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1

Ljungberg, Börje. DNA content in renal cell carcinoma: A clinical study with special reference to tumor heterogeneity and prognosis. [s.n.], 1986.

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2

Cherdanceva, Tat'yana, Vladimir Klimechev, and Igor' Bobrov. Pathological and molecular biological analysis of renal cell carcinoma. Diagnosis and prognosis. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1020785.

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The monograph is devoted to the study of pathomorphological and molecular-biological characteristics of renal cell carcinoma and peritumoral zone depending on the degree of malignancy, and determine prognostic significance of criteria for predicting the postoperative survival of patients.
 Of interest to urologists, oncologists, pathologists, researchers, graduate students, dealing with the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma and subsequent prediction of postoperative survival of patients.
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3

Ferreira, Maria Alice Sperto. Prognostic value of morphometry of chronic damage in renal biopsy specimens. University of Birmingham, 2000.

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4

Schrörs, Michael. Analyse und Prognose von Bodenpreisen mit Zeitreihenmodellen: Dargestellt am Beispiel des Marktes für landwirtschaftliche Grundstücke in Schleswig-Holstein. Vauk, 1990.

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5

Hayat, M. A. Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis: Ovarian Cancer, Renal Cancer, Urogenitary tract Cancer, Urinary Bladder Cancer, Cervical Uterine Cancer, Skin Cancer, Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma and Sarcoma. Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010.

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6

Kennedy, Paul M. Preparing for the twenty-first century. HarperCollins, 1993.

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7

Kennedy, Paul M. al-Iʻdād lil-Qarn al-Wāḥid wa-al-ʻIshrīn. al-Dār al-Jamāhīrīyah, 1998.

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8

Kennedy, Paul M. Preparing for the twenty-first century. Vintage Books, 1994.

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9

Kennedy, Paul. Préparer le XXIe siècle. O. Jacob, 1994.

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10

1945-, Gilbert Richard J., and Jacquemin Alexis, eds. Barriers to entry and strategic competition. Routledge, 2001.

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11

Srisawat, Nattachai, and John A. Kellum. Promoting renal recovery in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0379.

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Better understanding the process of renal recovery following acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the key steps in improving AKI outcome. We are still lacking the standard definition of renal recovery. Recent progress on the pathophysiology of renal injury and recovery is encouraging. Repopulation of surviving renal tubular epithelial cells with the assistance of certain renal epithelial cell and specific growth factors, play a major role in the recovery process. Moreover, accurate prediction would help physicians distinguish patients with poor renal prognosis in whom further therapy is likely
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12

Clayton, Glenna. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Symptoms, Treatment Options and Prognosis. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2014.

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13

Roberts, Ian S. D., Philip Mason, and Agnes B. Fogo. The renal biopsy. Edited by Christopher G. Winearls. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0018.

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This chapter describes the indications for renal biopsy, the procedure, processing of the specimen and the diagnostic method applied by the nephropathologist, and illustrates the spectrum of pathologies seen. The terminology used in renal pathology is explained and illustrated. Diagnostic algorithms are presented. More detailed descriptions of the various pathologies, and in particular the rarer entities, are provided in specific chapters. The focus will be on native renal diseases. The renal biopsy is an invasive procedure associated with a risk of serious complications. The decision to perfo
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14

Vinen, Katie, Fliss E. M. Murtagh, and Irene J. Higginson. Palliative care in end-stage renal disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0146.

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The changing demographics of the end-stage renal failure population have necessitated a different focus of care for older or highly co-morbid patients. End-of-life care for this population is best provided by combined nephrological and palliative care input. Honest prognostic information, excellent communication, and understanding the patient’s own priorities lie at the heart of this type of care. Excellent symptom control, a reduction in treatment burdens, and an effective network of professional support can be offered by clinicians. Ensuring a renal patient is able to die well and providing
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15

McLaughlin, John Ross. Prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosis: the contribution of renal biopsy and variables that change through time. 1989.

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16

London, Gerard M. Cardiovascular complications in end-stage renal disease patients. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0268.

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Cardiovascular complications are the predominant cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The high incidence of cardiovascular complications results from pathology present before ESRD (generalized atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension) and an additive effect of multiple factors including haemodynamic overload and metabolic and endocrine abnormalities more or less specific to uraemia or its treatment modalities. These disorders are usually associated and can exacerbate each other. While ischaemic heart disease is a frequent cause of cardiac death, heart failure and sudd
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17

Eisen, Tim. The patient with renal cell cancer. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0172.

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Renal cancer is the commonest malignancy of the kidney and worldwide, accounts for between 2% and 3% of the total cancer burden. The mainstay of curative treatment remains surgery. There have been significant advances in surgical technique, the most important ones being nephron-sparing surgery and laparoscopic nephrectomy. The medical treatment of advanced renal cell cancer has only improved markedly in the last decade with the development of antiangiogenic tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin, and a diminished role for immunotherapy.Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor
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18

Meyrier, Alain, and Patrick Niaudet. Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0057_update_001.

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Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) causes nephrotic syndrome and by definition is not caused by any of the known causes of podocyte toxicity or focal segmental sclerosis such as viral infections or toxins. A number of genetic causes of FSGS are commonly diagnosed in early childhood. Other causes of segmental scarring need to be distinguished. Genotypes in APOL1 of African origin are associated with higher incidence of FSGS and poorer responses to treatment. Cellular and collapsing FSGS are variants of FSGS in which there is overt acute podocytopathy and they have a relatively po
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19

Hayat, M. A. Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis: Ovarian Cancer, Renal Cancer, Urogenitary tract Cancer, Urinary Bladder Cancer, Cervical Uterine ... Leukemia, Multiple Myeloma and Sarcoma. Springer, 2016.

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20

Canzonieri, Vincenzo, and Massimiliano Berretta. Prognostic and Predictive Response Therapy Factors in Cancer Disease (Colorectal, Breast, Liver, Lung, Gastric, Renal and Prostate Cancers). Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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21

Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. ICU treatment of acute kidney injury. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0151.

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Traditionally, the etiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) is considered in terms of prerenal, renal, and obstructive causes. However, this categorization is less useful in the ICU, where the etiology of AKI is usually multifactorial and often occurs in the context of multi-organ failure. Hypotension, nephrotoxic drugs, and severe sepsis or septic shock are the most important identifiable factors. Less frequently encountered causes include pancreatitis, abdominal compartment syndrome, and rhabdomyolysis. Primary intrinsic renal disease such as glomerulonephritis is extremely uncommon. A previous
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22

Orth, Stephan R. Smoking in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0103.

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Smoking has been acknowledged as the number one preventable cause of death in most countries. The adverse effects of smoking on the kidney are less known. Prospective, population-based, observational studies, and evidence from experimental work indicate that smoking (a) is a relevant risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population and (b) is associated with an increased risk of deterioration in renal function in CKD patients. The latter is especially true for patients with diabetic nephropathy or hypertensive renal damage. The conclusion is that smoking is an important r
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23

O’Brien, Tim, and Amit Patel. Kidney cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0088.

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Despite advances in imaging techniques, many patients with renal cancer still present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Surgical resection remains the main stay of treatment for locally advanced disease, but is technically challenging and survival remains limited. Progression free and overall survival following nephrectomy are dependent on many factors including pathological T-stage, lymph node status, and Fuhrman grade. Patients presenting with metastatic disease still have a poor prognosis and the use of multimodal therapy has yet to deliver dramatic improvements in outcomes, with
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24

Pinkhasov, Arkadiy, Michael J. Germain, and Lewis M. Cohen. Dialysis withdrawal and palliative care. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0261.

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This chapter discusses why dialysis withdrawal is so common in the United States, when dialysis withdrawal and withholding is appropriate, and the role of palliative care in the renal patient. It discusses guidelines that were created to aid in dialysis withdrawal, dialysis initiation, and prognostic calculation. Factors contributing to the phenomenon of dialysis discontinuation include variability in the criteria for initiation of renal replacement therapy, increasing numbers of incident and prevalent geriatric patients, new emphasis on autonomy and quality of life, the development of improve
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25

Izzedine, Hassan, and Victor Gueutin. Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0084.

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Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is the most common aetiology of ATIN and a potentially correctable cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). An interval of 7–10 days typically exists between drug exposure and development of AKI, but this interval can be considerably shorter following re-challenge or markedly longer with certain drugs. It occurs in an idiosyncratic and non-dose-dependent manner. Antibiotics, NSAIDs, and proton pump inhibitors are the most frequently involved agents, but the list of drugs that can induce ATIN is continuously increasing. The mechanism of renal in
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26

Cárdenas, Andrés, and Pere Ginès. The patient with hepatorenal syndrome. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0169_update_001.

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Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a dreaded and common complication of patients with end-stage liver disease. The syndrome is characterized by functional renal failure due to renal vasoconstriction in the absence of underlying kidney pathology. The pathogenesis of HRS is the result of an extreme underfilling of the arterial circulation secondary to an arterial vasodilation located in the splanchnic circulation. This phenomenon triggers a compensatory response with activation of vasoconstrictor systems leading to intense renal vasoconstriction.Besides HRS, there are several other causes of renal fa
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27

O’Brien, Alastair. Management of acute or chronic hepatic failure in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0200.

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Acute on chronic liver failure is characterized by an acute deterioration of liver function in a patient with previously compensated cirrhosis secondary to a precipitating event. It is most commonly associated with a very poor prognosis and early identification of the precipitating cause is essential to successfully attempt to reverse decompensation. The most common precipitant is infection and a high index of suspicion is required. Other management is largely supportive with close attention to renal dysfunction being particularly important. All patients admitted to the intensive care unit wit
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28

Cassidy, Jim, Donald Bissett, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Roy A. J. Spence OBE, Miranda Payne, and Gareth Morris-Stiff. Biomarkers and cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689842.003.0040.

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Biomarkers and cancer defines these markers and outlines their role in diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of response, and response assessment of a variety of cancers. Established biomarkers are reviewed, and the potential for development of new biomarkers offered by the dramatic progress in both the understanding of molecular biology and the development of laboratory techniques is emphasised. The field of signal transduction has already proved fruitful, with identification of markers allowing successful targeted therapy in a range of cancers. Progress is anticipated also in tumour imaging, with
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29

Prowle, John, and Rinaldo Bellomo. Acute kidney injury in severe sepsis. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0244_update_001.

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Septic acute kidney injury (S-AKI) accounts for close to 50% of all cases of AKI in ICU and, in its various forms, affects between 15% and 20% of ICU patients. Patients typically present with clinical evidence of severe sepsis and septic shock, developing oliguria or anuria, and rapidly rising serum creatinine concentration. The pathophysiology of S-AKI is poorly understood. Although haemodynamic factors might play a role in the loss of glomerular filtration rate, this may not be through the induction of renal ischaemia. Inflammation, microvascular shunting, and changes in glomerular arteriola
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30

Avni, Fred E., Marie Cassart, Anne Massez, and Michèle Hall. Ante- and postnatal imaging to diagnose human kidney malformations. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0361.

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Antenatal imaging plays a central role in the detection and management of congenital uropathies. Nowadays, two or three ultrasound examinations are performed in selected countries like Belgium or France while only one mid-trimester examination is performed in others (United Kingdom, Scandinavia). These examinations potentially allow the detection of a wide range of uronephropathies including at one end benign diseases and at the other, life-threatening conditions. Once detected, a full evaluation must be performed in order to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the prognosis. In selected cases,
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31

Lameire, Norbert, Raymond Vanholder, and Wim Van Biesen. Clinical approach to the patient with acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0222_update_001.

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The prognosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) depends on early diagnosis and therapy. A multitude of causes are classified according to their origin as prerenal, intrinsic (intrarenal), and post-renal.Prerenal AKI means a loss of renal function despite intact nephrons, for example, because of volume depletion and/or hypotension.There is a broad spectrum of intrinsic causes of AKI including acute tubular necrosis (ATN), interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis. Evaluation includes careful review of the patient’s history, physical examination, urinalysis, selected urine chemistrie
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Muche, Marion, and Seema Baid-Agrawal. Hepatitis B. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0185_update_001.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been causally linked to a variety of renal diseases, the most common being glomerular diseases and systemic autoimmune disease. Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the commonest HBV-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN), followed by membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, immunoglobulin (Ig)-A nephropathy, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Polyarteritis nodosa is a rare manifestation. The incidence of HBV-associated renal diseases seems to be decreasing with the introduction of vaccination programmes.HBV-
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Connor, Thomas, and Patrick H. Maxwell. Von Hippel–Lindau disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0332.

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Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome caused by germline mutations in the VHL tumour suppressor gene. The most frequent manifestations of VHL disease are retinal and central nervous system haemangioblastomas, clear cell renal cell carcinomas, and phaeochromocytomas. Genetic testing and active screening for clinical manifestations is now started in childhood and has greatly improved the prognosis for patients with VHL disease. The VHL protein plays a critical role in regulating the cellular response to changes in oxygen tension. Loss of VHL function
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Diabetic Nephropathy. Exon Publications, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36255/diabetic-nephropathy.

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Diabetic Nephropathy is a serious complication of diabetes that affects the kidneys and can lead to chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. This article provides information about Diabetic Nephropathy, serving as a resource for patients, their loved ones, and the public. The article is organized into key sections, starting with an introduction to the condition and its risk factors. It discusses the epidemiology, causes, and symptoms of Diabetic Nephropathy, followed by an explanation of the pathophysiology and potential complications. The article covers the methods used for diagnos
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35

Alchi, Bassam, and David Jayne. The patient with antiphospholipid syndrome with or without lupus. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0164.

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Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent arterial or venous thrombosis and/or pregnancy loss, accompanied by laboratory evidence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), namely anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), lupus anticoagulant (LA), and antibodies directed against beta-2 glycoprotein 1 (β‎‎‎2GP1). APS may occur as a ‘primary’ form, ‘antiphospholipid syndrome,’ without any known systemic disease or may occur in the context of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ‘SLE-related APS’. APS may affect any organ system and displays a broad spectrum of thromb
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36

Sutter, Raoul, Trudy Pang, and Peter W. Kaplan. EEG in Metabolic Disorders, Intoxications, and Epileptic Encephalopathies. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0017.

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This chapter provides a systematic overview of the diagnostic and prognostic value of electroencephalography (EEG) in adult patients with different types of encephalopathies in association with metabolic, toxic, and epileptic disorders. Most encephalopathies present with a fluctuating course characterized by typical but not pathognomonic symptoms such as cognitive impairment, altered mental status or confusion, lethargy, decreased or rarely increased motor activity, and disturbed sleep/wake cycles. EEG enables rapid, bedside electrophysiological monitoring, providing dynamic real-time informat
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Lameire, Norbert. The role of novel biomarkers in acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0223_update_001.

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Although there is a growing literature on the performance of various biomarkers in clinical studies, there is limited information on how these biomarkers would be utilized by clinicians to manage patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). The majority of investigations have focused on the ability of biomarkers to detect early either incipient or established AKI. Other studies have prospectively explored their prognostic performance in predicting either need for renal replacement therapy or intensive care unit (ICU) or hospital mortality or duration of either ICU or hospital stay. A few studies h
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38

Boland, Lawrence A. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0017.

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This chapter considers whether new efforts provided by behavioural, evolutionary and complexity economics have any chance of changing how economics is taught and practiced in the future. The main question at issue is whether the new views based on experimental behavioural, evolutionary and complexity models have any hope of displacing textbook equilibrium economic explanations. The prognosis is they do not at the introductory level, but perhaps might at the advanced undergraduate and the graduate levels. The chapter concludes by stressing the need to understand the role of learning in the proc
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Sabharwal, Nikant, Parthiban Arumugam, and Andrew Kelion. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: clinical value. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759942.003.0010.

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Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) is most commonly used to diagnose or exclude obstructive coronary disease in patients presenting with chest pain. This chapter covers the value of MPS in this context, as well as providing detail on the guidelines which help the clinician choose what investigations are appropriate for the patient presenting with chest pain. It also details a number of considerations related to the use of MPS, such as its cost-effectiveness and the prognosis value in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease compared to exercise ECG, X-ray computed tomographic coronary ang
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Dey, Ida Dzifa, and David Isenberg. Systemic lupus erythematosus—management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0118.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease with varied presentation and a disease course characterized by remission and flares. Over the last 50 years, the prognosis of SLE has improved considerably. The introductions of corticosteroids and later of cytotoxic drugs, dialysis, and renal transplantation were the major contributors to this improvement. Nevertheless, the treatment and general management of lupus continues to present a challenge. While lupus may, for some patients, represent a relatively mild set of problems, many others require large doses of immunosuppr
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Dey, Ida Dzifa, and David Isenberg. Systemic lupus erythematosus—management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0118_update_003.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease with varied presentation and a disease course characterized by remission and flares. Over the last 50 years the prognosis of SLE has improved considerably. The introductions of corticosteroids and later of cytotoxic drugs, dialysis, and renal transplantation were the major contributors to this improvement. Nevertheless, the treatment and general management of lupus continues to present a challenge. While lupus may, for some patients, represent a relatively mild set of problems, many others require large doses of immunosuppre
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42

Ather, Sameer, Ayman Farag, Vikas Bhatia, and Fadi G. Hage. Role of Imaging in Chronic Kidney Disease. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0017.

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Cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is the biggest contributor of death in these patients. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a validated tool for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) and for predicting short and long term prognosis in this patient population. Non-invasive stress imaging, with MPI or other imaging modalities, is widely used for risk stratification in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) being evaluated for kidney transplantation due to the paucity of donor organs and the high cardiovascular risk of patient
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43

Lynch, Bernadette, and Aine Burns. The patient with scleroderma. Edited by Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0165.

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Scleroderma is tightness, thickening, and non-pitting induration of skin. Two forms of the skin disease are described. Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) which occurs distal to the wrists (or ankles) and/or over the face and neck, often associated with longstanding Raynaud’s phenomenon, and diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) where truncal as well as acral skin involvement occurs as well as tendon friction rubs. In this latter condition the onset of the skin changes occurs within 1 year of onset of Raynaud’s phenomenon; however, the skin involvement may precede onset of vasc
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44

AlJaroudi, Wael. Risk Assessment Before Noncardiac Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0014.

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Perioperative risk assessment is essential in screening patients before noncardiac surgery. Cardiovascular complications such as fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), ventricular arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, and stroke are important in-hospital causes of morbidity and mortality intra and post-operatively. The optimal approach is to identify patients at increased risk so that appropriate testing and therapeutic interventions are undertaken a priori to minimize such risk. The initial preoperative evaluation includes identification of surgery-specific risk, patient exercise functional c
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Patel, Sameer, and Julia Wendon. Pathophysiology and causes of acute hepatic failure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0194.

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Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare, life-threatening clinical syndrome, resulting in loss of hepatic metabolic and immunological function, in a person with no prior history of liver disease. Mortality can still exceed 50%. ALF is characterized by hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and coagulopathy, occurring within days or weeks. Establishing aetiology is essential for treatment, prognostication, and liver transplantation consideration. Viral hepatitis and drug-induced liver failure are the two commonest causes worldwide. Aetiology and time of onset of encephalopathy determines prognosis. Disease pr
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Ugarte-Gil, Manuel F., and Graciela S. Alarcón. History of systemic lupus erythematosus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739180.003.0001.

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The first description of cutaneous ulcerations consistent with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been attributed to Hippocrates. The term lupus first appeared in English literature in the tenth century. Until the nineteenth century, however, this term was used to describe different conditions. Osler first recognized that organ involvement may occur with or without skin involvement. With the discovery of LE cells and autoantibodies, the use of lupus murine models, and the recognition of familial aggregation and the importance of genetic factors, the pathogenesis of SLE started to be unrave
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Farmakis, Dimitrios, John Parissis, George Papingiotis, and Gerasimos Filippatos. Acute heart failure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0051_update_001.

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Acute heart failure is defined as the rapid development or change of symptoms and signs of heart failure that requires urgent medical attention and usually hospitalization. Acute heart failure is the first reason for hospital admission in individuals aged 65 or more and accounts for nearly 70% of the total health care expenditure for heart failure. It is characterized by an adverse prognosis, with an in-hospital mortality rate of 4–7%, a 2–3-month post-discharge mortality of 7–11%, and a 2–3-month readmission rate of 25–30%. The majority of patients have a previous history of heart failure and
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Turner, Neil. Postural proteinuria (benign orthostatic proteinuria). Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0051.

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Postural proteinuria, synonymous with the condition known as benign orthostatic proteinuria, describes increased levels of protein excretion associated with normalization first thing in the morning. It is usually diagnosed in children, for whom it is the most common explanation for proteinuria picked up incidentally on dipstick testing. In children, it generally resolves with age and is thought to have a benign long-term prognosis, with the caveat that numbers with very long follow-up times are few. It is also seen in teenagers but becomes much less common in early adulthood. Its aetiology is
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Chakera, Aron, William G. Herrington, and Christopher A. O’Callaghan. Polyuria. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0057.

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Polyuria describes the passage of more than 3 l of urine a day. This is an arbitrary definition, and the term is commonly applied to patients who are complaining of passing larger than normal volumes of urine. As water excretion is tightly regulated by the body to maintain normal osmolality, water excretion varies greatly depending on intake. Polyuria may be physiological or pathological. A patient with polyuria often presents with nocturia, urination overnight that disturbs sleep. It is usually accompanied by polydipsia (to maintain normal fluid balance). In hospital the commonest causes of p
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Gale, Daniel P., and Terry Cook. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and C3 glomerulopathy. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0080.

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Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is synonymous with mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis and refers to light microscopic appearances of a kidney biopsy in which there are increased mesangial cells and matrix with thickening of the glomerular capillary walls, often with a double contour appearance. MPGN represents morphological appearances caused by a wide range of diseases, most of which are systemic and involve activation of the immune system. It commonly presents as nephrotic syndrome, alternatively with proteinuria, haematuria, and varying degrees of hypertension and renal dy
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