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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Sacrificial dilemmas"
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Carron, Robin, Nathalie Blanc i Emmanuelle Brigaud. "Contextualizing sacrificial dilemmas within Covid-19 for the study of moral judgment". PLOS ONE 17, nr 8 (22.08.2022): e0273521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273521.
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"Sacrificial dilemmas" are the scenarios typically used to study moral judgment and human morality. However, these dilemmas have been criticized regarding their lack of ecological validity. The COVID-19 pandemic offers a relevant context to further examine individuals’ moral judgment and choice of action with more realistic sacrificial dilemmas. Using this context, the purpose of the present study is to investigate how moral responses are influenced by the contextualization of the dilemma (i.e., contextualized or not within the Covid-19 pandemic). By comparing two versions of one dilemma, Experiment 1 revealed that the more realistic version (the one contextualized within the Covid-19 pandemic) did not elicit more utilitarian responses than the less realistic version (the one not contextualized within the Covid-19 pandemic). In Experiment 2, we examined more specifically whether both the perceived realism of the dilemma and the plausibility of a utilitarian action influence moral responses. Results confirmed that the contextualization of the dilemma does not make any difference in moral responses. However, the plausibility of an action appears to exert an influence on the choice of action. Indeed, participants were more inclined to choose the utilitarian action in the plausible action versions than in the implausible action versions of the dilemma. Overall, these results shed light on the importance for future research of using mundane and dramatic realistic dilemmas displaying full information regarding a sacrificial action and its consequences.
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Kirova, Alena, Ying Tang i Paul Conway. "Are people really less moral in their foreign language? Proficiency and comprehension matter for the moral foreign language effect in Russian speakers". PLOS ONE 18, nr 7 (10.07.2023): e0287789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287789.
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Previous work has demonstrated that people are more willing to sacrifice one person to save five in a foreign language (FL) than in their native tongue. This may be due to the FL either reducing concerns about sacrificial harm (deontological inclinations) or increasing concerns about overall outcomes (utilitarian inclinations). Moreover, proficiency in a foreign language (FL) may moderate results. To test these possibilities, we investigated the moral foreign language effect (MFLE) in a novel sample of Russian L1/English FL speakers. We employed process dissociation (PD)—a technique that independently assesses concerns about rejecting harm and maximizing outcomes in sacrificial dilemmas, and we assessed measures of objective and subjective foreign language proficiency and of dilemma comprehension. Results replicated the pattern of increased acceptance of sacrificial harm in FL demonstrated in earlier studies, but a PD analysis showed no evidence of increased concerns for utilitarian outcomes in a FL; instead, this pattern was driven by reduced concerns regarding sacrificial harm. However, people who reported better dilemma comprehension in the FL demonstrated both stronger deontological and utilitarian responding, and people with higher objective proficiency displayed stronger utilitarian responding in the FL than those with lower proficiency. These findings show that utilitarian inclinations are affected by reading dilemmas in a foreign language mainly in low-proficiency speakers, and that while emotional concerns for sacrifice are reduced in FL, better comprehension can increase such concerns as well as concern for outcomes.
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Aktas, Büsra, Onurcan Yilmaz i Hasan G. Bahçekapili. "Moral pluralism on the trolley tracks: Different normative principles are used for different reasons in justifying moral judgments". Judgment and Decision Making 12, nr 3 (maj 2017): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005891.
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AbstractThe psychological correlates of utilitarian choices in sacrificial moral dilemmas are contentious. In the literature, some research (Greene, et al., 2001) suggested that utilitarianism requires analytic thinking while other research (Kahane et al., 2015) showed that utilitarianism is correlated with psychopathy. In the present research, we looked at the relation of several normative views with analytic cognitive style (ACS), psychopathy and real-world utilitarianism in three Turkish samples. In Study 1 (n = 269), we used four ethical dilemmas and asked participants to select one normative principle as the grounds for their judgment in the dilemma: fatalism, virtue ethics, utilitarianism, deontology and amoralism. The results showed that the majority selected the deontological principle. Additionally, there was a considerable amount of fatalistic and virtue ethical justifications. Utilitarianism and psychopathy had a significant positive correlation. In Study 2 (n = 246), we replicated Study 1 and showed a significant relation between ACS and moral minimalism (the view that the sacrificial act is permissible but not necessary). In Study 3, the results showed that the utilitarian option in the sacrificial dilemmas was positively correlated with both real-life utilitarianism and psychopathy, but the latter two variables were not correlated with each other. All in all, the results suggest that some people choose the utilitarian option in moral dilemmas from psychopathic tendencies (as Kahane argued), while others due to real-life utilitarian reasons (as Greene argued). The findings also indicate that virtue ethical and fatalistic justifications cannot be ignored in understanding lay people’s moral judgments.
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Rosas, Alejandro, Juan Pablo Bermúdez i David Aguilar-Pardo. "Decision conflict drives reaction times and utilitarian responses in sacrificial dilemmas". Judgment and Decision Making 14, nr 5 (wrzesień 2019): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s193029750000485x.
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AbstractIn the sacrificial moral dilemma task, participants have to morally judge an action that saves several lives at the cost of killing one person. According to the dual process corrective model of moral judgment suggested by Greene and collaborators (2001; 2004; 2008), cognitive control is necessary to override the intuitive, deontological force of the norm against killing and endorse the utilitarian perspective. However, a conflict model has been proposed more recently to account for part of the evidence in favor of dual process models in moral and social decision making. In this model, conflict, moral responses and reaction times arise from the interplay between individually variable motivational factors and objective parameters intrinsic to the choices offered. To further explore this model in the moral dilemma task, we confronted three different samples with a set of dilemmas representing an objective gradient of utilitarian pull, and collected data on moral judgment and on conflict in a 4-point scale. Collapsing all cases along the gradient, participants in each sample felt less conflicted on average when they gave extreme responses (1 or 4 in the UR scale). They felt less conflicted on average when responding to either the low- or the high-pull cases. The correlation between utilitarian responses and conflict was positive in the low-pull and negative in the high-pull cases. This pattern of data suggests that moral responses to sacrificial dilemmas are driven by decision conflict, which in turn depends on the interplay between an objective gradient of utilitarian pull and the moral motivations which regulate individual responsiveness to this gradient.
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Crone, Damien L., i Simon M. Laham. "Multiple moral foundations predict responses to sacrificial dilemmas". Personality and Individual Differences 85 (październik 2015): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.041.
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Brigaud, Emmanuelle, i Nathalie Blanc. "When dark humor and moral judgment meet in sacrificial dilemmas: Preliminary evidence with females". Europe’s Journal of Psychology 17, nr 4 (30.11.2021): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.2417.
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The influence of dark humor on moral judgment has never been explored, even though this form of humor is well-known to push the boundaries of social norms. In the present study, we examined whether the presence of dark humor leads female participants to approve a utilitarian response (i.e., to kill one to save many) in sacrificial dilemmas. The effects of two types of humorous contexts were compared (i.e., dark vs. nondark) on dilemmas, which differed according to whom benefits from the crime (i.e., oneself and others vs. others only). In addition to collecting moral responses, individuals’ emotional states were assessed at three critical steps: Before and after reading the jokes and also after performing the moral judgment task. Our results revealed that dark and nondark humor similarly elicited a positive emotional state. However, dark humor increased the permissiveness of the moral violation when this violation created benefits for oneself. In self and other beneficial dilemmas, female participants in the dark humorous condition judged the utilitarian response more appropriate than those in the nondark condition. This study represents a first attempt in deepening our understanding of the context-dependent nature of moral judgment usually assessed in sacrificial dilemmas.
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Goldstein-Greenwood, Jacob, Paul Conway, Amy Summerville i Brielle N. Johnson. "(How) Do You Regret Killing One to Save Five? Affective and Cognitive Regret Differ After Utilitarian and Deontological Decisions". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, nr 9 (28.01.2020): 1303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219897662.
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Sacrificial moral dilemmas, in which opting to kill one person will save multiple others, are definitionally suboptimal: Someone dies either way. Decision-makers, then, may experience regret about these decisions. Past research distinguishes affective regret, negative feelings about a decision, from cognitive regret, thoughts about how a decision might have gone differently. Classic dual-process models of moral judgment suggest that affective processing drives characteristically deontological decisions to reject outcome-maximizing harm, whereas cognitive deliberation drives characteristically utilitarian decisions to endorse outcome-maximizing harm. Consistent with this model, we found that people who made or imagined making sacrificial utilitarian judgments reliably expressed relatively more affective regret and sometimes expressed relatively less cognitive regret than those who made or imagined making deontological dilemma judgments. In other words, people who endorsed causing harm to save lives generally felt more distressed about their decision, yet less inclined to change it, than people who rejected outcome-maximizing harm.
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Rosas, Alejandro, i David Aguilar-Pardo. "Extreme time-pressure reveals utilitarian intuitions in sacrificial dilemmas". Thinking & Reasoning 26, nr 4 (23.10.2019): 534–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2019.1679665.
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Antoniou, Rea, Tobias Haeusermann, Alissa Bernstein Sideman, Celeste Fong, Patrick Callahan, Sherry Chen, Bruce L. Miller, Winston Chiong i Katherine P. Rankin. "62 Moral Reasoning Through the Eyes of Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (listopad 2023): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723003806.
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Objective:Persons with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) have been shown to exhibit altered morality, manifested as atypical utilitarian tendencies towards sacrificial moral dilemmas. This takes the form of endorsing harmful actions towards single individuals, including vulnerable or relationally close individuals (e.g. children, loved ones), in order to promote the greater good for the community or society as a whole. The dual process model of moral cognition interprets such tendencies as deriving from a lack of emotional engagement, whereas moral emotion theory views them as selective impairment in prosocial sentiments. We hypothesized that both the widespread neuropsychological practice of using sacrificial moral dilemmas to evaluate moral reasoning, and these tests' overreliance on quantitative results, inadequately represent how persons with bvFTD reason and feel while responding to moral dilemmas. To evaluate this hypothesis, we applied a mixed-methods approach to identify the reasoning, motivations, and emotional experiences of bvFTD persons during their deliberation about moral scenarios.Participants and Methods:We conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 participants: 7 persons with bvFTD & 7 older healthy controls. Transcripts were coded in Atlas 5.0 to characterize the underlying reasoning, emotions, response processes, and values that emerged when responding to a structured set of moral dilemmas. Our dilemmas measured utilitarian reasoning holistically by incorporating both sacrificial and impartial/altruistic components, as suggested by the 2-dimensional model of utilitarianism.Results:Unexpectedly, bvFTD persons articulated a prosocial compass when asked about their values, stating they were organizing their choices predominantly around kindness and altruism, even when they were making choices to harm loved ones or vulnerable individuals to promote the greater good. During moral deliberation, persons with bvFTD showed significantly less metacognition (bvFTD = 10%, HC = 90%) but reported more positive emotions (joy; bvFTD = 83%, HC = 17%) than negative (frustration; bvFTD = 30 %, HC = 70 %) compared to controls. Qualitatively, this observed emotional outlook was typically coupled with a more rigid, simplistic viewpoint (e.g., "I felt great, it was a no brainer"), suggesting a moral understanding lacking emotional nuance and complexity.Conclusions:Our data showed that bvFTD persons' utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas did not arise from an emotionally flat or antisocial cognitive perspective, but instead were guided by positive emotionality, simplistic reasoning, and prosocial values. These findings challenge the current understanding of the reasoning processes and experiences of persons with bvFTD and highlight the importance of incorporating mixed method approaches in dementia research that take into consideration the viewpoint of the cognitively compromised individual.
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Navarick, Douglas J. "Question framing and sensitivity to consequences in sacrificial moral dilemmas". Journal of Social Psychology 161, nr 1 (8.04.2020): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2020.1749019.
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Carron, Robin. "La morale humaine appréhendée à travers les dilemmes sacrificiels : analyse, critique et perspective". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 3, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024MON30027.
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Depuis plusieurs décennies, les chercheurs et chercheuses en psychologie s'efforcent de percer les mystères de la morale humaine à travers l'étude des décisions morales. À ce jour, le paradigme de recherche dominant en psychologie morale repose sur l’analyse des réponses obtenues à partir de scénarios hypothétiques, tel le célèbre dilemme du tramway. Ces dilemmes, qualifiés de "sacrificiels", ont permis de fournir des apports majeurs à la compréhension de la morale humaine. Toutefois, ces outils ont récemment été critiqués pour leur manque de validité externe en raison (1) de leur caractère parfois involontairement humoristique et (2) de leur manque de réalisme. En effet, le caractère souvent absurde et incongru de ces dilemmes pourrait conduire les participants à les résoudre dans un cadre humoristique plutôt que sérieux. De plus, ces dilemmes manqueraient de réalisme, car les situations présentées ne reflètent pas des contextes auxquels les individus pourraient réellement être confrontés dans leur vie quotidienne et les actions permettant de résoudre ces dilemmes peuvent paraître peu plausibles. À travers sept études valorisées au sein de quatre articles scientifiques publiés dans des revues à comité de lecture, cette thèse vise à examiner les deux paramètres susceptibles de menacer la validité externe des dilemmes moraux sacrificiels : (1) leur caractère parfois incongru ou involontairement humoristique et (2) leur manque de réalisme. Ce travail de thèse s'attache par ailleurs à favoriser l’utilisation d’approches et d’outils complémentaires aux dilemmes pour une étude plus approfondie de la morale humaine. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse offre une contribution significative au débat actuel sur l'utilisation et la pertinence des dilemmes moraux sacrificiels en psychologie. En explorant les paramètres susceptibles de menacer la validité externe des dilemmes sacrificiels, elle met en lumière l'importance de questionner les méthodes employées pour étudier la morale humaine. Ainsi, ce travail encourage non seulement à mener une réflexion critique sur les approches traditionnelles mobilisées pour sonder la morale humaine, mais incite également à l’exploitation d'outils complémentaires pour l’appréhenderFor several decades, researchers in psychology have been trying to unravel the mysteries of human morality through the study of moral decisions. To date, the dominant research paradigm in moral psychology is based on the analysis of responses obtained from hypothetical scenarios, such as the famous trolley dilemma. These so-called ‘sacrificial’ dilemmas have made major contributions to our understanding of human morality. However, these tools have recently been criticized for their lack of external validity due to (1) their possible unintentionally humorous nature and (2) their lack of realism. Indeed, the often absurd and incongruous nature of these dilemmas could lead participants to solve them in a humorous rather than a serious context. In addition, these dilemmas lack realism, as the situations presented do not reflect contexts that individuals might actually face in their daily lives, and the actions used to resolve these dilemmas may seem implausible. Through seven studies presented in four scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals, this thesis aims to examine the two parameters likely to threaten the external validity of sacrificial moral dilemmas: (1) their sometimes incongruous or unintentionally humorous nature and (2) their lack of realism. This thesis also aims to encourage the use of approaches and tools complementary to dilemmas for a more in- depth study of human morality. Overall, this thesis makes a significant contribution to the current debate on the use and relevance of sacrificial moral dilemmas in psychology. By exploring the parameters that may threaten the external validity of sacrificial dilemmas, it highlights the importance of questioning the methods used to study human morality. This work not only encourages critical reflection on the traditional approaches used to probe human morality, but also encourages the use of complementary tools to understand it
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richards, ZPT. "Emotion regulation in sacrificial moral choice dilemmas". Thesis, 2021. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/45433/1/Richards_whole_thesis.pdf.
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The dual-process perspective of moral psychology posits the utilitarian and deontological thought processes conflict with one another in moral dilemmas. These two processes produce internal psychological conflict, which must be resolved to make moral choices. One process which may aide in reducing this conflict and in making moral choices, is emotion regulation. Emotion regulation is the process of managing emotional experience and expression to reach situational goals. Prior research has linked poorer emotion regulation with increased deontological responding in moral judgement. However, there is no research examining the relationship between emotion regulation and moral choice. The hypothesis of this study was that a weaker capacity to regulate emotions would predict lower rates of utilitarian responding. This effect would be more pronounced in high conflict, emotionally salient moral choice dilemmas. To investigate this hypothesis, 224 participants were recruited across two studies to look at individual differences in emotion regulation and utilitarian responding. Participants took an amended version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and were categorised based on their DERS score. Participants then responded to a battery of low and high conflict dilemmas where they had to make a choice on whether to act, which would be the utilitarian response, or not, which would be the deontological response. Using Bayesian analyses, the results of this study found no evidence for the hypothesis, meaning emotion regulation had no effect in moral choice.
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Moen, Lars. "The Republican Dilemma: Liberating Republicanism, Sacrificing Pluralism". Phd thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/206036.
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Republican freedom is clearly different from pure negative freedom. While the former is the absence of domination - that is, the robust absence of interference you have not yourself instructed - the latter is the absence of any interference, or prevention. However, Ian Carter argues for the 'equivalent-judgments thesis', according to which these differences are irrelevant when it comes to judging how free a person is or how to promote freedom in a society. In my dissertation, I explore the differences between the two freedom concepts and consider whether Carter's equivalent-judgments thesis holds. I show that it does hold with respect to Philip Pettit's conception of republican freedom, since promoting its required level of protection against uninstructed interference is to simultaneously promote pure negative freedom. I further explore how republicans can conceptualise their freedom ideal to avoid the equivalent-judgments thesis. I show why the only possible strategy for 'liberating' republican freedom from pure negative freedom is to reduce the scope of freedom - that is, making it compatible with a wider range of interference - as that will enable republicans to make their freedom ideal require a more robust protection against interference not within this range. This robustness is measured in terms of possible worlds in which the free person enjoys the absence of such interference. By treating interference not as a source of unfreedom insofar as it makes citizens committed to protecting the remaining scope of freedom, republicans can reduce the scope of freedom for the sake of its robustness beyond what is compatible with the promotion of pure negative freedom. The problem with this move is that promoting republican freedom then involves preference-shaping to a greater extent than is compatible with the plurality of ways of life characterising modern society. Republicans therefore face a dilemma: either allow for pluralism and promote pure negative freedom or maintain a distinctly republican freedom ideal that undermines pluralism and seems unappealing under current circumstances. Although this illiberal freedom ideal appears unsuited for guiding actual political decision-making, I show how republicans can nonetheless use it a basis for evaluating modern society and for criticising citizens' lack of political engagement.
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Mann, Timothy 1984. "Scaling Up Reinforcement Learning without Sacrificing Optimality by Constraining Exploration". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148402.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to understand how algorithms can efficiently learn to solve new tasks based on previous experience, instead of being explicitly programmed with a solution for each task that we want it to solve. Here a task is a series of decisions, such as a robot vacuum deciding which room to clean next or an intelligent car deciding to stop at a traffic light. In such a case, state-of-the-art learning algorithms are difficult to employ in practice because they often make thou- sands of mistakes before reliably solving a task. However, humans learn solutions to novel tasks, often making fewer mistakes, which suggests that efficient learning algorithms may exist. One advantage that humans have over state- of-the-art learning algorithms is that, while learning a new task, humans can apply knowledge gained from previously solved tasks. The central hypothesis investigated by this dissertation is that learning algorithms can solve new tasks more efficiently when they take into consideration knowledge learned from solving previous tasks. Al- though this hypothesis may appear to be obviously true, what knowledge to use and how to apply that knowledge to new tasks is a challenging, open research problem.
I investigate this hypothesis in three ways. First, I developed a new learning algorithm that is able to use prior knowledge to constrain the exploration space. Second, I extended a powerful theoretical framework in machine learning, called Probably Approximately Correct, so that I can formally compare the efficiency of algorithms that solve only a single task to algorithms that consider knowledge from previously solved tasks. With this framework, I found sufficient conditions for using knowledge from previous tasks to improve efficiency of learning to solve new tasks and also identified conditions where transferring knowledge may impede learning. I present situations where transfer learning can be used to intelligently constrain the exploration space so that optimality loss can be minimized. Finally, I tested the efficiency of my algorithms in various experimental domains.
These theoretical and empirical results provide support for my central hypothesis. The theory and experiments of this dissertation provide a deeper understanding of what makes a learning algorithm efficient so that it can be widely used in practice. Finally, these results also contribute the general goal of creating autonomous machines that can be reliably employed to solve complex tasks.
Książki na temat "Sacrificial dilemmas"
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Deity and Diet: The Dilemma of Sacrificial Food at Corinth. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 1998.
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Deity and Diet: The Dilemma of Sacrificial Food at Corinth. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 1998.
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Deity and diet: The dilemma of sacrificial food at Corinth. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998.
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Parry, John Weston. Athlete's Dilemma: Sacrificing Health for Wealth and Fame. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2017.
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The athlete's dilemma: Sacrificing health for wealth and fame. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.
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Childs, Geoff, i Namgyal Choedup. From a Trickle to a Torrent. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520299511.001.0001.
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What happens to a community when the majority of young people move away for education? In Nubri, an ethnic Tibetan enclave in the highlands of Nepal, educational migration (the sending of children to distant institutions for schooling) has become a key component of a family management strategy that is driven by the prospect of social and economic rewards but that entails risk, uncertainty, and unforeseen consequences. The authors draw on ethnographic, demographic, and historical research to document how long-standing religious connections shape contemporary migrations and how population growth disparities open new schooling opportunities for Buddhist highlanders. They examine parents’ motives for sacrificing household labor in favor or sending children to distant schools and monasteries, a trend encapsulated in the oft-repeated phrase “better a pen in hand than a rope across the forehead.” The book concludes by investigating dilemmas associated with educational migration, including intergenerational skirmishes over marriage and household succession, threats to the family-based care system for the elderly, and a decline in the level of agricultural production needed to support local religious activities. From a Trickle to a Torrent chronicles a convergence of demographic and social processes that have led a Himalayan society to the brink of irreversible change.
Części książek na temat "Sacrificial dilemmas"
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Kneer, Markus, i Ivar R. Hannikainen. "Trolleys, triage and Covid-19: the role of psychological realism in sacrificial dilemmas". W Coping with Covid, 144–60. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003466567-16.
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Conway, Paul. "Social Cognition of Moral Judgment". W The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition, Second Edition, 740–70. Wyd. 2. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197763414.013.27.
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Abstract Moral judgment often examines sacrificial dilemmas where causing limited harm will prevent greater harm. Such dilemmas entail a trade-off between moral concerns about avoiding harming others and concerns about maximizing overall well-being. Such dilemmas originated in philosophy, but research examines the psychological mechanisms that drive judgments. Yet, theorists often conflate philosophical theory with dilemma decisions and decisions with underlying mechanisms. This chapter discusses the origins of dilemma research and distinguishes between philosophical, judgment, and process levels of analysis. It considers the original “hard” dual-process model and a “softer” version that better meshes with evidence, as well as single-process models and social perception models. The chapter tours evidence obtained by examining judgments and via the process dissociation and consequences norms inaction modeling approaches. Finally, it considers the dangers of mixing levels of analysis and the utility of clarity for the goals of dilemma research.
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Lundberg, Matthew D. "Violence and the Christian Life in the Light of Martyrdom". W Christian Martyrdom and Christian Violence, 160–210. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197566596.003.0008.
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This final chapter applies the notion developed early in the book of martyrdom as a “spotlight” that illuminates the contours of discipleship. Through a final sharpening of the criteria of martyrdom, it contends that the only violence that Christians should sanction as “justified” is violence congruent with martyrdom’s implicit argument about the faithful Christian life. This requires significant constraints on the “realism” and conceptions of military “necessity” that Christians can affirm, and thus points to a just war ethic with significant restraints (both ad bellum and in bello) that reflect the sacrificial texture of the following of Jesus. While the chapter focuses on Christian martyrdom in relation to the dilemmas of war, it also analyzes what a martyrdom-shaped sense of Christian responsibility looks like in other arenas of sword-bearing, especially policing.
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Mathews, John A. "Strategic Innovation Leapfrogging through Linkage, Leverage, and Learning". W Dragon Multinational, 107–30. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121469.003.0005.
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Abstract “Starting from new strategic intentions” is exactly what many latecomers (and newcomers) have done. Merely following conventional approaches would have provided them with little leverage against incumbents’ advantages. So entrepreneurs like Stan Shih of Acer and Lakshmi Mittal of Ispat have devised novel ways of resolving their strategic dilemmas, such as the dilemma of achieving global integration of operations without sacrificing local responsiveness, turning their disadvantages as latecomers into sources of global strength.
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Carey, John. "A Short Treatise of the Great Virtues: The Uses of Philosophy in Everyday Life". W Sunday Best, 273–76. Yale University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300266689.003.0074.
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This chapter discusses André Comte-Sponville's book that was published before the event of September 11, which prefigures dilemmas that the Twin Towers tragedy raised. It cites Comte-Sponville's section on courage, wherein he hypothesises about terrorists who blow up airliners. Because courage is a virtue, Comte-Spoonville suggests that a terrorist who plants a bomb and remains on the ground is despised more than one who boards the plane and dies with his victims. However, Comte-Sponville further argues that if the terrorist is a religious fanatic, he is no longer courageous, but simply sacrificing innocent lives for his own benefit. The chapter describes the elegance and trickiness of the dialectic that typify Comte-Sponville's approach as he stuck to the traditional moral message that self-love is the root of all evil but renovates it with unusual twists.
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Layman, Daniel. "Locke’s Property Problem". W Locke Among the Radicals, 16–66. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939076.003.0002.
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According to Locke, all people are free and equal. Consequently, the natural world belongs to all people in common. But each person, along with his labor, belongs only to himself. Thus, although all people share a common right to use the world, each person acquires a private right to resources he “mixes” with his labor. Before large-scale economic development, there was no problem with each person appropriating as much as he could use, because this left “enough, and as good” for others. But once money spurred development, people could efficiently use far more. Under these new conditions, there was no longer enough and as good lying in common. Consequently, although everyone got richer through economic development, the world divided into resource owners and employees working on others’ resources. All of this posed a dilemma for Locke. On the one hand, people could be required to leave the world lying in common, preserving equal standing but sacrificing well-being for all. On the other, people could be permitted to develop the world into a network of private plots, greatly increasing well-being for all but sacrificing equal standing. Locke notices the tension, but he lacks an adequate solution. He implausibly appeals to our purported consent to money and its consequences before ending the chapter, thus leaving his property problem for others to solve.
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Bowan, Cliff, i Pauline Gleadle. "Culture as a Dynamic Capability". W Handbook of Research on Knowledge-Intensive Organizations, 330–47. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-176-6.ch020.
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The chapter addresses a central dilemma from the viewpoint of dynamic capabilities and the resource based view of the firm: how to manage creativity within New Product Development without sacrificing financial control. The empirical evidence examined concerns 3M’s NPD activity in the United Kingdom from a holistically viewed management control perspective at the organizational level, and a study of the development and launch of a highly successful and radically new product, Genesis. It is concluded that NPD processes within 3M in the United Kingdom display a large measure of coherence juxtaposed with flexibility through the manner in which controls, holistically viewed, are embedded within organizational routines. Using case evidence clear distinctions can be made between dynamic capabilities, resources and product outcomes, and the elements of 3M’s capability can be discerned. The authors conclude that a dynamic capability can consist of both replicable elements, and elements embedded in the culture and routines of the firm that are difficult to imitate.
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E. Abd El-Samad, Alaa, Radwa S. Mostafa, Hager H. Zeenelabden, Menahtullah M. Mabrouk, Ahmed Mourtada Elseman, Nasr Gad, Mostafa El-Aasser i Mohamed M. Rashad. "Mixed 2D-3D Halide Perovskite Solar Cells". W Solar Cells [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97684.
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The 3D-perovskite halides have gained a considerable reputation versus their counterpart semiconductor materials since they achieved a remarkable high-power conversion efficiency of 25.2% within a decade. Perovskite solar cells also have some problems as lattice degradation and sensitivity against moisture, oxygen, and strong irradiation. The perovskite instability is the drawback in front of this emerging technology towards mass production and commercialization. 2D-perovskites, with the general formula A2Bn − 1MnX3n + 1, have been recently introduced to overcome some of the drawbacks of the stability of 3D-perovskites; however, this is at the expense of sacrificing a part of the power conversion efficiency. Mixed 2D/3D perovskites could solve this dilemma towards the way to high stability-efficiency perovskites. The research is expected to obtain highly stable and efficient mixed 2D/3D perovskite solar cells in the few coming years. This chapter reviews 2D-perovskites’ achieved progress, highlighting their properties, current trends, challenges, and future prospects.
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Bachner, Andrea. "Impact Erasure". W The Mark of Theory. Fordham University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823277476.003.0003.
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This chapter analyzes the use of inscriptive metaphors in trauma theories, from Freud’s psychoanalytical models of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century to contemporary theorists such as Agamben, Caruth, Hirsch, and Lyotard. As an unregistered shock that continues to haunt the individual, trauma is an inscription whose impact leaves no trace. Accordingly, the inscriptive metaphors deployed in theories of trauma tend to multiply since they are caught in the dilemma of representing trauma without sacrificing a definition of trauma as the unrepresentable par excellence. For a thorough analysis of the ways in which trauma turns inscriptive, this chapter zooms in on a scandalous counterpoint: that between the number tattoos of Holocaust victims and the mark of circumcision. Whereas the number tattoo brands and produces a human body as inhuman, but can be rewritten as a corporeal memorial, circumcision can be misconstrued as traumatic mark, as a supplement to castration, but can also serve as a model for an ethical thought.
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Collins, Robert M. "The Reagan Revolution and Antistatist Growthmanship". W More, 166–213. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195046465.003.0007.
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Abstract Both good stories and strong arguments can be ruined by exaggeration, which, often as not, is driven less by an urge to deceive than by a desire to keep things simple. The temptations of neatness are especially acute for historians, who have the difficult task of making the past comprehensible without sacrificing the bewildering complexity that usually characterizes human affairs. As we have seen, many policymakers, opinion molders, and ordinary Americans appeared to give up on growth in the 1970s. Yet, even during the general retreat from growth, others continued to look to growth as a way out of the nation’s apparent economic dilemma. Their efforts constituted the real beginnings, in the 1970s, of what later came to be labeled the Reagan Revolution. That conservative reorientation of public affairs began not when Ronald Reagan took the oath of office in January 1981, or even at the time of his election to the presidency several months earlier, but rather in the more obscure byways of the past, in the fumblings of the mid-197os to somehow recapture the economic and psychological momentum of the economic golden age that had come to an effective end in 1968 and that Richard Nixon’s exertions had failed to reawaken. In the 1980s Ronald Reagan built on these beginnings by appropriating economic growth in an effort to drive a stake through the heart of modern liberalism.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Sacrificial dilemmas"
1
Necula, Lidia Mihaela. "THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS OR, WHEN TEACHERS IN THEIR PRIME (MURIEL SPARK) NEVER LET GO (KAZUO ISHIGURO) IN HARD TIMES (CHARLES DICKENS)". W 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/s28.09.
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Years and writing signatures apart, it would seem that Charles Dickens�s Hard Times has very little to do, if anything, with Muriel Spark�s The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and/ or with Kazuo Ishiguro�s Never Let me Go for that matter. And yet, all of these three novels operate, in various degrees, with what seems to have always been a common life principle for many, regardless of the temporal or geographic co(n)text at hand. Dicken�s Hard Times portrays characters who prioritize facts, figures, and material gain over the emotional and moral aspects of life. The utilitarian approach of valuing measurable outcomes and productivity above all else is presented as dehumanizing and detrimental to individuals and society. Although it does not directly pursue a utilitarian philosophy, The Prime of Miss Brodie does shed light on the complexities of personal influence and the potential consequences of actions: as a character, Miss Brodie raises questions about the ethical implications of pursuing personal ambitions at the expense of others and the limitations of an individualistic approach to achieving happiness and fulfilment. And true as it may be that Muriel Spark�s novel does not directly address utilitarianism as a philosophical concept, it is possible to analyse Miss Brodie, her actions, her beliefs as well as her impact on her students from a utilitarian perspective since the latter emphasizes the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Finally, Ishiguro�s speculative Never Let Me Go presents a dystopian society where clones are created for the sole purpose of providing organ donations to others thus raising further questions about the ethics of sacrificing a few for the well-being of many, as well as the nature of humanity and the value of individual lives. Every single one of these three novels explores utilitarian philosophies of life by looking into the aftermath entailed by the prioritizing of individuals� happiness and pleasure (on a small scale), or of societal well-being (on a large scale). Therein, readers are challenged to reflect upon the complexities and ethical dilemmas inherent in pursuing the greatest good for the greatest number. The end justifies the means can be seen operating in various degrees and in different ways in all three texts, reflecting back the unique contexts and themes of their respective stories. Seen like this, these novels become lenses mediating ethical dilemmas, obliquely criticising societal norms or raising awareness to the consequences of sacrificing individual rights and moral considerations for the sake of societal or personal goals.
2
Necula, Lidia Mihaela. "THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS OR, WHEN TEACHERS IN THEIR PRIME (MURIEL SPARK) NEVER LET GO (KAZUO ISHIGURO) IN HARD TIMES (CHARLES DICKENS)". W 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/s10.09.
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Years and writing signatures apart, it would seem that Charles Dickens�s Hard Times has very little to do, if anything, with Muriel Spark�s The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and/ or with Kazuo Ishiguro�s Never Let me Go for that matter. And yet, all of these three novels operate, in various degrees, with what seems to have always been a common life principle for many, regardless of the temporal or geographic co(n)text at hand. Dicken�s Hard Times portrays characters who prioritize facts, figures, and material gain over the emotional and moral aspects of life. The utilitarian approach of valuing measurable outcomes and productivity above all else is presented as dehumanizing and detrimental to individuals and society. Although it does not directly pursue a utilitarian philosophy, The Prime of Miss Brodie does shed light on the complexities of personal influence and the potential consequences of actions: as a character, Miss Brodie raises questions about the ethical implications of pursuing personal ambitions at the expense of others and the limitations of an individualistic approach to achieving happiness and fulfilment. And true as it may be that Muriel Spark�s novel does not directly address utilitarianism as a philosophical concept, it is possible to analyse Miss Brodie, her actions, her beliefs as well as her impact on her students from a utilitarian perspective since the latter emphasizes the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Finally, Ishiguro�s speculative Never Let Me Go presents a dystopian society where clones are created for the sole purpose of providing organ donations to others thus raising further questions about the ethics of sacrificing a few for the well-being of many, as well as the nature of humanity and the value of individual lives. Every single one of these three novels explores utilitarian philosophies of life by looking into the aftermath entailed by the prioritizing of individuals� happiness and pleasure (on a small scale), or of societal well-being (on a large scale). Therein, readers are challenged to reflect upon the complexities and ethical dilemmas inherent in pursuing the greatest good for the greatest number. The end justifies the means can be seen operating in various degrees and in different ways in all three texts, reflecting back the unique contexts and themes of their respective stories. Seen like this, these novels become lenses mediating ethical dilemmas, obliquely criticising societal norms or raising awareness to the consequences of sacrificing individual rights and moral considerations for the sake of societal or personal goals.
3
Duan, Molong, i Chinedum E. Okwudire. "Energy Efficiency and Performance Optimized Control of a Hybrid Feed Drive". W ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9498.
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Linear motor drives (LMDs) are well known to provide significant advantages in terms of positioning speed and precision over traditional screw drives (SDs), making them better suited for high-speed, high-precision machine tools. However, their use in such machine tools is limited by their tendency to consume a lot of electrical energy and cause thermal issues that help drive up costs. A hybrid feed drive (HFD) has been proposed as a possible solution to this dilemma. The HFD combines LMD and SD actuation to achieve speeds and accuracies similar to LMDs while consuming much less energy. This paper explores control strategies to further improve the performance of the HFD without unduly sacrificing its efficiency. First, it highlights two performance limitations of the controller proposed for the HFD in prior work, namely, imperfect tracking and suboptimal feedback gains. Then it compares two approaches for achieving perfect tracking with regard to performance and energy efficiency. Finally, it presents an approach for optimizing the feedback gains of the HFD to achieve the best positioning performance. Simulations and experiments are used to demonstrate significant gains in precise positioning using the methods proposed in this paper, while maintaining superb energy efficiency relative to an equivalent LMD.
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Khonsari, S. V., G. L. England i M. R. Mahboub-Farimani. "A Novel Concept for a Deformable Joint in Offshore Structures". W ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28264.
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A new semi-rigid beam-to-column, as well as bracing-to-frame, connection has been developed. In addition to its application in building structures, due to its special features and characteristics, it can best lend itself to offshore jackets, where fracture caused by fatigue has always been a major concern. The adverse effects of welding, material embrittlement, residual stresses, etc., pronounced by cyclic loading on such structures, can be overcome by using this new connection. Moreover, it can be easily used in the structure of various modules used in the topside of platforms and FPSOs. The particular feature of this connection is its geometry, which is so devised that it allows much higher rotations to be delivered than those normally used. Furthermore, it can work in a ‘sacrificial’ capacity with the ability to ‘contain’ the damage, preventing it from propagating through the jacket/frame members. This, together with its ‘replaceability,’ minimizes the cost of repair, if the structure is subjected to severe loading conditions, such as earthquakes, blast, or ship/ice impact. Being a separate entity, it is of a limited size, and can be easily housed in a heat treatment oven to be annealed and thereby to remove the adverse effects of welding. These features eliminate the need for taking additional measures to prevent the development of cracks in such joints, and can better guarantee the safety of the entire structure. Due to the use of high energy absorbing elements within this connection, it can dissipate high amounts of energy prior to its failure. The normal dilemma of not being able to provide high strength (moment capacity) together with large rotational capacity, presented by almost all conventional joints, is overcome in this new design. These two important features can be adjusted to the demand of the structure quite independently. A comprehensive experimental study of the comprising energy-dissipating elements showed the crucial role of annealing in eliminating the embrittlement effects of welding on the connections, in particular the developed cracks. Finally, the behaviour of two single-bay, single-storey, building frames, fitted with this connection, subjected to the ground acceleration records of four major earthquakes, was studied numerically. Various dynamic response parameters of these frames were worked out and compared with those of their rigidly-connected, as well as hinged-connected, counterparts.