harvesting for gardening and implications for future policy in Namibia". Water Policy 16, nr 1 (14.10.2013): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.061.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Rainwater harvesting to irrigate small-scale gardens enhances food self-sufficiency to overcome rural poverty. So far rainwater harvesting is not encouraged by the Namibian National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy nor supported financially by the Namibian government. This study proposes two rainwater harvesting facilities to irrigate gardens; one collects rain from household roofs with tank storage, the second collects rain on a pond roof with pond storage. The aim of this paper is to assess the benefits of rainwater harvesting-based gardening and to propose policy and financing implications for the Namibian government. We investigate the benefits of rainwater harvesting through a literature review, a cost–benefit analysis, monitoring of project pilot plants and a comparison with the existing irrigation and drinking water infrastructure. The results indicate that rainwater harvesting offers numerous benefits in technological, economic, environmental and social terms. The facilities have a positive net present value under favourable circumstances. However, material investment costs pose a financing problem. We recommend that government fund the rainwater harvesting infrastructure and finance privately garden and operation and maintenance costs. Integrating these aspects into a national rainwater harvesting policy would create the conditions to achieve the benefits of an up-scale of rainwater harvesting based gardening in Namibia.
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Maryono, Agus, Pratama Tirza Surya Sembada, Ilmiawan Satria Bayu Aji, Estu Wijayanti, Johan Setiadi, Seno Adi Kuncoro, Hanif Abdul Rohim i Alfian Isya Mahendra. "Study of Individual and Communal Type Rainwater Harvesting Designs, (Case Study: Sawojajar Village, Wanasari District, Brebes Regency, Central Java)". MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 29, nr 2 (16.02.2024): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v29i2.58284.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Climate change and geographic location affect water availability. Coastal areas in Indonesia generally have drinking water problems because the well water is dry due to the dry season and the water is brackish, as is the case in Sawojajar Village in Brebes Regency, Central Java. On the other hand, the potential for rainwater in Sawojajar Village is quite good. The Brebes Regency Government is planning and implementing a rain harvesting (Gama Rain Filter) with an individual type for people who want to install rainwater harvestings in their homes, and a communal type for people who still want communal rainwater harvestings. This applied research aims to compare the two types. The individual type planning method for harvesting rain is carried out in each house and the communal type planning method is carried out in groups of houses. The planning carried out includes checking the quality and quantity of rainwater, calculating the dimensions of the storage tank, design drawings, and planning and implementation budget plans. The results of this applied research are the quality and quantity of rainwater, the design of individual and communal type rainwater harvestings, and the planning costs and implementation costs required. This research resulted in the conclusion that the individual type rain harvesting is more recommended than the communal type because the individual type costs less to plan and construct, is more flexible in placement, easier to manufacture, and maintains operations more securely.
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Kakoulas, Dimitrios A., Spyridon K. Golfinopoulos, Dimitra Koumparou i Dimitrios E. Alexakis. "The Effectiveness of Rainwater Harvesting Infrastructure in a Mediterranean Island". Water 14, nr 5 (24.02.2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050716.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Rainwater Harvesting system (RWHs) can be considered as an alternative water resource in the era of the climate crisis. This research aims to study the effectiveness of a RWHs for domestic non-potable use and the water demand of the community in a Mediterranean site (Chios island, Greece). A water balance model is applied to simulate the behavior of a rainwater tank and calculate the daily water savings. The analysis correlates rainwater tank capacity, catchment area and population. The operation of the rainwater collection system has been calculated for seven years. In order to assess the investment risk regarding the application of the RWHs, the financial ratio of PayBack (PB) period was determined. The multifaceted character of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) practice in the three-dimensional concept of sustainability is discussed. This study concludes that RWH contributes to the greening of society, dealing with water scarcity in urban areas.
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Tarranum, Rubeena, Maheshwara Babu, Prasad S. Kulkarni, G. V. Srinivasa Reddy, Vijaykumar Palled i Ramesh G. "Performance Evaluation of Inverted Umbrella Type Rainwater Harvesting System at Raichur Campus". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, nr 11 (21.11.2023): 3436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113518.
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The Inverted Umbrella-Type Rainwater Harvesting System is an innovative approach to collecting and storing rainwater efficiently. It is designed in the shape of an inverted umbrella, with a lightweight and durable frame that can be installed on rooftops, open fields, and urban landscapes. This unique design was used with a aim to maximizes rainwater collection efficiency, even during light showers, while occupying minimal space. The system's adaptability to various geographic and climatic conditions makes it a versatile solution for addressing water scarcity. It has potential applications in residential, commercial, and industrial settings, contributing to more responsible water resource management. Rainfall data was collected from meteorological station at Raichur and potential for rainwater harvesting was calculated. Developed rainwater harvesting system was made out of Mild Steel material and transparent white polyethylene sheet was used as cladding material.. The Inverted Umbrella-Type Rainwater Harvesting System represents a promising step toward more responsible water resource management. The Inverted Umbrella-Type Rainwater Harvesting System of size 3m*3m was selected in the study to analyze rain water harvesting efficiency with components like canopy, central conveying pipe, storage tank, filteration mechanism etc. Once the rain falls over the canopy it was diverted to a central connecting pipe and then stored in a storage tank. A co-efficient of performance for kharif season during the year 2022 was developed to estimate the efficiency of the system. Annually 5700 litres of water can be harvested from a single unit of inverted umbrella type rainwater harvesting system. Anticipated and actual water yield during kharif season was found as 4627.56 and 4480.5 L respectively with overall efficiency as 97%. Key features of this system include high collection efficiency, a small footprint, environmental sustainability, ease of maintenance, and water quality assurance. It reduces reliance on traditional water sources, helping conserve water and mitigate environmental impacts
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Teston, Andréa, Celimar Teixeira, Enedir Ghisi i Ernani Cardoso. "Impact of Rainwater Harvesting on the Drainage System: Case Study of a Condominium of Houses in Curitiba, Southern Brazil". Water 10, nr 8 (18.08.2018): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081100.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The objective of this work is to assess the impact of rainwater use in single-family houses on drinking water consumption and on the urban drainage system by means of a case study of a condominium of houses in the city of Curitiba, southern Brazil. A quantitative evaluation of the rainwater volume used and spilled in the recovery system was carried out using two methods for sizing the rainwater tank capacity. Using daily rainfall data and three demand scenarios of water consumption, it was possible to verify the efficiency and reliability of the adopted systems. Furthermore, in order to verify the impact on drainage, the greatest rainfall in the series was assessed and then it was possible to measure it by comparing the hydrograph peak flows with and without the rainwater harvesting systems in the watershed outfall, corresponding to the storage tanks (concrete boxes) in the condominium. It was concluded that there was a decrease in the peak flow of 4.9% and 4.4%, respectively, in the two storage tanks evaluated when the rainwater tank capacities were estimated using the method based on the German Practical Method.
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Custódio i Ghisi. "Assessing the Potential for Potable Water Savings in the Residential Sector of a City: A Case Study of Joinville City". Water 11, nr 10 (4.10.2019): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102074.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater in the residential sector of Joinville, a city located in southern Brazil. Data on roof areas of residential buildings were obtained from the Joinville city council. By considering the roof areas and typologies of residential buildings, representative models were created. The following parameters were used to determine the rainwater tank capacity: the number of dwellers; the total daily water demand per capita; and the rainwater demand. To carry out the simulations for determining the optimal rainwater tank sizes and potential for potable water savings, the computer program Netuno was used to run 33,720 different scenarios. By considering the occurrence percentage for each representative building model (weighted average), the average potential for potable water savings by using rainwater was calculated. The average potential in the central region of Joinville was 18.5% when there is rainwater use only in toilets, and 40.8% when there is rainwater use in toilets and washing machines. The rainwater harvesting system showed a better performance for a rainwater demand equal to 20% of the total daily water demand. The results indicate the necessity to properly size rainwater tank capacities to meet water demands, thereby encouraging more people to adopt rainwater harvesting as an alternative source for non-potable water in buildings. The demand for rainwater should be carefully evaluated, especially in multi-story residential buildings, due to the low availability of roof areas.
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Patel, Mahesh, Vartika Pant, Hesha Sikligar, Sanila Quadri, Nabajit Bachar i Nitin Maurya. "Harnessing conventional wisdom for rain water harvesting to mitigate the risks of climate change". Environment Conservation Journal 24, nr 1 (8.01.2023): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.11412295.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Rain water harvesting is the process of collection and storage of rain for various purposes. Rainwater harvesting continues to be the main source of water supply for potable and non-potable uses. Located in a hot and semi-arid region with water scarcity, the National Innovation Foundation - India (NIF) identified a need to conserve water for office use. Building upon the expertise and experience of Lok Mitra Trust in this field, NIF got built traditional, but unique type of rain water harvesting tanks also known as “Matka tank” at its headquarters in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The unique features of the tank are its hemispherical shaped upper dome and saucer shaped bottom surface, which is being reported for the first time.The Matka tank for rain water harvesting may be considered as a sustainable technique to mitigate the water scarcity in the context of climate change.
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Londra, Paraskevi A., Ioannis-Eleftherios Kotsatos, Nikolaos Theotokatos, Achilleas T. Theocharis i Nicholas Dercas. "Reliability Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Irrigation Use in Greenhouse Agriculture". Hydrology 8, nr 3 (2.09.2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8030132.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Rainwater harvesting is an ancient water management practice that has been used to cover potable and non-potable water needs. In recent years, this practice is adopted as a promising alternative and sustainable source of water to meet irrigation needs in agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. In the present study, a daily water balance model was applied to investigate the size of rainwater tanks for irrigation use in greenhouse begonia and tomato cultivation in two regions of Greece with significant greenhouse areas. For the application of the water balance model, daily rainfall depth values of a 12-year time series (2008–2020) from representative rainfall stations of the study areas were used, as well as the daily water needs of the crops. The greenhouse roof was assumed to be the water collection area of the rainwater harvesting system with values ranging from 1000 to 10,000 m2. The analysis of the results showed that in the case of the begonia crop, the covered tanks ranged from 100 to 200 m3 per 1000 m2 greenhouse area with a reliability coefficient that ranged from 65 to 72%, respectively, to meet the water needs of plants. Further increase of the reliability coefficient was carried out with disproportionately large volumes of tanks. In the case of the tomato crop, covered tank volumes ranged from 100 to 290 m3 per 1000 m2 of greenhouse area, and had a reliability coefficient of 90% to 100%, respectively, while uncovered tanks had a maximum reliability coefficient of 91% for a critical tank volume of 177 m3 per 1000 m2 of greenhouse area and decreased for any further increase of tank volume.
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Raya, Raghavendra Kumar, i Rajiv Gupta. "Rural community water management through directional tunnelling: visual modelling of rainwater harvesting system". Water Practice and Technology 15, nr 3 (2.07.2020): 734–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.060.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract Rainwater, a prominent source of water, needs to be properly harvested for better utilisation during water unavailable circumstances. Creating rainwater storage structures is an important aspect in the planning of water resources as it serves for future water usage and consumption. Advancements in rainwater storage structures are not happening on a large scale. Most of the structures are limited to individual household rainwater collection. Innovations and advanced technology applications must address rainwater storage functioning for a community. This research work proposes an innovative method called directional tunnelling for the activity of rainwater harvesting and its management for a small community in a rural area. Initially, rainwater is harvested in multiple individual household tanks, and later the excess of water from the corresponding tanks is subsequently collected in a community tank named as directional tunnel. All the details related to rural community water management have been discussed as well as highlighted by visual modelling using Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools. The current research work is intended on the rural aspect; therefore, the directional tunnel's practical execution and results are portrayed in a better manner through a case study at a village in Rajasthan, India.
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Campisano, Alberto, i Carlo Modica. "Rainwater harvesting as source control option to reduce roof runoff peaks to downstream drainage systems". Journal of Hydroinformatics 18, nr 1 (21.01.2015): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.133.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The objective of the paper is to evaluate the potential of tank-based rainwater harvesting systems in free standing houses as the source control method to mitigate peak roof runoff due to rainfall in urban areas. To this aim, the water balance simulation of the rainwater tank was carried out using both high resolution rainfall series and toilet water demand data extracted from the database of results built in a previous field campaign involving six experimental households in southern Italy. Simulations show that significant potential for runoff peak reduction exists, basically depending on the rainwater tank size and on the characteristics of the water demand in the house.
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Gee, Kathy DeBusk, Daniel Schimoler, Bree T. Charron, Mitch D. Woodward i William F. Hunt. "A Comparison of Methods to Address Anaerobic Conditions in Rainwater Harvesting Systems". Water 13, nr 23 (3.12.2021): 3419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233419.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Although historically used in semi-arid and arid regions, rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have increasingly been used in non-arid and humid regions of the world to conserve potable water and mitigate stormwater runoff. Rainfall characteristics and usage patterns of stored rainwater are distinctly different in (semi-)arid and humid regions, thus presenting a unique set of challenges with respect to their utilization. Coupled with infrequent use, the addition of nitrogen and organic matter via pollen during the spring season can lead to anaerobic conditions within storage tanks, which hinders nitrogen removal, gives stored water an offensive odor, and ultimately discourages use of the water. This study evaluated three measures that can be implemented for new and existing RWH systems to prevent the development of anaerobic conditions within storage tanks: first flush diversion, simulated use, and the continuous circulation of stored water. Study findings indicate that preventing anaerobic conditions via simulated use and recirculation (1) does not necessarily remedy the issue of poor aesthetics within rainwater storage tanks, and (2) can decrease the water quality benefits provided by these systems. Rather, preventing the introduction of pollen and particulate matter to the storage tank via a first flush diverter and minimizing disturbance of settled material in the tank appear to be the most effective methods of addressing the poor aesthetics and odor problems associated with anaerobic conditions.
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Shuchi K S. "Identification of groundwater potential zone and Water harvesting Structures using remote sensing and GIS technique in Chilapura Watershed, Davangere district, Karnataka state." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 13, nr 1 (30.09.2024): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.1.1746.
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The current study intends to prepare the surface runoff and ground-water prospects for the Rainwater Harvesting Structure. One of the most important resources in our daily lives, water is running out more quickly in both rural and urban regions due to rising home and agricultural demand. Groundwater is becoming more and more important in water resource planning because there is a shortage of high-quality subsurface water and a growing demand for water for industrial, agricultural, and residential use. The monsoon's persistent failure, rising demand, and overuse cause the groundwater table to fall. To some extent, this issue could be resolved by artificially replenishing the potential aquifers. Consequently, the current study uses an integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS Weighted Overlay to evaluate the Rainwater Harvesting Structure in Chilapura watershed Honnali Taluk, Dhavangere District, based on surface runoff and ground water possibilities. utilizing remote sensing and auxiliary data in a GIS platform, this study was conducted utilizing a variety of thematic maps covering drainage, slope, soil, geomorphology, lithology, land use, and land cover isohyet. According to the outcome, there are enough areas for percolation tanks, storage tanks, dam ponds, and exploration dams. Water in the dry area will be saved since the generated map will assist in choosing the best site for water harvesting facilities.An additional benefit over traditional research is the use of remote sensing and GIS analysis of spatial suitability to detect rainwater harvesting facilities. In the research area, appropriate heights for the test dam constructions and storage/percolation tank stop tank are provided.
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Di Chiano, Maria Gloria, Mariana Marchioni, Anita Raimondi, Umberto Sanfilippo i Gianfranco Becciu. "Probabilistic Approach to Tank Design in Rainwater Harvesting Systems". Hydrology 10, nr 3 (27.02.2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10030059.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Storage tanks from rainwater harvesting systems (RWHs) are designed to provide flow equalization between rainfall and water demand. The minimum storage capacity required to take into account the maximum variations of stored water volumes, i.e., the active storage, depends basically on the magnitude and the variability of rainfall profiles and the size of the demand. Given the random nature of the variables involved in the hydrological process, probability theory is a suitable technique for active storage estimation. This research proposes a probabilistic approach to determine an analytical expression for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the active storage as a function of rainfall moments, water demand and the mean number of consecutive storm events in a deficit sub-period. The equation can be used by developers to decide on the storage capacity required at a desired non-exceedance probability and under a preset water demand. The model is validated through a continuous simulation of the tank behavior using rainfall time series from Milan (Northern Italy).
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Karim, Md Rezaul, B. M. Sadman Sakib, Sk Sadman Sakib i Monzur Alam Imteaz. "Rainwater Harvesting Potentials in Commercial Buildings in Dhaka: Reliability and Economic Analysis". Hydrology 8, nr 1 (12.01.2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8010009.
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Despite numerous studies on residential rainwater tank, studies on commercial rainwater tank are scarce. Corporate authorities pay little heed on this sustainable feature. With the aim of encouraging corporate authorities, this study presents the feasibility and economic benefits of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in commercial buildings in the capital city of Bangladesh, where water authority struggles to maintain town water supply. The analysis was conducted using a daily water balance model under three climate scenarios (wet, dry and normal year) for five commercial buildings having catchment areas varying from 315 to 776 m2 and the storage tank capacity varying from 100 to 600 m3. It was found that for a water demand of 30 L per capita per day (lpcd), about 11% to 19% and 16% to 26.80% of the annual water demand can be supplemented by rainwater harvesting under the normal year and wet year climate conditions, respectively. The payback periods are found to be very short, only 2.25 to 3.75 years and benefit–cost (B/C) ratios are more than 1.0, even for building having the smallest catchment area (i.e., 315 m2) and no significant overflow would occur during monsoon, which leads to both economic and environmental benefits. Though the findings cannot be translated to other cities as those are dependent on factors like water price, interest rate, rainfall amount and pattern, however other cities having significant rainfall amounts should conduct similar studies to expedite implementations of widescale rainwater harvesting.
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Yekti, Mawiti Infantri, Corry Fanny Bethania i I. Putu Gustave Suryantara Pariartha. "Perancangan Rainwater Harvesting dengan Communal Rainwater Tank di Desa Baturinggit Kabupaten Karangasem". Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Lingkungan 6, nr 2 (31.12.2022): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jrsl.v6i2.25181.
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Desa Baturinggit mengalami kekeringan terutama di musim kemarau sehingga mengalami kekurangan air untuk kehidupan sehari-hari. Umumnya masyarakat di Desa Baturinggit dalam memperoleh air, mereka membeli sumber air baku di perkotaan. Selain itu, keterbatasan sumber air baku diakibatkan oleh kurangnya pemasokan air yang diterima warga dari PDAM. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode neraca air dengan simulasi antara kebutuhan air dengan jumlah air hujan pada lokasi. Penentuan curah hujan kawasan rerata menggunakan metode rerata aljabar. Uji konsistensi data yang digunakan yaitu dengan menggunakan metode RAPS. Analisis frekuensi hujan dikerjakan menggunakan metode Log Pearson Type III dengan menentukan besaran hujan jam-jaman pada kala ulang 5 tahun. Perhitungan kebutuhan air menggunakan Standar Nasional Indonesia dengan jumlah penduduk di kawasan tersebut. Kala ulang 5 tahun dengan distribusi hujan jam ke 1, 2, 3, dan 4 mempunyai debit sebesar 0.005 m3/dt, 0.002 m3/dt, 0.002 m3/dt, 0.001 m3/dt. Communal rainwater tank direncanakan dengan dimensi panjang 12 meter, lebar 9 meter, dan kedalaman 1.2 meter. Jenis pipa yang digunakan untuk talang air menggunakan pipa PVC dengan ukuran 3 dim disetiap rumah dengan kecepatan aliran terbesar di pipa sebesar 1.5 m/dt. Waktu maksimal pengisian communal rainwater tank didapat selama sebesar 184 jam.
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Notaro, Vincenza, Lorena Liuzzo i Gabriele Freni. "Evaluation of the optimal size of a rainwater harvesting system in Sicily". Journal of Hydroinformatics 19, nr 6 (11.10.2017): 853–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.150.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract In the Mediterranean area, water scarcity represents a critical issue due to the increasing water demand related to the population growth and the expansion of urban and industrialized areas. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) may be an effective alternative water supply solution to deal with water scarcity in order to reduce non-potable water needs. The reliability of RWH systems is greatly affected by the intensity and the temporal distribution of rainfall events. The purpose of the present study was to identify the optimal tank capacity, in terms of water saving efficiency, of a RWH system installed to supply water for toilet flushing, garden irrigation and both uses with reference to a single-family house in a residential area of Sicily (southern Italy). A water balance simulation of the rainwater storage tank was performed to define the tank release rule. The optimal capacity of the RWH tank was evaluated considering three different catchment surfaces, namely 100, 200 and 300 m2. Results showed that, in some areas of the region, the system could be able to provide significant water savings, even with the installation of collecting tanks of less than 10 m3, thus ensuring important environmental and economic benefits to the householders.
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Sun, Mengmeng, Jizong Zhang, Zhihui Wang, Jingxin Ran, Yunjie Han, Jianheng Zhang, Huibin Li i Lifeng Zhang. "Effect of Water Tank Size and Supply on Greenhouse-Grown Kidney Beans Irrigated by Rainwater in Cold and Arid Regions of North China". Agronomy 14, nr 8 (12.08.2024): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081767.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In response to water scarcity in the Bashang area of northwest Hebei Province, a cold and arid region in north China, and to address the diminishing groundwater levels caused by pumping irrigation, this study investigated the impact of rainwater tank size and water supply on kidney beans production in greenhouses under various precipitation scenarios to determine the production potential and development strategies for regional precipitation resources. Under the background of average annual precipitation, kidney bean yield increased with increasing reservoir volume and shorter irrigation cycles. Under a 4-day irrigation cycle, the water demand satisfaction rate of kidney beans reached 100% water demand when the rainwater tank size was 15.7 m3. Against the wide variation in multi-year regional precipitation from 1992 to 2023, the annual effect of rainwater harvest was simulated using precipitation data collected 20 years with an 80% precipitation guarantee rate. The average minimum yield reduction rate obtained was 9.4%, and the corresponding minimum rainwater tank size was 29.5 m3. By superimposing the rainwater harvested in the shed and nonshed areas, the volume of the reservoir without yield reduction could be reduced to 20.0 m3. The sum of discharged and inventory water was much greater than the water scarcity in each water supply situation. Simulating and analyzing the effect of the relationship between rainwater tank size and water supply on rainwater harvesting in regional farmland by year provides important data affecting the construction of regional rainwater storage facilities and water supply efficiency. To achieve a high, stable yield of kidney beans grown in a greenhouse with shed film and shed area rainwater harvesting in north China, 2.6 m3 supplementary groundwater irrigation is still needed during the annual growing season.
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Joleha, Aras Mulyadi, Wawan i Imam Suprayogi. "Application of Rainwater Harvesting Technology to Supply Sustainable Domestic Water". International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering 2, nr 1 (28.02.2019): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ijeepse.2.1.10-14.
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Rainwater harvesting that is good and right by the needs of household clean water is one of the problems for the people in the islands in Indonesia, especially Merbau Island which is located in the Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province. The only source of clean water that can be enjoyed easily and cheaply is rainwater. Rainfall on Merbau Island ranges between 2.000 – 4.000 mm per year which is classified as moderate. A survey of 100 randomly selected people was conducted, with a questionnaire containing components for rainwater harvesting (RWH) and other core questions. If available rainfall is used optimally, the need for clean water on the island can be met. Calculation of rainwater for cooking, drinking and washing needs is estimated to be around 15 lpcd. The data obtained is rainfall in 2016 with a total rainfall of 1,754 mm, roof storage area of 36 m2, and the type of roof used is zinc. Rain cycle V2 simulation produces a 3 m3 volume rainwater storage tank, with a construction cost of Rp. 10,365,000. This tank can meet the needs of clean water for five family members for a year.
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Vialle, C., C. Sablayrolles, M. Lovera, M. C. Huau i M. Montréjaud-Vignoles. "Modelling of a roof runoff harvesting system: the use of rainwater for toilet flushing". Water Supply 11, nr 2 (1.04.2011): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.031.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The water balance of a four-people family rainwater harvesting system was calculated in a case study. The experimental water saving efficiency (WSE) was calculated as 87%. A simple computer model was implemented to simulate the behaviour of the rainwater harvesting system. In general, the rainwater collector volumes predicted by the daily model had shown a good correlation with the experimental values. The difference between the experimental and the predicted values for the stored volume can be explained by the lack of maintenance of the system that can affect its performance. On the basis of a long-term simulation of 20-year rainfall data, the following parameters were calculated: rainfall, water demand, mains water, rainwater used, over-flow and WSE. The collection of rainwater from roofs, its storage and subsequent use for toilet flushing can save 42 m3 of potable water per year for the studied system. The model was also used to find the optimal size of the tank for the single-family household: a storage capacity of approximately 5 m3 was found to be appropriate. The storage capacity and tank size were distinguished. The importance to take into account the dead volume of the tank for the sizing was indeed highlighted.
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Qin, Yinghong, Zhengce Huang, Zebin Yu, Zhikui Liu i Lei Wang. "A Novel Buffer Tank to Attenuate the Peak Flow of Runoff". Civil Engineering Journal 5, nr 12 (3.12.2019): 2525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091430.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Impermeable pavements and roofs in urban areas convert most rainfall to runoff, which is commonly discharged to local sewers pipes and finally to the nearby streams and rivers. In case of heavy rain, the peak flow of runoff usually exceeds the carrying capacity of the local sewer pipes, leading to urban flooding. Traditional facilities, such as green roofs, permeable pavements, soakaways, rainwater tanks, rain barrels, and others reduce the runoff volume in case of a small rain but fail in case of a heavy rain. Here we propose a novel rainwater buffer tank to detain runoff from the nearby sealed surfaces in case of heavy rain and then to discharge rainwater from an orifice at the tank’s bottom. We found that considering a 100m2 rooftop with 0.80 runoff coefficient and a 10cm rainfall depth for an hour, a cubic tank with internal edge side of a square of 2 m attenuates the peak flow about 45%. To reduce a desirable peak flow, the outlet orifice of the buffer tank must be optimized according to site-specific conditions. The orifice can be set at an elevation from the tank’s bottom to create a dead storage for harvesting rainwater.
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Campisano, A., i C. Modica. "Regional scale analysis for the design of storage tanks for domestic rainwater harvesting systems". Water Science and Technology 66, nr 1 (1.07.2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.171.
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A regional scale analysis for the design of storage tanks for domestic rain water harvesting systems is presented. The analysis is based on the daily water balance simulation of the storage tank by the yield-after-spillage algorithm as tank release rule. Water balances are applied to 17 rainfall gauging stations in Sicily (Italy). Compared with literature existing methods, a novel dimensionless parameter is proposed to better describe the intra-annual character of the rainfall patterns. As a result, easy-to-use regional regressive models to evaluate the water saving performance and the overflow discharges from the tank are provided along with a stepwise procedure for practical application. The regional models demonstrate good fits between model predictions and simulated values of both water savings and overflows from the tank.
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Kurniawan, A., A. Maryono, P. T. S. Sembada, F. N. M. Jayatri, R. T. Onerio i T. Abieza. "Analysis of the Amount of Filling and Emptying Time Communal Rainwater Harvesting Tank (RWH)". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1233, nr 1 (1.08.2023): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1233/1/012054.
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Abstract Utilization of stagnant water storage tanks in Banjararum Village, Kalibawang District, Kulon Progo Regency with a total of 23 units needs to be optimized by using them as communal rainwater harvesting (RWH). The amount of time for filling and emptying the tank is an important aspect to be able to optimize rainwater used for daily needs. The aims of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the use of Communal PAHs applied in the community. This is analyzed through several stages, including determining the planning location unit, analyzing hydrological characteristics and analyzing the flow rate and duration of filling and emptying the tank using the Prandtl-Colebrook formula and the Bernoulli formula. Researchers took samples in Dusun Kisik by optimizing 2 roofs that can distribute rainwater of 27.09 m3/week for roof 1 and 27.19 m3/week for roof 2. Assuming 6 people live around the tank who use water storage every day, then the communal PAH can supply 3,000 liters within 52 minutes while the emptying process for distribution to other media takes 69 minutes. This difference is due to the different dimensions of the inlet pipe and outlet pipe. So that the effectiveness of the use of Communal PAHs applied in the community can be one of the recommendations in the provision of sustainable clean water.
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Van Meter, Kimberly J., Michael Steiff, Daniel L. McLaughlin i Nandita B. Basu. "The socioecohydrology of rainwater harvesting in India: understanding water storage and release dynamics across spatial scales". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, nr 7 (7.07.2016): 2629–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2629-2016.
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Abstract. Rainwater harvesting (RWH), the small-scale collection and storage of runoff for irrigated agriculture, is recognized as a sustainable strategy for ensuring food security, especially in monsoonal landscapes in the developing world. In south India, these strategies have been used for millennia to mitigate problems of water scarcity. However, in the past 100 years many traditional RWH systems have fallen into disrepair due to increasing dependence on groundwater. This dependence has contributed to accelerated decline in groundwater resources, which has in turn led to increased efforts at the state and national levels to revive older RWH systems. Critical to the success of such efforts is an improved understanding of how these ancient systems function in contemporary landscapes with extensive groundwater pumping and shifted climatic regimes. Knowledge is especially lacking regarding the water-exchange dynamics of these RWH tanks at tank and catchment scales, and how these exchanges regulate tank performance and catchment water balances. Here, we use fine-scale, water-level variation to quantify daily fluxes of groundwater, evapotranspiration (ET), and sluice outflows in four tanks over the 2013 northeast monsoon season in a tank cascade that covers a catchment area of 28 km2. At the tank scale, our results indicate that groundwater recharge and irrigation outflows comprise the largest fractions of the tank water budget, with ET accounting for only 13–22 % of the outflows. At the scale of the cascade, we observe a distinct spatial pattern in groundwater-exchange dynamics, with the frequency and magnitude of groundwater inflows increasing down the cascade of tanks. The significant magnitude of return flows along the tank cascade leads to the most downgradient tank in the cascade having an outflow-to-capacity ratio greater than 2. At the catchment scale, the presence of tanks in the landscape dramatically alters the catchment water balance, with runoff decreasing by nearly 75 %, and recharge increasing by more than 40 %. Finally, while water from the tanks directly satisfies ∼ 40 % of the crop water requirement across the northeast monsoon season via surface water irrigation, a large fraction of the tank water is "wasted", and more efficient management of sluice outflows could lead to tanks meeting a higher fraction of crop water requirements.
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Dentry, Dentry, Kiki Prio Utomo i Hendri Sutrisno. "Perencanaan Sistem Penyediaan Air Bersih Di Terminal Antar Lintas Batas Negara (ALBN) Sungai Ambawang, Kabupaten Kubu Raya". Jurnal Rekayasa Hijau 7, nr 1 (26.07.2023): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/jrh.v7i1.20-36.
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ABSTRAKTerminal ALBN Sungai Ambawang merupakan fasilitas umum yang masih belum memiliki sistem penyediaan air bersih yang memadai. Air hujan merupakan sumber air yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam skala komunal. Pemanfaatan air hujan sebagai sumber air bersih dapat dilakukan dengan metode pemanenan air hujan dari atap bangunan. Hasil perencanaan menunjukan pemanfaatan air hujan dapat memenuhi kebutuhan air bersih di terminal ALBN Sungai Ambawang. Total kebutuhan air bersih di terminal ALBN Sungai Ambawang sebesar 2074,383 m3/tahun, Total supply air hujan yang dapat ditangkap oleh atap gedung ruang tunggu dan kantor dengan total luas atap 1062 m2 yaitu sebesar 2774,343 m3/tahun dan supply air hujan yang tersisa sebesar 699,960 m3/tahun. Kapasitas ground water tank di gedung ruang tunggu direncanakan sebesar 158 m3, sedangkan di gedung kantor direncanakan sebesar 60 m3. Karena kapasitas ground water tank eksisting (96,39 m3) jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ground water tank direncanakan (60 m3), sehingga ground water tank eksisting dapat dimanfaatkan. Estimasi biaya pembuatan sistem penyediaan air bersih dari air hujan di terminal ALBN Sungai Ambawang adalah sebesar Rp 614.835.771,72.Kata kunci: Terminal, Air Hujan, Sistem Pemanenan Air HujanABSTRACTThe Sungai Ambawang ALBN terminal is a public facility that still does not have an adequate clean water supply system. Rainwater is a source of water that can be utilized on a communal scale. Utilization of rainwater as a source of clean water can be done by harvesting rainwater from the roof of the building. The results of the planning show that the use of rainwater can meet the needs of clean water at the Sungai Ambawang ALBN terminal. The total demand for clean water at the Sungai Ambawang ALBN terminal is 2074.383 m3/ year, the total supply of rainwater that can be captured by the roof of the waiting room and office building with a total roof area of 1062 m3 is 2774,343 m3/ year and supply the remaining rainwater is 699,960 m3/year. The ground water tank capacity in the waiting room building is planned to be 158 m3, while in the office building it is planned to be 60 m3. Because the capacity of the existing ground water tank (96.39 m3) is much larger than the planned ground water tank (60 m3), the existing ground water tank can be utilized. The estimated cost of making a clean water supply system from rainwater at the Sungai Ambawang ALBN terminal is IDR 614,835,771.72.Keywords: Terminal, Rainwater, Rainwater Harvesting System
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Vargas, D., I. Dominguez, S. Ward i E. R. Oviedo-Ocaña. "Assisting global rainwater harvesting practitioners: a decision support tool for tank sizing method selection under uncertainty". Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 5, nr 3 (2019): 506–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ew00707a.
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Diandra, Khansa Allysha, Sherien Sherlita Widyasari i Shabrina Arthariani Zukrianto. "CRANK: CLIMATE RESILIENCE WATER TANK WITH RAINWATER HARVESTING AND FILTRATION TECHNOLOGY AS HOUSEHOLD WATER SAFE STORAGE TO TACKLE CLIMATE CHANGE". Indonesian Journal of Environmental Sustainability 1, nr 2 (17.01.2024): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ijes.v1i2.3973.
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Indonesia, a country highly susceptible to climate change, faces severe water scarcity due to unpredictable rainfall patterns and intensified extreme weather events. This paper presents an innovative solution, the Climate Resilience Water Tank with Rainwater Harvesting and Filtration Technology (CRANK), to address the deepening water scarcity crisis amplified by climate change. CRANK is a sustainable water storage system that integrates rainwater harvesting technology with infiltration wells. The system collects rainwater from rooftops, filters it, and stores it in a tank. When the tank reaches its maximum capacity, the excess rainwater is channeled into infiltration wells where it is filtered and replenishes the groundwater table. This dynamic strategy ensures the optimization of rainwater resources based on local weather dynamics. CRANK is a dependable, sustainable water source for various purposes, including drinking, cooking, and agriculture, and can alleviate the burden on pre-existing water supplies. It also mitigates urban flooding risks by efficiently managing surface water runoff. The feasibility of CRANK is meticulously assessed, including cost of production, profit margin, and operational expenditures, making it an affordable and lucrative solution. The system's target implementation sites are remote villages grappling with severe water scarcity. CRANK represents a significant step towards climate change adaptation and resilience by providing a sustainable, climate-resilient remedy for the water scarcity problem in Indonesia.
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Parker, Alison, Peter Cruddas, Nick Rowe, Richard Carter i James Webster. "Tank costs for domestic rainwater harvesting in East Africa". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 166, nr 10 (listopad 2013): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.11.00113.
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Sugesti, Erna Sri, Aris Hartaman, Kharisma Bani Adam, Deni Wahyu Dewanata, Noval Ramadhana Latief, Rafi Fadyan Ananda Sularto, Jeremia Jordan Marbun i Taufan Umbara. "Automated Monitoring System for Rainwater Harvesting Tank at Telkom University". Journal of Sustainability Perspectives 4, nr 2 (4.11.2024): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jsp.2024.24800.
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The use of ground tank constructed by Telkom University for Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), is limited to environmental maintenance due to concerns regarding the quality of water in the underground tank. Therefore, this research aims to develop a remote monitoring device that uses Internet of Things (IoT) technology to monitor the pH, water surface, submerged materials, and water clarity levels in ground tank. To achieve the requirements, pH, ultrasonic-based volume, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Turbidity sensors were selected due to the IoT connectivity. The enabling device, namely the ESP 32 microcontroller and Blynk platform were installed on monitoring dashboard on a tablet computer with 4GB of RAM. The result showed that calibration of each sensor had good accuracy, except for the Turbidity sensor due unavailable materials. In conclusion, the RWH monitoring system is suitable for use.
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Juliana, Imroatul Chalimah, Taufik Ari Gunawan, Siti Aisyah Nurjannah i Eric Ho. "Analisis Tarif Air PDAM Untuk Kelayakan Penerapan Sistem Pemanenan Air Hujan pada Skala Rumah Tangga". Cantilever: Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Bidang Teknik Sipil 11, nr 2 (22.08.2023): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35139/cantilever.v11i2.119.
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The limited availability of clean water is a problem that often occurs lately. Water use continues to increase due to population growth and technological developments. The availability of abundant rainwater and the application of a rainwater harvesting system are alternatives for water fulfillment as water supplies are limited. Rainwater harvesting system performance simulation modeling is essential in deciding the suitability of rainwater harvesting systems. In this study, the rainwater harvesting system simulation modeling was carried out using the Yield Before Spillage (YBS) algorithm in 3 cities in Indonesia (Palembang City, Bogor City, and Mataram City). This assessment considers 5 combinations of demand, 5 combinations of catchment area, 5 tank capacities, and 3 applicable water rates, resulting in 1,875 different value configurations. The performance and potential assessment of the rainwater harvesting system are determined by Water Saving Efficiency and Timetric Reliability, while the financial assessment is determined using the payback period and benefit-cost ratio. Benefits are derived from the potential for water savings with a rainwater harvesting system which is converted into financial savings according to the prevailing water rates and costs are determined based on the initial installation costs of the rainwater harvesting system. The results of this study indicate that the city of Bogor with an average rainfall of 3805.95 mm/year has the highest WSE rate of 100% and the fastest payback period is 4 years. Palembang City with an average rainfall of 2551.57 mm has the highest WSE rate of 99,273% and the fastest payback period is 5.42 years. Mataram, with an average rainfall of 1661.79 mm, has the highest WSE rate of 91.752% and the fastest payback period is 8.17 years. Topographical conditions and rainfall greatly affect the performance of the rainwater harvesting system.