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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

Data aktualizacji: 17 lipca 2025

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

Qiu, Zhigang, Weiwei Zhu, Jun Du, and Guojian Feng. "Spectral Analysis Method of Seismic Waves: Time-Frequency Response Spectrum." International Journal for Housing Science and Its Applications 45, no. 4 (2024): 98–106. https://doi.org/10.70517/ijhsa4549.

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The commonly used spectrum analysis methods are summarized and their problems are analyzed. In this paper, the time-domain response spectrum is first analyzed and the frequency-domain normalized spectrum is given. The normalized time-frequency response spectra are calculated and compared by four typical ground vibration waveforms. This project will use the standardized time-frequency response spectrum analysis method to analyze the susceptibility of impact ground shaking and ground motions containing rich high-frequency components to structural damage under the action of strong earthquakes. The results show that the method can better reflect the ground shaking response characteristics and the damage mechanism of the structure. The model also reflects the role of seismic calendar time on the cumulative damage of buildings.

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Ye, Jihong, Zhiqiang Zhang, and Xianming Liu. "A simplified multisupport response spectrum method." Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 11, no. 2 (2012): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-012-0114-4.

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Jin, Min Chao, Bao Fu Wang, Zhong Ren Feng, and Xiong Jiang Wang. "Seismic Response Analysis of Long Span Cable-Stayed Bridge by Response Spectrum Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1992.

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Based on response spectrum method, the seismic behavior of a long span cable-stayed bridge is investigated through three dimensional finite element model established by ANSYS. By calculating the cumulative effective mass factors of the bridge, the minimum number of modes used for modal superposition analysis is obtained. Design acceleration response spectrums under two probabilities are used in the analysis. The response spectrums are input in the bridge longitudinal direction, vertical direction, transverse direction and combined horizontal and vertical directions. Displacements and internal forces results show that vertical component of the ground motion greatly influences the response of the bridge and there is significant difference between the results of the two probabilities.

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Su, Cheng, Zhijian Huang, and Jianhua Xian. "A modified response spectrum method based on uniform probability spectrum." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 17, no. 2 (2018): 657–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0485-7.

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De Domenico, D., G. Falsone, and G. Ricciardi. "Improved response-spectrum analysis of base-isolated buildings: A substructure-based response spectrum method." Engineering Structures 162 (May 2018): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.037.

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Trifunac, Mihailo D. "Early history of the response spectrum method." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 28, no. 9 (2008): 676–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.10.014.

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Gupta, Ajaya K., and Jing-Wen Jaw. "Response spectrum method for nonclassically damped systems." Nuclear Engineering and Design 91, no. 2 (1986): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(86)90203-7.

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Guo, Xiao Yun, Jing Shan Bo, Ping Li, and Yu Dong Zhang. "Least Square Method to Calibrate Seismic Design Response Spectrum." Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (October 2011): 358–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.358.

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Seismic design response spectrum is the basis of structure seismic design. Calibration of seismic design response spectrum is the main chain of structures’ seismic input determination. This paper proposes a new method of calibrating seismic design response spectrum. Based on summarizing the main form of calibrated seismic design response spectrum, which is related to the determination of the characteristic parameters of response spectrum, this paper advances least square fitting method based on coordinate transformation, and by comparing different calibrating methods, points out that least square fitting method is a simple and logical calibrating method.

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Zhang, Zhen Xuan, and Qing Jun Chen. "Long-Period Response Spectrum and Earthquake Response Analysis of Super High-Rise Building." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3964–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3964.

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Based on seismic records with large long-period components at home and abroad, carried on uniform error correction processing and rough site classification, then, used numerical analysis software-MATLAB to calculate the average response spectrum of different types of venues, and used the least square method to do sub-fitting for them, got the long-period quasi-regulatory response spectrums of all kinds of venues; using the general-purpose finite element analysis software-ANSYS, a super high-rise building structural analysis model was established, inputted the fitted long-period seismic response spectrum and the design response spectrum of Shanghai anti-seismic standards, by comparing the results of structural seismic responeses under the two kinds of response spectrum, the long-period seismic response of super high-rise building was investigated, and some valuable conclusions were obtained for reference.

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CAO Beibei, and YIN Jingyuan. "Using Wave Method to Calculate Earthquake Response Spectrum." International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology 5, no. 8 (2013): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol5.issue8.47.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

Shrestha, Santosh. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE METHOD AND RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS IN SEISMIC DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL FRAMES." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2561.

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Equivalent Lateral Force Method (ELF) and Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) are the two most popular methods of seismic design of structures. This study aims to present a comparative study of the two methods using hand-calculated approach as well as computer analysis according to ASCE 7-10 Standards. The two methods have been compared in terms of base shear and story forces by analyzing various models for different number of stories and different support conditions. It was found that ELF gives conservative results in comparison to RSA. This result was more obvious in case of four-story frames. Hence, for structures of increased elevation, the analysis from ELF may not be sufficient.

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Yang, Yan. "Nonstructural component field testing method for the evaluation of seismic demand incorporating floor response spectrum." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46567.

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Nonstructural component (NSC) failures due to earthquake events can cause significant economic losses and even life-threatening hazards to occupants. In order to mitigate nonstructural seismic damages, it is critical to assess the seismic force demand which can be utilized to optimize the design of the NSC, and/or to assess methods of rehabilitation on anchorages to enhance seismic strength. The existing design codes and standards provide guidelines to calculate the minimum lateral earthquake force for designing a new NSC. However, they do not reflect the in-service condition of an existing NSC, which can vary significantly from when it was first installed. This study is intended to develop an easy-to-implement methodology to assess the seismic force demand of an existing NSC under normal operation. The procedure of the proposed methodology includes two principle phases: 1) field modal identification testing and 2) floor response spectrum analyses using a 3D finite element model (FEM). The practicality of this methodology was assessed through a case study on the U.B.C Hospital Koerner Pavilion building. In this study, the focus is on the machinery and equipment that are critical for the operation of a hospital. During the experimental stage, the fundamental frequencies and damping ratios of eight NSCs were identified. In the second phase, the horizontal floor response spectra (FRS) were constructed from the linear time history analysis results performed on a FEM. Finally, the FRS is used to obtain the lateral seismic force of each NSC corresponding to its dynamic properties. These forces were then compared with those obtained using the NBCC 2010 code equation to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. Results from the case study provided evidence that the proposed method is overall a simple and effective tool for diagnosing the in-service modal properties of a NSC. The testing results can be easily applied in FRS analysis to obtain a more realistic nonstructural seismic force than that from the NBCC 2010 approach. The potential applications and limitations of the proposed methodology are also discussed in this dissertation to facilitate engineers to determine the suitability of this method to their specific projects.

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Kinali, Kursat. "Seismic Fragility Assessment of Steel Frames in the Central and Eastern United States." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14528.

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The Central and Eastern United States (CEUS) is a region that is characterized by low frequency-high consequence seismic events such as the New Madrid sequence of 18111812. The infrequent nature of earthquakes in the region has led to a perception that the seismic risk in the area is low, and the current building stock reflects this perception. The majority of steel-framed buildings in the CEUS were designed without regard to seismic loads. Such frames possess limited seismic resistance, and may pose an unacceptable risk if a large earthquake were to occur in the region. A key ingredient of building performance and seismic risk assessment is the fragility, a term that describes the probability of failure to meet a performance objective as a function of demand on the system. The effects of uncertainties on building seismic performance can be displayed by a seismic fragility relationship. This fragility can be used in a conditional scenario-based seismic risk assessment or can be integrated with seismic hazard to obtain an estimate of annual or lifetime risk. The seismic fragility analyses in this study focus on steel frames that are typical of building construction in regions of infrequent seismicity; such frames have received little attention to date in building seismic risk assessment. Current steel building stock in Shelby Co., TN has been represented by five code-compliant model frames with different lateral force-resisting systems, i.e., braced-frames, partially-restrained moment frames and a rigid moment frame. The performance of model frames under certain hazard levels was assessed using fragility curves. Different rehabilitation methods were discussed and applied. Results indicate that PR frames behave better than expected and rehabilitated frames perform quite well even under severe earthquakes.

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Badaoui, M'Hammed. "Influence de l'hétérogénéité géologique et mécanique sur la réponse des sols multicouches." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00462182.

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Dans cette thèse nous nous sommes intéressés à établir une formulation probabiliste pour l'analyse du comportement d'un sol multicouche avec des caractéristiques aléatoires. Deux grands axes sont traités : ?la consolidation primaire et ?la réponse sismique des sols multicouches ayant des caractéristiques aléatoires. Nous utilisons les simulations de Monte Carlo associées à des méthodes semi-analytiques adaptées aux sols multicouches avec une stratification horizontale. Nous avons aussi comparés les résultats obtenus à partir de cette formulation à ceux fournis par les règlements parasismiques suivants : RPA 99 (version 2003), UBC 97 et l'EC8. Cette étude a montré que les valeurs maximales des forces de cisaillement à la base des bâtiments variaient substantiellement en fonction de la variation de la hauteur du profil de sol ainsi que de son hétérogénéité pouvant atteindre un rapport relatif de l'ordre de 3 dans les cas les plus défavorables. Ce rapport peut également être inférieur à 1 conduisant à des structures moins économiques

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Navrátilová, Martina. "Nelineární dynamická analýza konstrukce zatížena seismickými účinky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227701.

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Diploma thesis compares the methods for the calculation of the response of structures with seismic loads. Linear and nonlinear analyses are used for the calculations. In the case of linear analysis response spectrum method is applied. For nonlinear analysis pushover method is used. These two methods are compared in programs AxisVM and RFEM on the examples of high-rise building and space frame.

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Dahl, Jason F. "Time Aliasing Methods of Spectrum Estimation." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd157.pdf.

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Čapičík, Martin. "Seismická analýza čerpadla 200-QHD." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231287.

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The main goal of this thesis is dynamic analysis of shaft of booster pump QHD-200. In the beginning we offer basic equations generally used in dynamics and common/possible methods for their solution. Then we focus on specific problems connected with rotor dynamics and using simple Laval rotor we show their mathematical interpretation. Based on given load as accelerogram we create response spectrum in different ways (using different methods) and compare their CPU time demand. In the next part we make three finite element models of different physical level. We perform modal analysis and comparison of eigen frequencies, mode shapes. In following chapter transient analysis was performed on all models. As load we use accelerogram. We evaluate translations in particular positions of model. After that, we decide whether or not gap between impeller and stator case will be erased. Finally we make assessment of force acting upon bearings.

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DITOLLA, ROBERT JOHN. "RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS BY THE POWER SPECTRUM AND RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHODS (WHITE NOISE, FINITE-ELEMENT, VANMARCKE, DENSITY, NASTRAN)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183836.

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Determination of the stresses and displacements which occur in response to random excitations cannot be accomplished by traditional deterministic analysis methods. As the specification of the excitation and the response of the structure become more complex, solutions by direct, closed-form methods require extensive computations. Two methods are presented which can be used in the analysis of structures which are subjected to random excitations. The Power Spectrum Method is a procedure which determines the random vibration response of the structure based upon a frequency response analysis of a structural model. The Response Spectrum Method is a method which is based upon specified forces or displacements as a function of time. A derivation of each of the methods is presented and followed by comparisons of the results which were obtained for single and multiple-degree-of-freedom systems. Assumptions and limitations of the methods are discussed as well as their accuracy over ranges of frequency, damping and loading specification. As a direct application and comparison of the two methods, an analysis of the support system for the primary mirror of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) has been performed. In addition, a method for the evaluation of the critical damping in a single-degree-of-freedom structure is demonstrated.

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Wormell, Caroline Leslie. "Statistical properties of chaotic systems: from 1D maps to high dimensions." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22296.

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Many important physical systems, such as the Earth's climate, are chaotic: as such we would like (probabilistic) predictions of these systems into the far future. These systems' long-term statistical behaviour is mathematically encoded by various objects, which can be studied functional-analytically using the so-called transfer operator. While rigorous study of many simple, usually one-dimensional, chaotic systems is theoretically tractable, for more complex, high-dimensional systems it is not: as a result the statistical properties of simple chaotic systems are often used as models for those of more complex systems, an idea that has been partially formalised as the Gallavotti-Cohen chaotic hypothesis. To study these simple dynamical systems better, we will in the first part of this thesis rigorously develop efficient, powerful numerics for two classes of one-dimensional maps: uniformly expanding Markov maps, and intermittent maps. To do this, we harness the smooth structure of these problems, in particular by discretising transfer operators using spectral basis functions. We obtain highly accurate numerical estimates of statistical properties of these maps: later, we apply the methods profitably to a numerical continuation problem associated with more complex systems. In the second part of the thesis we investigate high-dimensional systems, focusing on the differentiability of the response of statistical properties to dynamical perturbations (linear response theory). Although there are rigorous examples of one-dimensional maps that do not have differentiable responses, it is commonly believed that complex, high-dimensional chaotic systems generally do. We examine this belief through a study of model classes of ``high-dimensional systems''. We provide a comprehensive picture of the response properties of these systems and give broadly-applicable criteria governing the response's differentiability. In particular, we find classes of maps that, despite being composed of microscopic subsystems with non-differentiable responses, obey linear response theory, and vice versa.

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Jakel, Roland. "Linear Dynamic System Analyses with Creo Simulate – Theory & Application Examples, Capabilities, Limitations –." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-225992.

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1. Einführung in die Theorie dynamischer Analysen mit Creo Simulate 2. Modalanalysen (Standard und mit Vorspannung) 3. Dynamische Analysen einschließlich Klassifizierung der Analysen; einige einfache Beispiele für eigene Studien (eine Welle unter Unwuchtanregung und ein Ein-Massen-Schwinger) sowie etliche Beispiele größerer dynamischer Systemmodelle aus unterschiedlichsten Anwendungsbereichen 4. Feedback an den Softwareentwickler PTC (Verbesserungsvorschläge und Softwarefehler) 5. Referenzen<br>1. Introduction to dynamic analysis theory in Creo Simulate 2. Modal analysis (standard and with prestress) 3. Dynamic analysis, including analysis classification, some simple examples for own self-studies (shaft under unbalance excitation and a one-mass-oscillator) and several real-world examples of bigger dynamic systems 4. Feedback to the software developer PTC (enhancement requests and code issues) 5. References

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Książki na temat "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

P, Bezler, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering., and Brookhaven National Laboratory, eds. Alternate modal combination methods in response spectrum analysis. Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1990.

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F, Doyle James. Application of the spectral element method to acoustic radiation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 2000.

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F, Doyle James. Application of the spectral element method to acoustic radiation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 2000.

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Morante, R. Reevaluation of regulatory guidance on modal response combination methods for seismic response spectrum analysis. Division of Engineering Technology, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1999.

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Kern, Koegel Lynn, ed. The PRT pocket guide: Pivotal response treatment for autism spectrum disorders. Brookes, 2012.

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Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design of Structures. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203740781.

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Response spectrum method in seismic analysis and design of structures. CRC Press, 1992.

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Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design of Structures. Cambridge University Press, 1990.

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Gupta, Ajaya Kumar. Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design of Structures. CRC Press LLC, 2017.

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Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design of Structures. CRC Press LLC, 2017.

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Części książek na temat "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

Sun, Rui, and Wanwan Qi. "Quantitative Evaluation of Four Kinds of Site Seismic Response Analysis Methods Using DTW." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1748-8_43.

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AbstractIn order to quantitatively evaluate the one-dimensional site seismic response analysis methods, this article selected 2418 ground motion records of Japan KiK-net strong-motion seismograph network and 2418 groups of acceleration response spectra calculated by DEEPSOIL, SHAKE2000, SOILQUAKE and SOILRESPONSE, and then` used the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm to calculate the DTW distance between the measured acceleration response spectrum and the calculated acceleration response spectrum. The average DTW distance and change trend in different PGA ranges were compared and analyzed. The average DTW distance of the four methods in weak ground motion were similar, and in the strong ground motion, the average DTW distance of SOILRESPONSE was smaller than the other three methods. The DTW distance of the four methods increased with the increase of PGA, the growth rate of SOILRESPONSE was significantly lower than the other three methods. DTW distance can accurately and effectively reflect the difference between response spectrum, which provides a new method for quantitative evaluation of one-dimensional site seismic response analysis method.

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Fischer, L. "Improved calculation algorithms for the response spectrum method." In Structural Dynamics. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203738085-77.

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Blough, Jason R., James DeClerck, Charles VanKarsen, and David E. Soine. "Method to Predict the Shock Response Spectrum Shape from Frequency Response Functions." In Shock & Vibration, Aircraft/Aerospace, Energy Harvesting, Acoustics & Optics, Volume 9. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54735-0_19.

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Wang, Haoqi, and Tomonori Nagayama. "Response Spectrum Method for Vehicle-Induced Bridge Vibration Serviceability Design." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93236-7_40.

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Tan, Ping, Shiyuan Li, Yangyang Chen, and Fulin Zhou. "Real-Complex Hybrid Modal Response Spectrum Method for Seismically Base-Isolated Structures." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-66888-3_36.

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Dixit, Abhishek. "Comparative Seismic Analysis Between Elevated Circular Water Tanks Using Equivalent Static Method and Response Spectrum Method." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6969-6_33.

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Ravi Kiran, A., G. R. Reddy, and M. K. Agrawal. "Prediction of Fatigue-Ratcheting Failure of a Piping System Using Iterative Response Spectrum Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5693-7_15.

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Tan, Ping, Kui Yang, Jiajun Tan, and Wenzhi Zheng. "Complex Modal Shapes Superposition Response Spectrum Based Design Method for Seismically Isolated Structures in China." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21187-4_30.

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Thach, Pham Ngoc, and Shen Yang. "A Simplified Method for Estimating Target Displacement of Pile-Supported Wharf under Response Spectrum Seismic Loading." In Computational Structural Engineering. Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2822-8_32.

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Tiwari, Neeraj, Manjeet Singh Hora, Karan Singhai, Tushar Golait, and Rakesh Kumar. "Dynamic Analysis of Regular and Irregular Buildings with and Without Shear Wall Using Response Spectrum Method." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7043-4_32.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

Lucchini, Andrea, Paolo Franchin, and Fabrizio Mollaioli. "A Spectrum-to-Spectrum Method for Calculating Uniform Hazard Floor Response Spectra." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65293.

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In codes’ provisions and design procedures for acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components, seismic demand is commonly defined by means of floor response spectra expressed in terms of pseudo-acceleration. Depending on the considered analysis method, floor response spectra may be derived from floors’ acceleration histories, based on structural response-history analysis, or calculated using a predictive equation from a given input ground motion spectrum. Methods for estimating floor response spectra that are based on the second alternative are commonly called spectrum-to-spectrum methods. The objective of this paper is to briefly review these methods, and to discuss the main assumptions they are based on. Both predictive equations from selected seismic codes and proposals from the literature are included in the review. A new probability-based method, recently developed by the Authors for generating uniform hazard floor response spectra, namely, floor response spectra whose ordinates are characterized by a given target value of the mean annual frequency of being exceeded, is also described. By using this method floor spectra are determined through closed-form equations, given the mean annual frequency of interest, the damping ratio of the spectra, the modal properties of the structure, and three uniform hazard ground spectra. The method is built on a proposal for a probabilistic seismic demand model that relates the ground spectral acceleration with the floor spectral acceleration, and is able to explicitly account for the ground motion variability of the nonstructural response. Results for a case study consisting of a service frame of a visbreaking unit in an oil refinery are presented to show the good predictive accuracy of the method with respect to exact uniform hazard floor response spectra obtained through a standard probabilistic analysis.

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Ly, B. L., and Y. An. "Response Spectrum Method for Submerged Structures." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61054.

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A submerged structure has virtual mass matrix in the inertial term and wet mass matrix in the driving term in the equation of motion, whereas a dry structure has the same mass matrix in these two terms. If a finite element code for dry structures is used to analyze a submerged structure, the results should be adjusted. Result for a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) system is scaled by the ratio of wet mass to virtual mass. Results for a Multiple Degree of Freedom (MDOF) system are adjusted by scaling the Floor Response Spectra (FRS) at each modal frequency by a ratio of modal work done in that mode by the wet mass matrix to that by the virtual mass matrix. The adjustment factor can be estimated as a product of a ratio of participation factors and a ratio of modal masses. Both the participation factors and the modal masses are computed by using the wet mass matrix, and then by using the virtual mass matrix, respectively. This method provides an alternative way to assess the margin in the design based on the current FRS method that does not distinguish the difference between the two mass matrices. More studies should be carried out to implement this method in specific practical applications.

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Takayama, Yoshihiro, Ayaka Yoshida, Iriki Nobuyoshi, and Eiichi Maeda. "Floor Response Spectrum Method of Multiply Supported Piping System Assisted by Time History Analysis." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21134.

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Abstract The independent support motion response spectrum method (ISM) is currently used for seismic analysis to calculate the response of multiply supported piping with independent inputs of support excitations. This approach may derive considerable overestimation in the combination of group responses under the absolute sum rule of NUREG-1061 [1]. Then authors have developed an advanced method of the ISM approach named SATH (Spectrum Method Assisted by Time History Analysis). In the SATH method, both of floor response spectra and time histories of floor acceleration are used as independent inputs of support excitations. The group responses are summed with correlation coefficients which are calculated by considering each time history of modal response by independent inputs of support excitations. In this paper, the necessity of taking the effects of correlation coefficients for the group responses into account in the ISM approach is examined. The SATH method has advantage to derive a more realistic sum rule of the group responses and applicability for the actual design.

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Yoshida, Ayaka, Yoshihiro Takayama, Toshiyuki Tsushima, Hiroaki Hioki, and Hiromichi Shudo. "Design Application Method of Floor Response Spectrum Method Assisted by Time History Analysis for Multiply Supported Piping System." In ASME 2024 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2024-121443.

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Abstract The independent support motion (ISM) response spectrum method is currently used in seismic analysis to calculate the response of piping systems subjected to independent excitations at several points of a supporting structure. This approach leads to considerable over estimation when the maximum responses by multiple excitations are combined by the absolute sum rule, while this may result in underestimation when the maximum responses by the multiple excitations are combined by the square root of sum of squares rule. Then authors have developed an advanced method of the ISM approach named SATH (spectrum method assisted by time history analysis), which was presented in PVP2020. In the SATH method, both floor response spectra and time histories of floor acceleration are used as independent inputs of support excitations. The maximum responses by multiple excitations are combined using correlation coefficients calculated by taking into account each time history of modal response due to independent inputs of support excitations. When the SATH method is applied to actual design using broadened FRS, the structural frequency uncertainty corresponding to broadened FRS should be considered in the calculation of correlation coefficients. The applicability of the SATH method to the structural frequency uncertainty was presented in ICONE2020. Furthermore, when piping systems are subjected independent excitations at several points of a supporting structure, the response of piping systems can be considered to have two different components. One is due solely to the inertia of the mass (the dynamic component) and the other is due to the time-varying differential motion of the support point (the pseudo-static component). Here, the dynamic component consists of two parts: the damped-periodic response (dynamic response) and the residual rigid response (high frequency response). Then authors have improved the SATH method to cope with above three responses (dynamic response, high frequency response and pseudo-static response), which was presented in ASME PVP 2023. Thus, since its presentation at ASME PVP 2020, the SATH method has been evaluated and improved several times and is now an appropriate method to use in design. In this paper, the entire procedure of the SATH method, which combines the dynamic response using broadened FRS, with the high-frequency response and the pseudo-static response, is described as an actual design method. In addition, the advantages of the SATH method in design are clarified by comparing the response by the SATH method with that by the conventional method (the uniform response spectrum analysis method and the independent support motion response spectrum analysis method) for a three-dimensional piping system model subjected to independent excitations at several points of a supporting structure.

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Tamura, Ichiro, Takuma Iwamoto, Yusuke Minakawa, Naotomo Maruyama, and Masaki Tsuruki. "Inelastic Response Evaluation Method of Equipment Considering Peak Broadening of Response Spectrum." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-83745.

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Abstract In order to evaluate seismic responses considering the elasto-plastic properties of equipment and piping systems, nonlinear time history analyses are utilized. When the analyses are used for seismic evaluation of equipment and piping systems in nuclear power plants, it is required to consider the uncertainty in the frequencies owing to uncertainties in the material properties of the structure and soil. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code of ASME indicates that the analysis using floor motions with different time intervals, where the time intervals are modified corresponding to the response spectrum broadening, is applicable. However, nonlinear time history analysis of inelastic models is relatively time-consuming compared to linear analysis, and conducting several analysis cases indicated in the Code might increase the burden of analytical work. Therefore, simplified method is desirable to consider the uncertainty in time history analysis. In this paper, a simplified method using inelastic response spectrum is developed to consider the uncertainty in time history analysis. The applicability of the developed method is investigated by comparing the results of parametric survey with those of the developed method.

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Tamura, Ichiro, Michiya Sakai, Shinichi Matsuura, Ryuya Shimazu, Hiroaki Tamashiro, and Soichi Mabuchi. "Seismic Evaluation Method of Piping Systems by Inelastic Response Spectrum Analysis: Part 1 — Response Analysis." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93898.

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Abstract An inelastic response-spectrum-analysis method for multi-degree-of-freedom systems was proposed. The method has lower analysis loads and good outlook given by the inelastic response spectrum like the elastic response-spectrum-analysis method, and is not an equivalent-linearization method. We propose a seismic evaluation method of piping systems to conduct seismic design using the inelastic response-spectrum-analysis. In this paper, the inelastic analysis method of piping systems for the seismic evaluation method is proposed and applied to a benchmark analysis problem of a piping system vibration test. The analysis result is compared with the vibration test result of the piping system. They are consistent and applicability of the analysis to the piping system was confirmed.

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CHEN, H., Y. CHEN, and P. Tan. "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD FOR THE DESIGN OF ISOLATED BUILDINGS." In The 16th World Conference on Seismic Isolation, Energy Dissipation and Active Vibration Control of Structures. Russian Association for Earthquake Engineering and Protection from Natural and Manmade Hazards, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37153/2686-7974-2019-16-999-999.

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O’Leary, Michael, and William Godfrey. "Seismic Response Analysis and Design for Concrete Nuclear Structures: A Comparative Study of the Time History, Response Spectrum, and Equivalent Static Load Methods." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63314.

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A partially buried fixed-base finite element model of a typical safety-related nuclear structure is analyzed for earthquake loads by the time history method, the response spectrum method, and the equivalent static load method. The spectra-consistent artificial time histories are generated with seed time histories in accordance with Standard Review Plan 3.7.1: Seismic Design Parameters [1] with target spectra based on Regulatory Guide 1.60: Design Response Spectra for Seismic Design of Nuclear Power Plants [2]. The response spectrum analyses are performed with the same target spectra used in generating the artificial time histories. The equivalent static loads are based on the nodal zero period accelerations from the fixed-base time history analyses. The seismic responses in a column in the structure are combined using algebraic sum, square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS), and the 100-40-40 rule in accordance with Regulatory Guide 1.92: Combining modal responses and spatial components in seismic response analysis [3]. The equivalent static load method is applied according to ASCE 4-15: Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nuclear Structures [4]. The resulting design forces and required reinforcement for a column in the structure are compared for each method along with the corresponding computational demand.

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Yoshida, Ayaka, Yoshihiro Takayama, and Hiromichi Shudo. "Design Applicability of the Advanced Spectrum Method Assisted by Time History Analysis for Multiply Supported Piping System." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16198.

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Abstract The independent support motion response spectrum method (ISM) is currently used for seismic analysis to calculate the response of multiply supported piping system with independent inputs of support excitations. This approach may derive considerable overestimation in the combination of group responses under the absolute sum rule of NUREG-1061. To reduce the excessive overestimation, an advanced method named “Spectrum Method Assisted by Time History Analysis (SATH)” has been proposed. In the SATH method, modal responses by multiple excitations are combined with correlation coefficients which are calculated from the covariances and the standard deviations of time history responses of the oscillators having each of modal frequencies of piping system by each of the floor acceleration time history excitations. In this paper, the applicability of the SATH method to actual design which uses broadened Floor Response Spectra (FRS) was examined. Conservativeness of the SATH method is also discussed with presenting that responses derived from the SATH method tend to exceed responses by the time history analysis even when many different time intervals of acceleration time histories are used within the range of the FRS broadening.

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Taghavi, Shahram, and Eduardo Miranda. "Response Spectrum Method for Estimation of Peak Floor Acceleration Demand." In ATC and SEI Conference on Improving the Seismic Performance of Existing Buildings and Other Structures. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41084(364)58.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD"

Bezler, P., J. R. Curreri, Y. K. Wang, and A. K. Gupta. Alternate modal combination methods in response spectrum analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6433723.

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Mojidra, Rushil, and Keri Ryan. Influence of Vertical Ground Motion on Bridges Isolated with Spherical Sliding Bearings. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/rynq3624.

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The motivation for this project developed from testing of a full scale building isolated with triple friction pendulum bearings on the E-defense shake table in Japan. The test demonstrated experimentally that the vertical component of ground motion can amplify both the base shear and the story acceleration in the isolated building. Vertical shaking introduced high-frequency variation in the axial force of the bearings, and, consequently, a high-frequency component in the bearing lateral force, which excited higher structural modes in the building. Since vertical bridges are flexible in the vertical direction because of long spans, similar effects may be observed in bridges. The objectives of this study are to develop a physical understanding of the amplification of responses and develop a simplified method to predict amplification of base shear in three-dimensional (3D) shaking relative to two-dimensional (2D) shaking, for bridges isolated with spherical sliding bearings. A series of ground motions with a wide range of vertical shaking intensity were applied to 3D models of bridges isolated with triple pendulum bearings (TPBs), both excluding the vertical component (2D motion) and including the vertical component (3D motion). This enabled the comparison of the bridge response under 2D and 3D shaking such that the direct effect of vertical shaking could be investigated. The selected ground motions were fit to target spectra in the horizontal and vertical directions, and divided into three groups based on vertical peak ground acceleration (PGAV). Multi-span concrete box girder bridges were selected for this study, as they are a prominent bridge type in California, and are suitable for seismic isolation. Models were developed for a 3-span, 45-ft wide, multi-column Base Model bridge; various superstructure and isolation-system parameter variations were implemented to evaluate the effect of these variations on the amplification of base shear. Response histories were compared for a representative motion from each ground-motion group under 2D and 3D shaking. Modal and spectral analyses were conducted to understand dynamic properties and behavior of the bridge under vertical motion. Based on simplified theory, a method to estimate the amplification of base shear due to vertical shaking was developed. The accuracy of the simplified method was assessed through a base shear normalized error metric, and different amplification factors were considered. Response history analysis showed significant amplification of base shear under 3D motion implying that exclusion of vertical component could lead to under estimation of demand shear forces on bridge piers. Deck acceleration spectral response at different locations revealed that a transverse-vertical modal coupling response was present in the Base Model bridge, which led to amplification of deck accelerations in addition to base shear due to excitation of the superstructure transverse mode. The simplified method predicted that in addition to the peak vertical ground acceleration base shear amplification depended on the isolation-system period (radius of curvature) and friction coefficient. The error in the simplified method was approximately constant across the range of isolation-system parameters. Variations in the bridge superstructure or substructure modeling parameters had only a minor effect on the base shear since the deck acts as a single mass sliding on isolators; therefore, the simplified method can be applied to a range of bridge models. The simplified method includes an amplification factor that indirectly represents the dynamic amplification of vertical acceleration from the ground to the isolation system. An amplification factor of 1.0 was found to be sufficiently conservative to estimate the base shear due to 3D shaking. The lack of apparent dynamic amplification could mean that the peak vertical acceleration is out-of-phase with the base shear. The simplified method is more likely to be unconservative for high-intensity vertical ground motions due to the complexities associated with uplift and pounding. Further investigation is recommended to determine the threshold shaking intensity limit for the simplified method.

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Mazzoni, Silvia, Nicholas Gregor, Linda Al Atik, Yousef Bozorgnia, David Welch, and Gregory Deierlein. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Selecting and Scaling of Ground-Motion Records (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zjdn7385.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 3 (WG3), Task 3.1: Selecting and Scaling Ground-motion records. The objective of Task 3.1 is to provide suites of ground motions to be used by other working groups (WGs), especially Working Group 5: Analytical Modeling (WG5) for Simulation Studies. The ground motions used in the numerical simulations are intended to represent seismic hazard at the building site. The seismic hazard is dependent on the location of the site relative to seismic sources, the characteristics of the seismic sources in the region and the local soil conditions at the site. To achieve a proper representation of hazard across the State of California, ten sites were selected, and a site-specific probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) was performed at each of these sites for both a soft soil (Vs30 = 270 m/sec) and a stiff soil (Vs30=760 m/sec). The PSHA used the UCERF3 seismic source model, which represents the latest seismic source model adopted by the USGS [2013] and NGA-West2 ground-motion models. The PSHA was carried out for structural periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. At each site and soil class, the results from the PSHA—hazard curves, hazard deaggregation, and uniform-hazard spectra (UHS)—were extracted for a series of ten return periods, prescribed by WG5 and WG6, ranging from 15.5–2500 years. For each case (site, soil class, and return period), the UHS was used as the target spectrum for selection and modification of a suite of ground motions. Additionally, another set of target spectra based on “Conditional Spectra” (CS), which are more realistic than UHS, was developed [Baker and Lee 2018]. The Conditional Spectra are defined by the median (Conditional Mean Spectrum) and a period-dependent variance. A suite of at least 40 record pairs (horizontal) were selected and modified for each return period and target-spectrum type. Thus, for each ground-motion suite, 40 or more record pairs were selected using the deaggregation of the hazard, resulting in more than 200 record pairs per target-spectrum type at each site. The suites contained more than 40 records in case some were rejected by the modelers due to secondary characteristics; however, none were rejected, and the complete set was used. For the case of UHS as the target spectrum, the selected motions were modified (scaled) such that the average of the median spectrum (RotD50) [Boore 2010] of the ground-motion pairs follow the target spectrum closely within the period range of interest to the analysts. In communications with WG5 researchers, for ground-motion (time histories, or time series) selection and modification, a period range between 0.01–2.0 sec was selected for this specific application for the project. The duration metrics and pulse characteristics of the records were also used in the final selection of ground motions. The damping ratio for the PSHA and ground-motion target spectra was set to 5%, which is standard practice in engineering applications. For the cases where the CS was used as the target spectrum, the ground-motion suites were selected and scaled using a modified version of the conditional spectrum ground-motion selection tool (CS-GMS tool) developed by Baker and Lee [2018]. This tool selects and scales a suite of ground motions to meet both the median and the user-defined variability. This variability is defined by the relationship developed by Baker and Jayaram [2008]. The computation of CS requires a structural period for the conditional model. In collaboration with WG5 researchers, a conditioning period of 0.25 sec was selected as a representative of the fundamental mode of vibration of the buildings of interest in this study. Working Group 5 carried out a sensitivity analysis of using other conditioning periods, and the results and discussion of selection of conditioning period are reported in Section 4 of the WG5 PEER report entitled Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment. The WG3.1 report presents a summary of the selected sites, the seismic-source characterization model, and the ground-motion characterization model used in the PSHA, followed by selection and modification of suites of ground motions. The Record Sequence Number (RSN) and the associated scale factors are tabulated in the Appendices of this report, and the actual time-series files can be downloaded from the PEER Ground-motion database Portal (https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/)(link is external).

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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568755.bard.

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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.

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Levisohn, Sharon, Mark Jackwood, and Stanley Kleven. New Approaches for Detection of Mycoplasma iowae Infection in Turkeys. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612834.bard.

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Mycoplasma iowae (Mi) is a pathogenic avian mycoplasma which causes mortality in turkey embryos and as such has clinical and economic significance for the turkey breeder industry. Control of Mi infection is severely hampered by lack of adequate diagnostic tests, together with resistance to most antibiotics and resilience to environment. A markedly high degree of intra-species antigenic variation also contributes to difficulties in detection and control of infection. In this project we have designed an innovative gene-based diagnostic test based on specific amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of Mi. This reaction, designed Multi-species PCR-RFLP test, also amplifies the DNA of the pathogenic avian mycoplasmas M. gallisepticum (Mg) and M. synoviae (Ms). This test detects DNA equivalent to about 300 cfu Mi or either of the other two target mycoplasmas, individually or in mixed infection. It is a quick test, applicable to a wide variety of clinical samples, such as allantoic fluid or tracheal or cloacal swab suspensions. Differential diagnosis is carried out by gel electro-phoresis of the PCR amplicon digested with selected restriction enzymes (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). This can also be readily accomplished by using a simple Dot-Blot hybridization assay with digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes reacting specifically with unique Mi, Mg or Ms sequences in the PCR amplicon. The PCR/OLIGO test increased sensitivity by at least 10-fold with a capacity for rapid testing of large numbers of samples. Experimental infection trials were carried out to evaluate the diagnostic tools and to study pathogenesis of Mi infection. Field studies and experimental infection of embryonated eggs indicated both synergistic and competitive interaction of mycoplasma pathogens in mixed infection. The value of the PCR diagnostic tests for following the time course of egg transmission was shown. A workable serological test (Dot Immunobinding Assay) was also developed but there was no clear-cut evidence that infected turkeys develop an immune response. Typing of a wide spectrum of Mi field isolates by a variety of gene-based molecular techniques indicated a higher degree of genetic homogeneity than predicted on the basis of the phenotypic variability. All known strains of Mi were detected by the method developed. Together with an M. meleagridis-PCR test based on the same gene, the Multi-species PCR test is a highly valuable tool for diagnosis of pathogenic mycoplasmas in single or mixed infection. The further application of this rapid and specific test as a part of Mi and overall mycoplasma control programs will be dependent on developments in the turkey industry.

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Bray, Jonathan, Ross Boulanger, Misko Cubrinovski, et al. U.S.—New Zealand— Japan International Workshop, Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movement Effects, University of California, Berkeley, California, 2-4 November 2016. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/gzzx9906.

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There is much to learn from the recent New Zealand and Japan earthquakes. These earthquakes produced differing levels of liquefaction-induced ground movements that damaged buildings, bridges, and buried utilities. Along with the often spectacular observations of infrastructure damage, there were many cases where well-built facilities located in areas of liquefaction-induced ground failure were not damaged. Researchers are working on characterizing and learning from these observations of both poor and good performance. The “Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movements Effects” workshop provided an opportunity to take advantage of recent research investments following these earthquake events to develop a path forward for an integrated understanding of how infrastructure performs with various levels of liquefaction. Fifty-five researchers in the field, two-thirds from the U.S. and one-third from New Zealand and Japan, convened in Berkeley, California, in November 2016. The objective of the workshop was to identify research thrusts offering the greatest potential for advancing our capabilities for understanding, evaluating, and mitigating the effects of liquefaction-induced ground movements on structures and lifelines. The workshop also advanced the development of younger researchers by identifying promising research opportunities and approaches, and promoting future collaborations among participants. During the workshop, participants identified five cross-cutting research priorities that need to be addressed to advance our scientific understanding of and engineering procedures for soil liquefaction effects during earthquakes. Accordingly, this report was organized to address five research themes: (1) case history data; (2) integrated site characterization; (3) numerical analysis; (4) challenging soils; and (5) effects and mitigation of liquefaction in the built environment and communities. These research themes provide an integrated approach toward transformative advances in addressing liquefaction hazards worldwide. The archival documentation of liquefaction case history datasets in electronic data repositories for use by the broader research community is critical to accelerating advances in liquefaction research. Many of the available liquefaction case history datasets are not fully documented, published, or shared. Developing and sharing well-documented liquefaction datasets reflect significant research efforts. Therefore, datasets should be published with a permanent DOI, with appropriate citation language for proper acknowledgment in publications that use the data. Integrated site characterization procedures that incorporate qualitative geologic information about the soil deposits at a site and the quantitative information from in situ and laboratory engineering tests of these soils are essential for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties associated site characterization. Such information is vitally important to help identify potential failure modes and guide in situ testing. At the site scale, one potential way to do this is to use proxies for depositional environments. At the fabric and microstructure scale, the use of multiple in situ tests that induce different levels of strain should be used to characterize soil properties. The development of new in situ testing tools and methods that are more sensitive to soil fabric and microstructure should be continued. The development of robust, validated analytical procedures for evaluating the effects of liquefaction on civil infrastructure persists as a critical research topic. Robust validated analytical procedures would translate into more reliable evaluations of critical civil infrastructure iv performance, support the development of mechanics-based, practice-oriented engineering models, help eliminate suspected biases in our current engineering practices, and facilitate greater integration with structural, hydraulic, and wind engineering analysis capabilities for addressing multi-hazard problems. Effective collaboration across countries and disciplines is essential for developing analytical procedures that are robust across the full spectrum of geologic, infrastructure, and natural hazard loading conditions encountered in practice There are soils that are challenging to characterize, to model, and to evaluate, because their responses differ significantly from those of clean sands: they cannot be sampled and tested effectively using existing procedures, their properties cannot be estimated confidently using existing in situ testing methods, or constitutive models to describe their responses have not yet been developed or validated. Challenging soils include but are not limited to: interbedded soil deposits, intermediate (silty) soils, mine tailings, gravelly soils, crushable soils, aged soils, and cemented soils. New field and laboratory test procedures are required to characterize the responses of these materials to earthquake loadings, physical experiments are required to explore mechanisms, and new soil constitutive models tailored to describe the behavior of such soils are required. Well-documented case histories involving challenging soils where both the poor and good performance of engineered systems are documented are also of high priority. Characterizing and mitigating the effects of liquefaction on the built environment requires understanding its components and interactions as a system, including residential housing, commercial and industrial buildings, public buildings and facilities, and spatially distributed infrastructure, such as electric power, gas and liquid fuel, telecommunication, transportation, water supply, wastewater conveyance/treatment, and flood protection systems. Research to improve the characterization and mitigation of liquefaction effects on the built environment is essential for achieving resiliency. For example, the complex mechanisms of ground deformation caused by liquefaction and building response need to be clarified and the potential bias and dispersion in practice-oriented procedures for quantifying building response to liquefaction need to be quantified. Component-focused and system-performance research on lifeline response to liquefaction is required. Research on component behavior can be advanced by numerical simulations in combination with centrifuge and large-scale soil–structure interaction testing. System response requires advanced network analysis that accounts for the propagation of uncertainty in assessing the effects of liquefaction on large, geographically distributed systems. Lastly, research on liquefaction mitigation strategies, including aspects of ground improvement, structural modification, system health monitoring, and rapid recovery planning, is needed to identify the most effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable measures to improve the response and resiliency of the built environment.

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Ultrasound Volume Blood Flow, Consensus QIBA Profile. Chair J. Brian Fowlkes, James Jago, and Oliver Kripfgans. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM)/Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)/Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA), 2024. https://doi.org/10.1148/qiba/20240105.

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A QIBA Profile is an implementation guide to generate a biomarker with an effective level of performance, mostly by reducing variability and bias in the measurement. The expected performance is expressed as Claims (Section 1.2). To achieve those claims, Actors (Manufacturers/Vendors/Field Service Engineers, Sonographers/Technologists, Physicians, Physicist/Clinical Engineer/QA manager, and Image Analysis Tools) must meet the Checklist Requirements (Section 3) covering Product Validation, Staff Qualification, Pre-delivery, Installation, Periodic QA, Subject Handling, Image Data Acquisition, Image QA, and Image Analysis. This Profile is at the Public Comment stage (qibawiki.rsna.org/index.php/QIBA_Profile_Stages) so, The requirements are believed to be practical by the committee. Simplifications will be considered for future versions of the profile. The claim is a hypothesis based on committee assessment of literature and QIBA groundwork QIBA Profiles for other CT, MRI, PET, and Ultrasound biomarkers can be found at qibawiki.rsna.org. This QIBA Profile (US Volume Blood Flow) addresses volumetric blood flow (volume of blood passing through a given vessel per unit time), which can be used as a biomarker of normal/abnormal physiologic conditions, disease progression or response to therapy. The requirements are focused on achieving sufficient accuracy and avoiding unnecessary variability of volume blood flow measurements. In addition, traditional methods for volume flow using 2D imaging and spectral Doppler ultrasound measurements have not been widely used due to high variability, implicit assumptions, and high user interaction requirements.

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Tiku, Sanjay, Amin Eshraghi, Aaron Dinovitzer, and Arnav Rana. PR-214-114500-R01 Fatigue Life Assessment of Dents with and without Interacting Features. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011540.

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The long-term integrity of a dented pipeline segment is a complex function of a variety of parameters, including pipe geometry, indenter shape, dent depth, indenter support, pressure history at and following indentation. In order to estimate the safe remaining operational life of a dented pipeline, all of these factors must be accounted for in the assessment. The current project provides pipeline operators with a methodology for assessing and managing dent fatigue, thus making it possible to prioritize response and remedial action(s) in an informed manner. The methodology allows the users to carry out dent ranking/prioritization and dent fatigue life assessment. In addition to the development of the plain dent fatigue life assessment methodology, dent weld and dent metal loss interaction criteria have been developed to ascertain their effect on the fatigue life of a dent. The dent assessment methodology utilizes dent shape information that can be derived from in-line inspection (ILI) data, operating pressure spectra and pipeline material grade. A three-level approach has been developed for assessing the fatigue life or cyclic pressure loading dependent fail-ure of pipeline dents. All three assessment levels draw upon information regarding pipeline operational, material and mechanical damage data. The assessment level selection and accuracy of the results are based upon the complexity of the features, the availability of required data and the level of detail and certainty in the input data. The three levels provide a range of alternatives for integrity management, where the appropriate method to use is dependent on the desired outcome and the available information.

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Kohlitz, Jeremy, Avni Kumar, and Ruhil Iyer. Rural Sanitation in a Changing Climate: Reflections and Case Studies. The Sanitation Learning Hub, Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2023.018.

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To date, rural sanitation and hygiene are often conspicuously left out of discussions on climate change impacts on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services. There are few studies that illustrate the impacts of climate hazards and shocks on rural sanitation and hygiene and limited programmatic guidance on how to achieve more resilient systems. Research about the climate impacts on rural sanitation and hygiene are needed to persuade action and equitable allocation of resources. Furthermore, implementers need practical guidance on what to do and how to situate sanitation within the wider pressures of both climate change on people’s livelihoods, as well as integrating climate adaptations within ongoing sanitation programming. With this rationale, the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) and University of Technology Sydney's Institute for Sustainable Futures, (UTS-ISF), along with a range of partners, have undertaken three case studies on climate change and rural sanitation with the aims of: • Building the evidence on the direct and indirect impacts of climate hazards on rural sanitation and hygiene practices. • Using participatory research methods to understand diverse local realities and experiences. • Exploring the feasibility of integrating climate-sensitive thinking into rural sanitation and hygiene programming through trialling climate-responsive sanitation interventions. • Facilitating learning and sharing with partners within and across case study regions to think through evidence-based recommendations for sanitation programming. The case studies, spanning three countries, collectively address each of these objectives, although not all case studies focus on every objective. They represent a spectrum of initiatives to collect evidence of climate impacts on rural sanitation and take climate action within rural sanitation programming (see Figure 1). This SLH Learning Brief provides a brief summary of these case studies, reflections from the SLH and UTS-ISF on their experiences developing the case studies, the results of a learning workshop between the partners involved in each case study, and a proposed way forward.

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