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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Salt gradient”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 3 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Yang, Guang, Lamei Jiang, Wenjing Li, Eryang Li, and Guanghui Lv. "Structural Characteristics and Assembly Mechanisms of Soil Microbial Communities under Water–Salt Gradients in Arid Regions." Microorganisms 11, no. 4 (2023): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041060.

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Exploring the structural characteristics of arid soil microbial communities and their assembly mechanisms is important for understanding the ecological characteristics of arid zone soils and promoting ecological restoration. In this study, we used Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to study soils in the arid zone of the Lake Ebinur basin, determined the differences among soil microbial community structures in the study area under different water–salt gradients, and investigated the effects of environmental factors on microbial community structure and assembly mechanisms. The result

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2

Zhang, Yin, Gen Sheng Wu, Wei Si, Jing Jie Sha, Lei Liu, and Yun Fei Chen. "Nanopore Positive Pulse Detection of DNA with Salt Gradients." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.567.

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Nanopore based sensors have been widely spread utilized for detection and analysis of various single charged molecules. However, collision and trap events also block the ionic current that interferes recording the actually translocation events. In order to resolve the problem, we propose inducing a salt gradient to turn the pulse form negative to positive. And the salt gradients dependence of pulse signals ranging from 1 M (cis & trans) to 1 M (cis) - 4 M (trans) is mapped. Experiment results demonstrate that applying a high salt gradient prolong translocation time 1.5 times and increase m

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3

Gao, Chun Juan, Qi Zhang, Liang Wang, Yan An Zhang, and Xi Ping Huang. "Study on the Salt Gradient Maintenance of Solar Pond." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 4373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.4373.

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In this paper, we established a simulated mini solar pond, and carried out a series of experiments to maintain the salt gradient solar pond. Meanwhile, the salinity variation of the lower convective zone (LCZ) of solar pond was investigated. Research results showed that by means of injecting saturated brine into the bottom of solar pond periodically, the salt gradients of solar pond could maintain relatively stable during a long time.

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4

Atkinson, J. F., E. Eric Adams, and D. R. F. Harleman. "Double-Diffusive Fluxes in a Salt Gradient Solar Pond." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, no. 1 (1988): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268231.

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The possible influence of double-diffusive stratification on the vertical transport of salt and heat in a mixed-layer simulation model for a salt gradient solar pond is examined. The study is concerned primarily with the interfacial fluxes across the boundary between the gradient zone and upper convecting zone of solar ponds, though the arguments presented should be applicable to other “diffusive” interfaces as well. In the absence of mechanical stirring in the upper convecting zone (e.g., by wind), double diffusive instabilities could govern the vertical flux of heat and salt by adjusting int

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5

Peterson, C. L. "Salt Gradient Dialysis Reconstitution of Nucleosomes." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2008, no. 12 (2008): pdb.prot5113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5113.

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6

Howard, L. N., and G. Veronis. "The salt-finger zone." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 183 (October 1987): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112087002490.

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In order to investigate the stability of infinitely long fully developed salt fingers Stern (1975) has proposed a model in which the basic configuration is independent of the vertical and is sinusoidal in the horizontal direction, with constant background gradients of temperature and salinity. The present study deals with a model of finite vertical extent where τ, the ratio of the diffusivities of salt and heat, is small, and where the constant background salt gradient is replaced by a salt difference between the reservoirs above and below a salt-finger region of finite depth. Steady-state sol

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7

Liang, Xiaojie, Yajun Wang, Yuekun Li, et al. "Widely-Targeted Metabolic Profiling in Lyciumbarbarum Fruits under Salt-Alkaline Stress Uncovers Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance." Molecules 27, no. 5 (2022): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051564.

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Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) is an important economic crop widely grown in China. The effects of salt-alkaline stress on metabolites accumulation in the salt-tolerant Ningqi1 wolfberry fruits were evaluated across 12 salt-alkaline stress gradients. The soil pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− contents decreased at a gradient across the salt-alkaline stress gradients. Based on the widely-targeted metabolomics approach, we identified 457 diverse metabolites, 53% of which were affected by salt-alkaline stress. Remarkably, soil salt-alkaline stress enhanced metabolites accumulation in wolfberry f

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8

Atkinson, J. F., J. Munic, and D. R. Harleman. "A note on gradient maintenance in a salt gradient solar pond." Solar Energy 34, no. 2 (1985): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(85)90173-2.

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9

Hignett, Cliff. "Energy From Salt Lakes: A Primer on Salt Gradient (Solar) Ponds." Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal 26, no. 3 (2011): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21563306.2011.10462197.

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10

Mullett, L. B., and P. T. Tsilingiris. "Effects of molecular diffusion of salt in salt-gradient solar ponds." Applied Energy 29, no. 1 (1988): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(88)90060-8.

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11

Davies, Ian G., John M. Graham, and Bruce A. Griffin. "Rapid Separation of LDL Subclasses by Iodixanol Gradient Ultracentrifugation." Clinical Chemistry 49, no. 11 (2003): 1865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.023366.

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Abstract Background: A predominance of small, dense LDL (sdLDL) confers in excess of a threefold increase in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. The conventional method for the detection of sdLDL, salt density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC) has been superseded by more rapid techniques. This report presents novel methodology for the separation of sdLDL by a combination of iodixanol density gradient centrifugation and digital photography. Methods: LDL subclasses were separated in 3 h from prestained plasma on a self-forming density gradient of iodixanol. LDL subclass profiles were generated

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12

Harel, Z., J. Tanny, and A. Tsinober. "The Equilibrium Solar Pond: A Laboratory Model for the Gradient Layer." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 115, no. 1 (1993): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930021.

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Salts, whose solubility in water increases strongly with temperature, can be utilized as a solute in the equilibrium solar pond. In solutions of such salts, a temperature gradient usually gives rise to thermal diffusion of salt from lower to higher temperature zones in the fluid (negative Soret effect). If the direction of this molecular cross flux is opposite to that of the regular molecular salt flux (down its own gradient), the two fluxes can balance so that the net salt flux is zero and the system is in equilibrium. In the equilibrium solar pond suggested here, the insulating non-convectiv

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13

Al-Dabbas, M. A. "Optimum salt-gradient solar pond in Jordan." Applied Solar Energy 47, no. 1 (2011): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0003701x11010038.

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14

Beniwal, R. S., R. Singh, N. S. Saxena, and R. C. Bhandari. "Thermal behaviour of salt gradient solar ponds." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 20, no. 8 (1987): 1067–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/20/8/014.

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15

Beniwal, R. S., N. S. Saxena, and R. C. Bhandari. "Parametric Study of Salt Gradient Solar Ponds." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108, no. 1 (1986): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268068.

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A mathematical model for efficiency of a salt gradient solar pond is described. Heat losses from the bottom of the pond have been calculated, and the results for the effective thermal conductivity with the thicknesses of various insulating materials have been presented. The effect of the ground thermal resistance on the efficiency of the pond for different values of ΔT/So have also been shown.

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16

Al-Dabbas, Mohammed Awwad. "Optimum Salt-Gradient Solar Pond in Jordan." Distributed Generation & Alternative Energy Journal 26, no. 3 (2011): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21563306.2011.10462198.

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17

Guzei, Ilia A., and April Spinale. "Inorganic salt crystallizations by thermal gradient technique." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 74, a1 (2018): a5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767318099944.

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18

ABDEL DAYEM, A. M., and H. SHALABY. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SALT GRADIENT SOLAR PONDS." International Journal of Computational Engineering Science 05, no. 03 (2004): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1465876304002629.

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19

Mullett, L. B. "Salt gradient solar ponds— upper convecting zone." Renewable Energy 1, no. 1 (1991): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(91)90102-u.

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20

Gao, Chun Juan, Qi Zhang, Ze Liang Dong, Shu Yuan Guo, and Xi Ping Huang. "Study of Establishment and Operation of Salt-Gradient Solar Pond." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.409.

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In this paper, it was presented that the establishment and experimental investigation of a salt-gradient solar pond. The solar pond was filled with salty water to form three zones (e.g., upper convective zone, non-convective zone and lower convective zone) accordingly with different methods of saline injection. Parameters like salinity and temperature were measured and recorded daily at various locations in the salt-gradient solar pond. The results showed that solar pond collected and stored solar energy for a long period of time can be possible by controlling the thickness and salinity of sal

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21

Reid, R. L., A. H. P. Swift, W. J. Boegli, V. R. Kane, and B. A. Castaneda. "Design, Construction, and Initial Operation of a 3355 m2 Solar Pond in El Paso." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 4 (1989): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268331.

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A 3355 square meter, 3.3 m deep water storage pond in El Paso, Tex. was converted to a salt-gradient solar pond to supply industrial process heat to an adjacent food processing plant. Approximately 1.9 × 106 kg of sodium chloride salt was obtained to prepare near saturated brine for pond construction. Design and construction of the solar pond are described in detail including the lining technique, salt dissolution method, diffuser design, instrumentation, maintenance of optical clarity, and gradient establishment, including resolution of initial problems in gradient stability. The solar pond h

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22

Sherman, B. S. "Gradient maintenance using discrete brine injections in a salt gradient solar pond." Solar Energy 49, no. 4 (1992): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(92)90012-y.

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23

Tsilingiris, P. T. "Effect of salinity-concentration gradient on radiation transmission in salt-gradient ponds." Applied Energy 35, no. 2 (1990): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(90)90022-6.

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24

Eghneim, G. A., and S. J. Kleis. "A Two-Region Model for Gradient Modification of Salt-Gradient Solar Ponds by Radial Injection." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 118, no. 1 (1996): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2847925.

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A combined experimental and numerical study was conducted to support the development of a new gradient maintenance technique for salt-gradient solar ponds. Two numerical models were developed and verified by laboratory experiments. The first is an axisymmetric (near-field) model which determines mixing and entrainment in the near-field of the injecting diffuser by solving the conservation equations of mass, momentum, energy, and salt. The model assumes variable properties and uses a simple turbulence model based on the mixing length hypothesis to account for the turbulence effects. A series of

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25

Pelletier-Villeneuve, Brittany, Bastian Krueger, Jonathan Adsetts, Marie-Claude Ricard, Ben Ruchte, and Steen Brian Schougaard. "Operando Measurement of Electrolyte Salt Concentration Gradients in Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Benchtop µ-X-Ray Fluorescence." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2025-01, no. 3 (2025): 316. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-013316mtgabs.

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The development of high-power lithium batteries is seriously limited by the lack of understanding of electrolyte salts concentration gradient that form during high power operation. These gradients are difficult to study effectively and to model accurately because of the complex matrix and the fast relaxation time. Often, studies are limited to the concentration in the separator or require the use of a synchrotron source. In here, we demonstrate the use of a benchtop µX-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer to track the electrolyte salt concentration gradient in operando through the entire electr

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26

Ceburnis, Darius, Matteo Rinaldi, Jurgita Ovadnevaite, Giovanni Martucci, Lara Giulianelli, and Colin D. O'Dowd. "Marine submicron aerosol gradients, sources and sinks." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 19 (2016): 12425–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12425-2016.

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Abstract. Aerosol principal sources and sinks over eastern North Atlantic waters were studied through the deployment of an aerosol chemistry gradient sampling system. The chemical gradients of primary and secondary aerosol components – specifically, sea salt (SS), water-insoluble organic matter (WIOM), water-soluble organic matter (WSOM), nitrate, ammonium, oxalate, amines, methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) – were examined in great detail. Sea salt fluxes were estimated by the boundary layer box model and ranged from 0.3 to 3.5 ng m−2 s−1 over the wind speed

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27

Zhao, Jun, Liangsheng Zhu, and Jianhua Li. "Numerical Experiment on Salt Transport Mechanism of Salt Intrusion in Estuarine Area." Water 14, no. 5 (2022): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050770.

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The process of exchange and transport between salt and fresh water is affected by not only convection due to the density gradient but also turbulence. In this study, a high resolution mathematical model of the intrusion movement of saltwater in an estuary area was established and compared with a physical flume experiment. The model, whose minimum horizontal grid cell of the model is 0.05 m, and minimum vertical grid cell is 0.0005 m, simulated well the salt transport mechanism at the interface between salt and fresh water. The salt transport processes of estuarine saltwater intrusion were obta

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28

Maharani, Sapna, Suhadi Muliyono, and Erlinda Ratnasari Putri. "Kaitan konduktivitas listrik dengan konsentrasi larutan garam dapur." Progressive Physics Journal 3, no. 2 (2022): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/ppj.v3i2.906.

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Research of the relationship between electrical conductivity and the concentration of table salt solution in several brands of table salt, namely brand A, brand B and brand C, has been done. Electrical conductivity () is used as the dependent variable, while concentration (C) is used as the independent variable. The concentration values are 0.1%, 0.2%, …, 0.7% for each brand of table salt. Measurements of electrical conductivity using a tool Conductivity Metertype pH/EC-983. Next, the average of the result of the measurements of electrical conductivity (σ ̅) are plotted against the concentrat

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29

Newell, T. A., and J. R. Hull. "Depth Sounding Diagnostic Measurements of Salt Gradient Solar Ponds." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 107, no. 2 (1985): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3267670.

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A recording depth sounding instrument has provided several different diagnostic measurements in the 1000 m2 Research Salt Gradient Solar Pond at Argonne National Laboratory. The sounder has been used to locate gradient zone boundaries and layers of debris within the pond. The instrument has also helped to verify that the presence of salt piles in the bottom of the pond has been responsible for automatically maintaining the constant position of the gradient zone lower boundary during the last three years. Subsurface waves have been observed at the bottom of the gradient zone near the pond side

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30

Ramamurthy, Jayanth, Mihir Ojha, Qusai Alahmad, Md Mahdi Ul Ishtiaque, Cary L. Pint, and Todd A. Kingston. "Effect of Electrolyte Salt Concentration on Li-Ion Cell Performance Under Thermal Gradient Conditions." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2025-01, no. 8 (2025): 811. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2025-018811mtgabs.

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Fast charging can induce thermal gradients within batteries, significantly affecting their performance and safety characteristics. Through-plane (interelectrode) thermal gradients can accelerate cell degradation and often lead to lithium plating at the anode [1]. Since electrolyte transport properties, such as ionic conductivity and diffusion coefficient, are dependent on both temperature and salt concentration, their impact under varying thermal conditions warrants investigation [2-4]. These changes in transport properties can result in exacerbated aging in batteries due to hindered ion trans

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31

Pakkaner, Efecan, Jessica L. Orton, Caroline G. Campbell, Jamie A. Hestekin, and Christa N. Hestekin. "Development of an Integrated Salt Cartridge-Reverse Electrodialysis (Red) Device to Increase Electrolyte Concentrations to Biomedical Devices." Membranes 12, no. 10 (2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12100990.

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Emerging technologies in nanotechnology and biomedical engineering have led to an increase in the use of implantable biomedical devices. These devices are currently battery powered which often means they must be surgically replaced during a patient’s lifetime. Therefore, there is an important need for a power source that could provide continuous, stable power over a prolonged time. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) based biopower cells have been previously used to generate continuous power from physiologically relevant fluids; however, the low salinity gradient that exists within the body limited

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32

Husain, Haider, Sanjay Shekhawat, and Mujahid Husain. "Meteorologically efficient commissioning of salt gradient solar pond." Applied Solar Energy 48, no. 3 (2012): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0003701x12030061.

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Bijmans, M. F. M., O. S. Burheim, M. Bryjak, et al. "CAPMIX -Deploying Capacitors for Salt Gradient Power Extraction." Energy Procedia 20 (2012): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.03.013.

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Beniwal, R. S., and Ramvir Singh. "Stability analysis for a salt gradient solar pond." Journal of Heat Recovery Systems 6, no. 5 (1986): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-7593(86)90225-0.

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35

Zangrando, F. "On the hydrodynamics of salt-gradient solar ponds." Solar Energy 46, no. 6 (1991): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(91)90048-2.

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Beniwal, R. S., Ram Vir Singh, and D. R. Chaudhary. "Heat losses from a salt-gradient solar pond." Applied Energy 19, no. 4 (1985): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(85)90002-9.

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Bartlett, Karen B., David S. Bartlett, Robert C. Harriss, and Daniel I. Sebacher. "Methane emissions along a salt marsh salinity gradient." Biogeochemistry 4, no. 3 (1987): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02187365.

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Tóth, Gábor, Károly Vékey, Simon Sugár, Ilona Kovalszky, László Drahos, and Lilla Turiák. "Salt gradient chromatographic separation of chondroitin sulfate disaccharides." Journal of Chromatography A 1619 (May 2020): 460979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460979.

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Banat, F. A., S. E. El-Sayed, and S. A. El-Temtamy. "Carnalite salt gradient solar ponds: an experimental study." Renewable Energy 4, no. 2 (1994): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(94)90014-0.

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González, Daniel, José Amigo, Sylvie Lorente, Adrian Bejan, and Francisco Suárez. "Constructal design of salt-gradient solar pond fields." International Journal of Energy Research 40, no. 10 (2016): 1428–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3539.

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Ali, H. M. "Mathematical modelling of salt gradient solar pond performance." International Journal of Energy Research 10, no. 4 (1986): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.4440100408.

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Bijmans, M. F. M., O. S. Burheim, M. Bryjak, et al. "CAPMIX - Deploying Capacitors for Salt Gradient Power Extraction." Energy Procedia 20 (June 20, 2012): 107–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.03.013.

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The process of mixing sea and river water can be utilised as a power source. At present, three groups of technology are established for doing so; i) mechanical; Pressure Retarded Osmosis PRO, ii) electrochemical reactions; Reverse ElectroDialysis (RED) and Nano Battery Electrodes (NBE) and iii) ultra capacitors; Capacitive Double Layer Expansion (CDLE) and Capacitors charge by the Donnan Potentials (CDP). The chemical potential for salt gradient power systems is only limited by the feed solution concentrations and is the same for all types of salt power branches, but the electric work to the g

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43

Prieve, Dennis C., Stephanie M. Malone, Aditya S. Khair, Robert F. Stout, and Mazen Y. Kanj. "Diffusiophoresis of charged colloidal particles in the limit of very high salinity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 37 (2018): 18257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701391115.

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Diffusiophoresis is the migration of a colloidal particle through a viscous fluid, caused by a gradient in concentration of some molecular solute; a long-range physical interaction between the particle and solute molecules is required. In the case of a charged particle and an ionic solute (e.g., table salt, NaCl), previous studies have predicted and experimentally verified the speed for very low salt concentrations at which the salt solution behaves ideally. The current study presents a study of diffusiophoresis at much higher salt concentrations (approaching the solubility limit). At such lar

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44

Lentz, Steven J. "The Mean Along-Isobath Heat and Salt Balances over the Middle Atlantic Bight Continental Shelf." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 5 (2010): 934–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4214.1.

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Abstract The mean heat and salt balances over the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf are investigated by testing the hypothesis that surface fluxes of heat or freshwater are balanced by along-isobath fluxes resulting from the mean, depth-averaged, along-isobath flow acting on the mean, depth-averaged, along-isobath temperature or salinity gradient. This hypothesized balance is equivalent in a Lagrangian frame to a column of water, for example, warming because of surface heating as it is advected southward along isobath by the mean flow. Mean depth-averaged temperatures increase from north

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45

Morciano, Matteo, Matteo Fasano, Svetlana V. Boriskina, Eliodoro Chiavazzo, and Pietro Asinari. "Solar passive distiller with high productivity and Marangoni effect-driven salt rejection." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 10 (2020): 3646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01440k.

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Belzunces, L. P., J. P. Toutant, and M. Bounias. "Acetylcholinesterase from Apis mellifera head. Evidence for amphiphilic and hydrophilic forms characterized by Triton X-114 phase separation." Biochemical Journal 255, no. 2 (1988): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2550463.

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The polymorphism of bee acetylcholinesterase was studied by sucrose-gradient-sedimentation analysis and non-denaturing electrophoretic analysis of fresh extracts. Lubrol-containing extracts exhibited only one form, which sedimented at 5 S when analysed on high-salt Lubrol-containing gradients and 6 S when analysed on low-salt Lubrol-containing gradients. The 5 S/6 S form aggregated upon removal of the detergent when sedimented on detergent-free gradients and was recovered in the detergent phase after Triton X-114 phase separation. Thus the 5 S/6 S enzyme corresponds to an amphiphilic acetylcho

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Li, Lihua, Hua Zhang, Tonghui Ma, and A. S. Verkman. "Very high aquaporin-1 facilitated water permeability in mouse gallbladder." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 296, no. 4 (2009): G816—G822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.90680.2008.

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Water transport across gallbladder epithelium is driven by osmotic gradients generated from active salt absorption and secretion. Aquaporin (AQP) water channels have been proposed to facilitate transepithelial water transport in gallbladder and to modulate bile composition. We found strong AQP1 immunofluorescence at the apical membrane of mouse gallbladder epithelium. Transepithelial osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured in freshly isolated gallbladder sacs from the kinetics of luminal calcein self-quenching in response to an osmotic gradient. Pf was very high (0.12 cm/s) in gallbladder

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CHEN, C. F., and FALIN CHEN. "Salt-finger convection generated by lateral heating of a solute gradient." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 352 (December 10, 1997): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097007192.

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When a tank of fluid with a solute gradient is subjected to lateral heating, a series of horizontal convection cells is generated when the critical condition is exceeded. This phenomenon has been observed experimentally and simulated by two-dimensional numerical schemes by a number of previous investigators. In each of the convection cells, relatively warm and solute-rich fluid flows from the hot to the cold wall along the top of the cell while the return of the relatively cool and solute-poor fluid is along the bottom of the cell. This situation is conducive to the onset of salt fingers. We r

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Munoz, D. R., F. Zangrando, R. Viskanta, and F. P. Incropera. "Gradient Layer Entrainment Correlation for a Salt Gradient Solar Pond With Storage Layer Recirculation." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, no. 4 (1988): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268264.

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Experiments were performed in a large tank to determine the effects of combined mixing, due to bottom heating and a horizontal recirculation, on the entrainment of salt stratified fluid. Entrainment rate data obtained for large Richardson numbers were used with existing data for smaller Richardson numbers to develop a single term correlation for the range 102 < Ri < 104. The appropriate velocity and length scales for the combined mixing experiments were the convective velocity, the square root of the jet kinematic momentum flux divided by the distance from the discharge diffuser to the i

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Ma, Hua, Li-Juan Cui, Xu Pan, Wei Li, Yu Ning, and Jian Zhou. "Effect of nitrate supply on the facilitation between two salt-marsh plants (Suaeda salsa and Scirpus planiculmis)." Journal of Plant Ecology 13, no. 2 (2020): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtaa001.

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Abstract Aims In estuarine salt-marshes, nitrate supply and soil salinity, which are known as two main environmental drivers, simultaneously affect the interspecific interactions between plant species. However, to date, their interactive effects on interspecific interactions have not been closely examined for salt-marsh plant species. Methods Juvenile plants of Suaeda salsa L. (Chenopodiaceae) and Scirpus planiculmis Fr. (Cyperaceae) were grown in rinsed river sand to conduct a greenhouse experiment with three treatment categories: interspecific interaction (mixed culture or monoculture), thre

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