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Lauwers, Peter. "Compléments de manière ou attributs ? Les Sprép après partir". Scolia 27, nr 1 (2013): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/scoli.2013.1159.
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Cette contribution se propose d'explorer la frontière entre l'attribut du sujet accessoire (p.ex. partir joyeux) et le complément adverbial de manière (accessoire) (p.ex. partir joyeusement) dans le domaine des syntagmes prépositionnels (Sprép) : partir en silence vs partir en colère. Sur la base d'une batterie de tests distributionnels, nous montrerons que les Sprép se situent sur un continuum qui s'étend entre deux pôles, un pôle [+ adverbial] et un pôle [+ attributif], et que certains Sprép acceptent les deux analyses. Cette situation rappelle celle des adjectifs-adverbes de manière dans des langues telles que l'allemand et le néerlandais qui ne différencient pas formellement les deux catégories. Si l'étude se limite aux Sprép en sans et en après le verbe partir, elle cherche à replacer la problématique dans un cadre typologique plus large.
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Cabé, N., C. Lannuzel, C. Boudhent, L. Ritz, S. Segobin, F. Vabret, F. Eustache, H. Beaunieux i A. L. Pitel. "Impulsivité et fonctions exécutives dans l’alcoolo-dépendance : étude en neuroimagerie". European Psychiatry 30, S2 (listopad 2015): S105—S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.198.
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IntroductionL’impulsivité, souvent décrite comme élevée chez les patients alcoolo-dépendants (AD), est un concept complexe qui jouerait un rôle important dans le développement de l’AD [1] et augmenterait les risques de rechutes [2]. L’impulsivité est considérée, selon les auteurs, comme un facteur de vulnérabilité psychopathologique ou comme une conséquence de l’AD [3] potentiellement en lien avec l’altération fréquemment observée des fonctions exécutives. Les liens spécifiques entre impulsivité et anomalies cérébrales chez les sujets AD n’ont que très peu été étudiés à l’heure actuelle [4]. Cette étude a pour objectif d’étudier les liens entre impulsivité et fonctions exécutives dans l’alcoolo-dépendance.MéthodesCinquante-sept patients AD sans complications neurologiques et 44 volontaires sains (VS), appariés en âge, sexe et années de scolarité, ont bénéficié d’une batterie de tests évaluant les fonctions exécutives. L’impulsivité a été mesurée par une échelle d’auto-évaluation (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale). Parmi ces 101 sujets, 21 AD et 15 VS ont bénéficié d’une IRM cérébrale 3 T.RésultatsLes AD déclaraient une impulsivité plus importante que les VS, et présentaient une altération de leurs fonctions exécutives. Seule l’inhibition était associée à l’impulsivité lorsque les deux groupes étaient examinés ensemble. Les AD présentaient une atrophie cortico-sous-corticale et des corrélations négatives entre impulsivité et volume de substance grise ont été retrouvées dans les régions frontales, préfrontales, et insulaires.ConclusionNos données suggèrent que l’impulsivité serait en partie liée à l’inhibition. Chez les AD, l’impulsivité serait donc à la fois prémorbide et en lien avec l’altération des processus d’inhibition due à la consommation chronique d’alcool. Les atteintes cérébrales des AD pourraient être à l’origine de difficulté à s’autoévaluer et d’une atteinte de la métacognition.
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Priam, C., N. Camart, L. Romo i A. Meunier. "Étude de l’évolution des croyances au cours d’un traitement par stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (rTMS) chez des patients dépressifs". European Psychiatry 29, S3 (listopad 2014): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.025.
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IntroductionLa stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée (rTMS) est une technique thérapeutique non invasive de stimulation du cerveau, utilisée pour le traitement de la dépression résistante. Les études ont montré son efficacité sur la diminution de l’intensité de la dépression [1]. Mais, à ce jour, peu d’études se sont intéressées à l’évolution au cours de ce traitement, de facteurs psychologiques tels que les schémas dysfonctionnels représentés par les attitudes dysfonctionnelles [2] et les schémas précoces inadaptés [3] et qui sont impliqués dans la dépression.Objectif principalDéterminer s’il y a une évolution des schémas précoces inadaptés (Young, 1990, 1999) et des attitudes dysfonctionnelles [2] avec le traitement rTMS.MéthodologieVingt-trois patients dépressifs traités par rTMS au cours d’une cure de 10 jours, avec ou sans traitement médicamenteux. En début et en fin de cure, puis un mois après la fin de la cure rTMS, ils ont rempli une batterie de questionnaires composés du MINI, du BDI-13, de l’HDRS, de la HAD, du STAI, de la DAS, de l’YSQ-S1 et de l’ESDV-5.RésultatsLa rTMS confirme son efficacité sur les symptômes anxio-dépressif. Les attitudes dysfonctionnelles diminuent significativement un mois après la cure rTMS. En revanche, les schémas précoces inadaptés restent stables. La qualité de vie n’augmente modestement qu’un mois après la cure rTMS.ConclusionBien que la rTMS permette une diminution significative de l’intensité de la dépression et l’anxiété, une vulnérabilité psychologique est maintenue au travers de schémas dysfonctionnels. Une psychothérapie associée au traitement et visant le changement de ces pensées négatives semble nécessaire, notamment afin d’éviter les rechutes dépressives. D’autres études avec un plus grand échantillon devraient examiner l’impact de la rTMS sur certains facteurs psychologiques à court, moyen, et long terme.
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Le Curieux, F., S. Giller, D. Marzini, A. Brice i F. Erb. "Utilisation de trois tests de génotoxicité pour l'étude de l'activité génotoxique de composés organohalogénés, d'acides fulviques chlorés et d'échantillons d'eau (non concentrés) en cours de traitement de potabilisation". Revue des sciences de l'eau 9, nr 1 (12.04.2005): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705243ar.
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Il est admis aujourd'hui que la génotoxicité identifiée dans les extraits d'eau potable provient principalement de l'action du chlore sur la matière organique naturelle qui donne naissance à des dérivés organohalogénés. Dans le présent travail, nous avons comparé la sensibilité de trois essais de génotoxicité (SOS chromotest, test d'Ames-fluctuation et test micronoyau triton) lors de l'étude de composés organohalogénés, d'acides fulviques chlorés et d'échantillons d'eau (non concentrés) en cours de traitement de potabilisation. Les composés organohalogénés étudiés sont 4 trihalométhanes, 5 acétonitriles et 5 chloropropanones identifiés dans l'eau potable ou dans des solutions de substances humiques chlorées. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que le SOS chromotest est globalement le moins sensible des trois essais et que le test d'Ames-fluctuation et le test micronoyau triton permettent généralement de détecter les plus faibles concentrations de composés génotoxiques. Les essais ont également permis de démontrer que la nature des substituants halogénés (brome ou chlore), le nombre et la position des atomes de chlore influencent notablement la génotoxicité des composés organohalogénés. Toutefois, les résultats obtenus indiquent qu'aucun des trois tests réalisés n'est suffisant à lui seul pour détecter l'ensemble des produits génotoxiques. Ces observations confirment la nécessité de réaliser une batterie de tests qui mette en oeuvre divers types cellulaires et différents systèmes de métabolisation, et détecte divers évènements de génotoxicité. Les travaux portant sur les solutions concentrées d'acides fulviques chlorés montrent l'intérêt des essais sur bactéries (particulièrement le test d'Ames-fluctuation) pour la détection rapide de l'activité génotoxique de ces solutions. L'étude concemant les échantillons d'eau prélevés à différents niveaux d'une station de potabilisation, et analysés sans concentration préalable, indique que le test d'Ames- fluctuation est le seul capable de détecter une activité génotoxique dans les échantillons non concentrés étudiés. On montre, conformément à la littérature, que l'activité mutagène observée résulte de la chloration de l'eau.
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Zhang, Limin, Michael C. McVay i Peter W. Lai. "Centrifuge modelling of laterally loaded single battered piles in sands". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, nr 6 (1.12.1999): 1074–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-072.
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Centrifuge lateral load tests were performed on single battered piles at five pile inclinations founded in both medium-dense (relative density Dr = 55%) and loose (Dr = 36%) sands. The effects of pile batter and soil density on lateral resistance were studied. Pile batter had significant effects in dense sands but minor effects in loose sands. Based on the test results, nonlinear p-y curves, where p is the soil resistance in unit length and y is the lateral deflection of the pile, were developed for single piles at any angle (positive or negative) and sand density. The developed p-y curves were subsequently used with a Winkler model (COM624, LPILE, FLPIER, etc.) to predict all the test results with reasonable accuracy.
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Zhang, Weimin, Yuqing Liu, Lipeng Zhang i Jun Chen. "Recent Advances in Isolated Single-Atom Catalysts for Zinc Air Batteries: A Focus Review". Nanomaterials 9, nr 10 (2.10.2019): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101402.
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Recently, zinc–air batteries (ZABs) have been receiving attention due to their theoretically high energy density, excellent safety, and the abundance of zinc resources. Typically, the performance of the zinc air batteries is determined by two catalytic reactions on the cathode—the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Therefore, intensive effort has been devoted to explore high performance electrocatalysts with desired morphology, size, and composition. Among them, single-atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged as attractive and unique systems because of their high electrocatalytic activity, good durability, and 100% active atom utilization. In this review, we mainly focus on the advance application of SACs in zinc air batteries in recent years. Firstly, SACs are briefly compared with catalysts in other scales (i.e., micro- and nano-materials). A main emphasis is then focused on synthesis and electrocatalytic activity as well as the underlying mechanisms for mono- and dual-metal-based SACs in zinc air batteries catalysis. Finally, a prospect is provided that is expected to guide the rational design and synthesis of SACs for zinc air batteries.
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Li, Yang, Yao Liu, Jinhui Zhang, Dashuai Wang i Jing Xu. "Rational Design of Non-Noble Metal Single-Atom Catalysts in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries through First Principles Calculations". Nanomaterials 14, nr 8 (17.04.2024): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14080692.
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Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with a high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh·kg−1 are hindered by challenges such as low S conductivity, the polysulfide shuttle effect, low S reduction conversion rate, and sluggish Li2S oxidation kinetics. Herein, single-atom non-noble metal catalysts (SACs) loaded on two-dimensional (2D) vanadium disulfide (VS2) as the potential host materials for the cathode in Li–S batteries were investigated systematically by using first-principles calculations. Based on the comparisons of structural stability, the ability to immobilize sulfur, electrochemical reactivity, and the kinetics of Li2S oxidation decomposition between these non-noble metal catalysts and noble metal candidates, Nb@VS2 and Ta@VS2 were identified as the potential candidates of SACs with the decomposition energy barriers for Li2S of 0.395 eV (Nb@VS2) and of 0.162 eV (Ta@VS2), respectively. This study also identified an exothermic reaction for Nb@VS2 and the Gibbs free energy of 0.218 eV for Ta@VS2. Furthermore, the adsorption and catalytic mechanisms of the VS2-based SACs in the reactions were elucidated, presenting a universal case demonstrating the use of unconventional graphene-based SACs in Li–S batteries. This study presents a universal surface regulation strategy for transition metal dichalcogenides to enhance their performance as host materials in Li–S batteries.
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Venkatesan Savunthari, Kirankumar, Huidong Dai, Derrick Maxwell i Sanjeev Mukerjee. "Investigation of the Reaction Mechanism of All-Solid-State Lithium-Sulfur Batteries by Operando in Situ Raman Spectroscopy". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, nr 6 (28.08.2023): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0161076mtgabs.
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In recent years, all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) with sulfide-based solid electrolytes have become a leading energy storage system due to their high ionic conductivity, ultra-high energy density, high safety, and low cost. There have been many challenges with the practical applications of Li-S batteries, however, as a result of the sluggish redox kinetics of lithium polysulfide (LPS) and its shuttling effects. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with atomically dispersed metal-based sites have proven to be promising electrocatalysts in Li-S batteries. To construct the ASSLSBs, we design and develop MoS2/SnS2 and Fe SACs with MoS2/SnS2 cathodes, Li5.4PS4.4Cl1.6 sulfide-based solid electrolytes, and Li-In anode. In the current study, in situ Raman spectroscopy is used to determine the LPS species in the sulfur cathode with SACs and without SACs during the ASSLSBs cycling. The aim is to understand the charge-discharge mechanism and the influence of SACs on the dissolution of sulfur and poly-sulfides. As compared to the MoS2/SnS2 cathode, the Fe@MoS2/SnS2 cathode exhibit the highest catalytic LPS conversion. In addition, the Fe@MoS2/SnS2 cathode delivers a high discharge capacity and long-cycling performance with high coulombic efficiency in ASSLSBs. In operando in situ Raman studies, SACs provide important new insights into the charge-discharge reaction mechanism for the next generation of ASSLSBs.
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Islam, Mahbub. "First Principles Investigations of Electrocatalyst Design for Mg-CO2 Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, nr 45 (28.08.2023): 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01452475mtgabs.
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Carbon di-oxide (CO2) is the leading greenhouse gas responsible for global warming and catastrophic consequences on environmental imbalance. Metal-CO2 batteries have grabbed significant attention in the scientific community because of the unique feature of simultaneously consuming CO2 for the production of green electricity. In this regard, Mg- CO2 battery is especially highly promising because of its high volumetric capacity, low-cost, natural abundance. However, several roadblocks such as sluggish reaction kinetics of CO2 reduction, poor reversibility during charging and discharging cycles, and high charge overpotential needs to overcome the practical realization of Mg-CO2 batteries. The target performance of Mg-CO2 batteries can only be achieved through developing efficient cathode catalysts. In this study, we employ first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations to screen for electrocatalysts to achieve expedited reaction kinetics. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are atomically dispersed metal atoms on a substrate and have evolved as an established strategy for ensuring the maximum utilization of catalytically active atoms in heterogeneous catalysis. The high throughput DFT simulations will be leveraged to understand the adsorption behavior of the reaction intermediates of Mg-CO2 batteries on the SACs. The derived free energy profile will illustrate the favorable reaction pathways to identify high performing SACs. The screening will be spanned over the first two rows of the transition metals.
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Seidlmayer, Stefan, Johannes Hattendorff, Irmgard Buchberger, Lukas Karge, Hubert A. Gasteiger i Ralph Gilles. "In Operando Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) on Li-Ion Batteries". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 162, nr 2 (2015): A3116—A3125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0181502jes.
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Lei, Xin, Bo Liu, Payam Ahmadian Koudakan, Hongge Pan, Yitai Qian i Gongming Wang. "Single-atom catalyst cathodes for lithium–oxygen batteries: a review". Nano Futures 6, nr 1 (4.02.2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-1984/ac3ec1.
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Abstract Recently, single-atom catalysts (SACs) have been found to be promising candidates for oxygen electrocatalysis in rechargeable lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs) owing to their high oxygen electrocatalytic activity and high stability, which originates from their unique coordination environments and electronic properties. As a new type of catalyst for LOBs, the advancements have never been reviewed and discussed comprehensively. Herein, breakthroughs in the design of various types of SACs as cathode catalysts for LOBs are summarized, including Co-based, Ru-based, and other types of SACs. Moreover, considerable emphasis is placed on the correlations between the structural feature of the SAC active sites and the electrocatalytic performance of LOBs. Finally, an overview and challenges of SACs for practical LOBs are also provided. This review provides an intensive understanding of SACs for designing efficient oxygen electrocatalysis and offers useful guidelines for the development of SACs in the field of LOBs.
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Huang, Jiajia, i Jian Luo. "A facile and generic method to improve cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries via utilizing nanoscale surface amorphous films of self-regulating thickness". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, nr 17 (2014): 7786–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp00869c.
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Islam, Mahbub, i Rahul Jayan. "Single-Atom Electrocatalyst for Engineered Cathode Interfaces in Sodium-Sulfur Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 46 (7.07.2022): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01461963mtgabs.
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The demand for portable rechargeable energy storage devices is ever increasing, especially because of the advent of electric vehicles and widespread usage of portable electronics. The lithium-ion batteries are currently leading the battery market; however, the high-cost and potentially depleting storage of lithium metals are stimulating the search for alternative technologies. Metal-sulfur batteries are deemed to be promising candidates to supplant the ubiquitously used lithium-ion batteries owing to their high energy density, specific capacity, low cost of sulfur, and environmental benignity. Room temperature sodium sulfur batteries (RT Na-S) is a technologically viable alternative candidate which possesses astounding advantages such as low cost (both sodium and sulfur), non–toxicity, natural abundance, and high theoretical energy density (1274 Whkg-1). However, the inevitable problems such as the solubility of higher order polysulfides to the electrolyte, known as shuttle effect, and the slow kinetics of electrochemical conversion reactions of intermediate sodium polysulfides (Na2Sn) significantly impede the practical realization of Na-S batteries. The conventionally used various forms of carbonaceous nanomaterials for cathode design have floundered to overcome the challenges because their nonpolar nature cannot produce adequate anchoring and enhanced polysulfides reaction kinetics. The polar anchoring materials (AM) have exhibited promising performance to improve sulfur chemistry. It is generally understood that catalytic performance is directly connected to the surface area of catalytic particles, and the single-atomic level provides the maximum surface area, resulting in the highest catalytic efficacy. Herein, we use first principles-based density functional theory (DFT) simulations to investigate the interfacial interactions between Na2Sn and novel transition metal (TM) single-atom catalysts (SACs) embedded on nitrogen doped graphene and various lattice sites of transition metal chalcogenides (TMDC) (chalcogenides- and Metal-substitution, Metal-top sites). For example, the pristine and Mo-sub sites of MoS2 are found to be ineffective for efficient confinement of the polysulfides within the cathode material. We demonstrate that SACs on both S-site and Mo-top sites of MoS2 and on nitrogen doped graphene possess strong adsorption strength with the Na2Sn which are superior to the commonly used ether electrolyte solvents, a requisite to prevent shuttle effect. We illustrate the influence of d-band center of SACs as an important descriptor in describing Na2Sn interactions with them. The underlying anchoring mechanism of polysulfide adsorption over AM is examined through Bader charge, charge density difference and projected density of states (PDOS) analysis. We also investigate the effect of SACs in improving the kinetics of sulfur reduction reactions (SRRs) and catalytic decomposition of short-chain polysulfides which are crucial for achieving excellent rate capability and longer cycle life. Overall, the unprecedented insights obtained on the role of SACs in tailoring the polysulfides redox chemistry at the interfaces and their relation to their TM’s d-band center is an important step towards rational design cathode materials for high-performance Na-S batteries, in particular, but metal-chalcogenide batteries, in general.
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Jafta, Charl, Sylvain Prévost, Lilin He, Mengya Li, Xiao-Guang Sun, Guang Yang, Ilias Belharouak i Jagjit Nanda. "Where Does Sulfur Precipitate in Lithium Sulfur Batteries? an Operando SANS Experiment". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, nr 7 (9.10.2022): 2531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272531mtgabs.
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In-situ and operando measurements are done to gain a better understanding of the precipitation mechanisms during charge and discharge in lithium sulfur batteries. In this work we used a carbon felt networked with microfibers consisting of pores, 2 nm and smaller, as a freestanding sulfur host. First, three different infiltration methods of sulfur infiltration are explored to determine the best method. Second, in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were done that showed a solid product formation occurring at the sulfur cathode, both during the high voltage plateau and at the end of discharge. In an additional 3-electrode EIS measurement, a similar solid product formation on the Li counter electrode due to its reaction with polysulfides is also observed. Operando small angle neutron scattering measurements show the solid product formation, in the carbon, both near the beginning and at the end of discharge, confirming the precipitation data via contrast changes as a function of charge and discharge. We will show in this presentation that Li2S precipitates in the pores at the beginning and the end of discharge, whereas S8 precipitates on the surface of the carbon felt.
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Kamali, Ali Reza, Safa Haghighat-Shishavan, Masoud Nazarian-Samani, Asma Rezaei i Kwang-Bum Kim. "Ultra-fast shock-wave combustion synthesis of nanostructured silicon from sand with excellent Li storage performance". Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, nr 6 (2019): 1396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00046a.
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A novel shock-wave combustion synthesis method was developed for ultra-scalable, clean and energy efficient conversion of sand to nanostructured silicon with excellent performance as an anode material for Li-ion batteries.
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Xu, Haomin, Shibo Xi, Jing Li, Shikai Liu, Pin Lyu, Wei Yu, Tao Sun i in. "Chemical design and synthesis of superior single-atom electrocatalysts via in situ polymerization". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, nr 34 (2020): 17683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta05130f.
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A novel in situ polymerization approach is developed for the synthesis of well-defined FeN4-based single-atom catalysts (SACs) on carbon nanotubes with superior catalytic activity in the ORR and Zn–oxygen batteries.
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Guo, Ziting, Shengwen Zhong, Mihong Cao, Zhengjun Zhong, Qingmei Xiao, Jinchao Huang i Jun Chen. "High-Temperature-Annealed Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as High-Performance Conductive Agents for LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Lithium-Ion Batteries". Metals 13, nr 1 (23.12.2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010036.
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In this work, the high yield of MWNTs was prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, followed by annealing at 2000–2800 °C, and the effects of high annealing temperature on metal impurities and defects in multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) was explored. Furthermore, the annealed MWNTs were dispersed using a sand mill to make a conductive slurry, and finally the cathode LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 was added to the assembled batteries, and the application of MWNTs (slurry) as conductive agents in LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM) cathode materials by sand-mill dispersion on the performance of lithium-ion batteries was investigated. The results indicate that high temperature annealing can effectively remove the residual metal impurities from MWNTs and the defects in MWNTs gradually decreases as the temperature rises. In addition, 2 wt% of MWNTs (slurry) in LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 is sufficient to form an electronically conductive network; as a result, the electronic conductivity and the high rates performance of the LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 batteries were greatly improved. The LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 battery with MWNTs slurries annealed at 2200 ℃ as a conductive additive displays the highest initial discharge capacity of 173.16 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C. In addition, after 100 cycles, a capacity retention of 95.8% at 0.5 C and a discharge capacity of 121.75 mAh·g−1 at 5 C were observed. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes used as conductive agents in LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM) cathode materials show excellent battery behaviors, which would provide a new insight for the development of high-performance novel conductive agents in lithium-ion batteries.
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Nurhadini i E. Harsiga. "Synthesis of nasicon solid electrolyte from tin tailing sand for sodium batteries applications". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1419, nr 1 (1.12.2024): 012050. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1419/1/012050.
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Abstract The use of sodium ion batteries in electrochemical applications is gaining increasing attention due to decreasing lithium reserves. One of the battery component is a solid electrolyte. NASICON electrolyte is a solid electrolyte with the composition Na1+xZr2SixP3-xO12 which has a three-dimensional structure consist of various precursor. Silica is one of the NASICON precursors which can come from tin tailing sand. Therefore, this research aims to synthesis NASICON with a composition ratio (x = 1 and x = 1.5) derived from tin tailing sand by solid state route. Those NASICON is analysed its characteristic by XRD, SEM and EIS. NASICON in x=1 has fewer impurities and void than x=1.5. Moreover, NASICON with composition x=1 has higher conductivity than x=1.5 reaching 1.76 × 10−4 S/cm. Therefore, x =1 ratio in NASICON better than x=1.5 and it can be candidate as a solid electrolyte for sodium batteries.
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Koch, Roland. "Les canons à balles dans l’armée du Rhin en 1870". Revue Historique des Armées 255, nr 2 (1.04.2009): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rha.255.0095.
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Les pertes engendrées par les combats entre l’armée prussienne et l’armée du Rhin en 1870 ne sont pas comparables. Les archives publiées plus de trente ans après les faits par la Revue militaire expliquent, pour partie, la différence sensible entre les belligérants : à Saint-Privat, 1 510 tués ou blessés pour le 6e corps (Canrobert) et 10 500 pour la Garde prussienne et le 12 e corps Saxon, 453 tués et blessés pour le 2 e corps (Frossart) et 4 218 pour la 1 re armée prussienne (Steimetz). C’est l’action des canons à balles décriés par Martin des Pallières « plus de bruits que de besogne ». Conçus pour prolonger les rafales de l’infanterie aux portées moyennes entre le fusil et le canon, l’efficacité de cette arme quoique indéniable est méconnue. Employée par l’artillerie, sans effet, contre les batteries adverses, elle démontra son vrai caractère lorsque les commandants de batteries s’affranchirent du règlement et prirent pour cible l’infanterie ennemie.
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Barragán-Mantilla, Silvia Patricia, Raquel Ortiz, Patricia Almendros, Laura Sánchez-Martín, Gabriel Gascó i Ana Méndez. "Advances in the Sustainable Production of Fertilizers from Spent Zinc-Based Batteries". Sustainability 16, nr 10 (18.05.2024): 4255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16104255.
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Wastes from spent batteries are a secondary source of raw materials. To ensure this, it is mandatory to design sustainable and low-cost processes. In the case of alkaline and zinc–carbon-based batteries, the high content of Zn and Mn makes them of interest in the development of fertilizers. The main objective of this research is to study the fertilizers production from spent zinc-based batteries, using sulfuric acid, citric acid (CIT) and glycine (GLY) solutions as leaching agents. Leaching with glycine at alkaline pHs shows a high selectivity of Zn over Mn, whereas the use of citric and sulfuric solutions leads to recoveries of Zn and Mn. Solutions with the highest Zn recoveries were tested in sand columns. Commercial ZnSO4 heptahydrate was used as a control. For sulfuric acid, two solutions (H2SO4 2M and 0.25M) were used. The elution of leached Zn and Mn in sand columns depended on the solution added. The Zn-Mn-CIT treatment showed a slight but steady increase in the leachates, reaching 70% and 75% of the total leached Zn and Mn, respectively, in the medium term. The Zn-Mn-H2SO4 2M and ZnSO4 treatments showed a similar behavior in Zn release. Both Zn-Mn-GLY and Zn-Mn-H2SO4 0.25M treatments showed similar amounts of leached Mn in the medium term (77% of total leached Mn), differing in the leached Zn. Solutions from the leaching of spent black mass batteries, especially Zn-Mn-CIT or Zn-Mn-GLY, showed promising behavior as fertilizer from the point of view of Zn and Mn availability as nutrients.
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Luo, Haocai, i Changming Zhang. "Design of Hybrid Power Chassis System Based on Fuzzy Control". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2562, nr 1 (1.08.2023): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2562/1/012077.
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Abstract For wheeled robots working in environments such as sand and slopes, due to the many ups and downs in the environment, they often encounter working states such as acceleration and climbing. This often requires its power supply to provide instantaneous high power, resulting in a large current discharge of the power supply, which seriously affects its service life. To solve this problem, this paper will use a composite power supply composed of supercapacitors and batteries to supply power to the robot chassis and use fuzzy control to perform closed-loop regulation on the output power of the batteries.
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Härk, Eneli, i Matthias Ballauff. "Carbonaceous Materials Investigated by Small-Angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering". C 6, nr 4 (19.12.2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c6040082.
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Carbonaceous nanomaterials have become important materials with widespread applications in battery systems and supercapacitors. The application of these materials requires precise knowledge of their nanostructure. In particular, the porosity of the materials together with the shape of the pores and the total internal surface must be known accurately. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) present the methods of choice for this purpose. Here we review our recent investigations using SAXS and SANS. We first describe the theoretical basis of the analysis of carbonaceous material by small-angle scattering. The evaluation of the small-angle data relies on the powerful concept of the chord length distribution (CLD) which we explain in detail. As an example of such an evaluation, we use recent analysis by SAXS of carbide-derived carbons. Moreover, we present our SAXS analysis on commercially produced activated carbons (ACN, RP-20) and provide a comparison with small-angle neutron scattering data. This comparison demonstrates the wealth of additional information that would not be obtained by the application of either method alone. SANS allows us to change the contrast, and we summarize the main results using different contrast matching agents. The pores of the carbon nanomaterials can be filled gradually by deuterated p-xylene, which leads to a precise analysis of the pore size distribution. The X-ray scattering length density of carbon can be matched by the scattering length density of sulfur, which allows us to see the gradual filling of the nanopores by sulfur in a melt-impregnation procedure. This process is important for the application of carbonaceous materials as cathodes in lithium/sulfur batteries. All studies summarized in this review underscore the great power and precision with which carbon nanomaterials can be analyzed by SAXS and SANS.
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Yang, Jinghao, Fangjie Mo, Jiaming Hu, Shuyang Li, Lizhao Huang, Fang Fang, Dalin Sun, Guangai Sun, Fei Wang i Yun Song. "Revealing the dynamic evolution of Li filaments within solid electrolytes by operando small-angle neutron scattering". Applied Physics Letters 121, nr 16 (17.10.2022): 163901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0110830.
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Lithium dendrite (filaments) propagation in solid electrolytes (SEs) leading to short circuits is one of the biggest obstacles to the application of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Due to the lack of operando techniques that can provide high resolution, the insufficient knowledge of the lithium dendrite growth inside SEs makes it difficult to suppress the dendrite growth. To reveal the mechanism of the Li filament growth in SEs, we achieved real-time monitoring of the nanoscale Li filament growth by operando small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) in representative Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 SEs. On continuous plating, the Li filament growth is not simply an accumulation of Li, but there is a dynamic evolution due to the competition between the Li filament growth and self-healing. With the aid of simulations and experiments, this dynamic competition was demonstrated to be highly dependent on temperature variation. The enhanced self-healing ability of Li at elevated temperatures plays a positive role in suppressing the Li filament growth. The heat therapy improved the cell's cycle life, which provided insight into suppressing the Li filament growth. Operando SANS with high Li sensitivity provides a platform for investigating Li filaments in SEs.
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Novita, Novita, Ramlan Ramlan, Marzuki Naibaho, Masno Ginting, Syahrul Humaidi i Tulus Na Duma. "Fe2O3 Review: Nanostructure, Synthesis Methods, and Applications". International Journal of Social Service and Research 4, nr 02 (15.02.2024): 539–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v4i02.728.
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Iron sand, which contains magnetite iron ore, exhibits unique magnetic properties when exposed to magnetic fields. Iron ore content, including ?-Fe2O3, FeTiO3, Magnetite (Fe3O4), and others, provides potential uses in various industries such as electronics, energy, chemical, ferrofluids, catalysts, and biomedicine. The location of the discovery of iron sand can affect its mineral characteristics and geological conditions. This research aims to develop innovative synthesis methods to produce hematite nanomaterials from iron sand. Nano-size hematite nanoparticles exhibit unique characteristics, including an increase in specific surface area that is beneficial in applications such as gas sensors, catalysts, lithium-ion batteries, and the manufacture of permanent magnets. Through a literature review, this article presents comprehensive insights into the characteristics of iron sand, variations in synthesis methods, and the structure of hematite nanoparticles. Applications of hematite nanoparticles in water treatment, catalysis, and energy storage are also detailed. This article is expected to contribute to the development of innovative nanomaterial technologies as well as explore the potential of iron sand resources for wider industrial applications.
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Harahap, L. M. L., A. Idrus, Ernowo, I. G. Sukadana, Suwahyadi i T. Handayani. "Mineralogical Distribution and Characteristics of Fe-, Ti-, and V-Bearing Beach Ironsand Deposit in Adikarto Bay Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1233, nr 1 (1.08.2023): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1233/1/012022.
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Abstract Identification of beach sand deposits was carried out in the south coastal area of Adikarto Bay, Kulonprogo, Yogyakarta in Indonesia. A total of 25 points were observed to identify the characteristics and mineralogy of beach sand related to the iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), and vanadium (Fe) bearing minerals that have an important role in the transition of fossil energy into clean energy as an energy storage technology known as Vanadium Redox flow batteries (VRBs) and lithium-vanadium-phosphate batteries [1]. Laboratory analysis was performed by mineral grain analysis, ore microscopy, and micro-XRF. Based on the mineralogical analysis, the beach sand deposit is composed of heavy minerals (magnetite, titanomagnetite, and hematite) and light minerals (quartz, clinopyroxene: hedenbergite and augite), biotite, hornblende, and ilvaite. The results of the analysis show that the distribution of heavy minerals is dominantly in the fraction size <0.106 mm (70-80%,) while light minerals are distributed in the fraction size 0.212-2 mm (80-90%). Mico-XRF for elemental analysis identification shows that magnetite is the mineral bearing of Fe, Ti, and V elements with a percentage of (79.02 - 92.43 wt%), Ti (6.08-7.89 wt%), and V (0.56-1.15 wt%). Therefore, it is important to characterize the mineralogy and distribution of magnetite, since it can be used as a “mineral pathfinder” for advanced exploration of Fe, Ti, and V elements. So, the ironsand is for the cement indsutry and has advanced utilization.
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Liu, Yujing, Xinyong Tao, Yao Wang, Chi Jiang, Cong Ma, Ouwei Sheng, Gongxun Lu i Xiong Wen (David) Lou. "Self-assembled monolayers direct a LiF-rich interphase toward long-life lithium metal batteries". Science 375, nr 6582 (18.02.2022): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn1818.
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High–energy density lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) are promising for energy storage applications but suffer from uncontrollable electrolyte degradation and the consequently formed unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). In this study, we designed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with high-density and long-range–ordered polar carboxyl groups linked to an aluminum oxide–coated separator to provide strong dipole moments, thus offering excess electrons to accelerate the degradation dynamics of carbon-fluorine bond cleavage in Li bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. Hence, an SEI with enriched lithium fluoride (LiF) nanocrystals is generated, facilitating rapid Li + transfer and suppressing dendritic Li growth. In particular, the SAMs endow the full cells with substantially enhanced cyclability under high cathode loading, limited Li excess, and lean electrolyte conditions. As such, our work extends the long-established SAMs technology into a platform to control electrolyte degradation and SEI formation toward LMBs with ultralong life spans.
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Pinto, Paulo, Michael McVay, Marc Hoit i Peter Lai. "Centrifuge Testing of Plumb and Battered Pile Groups in Sand". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1569, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1569-02.
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Pile groups are generally used under structures subject to heavy axial loads or large lateral forces with or without scour. The focus in this paper is only on pile groups subject to large lateral forces. Currently, little, if any, full-scale lateral load data exist on pile groups that vary pile head fixity or batter. Reported here is the summary of a series of centrifuge tests on free- and fixed-head plumb and battered pile groups. Influence of pile head constraint, pile spacing, soil density, and vertical dead load is reported for groups ranging from 3 × 3 to 3 × 7 in size. Results reveal a significant lateral resistance of fixed- over free-head pile groups; fixed-head piles develop significant axial forces; battered piles without vertical dead loads are generally no better than plumb piles; and in the case of plumb piles, the use of multipliers to represent group interaction is valid.
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de Margerie, Victoire. "Batteries de véhicules électriques : quelles alternatives à la technologie lithium ion ?" Annales des Mines - Responsabilité et environnement N° 111, nr 3 (20.10.2023): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/re1.111.0067.
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L’arrêt d’ici à 2035 de la production des véhicules à moteurs thermiques au profit principalement de véhicules électriques pose le défi des matières premières requises par ces derniers. La très forte croissance actuelle de leur production ne suffira pas pour répondre à la demande, le recyclage, bien qu’essentiel, pas plus, dans la mesure où il n’y aura pas assez de véhicules à recycler à moyen terme et où demeurent des pénuries prévisibles en cuivre et en nickel et des aléas géopolitiques pour le reste. L’acceptabilité de voitures à faible autonomie est limitée. Les innovations technologiques auront donc un rôle crucial à jouer : batteries au fer, au soufre ou au sodium, réduction des consommations de matériaux critiques dans d’autres activités… Si le progrès technique a dans le passé permis de résoudre nombre d’autres problèmes complexes, le rythme imposé de cette transition est ici sans précédent.
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Zhao, Yan-Qing, Hong-Yu Wang, Li Qi, Gui-Tian Gao i Shu-Hua Ma. "“Soggy sand” polymer composite nanofiber membrane electrolytes for lithium ion batteries". Chinese Chemical Letters 24, nr 11 (listopad 2013): 975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2013.06.018.
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Wang, Dongxu, Tingyu Zhao i Yingjian Yu. "In/Ga-Doped Si as Anodes for Si–Air Batteries with Restrained Self-Corrosion and Surface Passivation: A First-Principles Study". Molecules 28, nr 9 (27.04.2023): 3784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093784.
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Silicon–air batteries (SABs) are attracting considerable attention owing to their high theoretical energy density and superior security. In this study, In and Ga were doped into Si electrodes to optimize the capability of Si-air batteries. Varieties of Si-In/SiO2 and Si-Ga/SiO2 atomic interfaces were built, and their properties were analyzed using density functional theory (DFT). The adsorption energies of the SiO2 passivation layer on In- and Ga-doped silicon electrodes were higher than those on pure Si electrodes. Mulliken population analysis revealed a change in the average number of charge transfers of oxygen atoms at the interface. Furthermore, the local device density of states (LDDOS) of the modified electrodes showed high strength in the interfacial region. Additionally, In and Ga as dopants introduced new energy levels in the Si/SiO2 interface according to the projected local density of states (PLDOS), thus reducing the band gap of the SiO2. Moreover, the I-V curves revealed that doping In and Ga into Si electrodes enhanced the current flow of interface devices. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for improving the practical efficiency of silicon–air batteries through anode doping and provide insight into the design of Si-based anodes in air batteries.
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Lemos, Jureth Couto, Samuel do Carmo Lima, Márcia Batista da Costa i Maria José Magalhães. "LEISHMANIOSE TEGUMENTAR AMERICANA: FAUNA FLEBOTOMÍNICA EM ÁREAS DE TRANSMISSÃO NO MUNICÍPIO DE UBERLÂNDIA, MINAS GERAIS, BRASIL". Caminhos de Geografia 2, nr 3 (15.06.2001): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/rcg2315261.
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From October 7th 1999 to January 18th 2001 studies have been developed on the
phlebotominic fauna in areas of transmission of american cutaneous leishmaniosis in the County of Uberlândia, Triângulo Mineiro Region in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, from a survey on files of patients who contracted the disease in the County. In order to capture the sand flies it has been used traps of the Shannon type, fed by two 100 Watt gas lights, and lighted-up traps of the type CDC (Center of Disease Control), fed by two 12 Volt batteries. 8657 sand flies have been captured and identified, which are from two genders and 13 species. One Brumptomyia specie and 12 Lutzomyia species. The greatest amount of species found was from the Lutzomyia intermedia, with 8602 sand flies, followed by the Lutzomyia lutziana with 10, Lutzomyia sallesi with 08, Lutzomyia whitmani with 06, Lutzomyia shannoni, termitophila and lenti with 03, Lutzomyia sp. (unidentified species), Lutzomyia sordellii and Lutzomyia cortellezzi with 02 sand flies each, Lutzomyia renei and Lutzomyia longipennis with 01 sand flies each and the Brumptomyia sp. With 14 sand flies. In the the Shannon type trap it has been captured 7606 and in the CDC type trap 1051. Regarding sex, it has been identified 2335 male and 6322 female sand flies.
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Lamblin, Véronique. "La demande de métaux critiques liés à la mobilité électrique". Futuribles N° 460, nr 3 (15.04.2024): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/futur.460.0084.
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La transition écologique et les objectifs de neutralité climatique ont rendu incontournable l’évolution vers la mobilité électrique — via notamment l’abandon programmé de la vente des véhicules thermiques neufs d’ici 2035 en Europe. Toutefois, deux études récentes soulignent l’impact du basculement vers un parc automobile tout-électrique sur la demande de métaux critiques — des matériaux pour lesquels la France comme l’Europe dépendent largement d’approvisionnements étrangers (principalement chinois). Elles présentent toutes les deux divers scénarios d’évolution de cette demande de métaux critiques, et leurs conclusions convergent : on ne pourra pas réussir une transition soutenable vers la mobilité électrique sans un accroissement de la sobriété, qu’il s’agisse de la taille des véhicules, de la puissance des batteries, de l’intensité d’utilisation des véhicules… S.D.
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Park, Cheol-Young, i Jinwoo Lee. "Collaborative Electronic Structure Modifier for Iron Single-Atom Electrocatalyst in High-Energy, Long-Cycle Lithium-Sulfur Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, nr 1 (22.11.2024): 106. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-021106mtgabs.
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In high-energy and long-cycle lithium-sulfur (Li-S) pouch cells, the cathodes often face limitations in their capacities and stability when subjected to practical electrolyte/sulfur (E/S), electrolyte/capacity (E/C), and negative/positive (N/P) ratios. In this study, an advanced cathode incorporating highly active Fe single-atom catalysts (SACs) is presented, enabling the formation of multi-stacked Li-S pouch cells with a total capacity reaching approximately 320.2 Wh/kg at the 1 Ah level. These cells exhibit low E/S (3.0), E/C (2.8), and N/P (2.3) ratios, along with high sulfur loadings of 8.4 mg/cm². The enhanced activity of the Fe SACs is achieved by manipulating their local environments using electron-exchangeable binding (EEB) sites. Introducing EEB sites comprising two different types of sulfur species, namely thiophene-like-S (–S) and oxidized-S (–SO₂), adjacent to Fe SACs enhances the kinetics of the Li₂S redox reaction by providing additional binding sites and adjusting the Fe d-orbital levels via electron exchange with Fe. While –S donates electrons to the Fe SACs, –SO₂ withdraws electrons from them. Consequently, the Fe d-orbital energy level can be regulated by varying the –SO₂/–S ratios of the EEB site, thus controlling their electron-donating/withdrawing characteristics. This desirable electrocatalytic behavior is maximized through the close contact of the Fe SACs with the sulfur species, all of which are confined within porous carbon structures.
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Lin, Xueyan, Rishav Kumar Baranwal, Bin Wang i Zhaoyang Fan. "Single Atom Catalyst Anchored on Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon As an Effective Sulfur Host for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, nr 6 (9.08.2024): 3087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-0163087mtgabs.
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Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are considered highly promising for next-generation energy storage due to their high theoretical specific capacity and energy density. However, challenges such as the insulating nature of sulfur cathodes, the detrimental shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), and sluggish conversion kinetics of LiPSs during charge/discharge cycles impede their commercial viability. In this study, we employed a facile ‘dissolution-carbonization’ approach to synthesize nitrogen-coordinated monometallic atomic catalysts anchored on mesoporous carbon to promote surface-mediated reactions of LiPSs. The hierarchical porous carbon support physically confines the sulfur species, while the introduction of single atoms efficiently captures polysulfide intermediates and facilitates their redox conversion kinetics with a lower activation energy barrier. The synergistic effect of the single atom and nitrogen-rich porous carbon (NC) significantly enhances reaction kinetics and sulfur species utilization. Consequently, LSBs incorporating single-atom catalysts (SACs) demonstrate remarkable performance metrics, including high-capacity retention (824.2 mAh g−1), superior Coulombic efficiency (>98.5%), low-capacity decay rate (0.042% per cycle) after 500 cycles at 1 C, and excellent rate capability (776 mA h g–1 at 3 C). This work presents an effective strategy that combines the functions of a nanoporous material host and SACs for lithium-sulfur batteries.
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Yang, Xiaohang, Zhen Feng i Zhanyong Guo. "Theoretical Investigation on the Hydrogen Evolution, Oxygen Evolution, and Oxygen Reduction Reactions Performances of Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks Fe3(C2X)12 (X = NH, O, S)". Molecules 27, nr 5 (24.02.2022): 1528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051528.
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Two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (2D MOFs) inherently consisting of metal entities and ligands are promising single-atom catalysts (SACs) for electrocatalytic chemical reactions. Three 2D Fe-MOFs with NH, O, and S ligands were designed using density functional theory calculations, and their feasibility as SACs for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was investigated. The NH, O, and S ligands can be used to control electronic structures and catalysis performance in 2D Fe-MOF monolayers by tuning charge redistribution. The results confirm the Sabatier principle, which states that an ideal catalyst should provide reasonable adsorption energies for all reaction species. The 2D Fe-MOF nanomaterials may render highly-efficient HER, OER, and ORR by tuning the ligands. Therefore, we believe that this study will serve as a guide for developing of 2D MOF-based SACs for water splitting, fuel cells, and metal-air batteries.
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Peng, Peng, Lei Shi, Feng Huo, Chunxia Mi, Xiaohong Wu, Suojiang Zhang i Zhonghua Xiang. "A pyrolysis-free path toward superiorly catalytic nitrogen-coordinated single atom". Science Advances 5, nr 8 (sierpień 2019): eaaw2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw2322.
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Nitrogen-coordinated single-atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged as a frontier for electrocatalysis (such as oxygen reduction) with maximized atom utilization and highly catalytic activity. The precise design and operable synthesis of SACs are vital for practical applications but remain challenging because the commonly used high-temperature treatments always result in unpredictable structural changes and randomly created single atoms. Here, we develop a pyrolysis-free synthetic approach to prepare SACs with a high electrocatalytic activity using a fully π-conjugated iron phthalocyanine (FePc)–rich covalent organic framework (COF). Instead of randomly creating Fe-nitrogen moieties on a carbon matrix (Fe-N-C) through pyrolysis, we rivet the atomically well-designed Fe-N-C centers via intermolecular interactions between the COF network and the graphene matrix. The as-synthesized catalysts demonstrate exceptional kinetic current density in oxygen reduction catalysis (four times higher than the benchmark Pt/C) and superior power density and cycling stability in Zn-air batteries compared with Pt/C as air electrodes.
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Maulinda, TM Zulfikar, Ismet, Vera Viena i Elvitriana. "Application of Sol-gel Method and Co-Precipitation in the Material Synthesis Process of Magnetite Fe3O4 Nanoparticles". Proceedings of International Conference on Multidiciplinary Research 6, nr 2 (20.03.2024): 311–16. https://doi.org/10.32672/picmr.v6i2.1277.
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The development of lithium batteries is one type of research that continues to be developed. Recently, lithium batteries have become the most widely used source of electrical energy as raw materials for the manufacture of lithium batteries. This study aims to compare the synthesis with Co precipitation and sol-gel methods as electrodes in lithium batteries. Nanosized particles were characterized for characterization using (X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (XRD) and (SEM) -EDS). Based on the XRF characterization test, the results showed that the chemical composition of Magnetite Fe3O4 contained in the iron sands of the Syiah Kuala beach showed material purities of 87.10%, 86.73%, and 81.42% (Magnetite Separation). This shows that the synthesis of Fe3O4 using the sol-gel method yields results with better material purity than the coprecipitation method. The results of the SEM-EDS characterization test observations were based on particle analysis and the distribution observed on the surface morphology of the particles, where the sol-gel method provided precise results for the synthesis of Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles. The results of the characterization test based on the EDS analysis based on the EDS test obtained the amount of Fe3O4 of 70.00%, this indicates that the composition of iron provides a high value compared to other components contained in it
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Wong, Helen, Tongchao Liu, Mohsen Tamtaji, Md Delowar Hossain, Yuting Cai, Zhenjing Liu, Hongwei Liu, William Goddard i Zhengtang Luo. "Rational Design of Graphene-Supported Single Atom Catalysts for High Performance Lithium-Oxygen Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, nr 7 (28.08.2023): 2816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0172816mtgabs.
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Aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) have been considered as one of the next-generation battery technologies, due to its ultrahigh theoretical energy density (~3600 Wh kg -1), 5-10 times higher than the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), supporting the development of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the battery system suffers from poor cyclability, low round-trip efficiency and inferior rate capability, mainly originated from the inertness of oxygen gas and the poor electrical conductivity of lithium peroxide (Li2O2), leading to the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)/ oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In response to the challenges, developing a highly efficient catalyst at the cathode is vital to boost the reaction rate and reduce the reaction overpotentials, eventually address the problem. Heterogeneous single-atom catalysts (SACs) on solid support are emerging as a new frontier in this research field. Here, we use the density of state (DFT) calculation to determine the catalytic activities of a wide range of transition metal single atoms distributing on the nitrogen doped graphene support and found that Zn-SAC exhibits the highest ORR/OER activities. We discovered that Zn-N4 moieties, functioning as catalytic centers, bind with LiO2 not very strongly, reduce the reaction overpotentials, facilitates the reaction rate and enhance the stability of the catalyst. The catalytic activity of SACs is highly correlated to the Gibbs free energy of the adsorbed LiO2. A descriptor, F of the catalysts determining the catalytic activity was developed from the metal properties of electronegativity (EN), enthalpy of vaporization (EV) and number of electrons in d orbital, by using supervised machine learning (ML) method, providing guidance for designing useful SACs in ORR/OER process. This work systematically provides guidance to design highly efficient SAC for LOBs and provides fundamental insights in choosing the proper metal for the ORR/ OER application.
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Chaney, RC, KR Demars, L. Zhang, MC McVay i P. Lai. "Centrifuge Testing of Vertically Loaded Battered Pile Groups in Sand". Geotechnical Testing Journal 21, nr 4 (1998): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj11367j.
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Bourassa, Nancy, i Patrick Drouin. "Dépouillement terminologique assisté par ordinateur de sites Web spécialisés". Recherches terminologiques (cédérom) 50, nr 4 (4.02.2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/019911ar.
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Résumé Nous pouvons tous constater quotidiennement que l’importance d’Internet grandit sans cesse. De nombreux sites traitant de domaines spécialisés sont intéressants du point de vue du terminologue, mais n’ont pas encore fait l’objet d’un dépouillement terminologique. Certains domaines, comme celui de la réservation en ligne, dont les réalisations sont majoritairement électroniques, ne peuvent être dépouillés qu’en faisant appel à une batterie d’outils spécialisés. Dans l’élaboration d’un lexique portant sur le domaine de la « réservation en ligne », réalisé conjointement avec l’Office québécois de la langue française et Amex Canada Inc., nous avons adapté les méthodes de travail traditionnelles afin de pouvoir récupérer et exploiter les données contenues sur la Toile. Dans cet article, nous présenterons d’abord les particularités du domaine à l’étude et la méthodologie utilisée pour mener à bien notre démarche, puis nous analyserons les impacts qu’une telle démarche pourrait avoir sur le travail des terminologues.
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Sun, Tingting, Fangduo Huang, Junliang Liu, Hao Yu, Xinyan Feng, Xuefan Feng, Yu Yang, Hongbo Shu i Fuqin Zhang. "Strengthened d‐p Orbital‐Hybridization of Single Atoms with Sulfur Species Induced Bidirectional Catalysis for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries". Advanced Functional Materials, 17.08.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202306049.
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AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) have been widely explored as additives to improve the performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, however, the design of highly catalytic and in‐depth knowledge of the structure–activity relationship of SACs remains a huge challenge. Herein, electron redistribution of the Co site by introducing the S atom to replace the N atom in the first coordination shell is theoretically predicted to enhance the anchoring capability of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and simultaneously facilitate the redox process of Li–S batteries, due to the strengthened d‐p orbital hybridization between sulfur species and SACs compared with the traditional CoN4 architecture. Enlightened by theoretical analysis, asymmetric (N, S) coordinated Co single atoms embedded on N, S‐doped hierarchically porous carbon (S‐Co‐SACs/NSC) is precisely designed and constructed as a high‐efficiency fixity and catalyst for Li–S batteries. Therefore, the battery with S@S‐Co‐SACs/NSC cathode exhibits high areal capacity and cycling stability. This work highlights the vital function of the electronic structures of SACs in promoting the practical application of Li–S batteries.
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Yuan, Yu, Yile Lu, Tianyue Liang, Haowei Jia, Linghui Meng, Yanzhe Zhu, Jinbo Wang i in. "Advances in sweat-activated batteries for powering wearable electronics: structures, materials, challenges, and perspectives". Journal of Physics: Energy, 14.11.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad92aa.
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Abstract Flexible wearable devices have gained increasing attention in the field of health and fitness monitoring because of their biocompatibility and ability to collect biomarkers seamlessly and instantly. Consequently, a new research direction has emerged on how to power these portable electronic devices (PEDs). Currently, the majority of wearable electronic devices are powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, owing to safety concerns and the bulky size of LIBs, there is a growing demand for sustainable, light, and wearable power supplies. Thus, sweat-activated batteries (SABs) were recently proposed as a source of power generation and energy storage. To validate the feasibility of using SABs to power wearable devices, we briefly recalled the history of the development of SABs in recent years, as well as the present research outcomes. This review overviews three categories of SABs (conventional-redox batteries, metal-air batteries, and others), which based on two anode materials (Magnesium and Zinc) and the working mechanism of diverse categories was interspersed throughout the discussion. Moreover, the electrolytes in SABs and suitable substrates for integrating batteries into wearable devices are thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, various SAB application scenarios are reviewed. This comprehensive review will not only offer insights into the current state of SABs technology but also provide valuable guidance and suggestions for future advancements and applications in this field.
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Xia, Qing, Yanjie Zhai, Lanling Zhao, Jun Wang, Deyuan Li, Lili Zhang i Jintao Zhang. "Carbon-supported single-atom catalysts for advanced rechargeable metal-air batteries". Energy Materials 2, nr 3 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.13.
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To address the fossil energy crisis and environmental problems, the urgent demand for clean energy has promoted the rapid development of advanced rechargeable metal-air batteries based on the redox reaction couples of gases, such as the oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, carbon dioxide reduction and carbon dioxide evolution reactions. High-efficiency electrocatalysts are highly desirable to enhance the conversion efficiency of these reactions for enhancing battery performance. Significant advances in single-atom catalysts (SACs) on carbon matrices have been witnessed in recent years as attractive and unique systems to improve the electrocatalytic activities for high-performance rechargeable Zn- and Li-air batteries. This review summarizes the latest achievements in the applications of carbon-supported SACs in metal-air batteries, with a particular focus on the rational design of SACs and their fundamental electrocatalytic mechanism at the atomic level. The future development and perspectives of SACs in the field of metal-air batteries are also discussed.
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Maiti, Sandip, Matthew T. Curnan, Keonwoo Kim, Kakali Maiti i Jin Kon Kim. "Unlocking Performance: The Transformative Influence of Single Atom Catalysts on Advanced Lithium‐Sulfur Battery Design". Advanced Energy Materials, 18.07.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202401911.
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AbstractTheoretically, lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries are highly promising candidates for renewable energy applications, given their scalable energy density and low cost. However, their current practical performance is limited below theoretical expectations, despite attempts to accommodate volumetric expansion and improve electrical conductivity with porous S‐anchoring supports. Battery performance is primarily rate‐limited by the sluggish redox and conversion reaction kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPS), which respectively transform into lithium sulfide (Li2S) and elemental S through charging and discharging galvanostatic cycles. Given their strong electrocatalytic performance and other pertinent benefits, recent research highlights single‐atom catalysts (SACs) as candidates for enhancing Li‐S batteries. Thus, this review summarizes contemporary advancements regarding SAC implementation in Li‐S batteries, primarily emphasizing catalyst morphology, battery performance, and mechanistic elucidation. More specifically, separators and cathodes can be engineered via SACs to better anchor LiPS and improve their reductive kinetics, thereby inhibiting the “shuttle effect” known to impact Li‐S batteries. In addition, SACs can be modulated with functional groups to synergistically improve performance, enabling higher S loadings and redistributing transferred charge. Overall, SACs conspicuously boost Li‐S battery performance, justifying further research toward their implementation in Li‐S batteries.
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Zhou, Rong, Yongqiang Ren, Weixin Li, Meng Guo, Yinan Wang, Haixin Chang, Xin Zhao, Wei Hu, Guowei Zhou i Shaonan Gu. "Rare Earth Single‐Atom Catalysis for High‐Performance Li−S Full Battery with Ultrahigh Capacity". Angewandte Chemie, 18.05.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.202405417.
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Lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries have many advantages but still face problems such as retarded polysulfides redox kinetics and Li dendrite growth. Most reported single atom catalysts (SACs) for Li−S batteries are based on d‐band transition metals whose d orbital constitutes active valence band, which is inclined to occur catalyst passivation. SACs based on 4f inner valence orbital of rare earth metals are challenging for their great difficulty to be activated. In this work, we design and synthesize the first rare earth metal Sm SACs which has electron‐rich 4f inner orbital to promote catalytic conversion of polysulfides and uniform deposition of Li. Sm SACs enhance the catalysis by the activated 4f orbital through an f‐d‐p orbital hybridization. Using Sm‐N3C3 modified separators, the half cells deliver a high capacity over 600 mAh g−1 and a retention rate of 84.3% after 2000 cycles. The fabricated S/CNTs|Sm‐N3C3@PP|Sm‐N3C3‐Li full batteries can provide an ultra‐stable cycling performance of a retention rate of 80.6% at 0.2 C after 100 cycles, one of the best full Li−S batteries. This work provides a new perspective for the development of rare earth metal single atom catalysis in electrochemical reactions of Li−S batteries and other electrochemical systems for next‐generation energy storage.
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Zhou, Rong, Yongqiang Ren, Weixin Li, Meng Guo, Yinan Wang, Haixin Chang, Xin Zhao, Wei Hu, Guowei Zhou i Shaonan Gu. "Rare Earth Single‐Atom Catalysis for High‐Performance Li−S Full Battery with Ultrahigh Capacity". Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 18.05.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202405417.
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Lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries have many advantages but still face problems such as retarded polysulfides redox kinetics and Li dendrite growth. Most reported single atom catalysts (SACs) for Li−S batteries are based on d‐band transition metals whose d orbital constitutes active valence band, which is inclined to occur catalyst passivation. SACs based on 4f inner valence orbital of rare earth metals are challenging for their great difficulty to be activated. In this work, we design and synthesize the first rare earth metal Sm SACs which has electron‐rich 4f inner orbital to promote catalytic conversion of polysulfides and uniform deposition of Li. Sm SACs enhance the catalysis by the activated 4f orbital through an f‐d‐p orbital hybridization. Using Sm‐N3C3 modified separators, the half cells deliver a high capacity over 600 mAh g−1 and a retention rate of 84.3% after 2000 cycles. The fabricated S/CNTs|Sm‐N3C3@PP|Sm‐N3C3‐Li full batteries can provide an ultra‐stable cycling performance of a retention rate of 80.6% at 0.2 C after 100 cycles, one of the best full Li−S batteries. This work provides a new perspective for the development of rare earth metal single atom catalysis in electrochemical reactions of Li−S batteries and other electrochemical systems for next‐generation energy storage.
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Chen, Jieshuangyang, Rongyu Deng, Jinwei Zhou, Ziang Jiang, Mingzhi Qian i Feixiang Wu. "Effects of SiO2 Particle Size in Soggy‐Sand Electrolyte on Electrochemical Performance of Zinc‐Ion Batteries". Batteries & Supercaps, 7.08.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/batt.202400404.
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The presence of free water molecules in the aqueous electrolyte leads to serious side reactions at the interface, easy dissolution of the cathode material, and uncontrolled growth of zinc dendrites in Zn‐ion batteries, which hinders their practical applications. Here, we propose a type of SiO2‐based soggy‐sand electrolyte (ZnSO4+MnSO4 electrolyte with SiO2, SiO2‐ZMSO4) and focus on the effect of the SiO2 nanoparticle size on the performance of soggy‐sand electrolyte. It is found that SiO2 with smaller nanoparticle size provides higher porosity, and the SiO2 network‐formed can effectively trap the free water in the electrolyte, which increases the ionic conductivity of electrolyte, widens working voltage window, and decreases the internal resistance of batteries. As a result, the Zn//MnO2 batteries with 20 nm SiO2‐based soggy‐sand electrolyte show stable cycling performance and rate capacities. The specific capacity of the battery can be maintained at 198.5 mAh g‐1 after 1200 cycles at 1A g‐1 without capacity degradation. The specific capacity can be increased by 100 mAh g‐1 even at a high rate of 5 A g‐1. This study provides the rule of particle selection for the development of aqueous soggy‐sand electrolytes used in aqueous rechargeable batteries.
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Wu, Siyi, Chenhui Wang, Haikuan Liang, Wei Nong, Zhihao Zeng, Yan Li i Chengxin Wang. "High‐Throughput Calculations for Screening d‐ and p‐Block Single‐Atom Catalysts toward Li2S/Na2S Decomposition Guided by Facile Descriptor beyond Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi Relationship". Small, 28.08.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202305161.
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AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) are promising cathode materials for addressing issues faced by lithium–sulfur batteries. Considering the ample chemical space of SACs, high‐throughput calculations are efficient strategies for their rational design. However, the high throughput calculations are impeded by the time‐consuming determination of the decomposition barrier (Eb) of Li2S. In this study, the effects of bond formation and breakage on the kinetics of SAC‐catalyzed Li2S decomposition with g‐C3N4 as the substrate are clarified. Furthermore, a new efficient and easily‐obtained descriptor Li─S─Li angle (ALi─S─Li) of adsorbed Li2S, different from the widely accepted thermodynamic data for predicting Eb, which breaks the well‐known Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi relationship, is identified. Under the guidance of ALi─S─Li, several superior SACs with d‐ and p‐block metal centers supported by g‐C3N4 are screened to accelerate the sulfur redox reaction and fix the soluble lithium polysulfides. The newly identified descriptor of ALi─S─Li can be extended to rationally design SACs for Na─S batteries. This study opens a new pathway for tuning the performance of SACs to catalyze the decomposition of X2S (X = Li, Na, and K) and thus accelerate the design of SACs for alkaline‐chalcogenide batteries.
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Chen, Yashi, Mingyuan Yu, Erjun Kan, Si Lan i Cheng Zhan. "Revisiting the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Two-Dimensional TM-C2N Electrocatalysts via Constant-Potential Density Functional Theory: Crucial Impact of Spin State and Coordination". Catalysis Science & Technology, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cy01210k.
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Single atom catalysts (SACs) have shown great potentiality in catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cell batteries. In the carbon-based SACs, besides the most representative TM-N4-C, other 2D...
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Zhou, Rong, Shaonan Gu, Meng Guo, Shuzheng Xu i Guowei Zhou. "Progresses and Prospects of Asymmetrically Coordinated Single Atom Catalysts for Lithium−Sulfur Batteries". ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS, 11.02.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eem2.12703.
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Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are widely regarded as promising next‐generation batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacity and low material cost. However, the practical applications of LSBs are limited by the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), electronic insulation of charge and discharge products, and slow LiPSs conversion reaction kinetics. Accordingly, the introduction of catalysts into LSBs is one of the effective strategy to solve the issues of the sluggished LiPS conversion. Because of their nearly 100% atom utilization and high electrocatalytic activity, single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have been widely used as reaction mediators for LSBs' reactions. Excitingly, the SACs with asymmetric coordination structures have exhibited intriguing electronic structures and superior catalytic activities when compared to the traditional M–N4 active sites. In this review, we systematically describe the recent advancements in the installation of asymmetrically coordinated single‐atom structure as reactions catalysts in LSBs, including asymmetrically nitrogen coordinated SACs, heteroatom coordinated SACs, support effective asymmetrically coordinated SACs, and bimetallic coordinated SACs. Particularly noteworthy is the discussion of the catalytic conversion mechanism of LiPSs spanning asymmetrically coordinated SACs. Finally, a perspective on the future developments of asymmetrically coordinated SACs in LSB applications is provided.