Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Saw gin”

A geodatabase and a data management program have been created to store and manipulate cave and karst feature data from the Bahamas. A geographic information system was used to recognize any spatial patterns in the cave and karst data from San Salvador Island. Elevation data for banana holes, vadose pits and flank margin caves were obtained from a digital elevation model and are consistent with values predicted by the Carbonate Island Karst Model. The slope and aspect of the hill on which a flank margin cave is found showed no relationship to cave sizes and shapes, emphasizing the hypogenic nature of flank margin caves. The digital elevation model further demonstrated the position of lakes on San Salvador Island during the last interglacial (OIS 5e) highstand, and the lack of flank margin caves along the shores of these lakes provides evidence for a paleoclimate on San Salvador Island similar to today?s.

San Juan Red Ware was widely distributed throughout the Four Corners region of the U.S. Southwest between about AD 750 and 1100. Prior research indicates this ware is a marker of identity and was likely associated with feasting and other communal activities. A study of the distribution of this ware indicates that it was traded widely, but with significant variation in relative quantity between sites. This variation is likely caused by unequal access to this ware due either to a lack of access to the necessary exchange networks or by a conscious decision to not participate in the exchange of this ware. San Juan Red Ware became more widely dispersed after the first century of production, which may be indicative of increased integration between social groups. Several methods were used in this analysis, including inverse distance weighting, hexagon binning, fall-off curves, distance diagrams using Typenspektren, and social network analysis. An evaluation of these methods indicates some are more effective than others for this analysis, although the use of several complementary methods is recommended to provide a more comprehensive analysis.

Morbidity data for chlamydia {CT) and gonorrhea (GC) reported to San Joaquin County (SJC) Department of Health Services (DHS) from 1997 to 2006 was analyzed to geographically locate high risk areas and populations. The largest city in SJC is Stockton, which had the highest incidence rates and highest rates of repeat infections per population, and therefore is the primary focus of this analysis. Rates were determined by dividing the number of infections per census tract by the census 2000 population of each tract. Maps were made first for incidence (cumulative and annual), then for repeat infections, and then coinfections. Census tracts that continually showed high rates of infections were then mapped at the block level to locate more focused areas of infection. Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, incarceration, and poverty provided information on the high risk population. Case information was also examined by provider location and the treatment administered. By examining the population characteristics with the highest risk, along with the geographic location, outreach efforts by SJC DHS were far more focused and productive at targeting the core transmissions groups. Also through understanding where the cases were seeking treatment, or identifying a lack of medical availability in certain areas, SJC DHS can contact providers to distribute updated treatment guidelines and educational information to pass on to their patients.

Hydrological modelling is a powerful tool for hydrologists and engineers involved in the planning and development of integrated approach for the management of water resources. With the recent advent of computational power and the growing availability of spatial data, RS and GIS technologies can augment to a great extent the conventional methods used in rainfall runoff studies; it is possible to accurately describe watershed characteristics in particularly when determining runoff response to rainfall input. The main objective of this study is to apply the potential of spaceborne SAR data for soil moisture retrieval in order to improve the spatial input parameters required for hydrological modelling. For the spatial database creation, high resolution 2 m aerial laser scanning Digital Terrain Model (DTM), soil map, and landuse map were used. Rainfall records were transformed into a runoff through hydrological parameterisation of the watershed and the river network using HEC-HMS software for rainfall runoff simulation. The Soil Conservation Services Curve Number (SCS-CN) and Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) loss methods were selected to calculate the infiltration losses. In microwave remote sensing, the study of how the microwave interacts with the earth terrain has always been interesting in interpreting the satellite SAR images. In this research soil moisture was derived from two different types of Spaceborne SAR data; TerraSAR-X and ALOS PALSAR (L band). The developed integrated hydrological model was applied to the test site of the Gottleuba Catchment area which covers approximately 400 sqkm, located south of Pirna (Saxony, Germany). To validate the model historical precipitation data of the past ten years were performed. The validated model was further optimized using the extracted soil moisture from SAR data. The simulation results showed a reasonable match between the simulated and the observed hydrographs. Quantitatively the study concluded that based on SAR data, the model could be used as an expeditious tool of soil moisture mapping which required for hydrological modelling.

The last 2 decades have seen intensifying interest in rock art and the senses. This perspective stems from the recognition that sensory perception is at the core of human experience and is culturally variable. GIS methods are frequently used in this context as they are capable of complex mapping and data manipulation exercises. Such investigations have led to new understandings of the spatial patterning of art sites around the world. Despite the potential benefits of this approach, it is not commonly taken in Australia, where functional explanations of rock art are prevalent. This thesis aims to develop a new appreciation of Australian rock art by investigating the relationship between visual perception and engraving sites in the Sydney- Hawkesbury region. Two national parks in the region, Ku-ring-gai Chase and Yengo, form the study areas for this thesis. A total of 85 sites in these parks were subjected to a GIS-based visibility analysis focusing on the visual affordances of the landscape. Affordance is a concept used in other visibility analyses that formulates the landscape as an arena of potential decision-making. By interrogating the visual affordances of the landscape, the patterns in the co-occurrence of engraved art and places with panoramic views are brought to light. Visual perception was also investigated in relation to motif rarity and movement. The results of the analysis suggest visually impactful places were often (but not always) targeted for the production of engraved art. The results also indicate a link between visual perception, Dreaming tracks and ceremonial activity. This thesis provides a more comprehensive view of engraved art in the Sydney-Hawkesbury region. It also identifies sensory perception as a theme that may benefit Australian archaeology upon further investigation.

The GIS Industry has digitised cadastre from the best available paper maps over the last few decades, incorporating the inherent errors in those paper maps and in the digitising process. The advent of Global Positioning Systems, modern surveying instruments and advances in the computing industry has made it desirable and affordable to upgrade the placement, in terms of absolute and relative position) of these digital cadastres. The Utility Industry has used GIS software to place their assets relative to these digital cadastres, and are now finding their assets placed incorrectly when viewed against these upgraded digital cadastres. This thesis examines the processes developed in the software program called the ???Spatial Adjustment Engine???, and documents a holistic approach to semi-automating the upgrading of the digital cadastre and the subsequent upgrading of the utility assets. This thesis also documents the various pilot projects undertaken during the development of the Spatial Adjustment Engine, the topological scenarios found in each pilot, their solution, and provides a framework of definitions needed to explore this field further. The results of each pilot project are given in context, and lead to the conclusions. The conclusions indicate the processes and procedures implemented in the Spatial Adjustment Engine are a suitable mechanism for the upgrade of digital cadastre and of spatially dependant themes such as utility assets, zoning themes, annotation layers, and some road centreline themes.

This study’s aim is to reveal statistically significant hot spots and temporal patterns of property crime in the City and County of San Francisco and to also analyse the relationship between property crimes and the environment in which these crimes occur by using Geographic Information System (GIS). Crime pattern theory was used as the framework for the analysis of environmental surroundings and occurrence of crime. This theory indicates that certain places can be crime generators and attractors. The result showed that there are hot spots of crime in the north-eastern part of San Francisco, and that crime in these high-risk areas are intensifying. Then, by visual examination of density maps of property crime and facilities, such as shopping centres, pubs/bars/nightclubs and Bay Area Rapid Transit stations, it is shown that these facilities can explain concentrations of crime in certain areas. Furthermore, this study shows GIS can be a practical tool to utilize when presenting data of crime when used in combination with social theories which focuses on the causes of crime occurrence.

Cette thèse se propose de faire une anthropologie socio-historique des cultes de deux saints non reconnus par l’Église, le Gaucho Gil et San la Muerte, tous deux originaires de la province de Corrientes dans le Nord-Est de l'Argentine. L’objectif est à la fois d'analyser la genèse de ces phénomènes et de définir l’apport de la religion populaire dans la construction d’identités collectives. Il s'agit d'interroger la dimension politique et l'historicité de ces systèmes symboliques et rituels en spécifiant les liens qu'ils entretiennent avec la culture guarani et avec la résistance à une situation d'oppression sociale. La réflexion débute par l’exploration socio-historique de la constitution des populations de l’intérieur de l'Argentine afin de comprendre dans quelle mesure ces cultes naissent dans un contexte de mépris social et culturel et de déni de mémoire qui a catégorisé les classes populaires rurales comme subalternes et invisibles. Dans un second temps sont présentées, dans le détail, à partir des données couplées de l’anthropologie historique et d'une analyse ethnographique locale, la fabrication aussi bien des légendes, des images que des pratiques rituelles, du Gaucho Gil puis du San la Muerte. Cette exploration contextualisée nous permet pour finir d’envisager ces dévotions non plus comme de simples résistances à l’ordre ou comme des reproductions déformées de la religion catholique, mais comme des créations culturelles autonomes, issues d’un peuple nouveau et métissé, qui produit une mémoire et des symboles aptes à rendre compte des expériences de sa condition<br>This thesis offers a socio-historic anthropology of the worship of two saints not recognized by the Church, Gaucho Gil and San la Muerte, in the province of Corrientes, in the North-East of Argentina. It aims at analyzing the genesis of these phenomena and at defining the contribution of popular religion in the construction of collective identities. It means to question the political dimension and the historicity of these symbolic and ritual systems by specifying the links they maintain with the guarani culture and with the resistance to a situation of social oppression. The study begins with a socio-historic exploration of the constitution of Argentina inland populations in order to understand to what extent these cults were born in a context of social and cultural contempt and denial of memory which has categorized the rural popular classes as subordinate and invisible. Secondly, the making of the legends, images and ritual practices related to gaucho Gil and San la Muerte are explained both through historic anthropology and a local ethnographical analysis. Finally, this contextualized exploration leads to consider these worships no longer as simple means of resistance to an established order or as distorted reproductions of the Catholic religion, but as autonomous cultural creations which belong to a new and mixed people, producing a memory and symbols which accurately represent the experience of their condition

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-10-06T14:08:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Wallace de Freitas Teixeira.pdf: 6546820 bytes, checksum: e0ffd99cc50fd05fbee702d2bf5fb44e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-10-08T19:06:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Wallace de Freitas Teixeira.pdf: 6546820 bytes, checksum: e0ffd99cc50fd05fbee702d2bf5fb44e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-10-08T19:12:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Wallace de Freitas Teixeira.pdf: 6546820 bytes, checksum: e0ffd99cc50fd05fbee702d2bf5fb44e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-08T19:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Wallace de Freitas Teixeira.pdf: 6546820 bytes, checksum: e0ffd99cc50fd05fbee702d2bf5fb44e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-03<br>OUTRAS<br>This paper presented a preliminary assessment of radar images R99-SAR/SIPAM to the Brazilian Forest Monitoring Program. SAR images were analyzed for qualification of deforestation polygons mapped by DETER project, considering high spatial resolution and ability to detect deforestation patterns. Approximately 91% of the polygons can be detected by means of SAR-R99/SIPAM images. In addition to suffering little interference from the atmosphere (clouds), the application of high spatial resolution radar data in DETER project can improve the ability to detect the deforestation of areas smaller than 25 hectares, scars not detected by low spatial resolution sensors. To evaluate the use of R99-SAR/SIPAM images to map deforested areas (shallow cut) by visual interpretation, were vectored deforestation polygons in the municipality of Iranduba with images generated in 2013. In addition to testing the capacity of discernment deforestation patterns in R99-SAR/SIPAM images, the mapping of deforested areas helped in the analysis and characterization of recent deforestation in Iranduba-AM district, has undergone strong anthropogenic pressure by the construction of bridge Rio Negro, connecting Iranduba-AM to Manaus-AM and duplication of Highway AM 070, which connects Iranduba-AM to Manacapuru-AM. Thus, it was concluded that the use of R99-SAR/SIPAM radar images can contribute as additional information to the Brazilian Forest Monitoring Program.<br>O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar o uso de imagens R99-SAR/SIPAM no programa de monitoramento da floresta Amazônica, assim como avaliar o uso destas imagens para qualificação de polígonos de alertas do projeto DETER/INPE e caracterizar e mapear áreas desmatadas no município de Iranduba-AM. As imagens SAR foram analisadas para qualificação dos polígonos de desmatamento mapeados pelo projeto DETER, considerando sua alta resolução espacial e capacidade de detectar padrões de desmatamento. Aproximadamente 91% dos polígonos pôde ser detectada por meio de imagens R99B-SAR/SIPAM. Além de sofrer pouca interferência da atmosfera (nuvens), a aplicação de dados de radar de alta resolução espacial no projeto DETER pode melhorar a capacidade de detectar o desmatamento de áreas menores que 25 hectares, cicatrizes não detectadas pelos sensores de baixa resolução espacial. Para avaliar o uso das imagens R99-SAR/SIPAM no mapeamento de áreas de desmatamento (corte raso) por interpretação visual, foram vetorizados polígonos de desmatamento no município de Iranduba-AM com imagens geradas no ano de 2013. Além de testar a capacidade de discernimento de padrões de desmatamento nas imagens R99-SAR/SIPAM, o mapeamento das áreas desmatadas ajudou na análise e caracterização do desmatamento recente no município de Iranduba-AM, que vem sofrendo forte pressão antrópica pela construção da Ponte Rio Negro, ligando Iranduba-AM a Manaus-AM, bem como a obras de duplicação da Rodovia AM 070, que liga Iranduba-AM a Manacapuru/AM. Assim, concluiu-se que o uso de imagens do radar R99-SAR/SIPAM pode contribuir como dados complementares ao Programa de Monitoramento Florestal Brasileiro.

<p> The spatial patterning of artifacts and features excavated from Tule Creek Village (CA-SNI-25), San Nicolas Island, CA provides an opportunity to analyze the intra-site correlations between artifact types, materials, and features, and allows for inferences to be made regarding the context and use of space at a late Holocene village. Excavations at East Locus at CA-SNI-25 have yielded evidence of trade with other islands as well as evidence suggesting complex ceremonial activity, such as dog and bird burials, large hearths, stacked stone features, and multiple pits which vary in size, shape and depositional content. The artifact assemblage, favorable geographic setting, and inferred ceremonial activity observed at East Locus in comparison to other late Holocene sites on San Nicolas suggest that CA-SNI-25 served as the primary center for social and economic interactions on the island during a time when the intensification of complex spheres of interaction are observed throughout the southern California Bight.</p><p> I use intra-site GIS and exploratory methods, such as spatial autocorrelation and hot-spot analysis to isolate distributions of formal artifacts and features and examine the organization of space in both ceremonial and utilitarian contexts. This provides a visual and interactive platform conducive to analyzing the abundant data collected during open area excavations at CA-SNI-25. The statistical analysis allows for inferences to be made regarding the manufacture and use of artifact types and toolkits in ceremonial and utilitarian contexts, as well as the import and use of exotic materials. Ultimately, spatial analysis using intra-site GIS reveals possible linkages of artifacts and features, as well as patterns of spatial and temporal variability in technology, subsistence, and behavior at a village on San Nicolas just prior to European contact.</p>

La enzima 5,10-metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR) cataliza la conversión de la 5,10-metilentetrahidrofolato a 5-metiltetrahidrofolato, esta enzima es un intermediario entre el ciclo del folato y el ciclo de la remetilación del aminoácido homocisteina a metionina. Una mutación puntual C677T en el gen de esta enzima trae como consecuencia el cambio del aminoácido Ala por Val, lo cual conlleva a la formación de una enzima termolábil que finalmente se evidencia con un incremento en los niveles de homocisteina en sangre. Se ha documentado la relación de niveles altos de homocisteina y el incremento de la presión arterial y su posible relación a enfermedades coronarias e hipertensión. La determinación del polimorfismo C677T de la MTHFR, tiene índices muy variados en las distintas poblaciones y regiones del mundo. Estimar las frecuencias de este polimorfismo en nuestro país, permitiría al especialista determinar posibles poblaciones en riesgo a estas enfermedades asociadas, como preeclapmsia. Se extrajo muestras de sangre venosa de 92 gestantes del Instituto Materno Perinatal San Bartolomé Herrera (Lima-Perú). Se encontraron 32 gestantes CC (34.8%), 44 gestantes CT (47.8%), y por último 16 gestantes TT (17.2 %). Se encontró una frecuencia de 58.7 % y 41.3% para el alelo C y T respectivamente. Se estimó que la muestra estudiada se encuentra en Equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg (X2 =0.0022) y que los valores de las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas se encuentran de acorde a los publicados por otras investigaciones en nuestro país y la región sudamericana. Aun cuando la relación del alelo mutado T y el desarrollo de hipertensión no ha sido demostrada en nuestro país, el monitoreo y la incidencia del polimorfismo C677T y estudios tipo caso-control nos permitiría tener más evidencias sobre esta posible relación en nuestra población.<br>Tesis

Os municípios presentes na área de influência da implantação de grandes obras de infraestrutura de interesse nacional sofrem com os impactos gerados em sua estrutura urbana ambiental. Devido à fragilidade no controle urbano são percebidos repetidamente nas cidades brasileiras o aumento dos assentamentos irregulares e precários, a saturação da infraestrutura local, a sobrecarga nas redes de prestação de serviços públicos e o aumento na degradação ambiental. Atualmente o litoral norte de São Paulo vem sofrendo uma forte pressão de desenvolvimento econômico vinculada, principalmente, aos projetos portuários e energéticos. O impulsionador desta corrida desenvolvimentista foi a descoberta das jazidas de hidrocarbonetos na camada Pré-sal. Desta forma esta pesquisa se propõe estudar, através de um estudo de caso, os impactos dos empreendimentos ligados ao setor petrolífero no uso do solo de Caraguatatuba (SP). Para isto decidiu-se pela aplicação do geoprocessamento como ferramenta para diagnosticar os conflitos legais e os possíveis impactos. Assim, se dividiu a pesquisa nos Eixos Legislação e Impactos. Como resultados são apresentados os mapeamentos de conflitos (i) entre Legislações urbanas e ambientais e Uso do Solo predominante e (ii) entre as próprias Legislações urbanas e ambientais vigentes no município, e o diagnóstico dos possíveis impactos do Pré-sal no uso do solo tendo como referencia a experiência ocorrida em Macaé e a análise crítica dos estudos de impacto ambiental dos empreendimentos do Pré-sal. Conflitos legais, como incompatibilidade e incoerências, comprovam a desarticulação das Legislação urbana ambiental brasileiras, que por vezes é confundida equivocadamente com falta de planejamento. Desta forma, independente de qual é a causa real desses conflitos, deve-se destacar a incapacidade das municipalidades não só em aplicar as Legislações urbano ambientais que regulam o uso do solo, mas também sua elaboração. No caso de Caraguatatuba o que se percebe é uma configuração do espaço proposta pelo zoneamento municipal que reflete diretamente os interesses das elites, uma vez que responde às necessidades do mercado (indústria petrolífera e portuária). Como considerações, entretanto, percebe-se o sucesso do uso de geoprocessamento no diagnóstico dos conflitos e impactos, o que sugere que esta ferramenta seja difundida pelo poder público a fim de dar suporte à tomada de decisão.<br>Large infrastructure projects of national interest dramatically impact urban and natural environments in the affected municipalities. Because of weaknesses in Brazilian urban policies, such projects repeatedly result in irregular settlements, slums, saturated urban infrastructure, overloaded public services and environmental degradation. The hydrocarbon reservoir discoveries in the Pre-salt layer off the northern coast of São Paulo started a new gold rush, with large projects on energy production, harbors, and offshore facilities pressing the economic development in the region. This dissertation analyzes the effects of the petroleum industry on the land use, using Caraguatatuba as a case study. In particular, this work applies Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify conflicting legislation and environmental impacts. We perform this analysis in two parts. First, we map the conflicts (i) between urban/environmental policies and the land use; and (ii) between the different government instances (federal, regional and municipal) responsible for the policies. Second, we identify possible environmental impacts through both a critical analysis of the Environmental Impacts Assessments of the project, and a study of similar projects developed in a comparable region in Brazil. Our contributions are threefold. Firstly, we reveal conflicting legislation in Caraguatatuba area, evincing the inability of the diverse government instances not only to elaborate public policies for regulating the land use, but also to effectively enforce the legislation. Secondly, we highlight that the urban zoning in Caraguatatuba primarily reflects elite\'s interests, as it is driven by market needs of the petroleum industry. Finally, we show that GIS can successfully diagnose legislation conflicts and environmental impacts, being therefore a tool for improving governmental decision-making processes.

The big pressure for environmental impoverishment of the Amazonia and the national and international work to further develop effective instruments and solutions for environmental conservation and sustainable development of one of the most fragile and biodiverse ecosystems all over the World, have focused this investigation to the regional unit considered as the environmental and territorial policies icon in the Andean-Amazon area: San Martin Region in Peru. Sadly, this region has been well-known as the most deforested area in Peru due to past issues connected with the terrorism, coca cultivation, migratory pressure caused by expanding the agricultural frontier (still ongoing) and the construction of important key roads (recently infrastructure projects known as IIRSA). Furthermore, it’s been particularly affected by the current presence of renewable and no-renewable exploitation of resources projects. For some years now, San Marti­n has been defined as a virtuous territory where the regional government, with the support of diverse public institutions, local stakeholders and international NGOs, coordinates participatory public policies with the aim of becoming a "€œRegión Verde"€ and being a model for other Amazon realities in Peru (and not only for that). These aspects pose a question about the development of projects elaborated by the regional government and about the local stakeholders perception to understand if we have taken the right way (Hacia una Región Verde) and it will be able to succeed and be replicated in other areas or if this would be another try that would remain just in paper. The search has been planned within these aims (objectives): the understanding of the vision of the different local stakeholders regarding the institutional practices developed in "€œSan Marti­n hacia una Región Verde"€, the mapping and the exploration of the perception of different local stakeholders as for the social values of the ecosystem services, the current state mapping and the evolution of the provision of certain ecosystem services in time, making scenarios of changing from the current policies and projects. To achieve these goals, it has been used a qualitative-quantitative approach leading to the use of different research methodologies such as the provision of 400 questionnaires, one hundred open and semi-structured interviews to key agents (stakeholders), participatory observation or field visits to different projects. One key focus has been the cartographic analysis with the use of Geographic Information System (GIS), participatory mapping and the utilization of two GIS tools for the ecosystem services survey: SolVES and Costing Nature. After an introduction chapter about the journey to develop this research, we will focus the direction (theoretically) and justify the developed activities through the processing of the most significant conceptual issues wich have helped to provide a framework for this research and identify the operational tools. In Chapter III, the research will be positioned, making it part of the Amazon Peruvian context and taking it through the history of the main socio-environmental aspects of San Marti­n, with a focus on Alto Mayo; the upstream part of the river Mayo basin, where the fieldwork was developed. The fourth Chapter introduces the following three chapters, for a better understanding of the complex task of investigation that has been carried out, it has been agreed to present the activities divided in work axis, each of them containing materials and methods and results and discussions. In the fifth Chapter, we can see the travel made in the studio of the innovative institutional practices that are being implemented with the objective to reach a "€œRegión Verde"€ and the opinions and experiences from different stakeholders regarding this process. In particular, there will be represented the results of the delivery of the four hundred test and the one hundred interviews in the territory of Alto Mayo. Chapter VI encompasses participatory mapping labor worked on as part of the questionnaires and interviews and the mapping about the different stakeholders perception with regard to some social values of Alto Mayo ecosystem services using the SolVES tool (Social Value for Ecosystem Services). The mainstream paradigm of the ecosystem services and the building of change scenarios based on the policies and projects elaborated seeking the sustainable territorial development of the San Marti­n Region are discussed in Chapter VII. In this chapter, the web-based tool Costing Nature combines more than one hundred spatial data and participation rules (developed reviewing these plans and means) and produces detailed maps about some ecosystem services present situation and the potential changes based on two future scenarios assumptions: "€œConservation"€ and "€œbusiness as usual"€. These three axes, on the basis of the same methodology and activities carried out but unique in the area of research, are reintegrated in the last chapter where the main conclusions of the study are summarized. It attempts to answer (at least in part), above all, the initial question, that is, if according to local stakeholders, San Martín Region may be a â€"Región Verde" model. Key words: Amazonia, environmental services, ecosystem services, conservation, biodiversity, Peru, San Marti­n Region, indigenous peoples, GIS, Participatory GIS, participatory mapping, land use, ecological-economical zoning, SolVES, Costing Nature.<br>Le grandi pressioni di depauperamento ambientale che stanno interessando l'€™Amazzonia peruviana unite all'€™attenzione internazionale e nazionale per elaborare soluzioni e strumenti efficaci per la conservazione e lo "€œsviluppo sostenibile€" di uno degli ecosistemi piu delicati e biodiversi del mondo, hanno indirizzato la ricerca verso l'€™unità  territoriale ritenuta l'€™icona delle politiche ambientali e territoriali in ambito andino amazzonico: la Región de San Martin in Perù. Questa regione è stata tristemente conosciuta come l'€™area più deforestata del Perù per le passate problematiche legate alla coltivazione della coca, al terrorismo, alla pressione migratoria causata dall'€™espansione della frontiera agricola (tuttora in corso), favorita dalla costruzione di importanti assi viari che recentemente sono confluiti nei progetti infrastrutturali denominati IIRSA, nonché è interessata dall'€™attuale presenza di progetti riguardanti l'€™estrazione di risorse rinnovabili e non. Da alcuni anni però, San Martin, viene "presentata" come un territorio virtuoso, dove il Gobierno Regional con la collaborazione di differenti istituzioni pubbliche, attori territoriali ed ONG internazionali, coordina politiche pubbliche partecipate con l'€™obiettivo di diventare "€œRegión Verde"€ e di rappresentare un modello per le altre realtà  amazzoniche peruviane (e non solo). Questi aspetti hanno portato ad interrogarsi sulle progettualità  attuate dal Governo Regionale e sulle percezioni dei differenti attori in San Martin, nel nuovo paradigma dei servizi ecosistemici, per capire se il percorso intrapreso (hacia una region verde) possa avere possibilità di successo ed essere replicato in altre aree, o rischi di rappresentare un altro tentativo destinato a rimanere compiuto solo sulla carta. La ricerca si è strutturata attorno ai seguenti obiettivi: la comprensione della percezione/opinione di differenti attori rispetto alle pratiche istituzionali attuate nel percorso di San Martin verso una Región Verde; la mappatura e l'€™esplorazione della percezione di differenti attori sui valori sociali dei Servizi Ecosistemici; la mappatura dello stato attuale e dell'evoluzione della fornitura di alcuni Servizi Ecosistemici nel tempo, elaborando scenari di cambiamento a partire dalle politiche e progetti in corso. Per raggiungere questi obiettivi, ci si è avvalsi di un approccio quali-quantitativo che ha portato all'uso di differenti metodologie di ricerca, quali la somministrazione di 400 questionari, un centinaio di interviste aperte e semi-strutturate ad attori chiave, osservazione partecipante, visite sul campo di diversi progetti. Di particolare rilevanza è stata l'€™analisi cartografica con l'€™uso dei Sistemi Informativi Geografici (GIS), il participatory mapping e l'€™uso/test di due strumenti GIS per lo studio dei Servizi Ecosistemici: SolVES (the Social Value of Ecosystem Services) che permette di mappare la percezione di differenti attori sul valore sociale dei Servizi Ecosistemici; Costing Nature, sviluppato per l'€™analisi biofisica di alcuni Servizi Ecosistemici ed il modellamento di scenari di cambiamento. Dopo un primo capitolo introduttivo al viaggio compiuto per sviluppare la ricerca, si passerà a direzionare teoricamente e giustificare le attività svolte, attraverso la trattazione degli aspetti concettuali più salienti che hanno aiutato a inquadrare il percorso e individuare gli strumenti operativi: in primis il paradigma dei servizi ecosistemici e della conservazione della biodiversità, il GIS ed il Participatory GIS, la pianificazione territoriale cosi come si sta sviluppando in Perù. Nel terzo capitolo verrà localizzata la ricerca, inserendola nel contesto amazzonico peruviano e ripercorrendo la storia ed i principali aspetti socio-ambientali che caratterizzano la Región de San Martin, dando spazio anche alla principale area della regione dove si sono sviluppati operativamente i lavori di campo, ovvero la parte alta del bacino idrografico del fiume Mayo, comunemente denominato Alto Mayo. Il quarto capitolo introduce i successivi tre capitoli, poiché per una migliore comprensione del complesso lavoro di ricerca svolto, si è deciso di presentare le attività suddivise per assi di lavoro (ejes de trabajo), ognuno contenente materiali e metodi e risultati e discussioni. Nel quinto capitolo quindi si presenta il viaggio compiuto nello studio delle pratiche istituzionali innovatrici che si stanno implementando con l'obiettivo di raggiungere una "€œRegión Verde"€ e le opinioni e pratiche di differenti attori rispetto a questo processo, in particolare vengono presentati i risultati della somministrazione di 400 questionari e un centinaio di interviste nel territorio dell'Alto Mayo. Il sesto capitolo riguarda il lavoro di mappatura participativa svolto come parte dei questionari e interviste e l'€™elaborazione di carte sulla percezione dei differenti attori rispetto ad alcuni valori sociali dei servizi ecosistemici del territorio dell'Alto Mayo, attraverso il test e l'€™uso dello strumento GIS the Social Value for Ecosistem Services (SolVES). Il paradigma dei servizi ecosistemici e la costruzione di scenari di cambiamento basati sulle politiche e progetti elaborati mirando allo sviluppo territoriale sostenibile della regione, interessa il settimo capitolo, dove più di un centinaio di dati spaziali e delle regole di gioco create esaminando questi piani e strumenti, vengono combinati nello strumento GIS web-based Costing Nature, per poter produrre carte sulla situazione attuale di alcuni servizi ecosistemici ed i possibili cambiamenti a cui potrebbero andare incontro ipotizzando due scenari futuri: "conservazione" e "€œbusiness as usual". Questi tre assi di lavoro, paralleli nelle metodologie e azioni compiute, però sempre univoci nella linea di ricerca, tornano ad essere integrati nel capitolo finale, dove vengono presentate le considerazioni a cui si è arrivati sul lavoro di mappatura partecipativa, le analisi riguardanti i servizi ecosistemici (sia come valore sociale che come scenari di cambiamento futuro), il possibile uso pratico da parte dei decision makers di questi due strumenti GIS e soprattutto si cercherà di rispondere almeno parzialmente alla domanda iniziale, ovvero se San Martin, secondo gli attori che vivono la sua realtà, potrà essere un modello di "€œRegión Verde"€.

Planning and regulatory environmental agency San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) plays an important role in the permitting of development around the San Francisco Bay. As the agency works to add an environmental justice amendment to its primary policy document, this research explores the S.F. Bay Area’s history of approved development project proposal permits, and the associated patterns of land use and environmental justice implications in order to support the proposed change in permitting policy. By classifying all major permits found within BCDC’s internal permit database into groups based on the type of land use associated with the permit project, i.e. Industrial, Flood Control, Ports, etc., it was possible to create maps showing the geographic distribution of each group of permits. To analyze potential environmental justice implications of the patterns of geographic distribution of development permits, each group of permit types was layered on top of spatial data representing areas around the SF Bay that have been identified as highly socially vulnerable. Based on the findings of this project, it appears that highly socially vulnerable communities around the San Francisco Bay bear a disproportionate amount of land-use related environmental burdens. Furthermore, it is crucial to recognize the limitations of geospatial analysis tools in conveying the magnitude of disproportionate environmental and community health impacts of land use on socially vulnerable communities in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Digital elevation models (DEMs) provide an essential quantitative environmental variable for a vast amount of the research published in remote sensing, GIS and physical geography. Traditionally, DEMs have been derived from ground surveys and photogrammetric techniques, and from topographic maps using contour data and spot heights. Satellite remote sensing now provides the most accurate digital elevation datasets with worldwide coverage by means of optical, radar or laser sensors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of DEMs generated from InSAR (ERS-1/2) and ASTER data over a sparsely vegetated drainage system in central Jordan. DEMs of the study area were generated by each of these systems and an accuracy assessment was carried out through verification of the DEM based on the characteristics of the terrain against a number of independent check points collected using differential GPS data and references to generate a DEM from a topographic map (scale 1:50,000). The accuracy of independent check points used in this study is less than 1 m, which is more accurate than remote sensing techniques. The accuracy of the DEMs derived from InSAR and ASTER are represented by their RMSE, which were ± 6.95 m and 13.28 m respectively. The increase in errors in high elevation areas for ASTER DEM was higher than in InSAR DEM. The effect of these errors is investigated using stochastic conditional simulation to generate multiple equal likelihood representations of an actual terrain surface. The propagation of data uncertainty to the elevation derivatives, and the impact on the extracted surface flow are assessed. The results suggest that an elevation error propagates to flow accumulation especially in low slope areas. The effects of DEM resolution on a set of topographic parameters, including slope, accumulated flow area, flow length and catchment area, are examined.

This research is concerned with the flight dynamic, pitch flight control and flying qualities assessment for the reference BWB aircraft. It aims to develop the longitudinal control laws which could satisfy the flying and handing qualities over the whole flight envelope with added consideration of centre of gravity (CG) variation. In order to achieve this goal, both the longitudinal stability augmentation system (SAS) and autopilot control laws are studied in this thesis. Using the pole placement method, two sets of local Linear-Time-Invariant (LTI) SAS controllers are designed from the viewpoints of flying and handing qualities assessment and wind disturbance checking. The global gain schedule is developed with the scheduling variable of dynamic pressure to transfer gains smoothly between these two trim points. In addition, the poles movement of short period mode with the varying CG position are analysed, and some approaches of control system design to address the problem of reduced stability induced by CG variation are discussed as well. To achieve the command control for the aircraft, outer loop autopilot both pitch attitude hold and altitude hold are implemented by using the root locus method. By the existing criteria in MIL-F-8785C specifications being employed to assess the augmented aircraft response, the SAS linear controller with automatic changing gains effectively improve the stability characteristic for the reference BWB aircraft over the whole envelope. Hence, the augmented aircraft equals to a good characteristic controlled object for the outer loop or command path design, which guarantee the satisfactory performance of command control for the BWB aircraft. The flight control law for the longitudinal was completed with the SAS controller and autopilot design. In particular, the SAS was achieved with Level 1 flying and handing qualities, meanwhile the autopilot system was applied to obtain a satisfactory pitch attitude and altitude tracking performance.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is “an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information” (ESRI, 1997a). The Natural Resources Management Department at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, hereafter NRM, was one of the early users of GIS technology. Although GIS was primarily used as an educational tool, it was also used for cataloging and displaying resource information for management planning and research projects. As the computing technology advanced, GIS became more powerful and easier to use. NRM faculty and students realized that GIS is the best tool to manage spatial information. In addition, GIS can also manage temporal data. While we are proud of past achievements using GIS, its future prospects for managing time and space information promise even more exciting possibilities and tangible benefits. This scholarly project is a compilation of GIS achievements in NRM.

Managing natural and cultural resources on a department of Defense (DoD) facility presents a difficult challenge. Many DoD facilities contain sensitive resources that are protected by a myriad of state and federal laws. Resource protection is complicated further since, while an important endeavor, it often is subjugated to the fulfillment of the military mission. The ability for resource managers to compare, analyze, and integrate complex resource data determines the speed and efficiency in which planning decisions are made. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can help resource managers make informed accurate resource management decisions in an expedient manner. This project expanded a GIS database for San Nicolas Island (SNI), part of the Point Mugu Naval Air Weapons Station CA, and created prototype computer application to assist in resource management. This application, the Point Mugu Computerized Activity Planning System (PM-CAPS), assists managers in selecting locations on SNI for military activities to occur while minimizing the negative impacts on sensitive cultural and natural resources.

This study aims to provide subsidies for groundwater management at the basin of Rio Santa Maria-BHRSM. Located in the southwest of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, on the edge of Paraná Basin and transitioning towards the Uruguaio Sul-Riograndense Shield, has an area of 15,797,300 square kilometers. About 16 formations occur in outcrops Pavão (2004), of which 36% arises as the Guarani Aquifer System/GAS. The outcrop areas represent areas of direct recharge of GAS and of locally discharge on BHRSM. Four Hydrogeologic Domains have gathered CPRM (2007). Domains 1 and 2 form intergranular porous aquifers in 83.08%. Domains 5 and 6 form fissural aquifers in 16.92%. An outline for the use of draft coverage criteria was elaborated, for granting the use of groundwater: Global, Regional and Local. On the Global scale, were approached four Hydrogeologic Domains, three Hydrogeologic Provinces, seven Hydrogeologic Sub-Provinces; seven Hydrogeologic Systems (six aquifers and one aquitard) and sixteen Hydrostratigraphic Units. The Regional scale approaches the Catchment and its 21 Reference Hydrological Sections, designed for sectorizing the surface water studies and sometimes used for the management of groundwater. A database on 590 hydrogeological captures was developed. The potentiometric quotas indicating groundwater flow, vadose zone, concentrations of Total Dissolved Solids-TDS, nitrates concentrations and vulnerable to contamination of aquifers Method GOD Foster et al. (2006) were spacialized as thematic maps. The gathered information gave rise to the SIG-BHRSM shapefiles containing the plans relating to information for each theme. The preponderant use of groundwater supplies is human, by forming a greater amount of information in urban areas and gaps in rural areas. The predominant groundwater flow is south-to-north, along the trim of the natural terrain. As to the potentiometry, were acknowledged evidences of contribution of groundwater to the Rivers base flow, establishing a cross-border Brazil-Uruguay flow and vice versa. The prevalent vulnerability classes were: high 35.6%, moderate 30.2%, low 26.5%, negligible 5.7% and extreme 0.4%. The areas with information gaps accounted 1.1% of BHRSM. The overlap of the TDS test concentrations in classes 1 and 2 to the vulnerability to contamination of groundwater will apply as guideline for the implementation of management tools, integrated with other policies to protect the physical environment. These guidelines have been spatialized into three scales: the Global scale accounting 1: 250,000 or less (in general), the Regional scale rating between. 1: 250,000 and 1: 50,000 (semi-detailed), and the Local rating 1: 50,000 or higher (greater detail). This segmentation in scales intends to subsidize the implementation of integrated management tools for groundwater resources in a basin.<br>O presente estudo visa fornecer subsídios para gestão das águas subterrâneas na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santa Maria-BHRSM. Localizada no sudoeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul na borda da Bacia do Paraná na transição para o Escudo Uruguaio Sul-Riograndense, possui uma área de 15.797,300 km². Ocorrem aflorantes cerca de 16 formações geológicas Pavão (2004) destas o Sistema Aquífero Guarani ocorre em cerca de 36%. Estas áreas aflorantes representam áreas de recarga direta dos aqüíferos e localmente de descarga na BHRSM. Reuniram-se em quatro Domínios Hidrogeológicos CPRM (2007). Os Domínios 1 e 2 formam Aqüíferos porosos intergranulares 83,08%. Os Domínios 5 e 6 formam Aquíferos fissurais 16,92%. Elaborou-se uma proposta de utilização de escalas de abrangência para critério de outorga de uso das águas subterrâneas: Global, Regional e Local. Na escala Global consideraram-se 4 Domínios Hidrogeológicos; 3 Províncias e 7 Sub-Províncias; 7 Sistemas Hidrogeológicos (6 aquíferos e 1 aquitardo) e 16 Unidades Hidroestratigráficas. A escala Regional considerou a Bacia Hidrográfica e suas 21 Seções Hidrológicas de Referência-SHR criadas para setorizar as águas superficiais. Elaborou-se um banco de dados hidrogeológicos relativos a 590 captações por poços. Espacializaram-se na forma de mapas temáticos, as cotas potenciométricas indicativas dos fluxos subterrâneos, a zona vadosa, as concentrações de Sólidos Totais Dissolvidos-STD, as concentrações dos nitratos e a vulnerablidade à contaminação dos aquíferos Método GOD Foster et al. (2006). Essas informações deram origem ao SIG-BHRSM contendo os shapefiles referentes aos planos de informações. O uso preponderante das águas subterrâneas é o abastecimento humano, dispondo-se de uma maior quantidade de informações em áreas urbanas e vazios em áreas rurais. O fluxo subterrâneo predominante tem direção sul-norte, acompanhando o caimento natural do terreno. A potenciometria notou-se evidências da uma contribuição dos aquíferos para os escoamentos de base dos cursos de água, além de se constatar a existência de um fluxo transfronteiriço para o lado Uruguaio. As classes de vulnerabilidade foram: alta 35,6%, seguida da média 30,2%, baixa 26,5%, insignificante 5,7 % e na extrema 0,4%. As áreas com vazios de informação corresponderam a 1,1% da BHRSM. A sobreposição do critério concentrações de STD nas classes 1 e 2 ao da vulnerabilidade à contaminação das águas subterrâneas servirão de diretrizes para a implementação dos instrumentos de gestão de forma integrada com as demais políticas de proteção ao ambiente físico. Estas diretrizes foram espacializadas em três escalas: a Global igual ou menor a 1: 250.000 (generalizada), a Regional entre. 1: 250.000 e 1: 50.000 (semi-detalhe) e a Local, de 1: 50.000 ou maior (maior detalhe). Esta segmentação em escalas visa subsidiar a implementação dos instrumentos de gestão dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos em uma bacia hidrográfica.

Los antimicrobianos de la familia de β-lactámicos y quinolonas se han considerado, por mucho tiempo, el tratamiento eficaz de primera línea contra las infecciones urinarias, sin embargo, la aparición de mecanismos de resistencia ha conllevado a fallas en la terapia antibiótica. La presencia de patrones de resistencia como las mutaciones en las topoisomerasas y los genes plasmídicos expresados en fenotipos resistentes, requiere especial consideración en el reporte del antibiograma, ya que ocasiona una reducción de fármacos útiles para el tratamiento. Estos genes junto a la presencia de enzimas tipo BLEE, se han logrado convertir en un problema de salud pública debido a la alta resistencia generada. El polimorfismo genético producido en el gen aac(6´)-Ib desarrolla la presencia del gen aac(6´)-Ib-cr, un alelo que se presenta coexistiendo con otros genes de resistencia y se pueden transferir por medio de los elementos genéticos móviles. La detección del alelo consigue facilitar el hallazgo y sospecha de mutaciones cromosómicas, especialmente las mutaciones en las topoisomerasas. Por ello, la presente investigación determina la frecuencia del gen aac(6´)-Ib-cr en Escherichia coli uropatógenas productoras de BLEE en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé desde enero a setiembre del 2018. Se realiza un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, con diseño descriptivo de corte transversal. Se recolectaron 100 aislados de E. coli productoras de BLEE provenientes de los urocultivos, de los cuales 91 cumplieron los criterios del estudio. Se confirmó la producción de enzimas tipo BLEE por el método de Jarlier, también se evaluó la susceptibilidad a quinolonas (CLSI, 2018). Asimismo, se empleó como screening un test fenotípico para la enzima aac(6´)-Ib-cr; previo al proceso molecular. Finalmente, la determinación de los genes aac(6´)-Ib y aac(6´)-Ib-cr fue mediante PCR convencional y PCR-RFLP, respectivamente. Encuentra que la PCR del gen aac(6’)-Ib resultó en 53% (48/91), seguidamente fue evaluada por PCR-RFLP, y se obtuvo que el 100% (48/48) presentó el alelo aac(6´)-Ib-cr. De 91 aislados, el 88% fueron resistentes tanto a ciprofloxacina como a norfloxacina. Concluye que el 53% de los aislados de E. coli BLEE portaban el alelo aac(6’)-Ib-cr; no se encontró el gen aac(6’)-Ib.<br>Perú. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marco. Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Posgrado. Programa de Promoción de Tesis de Pregrado. A18010554-PTPGRADO

Les zones arides couvrent environ un tiers de la surface terrestre de la planète. Des études visant à comprendre la dispersion microbienne dans les déserts ont été réalisées. En effet, les communautés microbiennes du sable des déserts peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la stabilité des sols. Le pyroséquençage pour les ARNr 16S à partir de l’ADN total extrait des sols des échantillons de sable peut donner des renseignements clés sur la structure des communautés bactériennes qui les composent. Dans cette étude, la diversité et la structure des communautés bactériennes de la surface du sol des déserts des l'États de l'Utah et du Maine ont été mises en évidence. Nous avons mise en œuvre une procédure permettant l'analyse des séquences de l’ADNr 16S en combinant des outils préexistants dédiés à la métagénomique. Ainsi, des corrélations entre certains facteurs environnementaux et la diversité bactérienne dans les deux déserts, ont pu être établis.Le désert du Maine situé dans le nord-est Etats-Unis est une étendue de boue glaciaire, entourée par une forêt de pins. Le sol de ce désert possède les caractéristiques d’on sable avec de très faibles capacités de rétention d'eau, d’une rétention des éléments nutritifs, ainsi qu’une valeur de pH relativement faible (pH 5,09). Les échantillons provenant de ce site présentent donc des propriétés particulièrement intéressantes à étudier en lieu avec la diversité bactérienne. Deux échantillons de sable de la surface du désert du Maine ont été obtenus, et le pyroséquençage des gènes d'ADNr 16S obtenus après amplification par PCR à partir de l'ADN total extrait a été utilisé pour évaluer la diversité bactérienne, la structure de la communauté bactérienne et l'abondance relative des principaux taxons. Nous avons observé que les échantillons de sol provenant du désert du Maine présentent une diversité bactérienne singulière, avec une prédominance de Proteobacteria et Actinobacteria. Les bactéries du genre le plus abondant, Acidiphilium, représentent 12,5% du total des séquences d'ADNr 16S. Au total, 1 394 OTU ont été comptabilisées. En comparant les résultats de notre population bactérienne avec des études portant sur des sols avec caractéristiques similaires, nous avons constaté que les échantillons du Maine contiennent une faible diversité du phylum Acidobacteria que les sols acides des certains forêts, et moins de Firmicutes ainsi que plus de Proteobacteria que les sols des déserts oligotrophes.Le Désert de l'Utah présente des caractéristiques géographiques qui ressemblent à Mars. En effet il est caractérisé par la présence de collines de couleur rouge et de sols constitués de grès. Les sites d'échantillonnage couvrent le Gobblin Valley State Park et autour, notamment sur le plateau du Colorado. Avec des approches similaires à ceux utilisés pour le désert du Maine, des corrélations entre facteurs environnementaux (paramètres physico-chimiques) et diversité de structure des communautés bactériennes obtenus, ont été étudiés. Les phylums prédominants sont les Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes et Gemmatimonadetes. Les genres les plus abondants dans nos échantillons sont Cesiribacter, Lysobacter, Adhaeribacter, Microvirga et Pontibacter. Mais de façon notable, il semble que l'abondance relative des Alphaproteobacteria et des Gemmatimonadetes est significativement corrélée aux certains facteurs environnementaux des sols, par exemple de pH et des concentration des matières organiques<br>Aridity is the dominant climatic factor over approximately 30% of the land surface of the world. Research concerning microbial populations in two U.S. deserts has been performed to determine the diversity of these bacteria. Pyrosequencing-based profiling of 16S rRNA amplicons from surface soils of sand samples can provide key insights into the structure of bacterial communities and their diversity. In this study, we demonstrated the bacterial diversity and community structures of surface soil in the Corolado Plateau in the Utah State and the Desert of Maine using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. We built our pipeline for the analysis of 16S rRNA pyrosequencing data by combining several existing tools of metagenomics. We also examined correlations between certain environmental factors and bacterial diversity in the two deserts.The Desert of Maine is a tract of glacial silt, surrounded by a pine forest, in the state of Maine located in the northeastern USA. The soil of the Desert of Maine has a sandy texture with poor water holding abilities, nutrient retention capabilities and a relatively low pH value (pH 5.09). Samples from this site thus present an interesting place to examine the bacterial diversity in mineral sandy loam soils with an acidic pH and low concentrations of organic materials. Two surface sand samples from the Desert of Maine were obtained, and pyrosequencing of PCR amplified 16S rDNA genes from total extracted DNA was used to assess bacterial diversity, community structure and the relative abundance of major bacterial taxa. We found that the soil samples from the Desert of Maine showed high levels of bacterial diversity, with a predominance of members belonging to the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla. Bacteria from the most abundant genus, Acidiphilium, represent 12.5% of the total 16S rDNA sequences. In total, 1394 OTUs were observed in the two samples, with the number of common OTUs observed in both samples being 668. By comparing our bacterial population results with studies on related soil environments, we found that the samples contained less Acidobacteria than soils from acid soil forests, and less Firmicutes plus more Proteobacteria than soils from oligotrophic deserts.Deserts in Utah has geographic features that resemble Mars, characterized by red-colored hills, soils and sandstones. Our sample sites cover the Goblin Valley State Park and nearby regions on the Colorado Plateau. We also examined physicochemical parameters of soil from the sample sites to investigate correlations between bacterial community structure and environmental drivers. The predominant phyla of the samples represent members of the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes. The most abundant genera in our samples are Cesiribacter, Lysobacter, Adhaeribacter, Microvirga and Pontibacter. We found that the relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes are significantly correlated to some environmental factors of soils, such as pH and concentration of organic matters

La presencia de genes plasmídicos juega un rol importante en la diseminación de mecanismos de resistencia bacteriana, poniendo en riesgo al tratamiento con antimicrobianos. El gen qnrB es un gen plasmídico que actúa a nivel de las topoisomerasas bacterianas, permitiendo que se seleccionen mecanismos de alto nivel de resistencia bacteriana a quinolonas. Este gen puede transferirse junto a genes responsables de las betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y otros mecanismos de resistencia bacteriana, por lo que estarían causando multirresistencia bacteriana y disminuyendo las opciones terapéuticas. El estudio es prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Se buscó determinar la frecuencia del gen qnrB y perfil de susceptibilidad a quinolonas en Escherichia coli productoras de BLEE aislados de urocultivos en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño “San Bartolomé”, 2018. Se estudiaron 82 aislados de Escherichia coli productoras de BLEE que fueron obtenidos de urocultivos del HONADOMANI “San Bartolomé” durante el periodo junio – agosto del 2018. A todos los aislados se les realizó la prueba de susceptibilidad a quinolonas y posteriormente se realizó la detección gen qnrB mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Encuentra que el gen qnrB fue encontrado en 9 de los 82 aislados (10,90%). El 66,67% de los aislados que presentaron el gen qnrB, fue resistente a almenos una quinolona. Todos los aislados que presentaron el gen qnrB fueron resistentes a cefotaxima en el 100%, sin embargo, fueron sensibles a aminoglucósidos y carbapenémicos. Concluye que el gen qnrB es frecuente en el 10,9% de los aislados de Escherichia coli productoras de BLEE y el perfil de susceptibilidad de estos fue resistente en el 77,78% para quinolonas de primera generación y levofloxacino; mientras que el 66,67% del total de aislados fueron resistentes a quinolonas de segunda y cuarta generación.

Tränen überschreiten die Grenzen des Körpers von innen nach außen und werden damit zu einem sichtbaren Anzeichen eines seelischen Extremzustands. In der Arbeit wird untersucht, ob die Träne, die Körpergrenzen gefährdet oder sogar auflöst, in der modernen und gegenwärtigen Kunst Metapher und Trägerin innerästhetischer Transgression werden kann. Dies bedeutet zugleich, dass eine Umwertung der Träne, von der Perle der Reinheit zu einem bedrohlichen Fluidum, stattgefunden hat. Die Träne als eine bedrohliche Grenzüberschreiterin ist ein Motiv, das in früheren Kunstepochen so nicht anzutreffen ist. Damit verweist sie zugleich exemplarisch auf die Auflösungsstrategien, welche die Kunst des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts bestimmen. Fotoarbeiten von Man Ray, Madame Yevonde und Sam Taylor-Wood, Zeichnungen von Pablo Picasso und Hans Bellmer, Performances von Marina Abramović und Gina Pane, Video-arbeiten von Bill Viola und Bas Jan Ader, Installationen von Daniele Buetti und eine Buchserie von Dieter Roth, denen allen das Motiv der Träne gemeinsam ist, werden in einem Close Rea-ding auf Auflösungstendenzen hin untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk gilt medienspezifischen Strukturen und Analogien.<br>Tears overstep the bounds of the human body from within – to become evidence of a crit-ical state of mind. The present study examines whether the tear, which endangers or even dispels the boundaries of the body, could be seen as a metaphor and even as an indication of aesthetic transgression in modern and contemporary art. This would mean that the tear as motif has also undergone a paradigm change, from the pearl of purity to a threatening fluid. The aspect of the tear as a transgressor of boundaries is not to be found in earlier periods of art. Accordingly, it also references the process of disintegration, which strongly determines 20th and 21st century art. Photographs by Man Ray, Madame Yevonde and Sam Taylor-Wood, drawings by Pablo Picasso and Hans Bellmer, performances of Marina Abramovic and Gina Pane, video works by Bill Viola and Bas Jan Ader, installations by Daniele Buetti and a series of books by Dieter Roth – which all deal with the tear complex – will be examined in close reading. Their connection with disintegrative tendencies will be scrutinised, and special attention given to media-specific structures and analogies.

Although the physical characteristics of surfing breaks are well described in the literature, there is little specific research on surfing and coastal management. Such research is required because coastal engineering has had significant impacts to surfing breaks, both positive and negative. Strategic planning and environmental impact assessment methods, a central tenet of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), are recommended by this thesis to maximise surfing amenities. The research reported here identifies key oceanographic considerations required for ICZM around surfing breaks including: surfing wave parameters; surfing break components; relationship between surfer skill, surfing manoeuvre type and wave parameters; wind effects on waves; currents; geomorphic surfing break categorisation; beach-state and morphology; and offshore wave transformations. Key coastal activities that can have impacts to surfing breaks are identified. Environmental data types to consider during coastal studies around surfing breaks are presented and geographic information systems (GIS) are used to manage and interpret such information. To monitor surfing breaks, a shallow water multibeam echo sounding system was utilised and a RTK GPS water level correction and hydrographic GIS methodology developed. Including surfing in coastal management requires coastal engineering solutions that incorporate surfing. As an example, the efficacy of the artificial surfing reef (ASR) at Mount Maunganui, New Zealand, was evaluated. GIS, multibeam echo soundings, oceanographic measurements, photography, and wave modelling were all applied to monitor sea floor morphology around the reef. Results showed that the beach-state has more cellular circulation since the reef was installed, and a groin effect on the offshore bar was caused by the structure within the monitoring period, trapping sediment updrift and eroding sediment downdrift. No identifiable shoreline salient was observed. Landward of the reef, a scour hole ~3 times the surface area of the reef has formed. The current literature on ASRs has primarily focused on reef shape and its role in creating surfing waves. However, this study suggests that impacts to the offshore bar, beach-state, scour hole and surf zone hydrodynamics should all be included in future surfing reef designs. More real world reef studies, including ongoing monitoring of existing surfing reefs are required to validate theoretical concepts in the published literature.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>電子工程研究所<br>94<br>In recent year, ultraviolet (UV) sensors are attractive due to various civil and military applications, such as semiconductor fabrication (lithography) monitoring、satellite communications、ozone layer monitoring、UV astronomy、flame detection、missile warning and space-to-space communications. High durability、high sensitivity、high compactness、low power and high reliability are critical requirements. The surface acoustic wave (SAW) device has been used in modern communication. In addition, it suits to be sensors for its high sensitivity. In the region of UV sensors, GaN and AlN are most popular materials because of their wide bandgap、low dark current and high responsivity. In this thesis, AlN thin films were deposited on GaN/Sapphire at the low temperature of 300�aC for SAW devices by using Helicon sputtering system. Due to the small lattice mismatch between AlN and GaN, epitaxial AlN films can be obtained on GaN. Superior SAW characteristics have been observed and demonstrated by depositing AlN on GaN. The thin film layered structure for SAW devices, with the combination of AlN and GaN may, in future, bring about the development of high frequency components which integrate and utilize their semiconducting, optoelectronic properties. The thesis presents a SAW oscillator using this structure. The output frequency of oscillator and the characteristic DC responded to the UV illumination with various wavelengths and intensity will be explored.

博士<br>中國醫藥大學<br>中國醫學研究所博士班<br>95<br>To investigate the effects of Gingyo-san (GGS), traditional Chinese medicinal formula, on the acute lung inflammation induced by LPS in vivo. Mice were challenged with intratracheal LPS before with treatment GGS or vehicle. In Lung morphology, GGS is better than Xia-Bai-San (XBS) and Hesperidin that reducing the infiltration of activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the airways, decreasing pulmonary edema, reduced nitrosative stress, and improved lung morphology. ELISA or RT-PCR detected the expression of cytokines in BALF and lung tissue. The mechanism of these benefits by treatment GGS including attenuating expression TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, KC, MCP-1, MIP-2, iNOS, and activation of nuclear factor (NF-κB and AP-1) in BALF and lung tissue. Particularly, GGS also enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and limited the acute lung inflammation. In vitro, HES suppressed the expression of IL-8 on A549 cells and THP-1 cells, the expression of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 on THP-1 cells, the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on A549 cells which effect cell adhesion function. The suppression of those molecules is controlled by NF-κB and AP-1, which are activated by IκB and MAPK pathways. We also demonstract that GGS, Flos Lonicera, and chlorogenic acid induce the IL-10 secretion in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell lines. Therefore, GGS protection activity against LPS-induced lung inflammatory mediators release and might be beneficial in the treatment of endotoxin-associated inflammation.

Renewable energy is being seen as a transformative solution to meet energy as well as climate challenges, both globally and nationally. Solar photovoltaics (PV) technology is emerging as an extremely attractive option, particularly with abundantly available solar resource, modular technology and zero fuel costs for alternative source of energy. The accessibility of shadowfree rooftop region is one of the greatest difficulties in deployment of rooftop solar PV system. In this study three step methodology is adopted to find the total roof top solar PV potential and total solar insolation of DTU campus. In the first step, the calculation of the potential rooftop area available on DTU Campus was done by relying exclusively on freely available satellite imagery (Google Maps, Google Earth, and Wikimapia). The open source instruments are sufficient to estimate the rooftop potential of locations without the need for costly satellite imagery or time-consuming and complex image processing algorithms. In the second step the 3D model of the building is created and the shape and size of shadow area is found at different time to calculate total shade free region. The shadow is mainly due adjacent buildings or due to objects on roof. In the third step, we further revised the estimate using 3D simulation and shading analysis of building clusters to identify discounting factors that account for inter-building shading. The total solar insolation for the topography of the DTU campus is also determined in Arc Map. The total shade free region from 2D mapping is 38099.3 square meter and from 3D simulation is 37112.8 square meter the maximum and minimum deviation in shade free region from both methods are 12.3% and -13.60% respectively. The total solar radiation on the rooftop is found to be 10201.33 MWh/year while the Photovoltaic potential is 3711.28kWp. The total solar radiation for the topography of DTU campus is found to be 58.5 GWh.

碩士<br>中國醫藥大學<br>中國藥學暨中藥資源學系碩士班<br>100<br>The aim of the study was intended to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic extract of Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan-San (abbrev. CSSEtOH) in high-cholesterol diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into standard pellet diet (normal control group), high- cholestetol diet (HFD group), HFD plus gemfibrozil (HFD + Gem group), HFD plus CSSEtOH 3 mg/kg (HFD + CSSEtOH 3 mg/kg group), HFD plus CSSEtOH 30 mg/kg (HFD + CSSEtOH 30 mg/kg group) and HFD plus CSSEtOH 300 mg/kg (HFD + CSSEtOH 300 mg/kg group). The male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with high-cholesterol diet for 4 weeks. The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) , aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), GSH-Px (Glutathione peroxidase), GSH-Rd(Glutathione reductase) in the liver were measured. The HFD rats showed significant increases in the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT in serum and MDA in hepatic tissue. The activities of SOD, GSH-Px and GSH-Rd were decreased in HFD rats. The CSSEtOH treated rats showed significant decreases in the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT in serum and MDA in hepatic tissue. CSSEtOH increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, GSH-Rd in hepatic tissue,too. From the above results, it was evident that CSSEtOH possessed hypolipidemic effect. The hypolipidemic mechanism of CSSEtOH may be due to decreasing the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, AST and ALT in the serum, and MDA in the hepatic tissue and increasing the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, GSH-Rd in the HFD rats.

博士<br>長庚大學<br>生物醫學研究所<br>101<br>We investigated anti-influenza mechanism of two Chinese herbal decoctions: Ma-xing-shi-gan-tang (MXSGT, aka maxing shigan powder) and Ching-fang-pai-tu-san (CFPTS). MXSGT and CFPTS were traditionally used as a cure for the common cold, fever and headache. However, no studies have investigated the mode of action of MXSGT and CFPTS against influenza virus infection. The antiviral activity of nontoxic concentrations of MXSGT and CFPTS against influenza virus A/WSN/33 were examined by assaying inhibition of the virus-induced cytopathic effects (neutralization assay). The mode of MXSGT and CFPTS action were first examined with a time-of-addition assay of synchronized infections, followed by viral attachment and penetration assays. We also performed assays related to the inhibition of viral entry, such as neuraminidase (NA) activity, hemagglutinin (HA) activity, and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT phosphorylation assays. The surface ultrastructure of the MXSGT or CFPTS-treated virus was revealed by atomic force microscopy. The synthesis of both viral RNA and protein was profoundly inhibited when the cells were treated with MXSGT. The time-of-addition assay demonstrated that MXSGT blocks the virus entry phase. High-resolution images and quantitative measurements made with atomic force microscopy confirmed that the viral surface structure was disrupted by MXSGT. We also established that viral entry, regulated by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, was abolished by MXSGT. These results give scientific support to the use of MXSGT in the treatment of influenza virus infections. CFPTS did not suppress viral RNA or protein synthesis. According to a time-of-addition assay, the antiviral mechanism of CFPTS may involve viral budding or viral glycoprotein exocytosis. A plaque reduction assay showed that CFPTS reduced both the plaque size and plaque quantity. The secretion of viral glycoprotein hemagglutinin was blocked by CFPTS by immunofluorescence microscopic analysis. Therefore, the antiviral mechanism of CFPTS may inhibit the assembly of progeny virions and their subsequent release. Collectively, my studies suggest that MXSGT and CFPTS have potential utility in the management of seasonal pandemics of influenza virus infections, like other clinically available drugs, for example Tamiflu.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994.<br>Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-125).

The objective of this study is to develop a quantifying model that predicts the appraised unit value of parcels in San Francisco County based on number of LEED-NC Public Transportation Access (PTA) qualified bus, light rail and commuter rail stops, distance to closest bus, light rail and commuter rail stops, zoning class and parcel size. As a population of interest, San Francisco County was chosen since it is known as a region having well-organized transportation systems including bus, light rail and commuter rail systems. According to the correlation results, for mixed zone, an appraised unit value increases as the number of LEED qualified transit stops increases (bus, light rail, and commuter rail). In addition, the appraised unit value increases as the distance to LEED qualified bus stops light rail stops decreases. For residential zone, the appraised unit value increases as the number of LEED qualified bus and light rail stations increases. Furthermore, the appraised unit value increases as the distance to LEED qualified bus stops decreases. When it comes to the predictive regression model for mixed zone, the adjusted R-square of the transformed model was 0.713, which indicates that 71.3 percent variability in transformed unit value of parcels could be explained by these variables. In addition, for the predictive model of residential zone, the adjusted R-square for the model was 0.622 thus the independent variables together accounted for 62.2 percent variability in the transformed unit value of parcels. The predicting models for mixed and residential zones were significant that suggests that the components of LEED-NC PTA criteria, number and distance from parcels, this could affect land development strategies. In addition, an appraised unit value of parcels in San Francisco County can be estimated by using the predictive models developed in this study. Therefore, the findings of this study could encourage real-estate developers to site their projects according to the LEED-NC PTA criteria.

碩士<br>中國醫藥學院<br>中國藥學研究所<br>91<br>Summary Quality Evaluation Three Chinese Herbal Extracted Preparations Produced in Taiwan of Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi Tang ,Si Ni San, and Wn Tan Tong by Hsiu Mi Yang Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences China Medical College There are more than 20 Pharmaceutical factories manufacturing extracted Powder preparations of Chinese crude drugs in Taiwan. The market price of these preparations varied from company to company. We compared the quality of these preparations and also evaluated the quality between the Chinese herbal formulas preparations and the tranditional Chinese crude drugs. This project selected five most commonly used Chinese herbal formulas preparations ( Ma Xing Gan Shi Tang, Si Ni San, Wn Tan Tong ) used in the China Medical College Hospital. We evaluated the quality between the Chinese herbal formulas preparations and the traditional Chinese crude drug based on the following parameters : ( 1 ) Loss on drying ( 2 ) Total ash content ( 3 ) Acid insoluable ash content ( 4 ) Dilute alcohol extract content We also used TLC, HPLC to compare the quality of preparations between the pharmaceutical factories. The analysis showed the quality of products from different factories varied dramatically. The National Health Bureau should enforce the quantitive analysis of the herbal products so as to guarantee their quality. Finally, we wish the Bureau of National Health Insurance can offer different rates to the healthy organizations, based on the quality of herbal preparations so as to improve the quality of the treatment and accelerate the quality control of G.M.P. products.

In questo lavoro si presentano i risultati ottenuti attraverso l’applicazione di due metodologie di gestione delle informazioni finalizzate al progetto di conoscenza di un qualsivoglia manufatto architettonico, proponendo per entrambi i casi la creazione di un grande archivio, di facile consultazione, progressivamente aggiornabile ed incrementabile, utilizzabile in ogni momento della vita futura del manufatto stesso, consentendone un livello di conoscenza che risulti al tempo stesso dinamica ed approfondita. I modelli sviluppati mettono a disposizione, oltre ai dati oggettivi, anche le deduzioni e le ipotesi possibili caratterizzanti le parti inaccessibili e non rilevabili del manufatto che nei modelli sul nuovo non esistono; tutti i dati relativi al materiale storico, documenti, immagini e materiale diagnostico prodotto per l’occasione. L’indagine storica ed archivistica ha costituito il momento primario del processo di indagine conoscitiva; la molteplicità e l’eterogeneità dei prodotti conservati conferiscono agli archivi un’eredità preziosa e insostituibile. Essi si sono configurati come i veri e propri testimoni di una storia complessa, che ha ospitato il susseguirsi dei cambiamenti e delle “vicissitudini” della vita dei manufatti in esame. Grazie a questa esperienza ho potuto conoscere ed affrontare dal punto di vista metodologico due realtà profondamente diverse tra loro, caratterizzate da connotazioni diametralmente opposte ma ambedue rappresentative di una cultura radicata nei secoli che, in taluni casi, ha mostrato punti di contatto inaspettati. Le Mura urbiche di Firenze da una parte e l’Ex Monastero di Totolapan, Messico dall’altra si configurano come testimoni di un’epoca di rivoluzioni culturali. La ricerca qui presentata vuole quindi essere un contributo al servizio proprio della resilienza, proponendosi come un supporto al controllo ed alla testimonianza del processo di cambiamento del manufatto architettonico, finalizzati da un lato alla salvaguardarne in termini di conservazione dei sui elementi architettonici originali durante il susseguirsi, forse inevitabile, del suo adattamento funzionale alle esigenze future, dall’altro alla gestione corretta e razionale del suo piano manutentivo . La nostra realtà è lo specchio dell’animo umano ed è quindi caratterizzata da una profonda necessità di rinnovamento e cambiamento del modo di concepire e gestire l’architettura, esistente e non. Il termine “Resilienza architettonica” ha attualmente un significato molto legato all’ecologia, inteso come la capacità intrinseca di un sistema di tornare alle condizioni di equilibrio dopo un intervento esterno perturbante. A mio avviso si tratta di un concetto molto vicino all’inerzia dei sistemi fisici e quindi la tendenza di un corpo a conservare il suo stato di quiete o l’equilibrio in un sistema di forze. Non è quindi il ritorno ad uno stato iniziale, bensì di equilibrio, di quiete. I due sistemi aperti, redatti ed implementati in occasione di questo lavoro di tesi, devono quindi intendersi come un contributo utile alla gestione del cambiamento o dell’adattamento consapevole dei manufatti. Il concetto di manutenzione, in tal senso, anche se per i due casi analizzati costituisce solo uno tra i molteplici aspetti caratterizzanti, è parte intrinseca del concetto di resilienza.