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Tice, Alan Douglas, Mitsumasa Kishimoto, Chuong Hoang Dinh, Geoffrey Tak-Kin Lam, and Michelle Marineau. "Knowledge of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome among Community Physicians, Nurses, and Emergency Medical Responders." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 21, no. 3 (June 2006): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00003654.

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AbstractIntroduction:The preparedness levels of front-line clinicians including physicians, nurses, emergency medical responders (EMRs), and other medical staff working in clinics, offices and ambulatory care centers must be assessed, so these personnel are able to deal with communicable and potentially lethal diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In order to determine the knowledge of these clinicians, a survey of their understanding of SARS and their use of educational resources was administered.Methods:A questionnaire was distributed to physicians, nurses, and EMRs att
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Muzzatti, Stephen L. "Bits of Falling Sky and Global Pandemics: Moral Panic and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." Illness, Crisis & Loss 13, no. 2 (April 2005): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105413730501300203.

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Whether it's a story about crime, the weather, politics, Hollywood celebrities, or public health, sensationalistic and exploitative coverage is a media staple. The mass media's coverage of the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the spring of 2003 was no exception. The media's construction of the source, virulence, and transmissibility of this disease, a previously unknown cousin of the common cold, diverged considerably from its medical realities and contributed to a widespread though short-lived moral panic. Drawing on work in the areas of the sociology of health and crit
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Bullard, Jared, Kerry Dust, Duane Funk, James E. Strong, David Alexander, Lauren Garnett, Carl Boodman, et al. "Predicting Infectious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Diagnostic Samples." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa638.

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Abstract Background Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has become the primary method to diagnose viral diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). RT-PCR detects RNA, not infectious virus; thus, its ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited. Infectivity is a critical determinant in informing public health guidelines/interventions. Our goal was to determine the relationship between E gene SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values from respiratory samples, symptom onset to test (STT), and infectivity in cel
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Pablo Goldschmidt. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) detection pitfalls." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 2, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 008–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2021.2.2.0049.

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The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (CoVID 19) provoked by Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2) require science-based responses. The aim of this work is to assess pitfalls found during the search of viral genomes due to sampling timing, swabbing, storage, heat-infectivity inactivation and further sample processing. According to several meta-analysis, on the day of symptom onset, the median false-negative rate is estimated to be 38% and decreased to 20% on day 8 (3 days after symptom onset) then increased to 66% on day 21 suggesting that rRT-PCRs adds little information immediately after exposure. RNA
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Fwoloshi, Sombo, Jonas Z. Hines, Danielle T. Barradas, Samuel Yingst, Mpanji Siwingwa, Lameck Chirwa, James E. Zulu, et al. "Prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Among Healthcare Workers—Zambia, July 2020." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, no. 6 (March 30, 2021): e1321-e1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab273.

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Abstract Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) in Zambia have become infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, SARS-CoV-2 prevalence among HCWs is not known in Zambia. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional SARS-CoV-2 prevalence survey among Zambian HCWs in 20 health facilities in 6 districts in July 2020. Participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Prevalence estimates and
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Pan, Yanfeng, Xue Yu, Xinwei Du, Qingqing Li, Xianyang Li, Tao Qin, Miaomiao Wang, et al. "Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 26 Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Carriers." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, no. 12 (April 22, 2020): 1940–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa205.

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Abstract Background We retrospectively analyzed 26 persistently asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) carriers. Methods Epidemiological and clinical characteristics from the 26 asymptomatic patients with positive results for SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid testing were obtained. Results Twenty-two patients (84.6%) correlated with clustering occurrence. The median period from contact to diagnosis and the last positive nucleic acid test was 19 (8–24 days) and 21.5 days (10–36 days), respectively. The median period from diagnosis to negative nucleic acid test was s
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Lewison, Grant. "The reporting of the risks from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the news media, 2003–2004." Health, Risk & Society 10, no. 3 (June 2008): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698570802160962.

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Keshavarz, Behnam, Joesph R. Wiencek, Lisa J. Workman, Matthew D. Straesser, Lyndsey M. Muehling, Glenda Canderan, Fabrizio Drago, et al. "Quantitative Measurement of IgG to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Proteins Using ImmunoCAP." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 182, no. 5 (2021): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514203.

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<b><i>Background:</i></b> Detailed understanding of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (CO­VID-19) has been hampered by a lack of quantitative antibody assays. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The objective was to develop a quantitative assay for IgG to SARS-CoV-2 proteins that could be implemented in clinical and research laboratories. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The biotin-streptavidin technique was used to conjugate SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-bindin
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Shen, Zijie, Yan Xiao, Lu Kang, Wentai Ma, Leisheng Shi, Li Zhang, Zhuo Zhou, et al. "Genomic Diversity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Coronavirus 2 in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 15 (March 9, 2020): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa203.

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Abstract Background A novel coronavirus (CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)–CoV-2, has infected >75 000 individuals and spread to >20 countries. It is still unclear how fast the virus evolved and how it interacts with other microorganisms in the lung. Methods We have conducted metatranscriptome sequencing for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from 8 patients with SARS–CoV-2, and also analyzed data from 25 patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and 20 healthy controls for comparison. Results The median number of intrahost variants was 1–4 in SARS–CoV-2–in
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Rabi, Firas A., Mazhar S. Al Zoubi, Ghena A. Kasasbeh, Dunia M. Salameh, and Amjad D. Al-Nasser. "SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far." Pathogens 9, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030231.

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In December 2019, a cluster of fatal pneumonia cases presented in Wuhan, China. They were caused by a previously unknown coronavirus. All patients had been associated with the Wuhan Wholefood market, where seafood and live animals are sold. The virus spread rapidly and public health authorities in China initiated a containment effort. However, by that time, travelers had carried the virus to many countries, sparking memories of the previous coronavirus epidemics, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and causing widespread media attention and pan
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Takeda, Yohei, Kyohei Tamura, Dulamjav Jamsransuren, Sachiko Matsuda, and Haruko Ogawa. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Inactivation Activity of the Polyphenol-Rich Tea Leaf Extract with Concentrated Theaflavins and Other Virucidal Catechins." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 8, 2021): 4803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164803.

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Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is producing a large number of infections and deaths globally, the development of supportive and auxiliary treatments is attracting increasing attention. Here, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2-inactivation activity of the polyphenol-rich tea leaf extract TY-1 containing concentrated theaflavins and other virucidal catechins. The TY-1 was mixed with SARS-CoV-2 solution, and its virucidal activity was evaluated. To evaluate the inhibition activity of TY-1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection, TY-1 was co-added with SARS-CoV-2 into cell culture media.
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Teoh, Jeremy Yuen-Chun, Terry Cheuk-Fung Yip, Grace Chung-Yan Lui, Vincent Wai-Sun Wong, Viola Chi-Ying Chow, Tracy Hang-Yee Ho, Timothy Chun-Man Li, et al. "Risks of AKI and Major Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or Coronavirus Disease 2019." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 32, no. 4 (January 22, 2021): 961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2020071097.

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BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are closely related. The effect of AKI on the clinical outcomes of these two conditions is unclear.MethodsThis retrospective, territory-wide cohort study used an electronic public healthcare database in Hong Kong to identify patients with SARS or COVID-19 by diagnosis codes, virologic results, or both. The primary endpoint was a composite of intensive care unit admission, use of invasive mechanical ventilation, and/or death.ResultsWe identified 1670 patients with SARS and 1040 patients with COVID-19 (med
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Moazzam, Muhammad, Muhammad Imran Sajid, Hamza Shahid, Jahanzaib Butt, Irfan Bashir, Muhammad Jamshaid, Amir Nasrolahi Shirazi, and Rakesh Kumar Tiwari. "Understanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 5904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165904.

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Currently, a global pandemic era of public health concerns is going on with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan’s Huanan seafood market in China late December 2019. Bats, pangolins, and snakes have been nominated as salient carriers of the virus. Thanks to its high pathogenicity, it can cause severe respiratory infections. Fever, dry cough, sore throat, pneumonia, septic shock, and ground-glass opacities are the foremost clinical manifestations of COVID-19. I
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Hitzenbichler, Florian, Stilla Bauernfeind, Bernd Salzberger, Barbara Schmidt, and Jürgen J. Wenzel. "Comparison of Throat Washings, Nasopharyngeal Swabs and Oropharyngeal Swabs for Detection of SARS-CoV-2." Viruses 13, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040653.

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA is detected by reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) from respiratory specimens. This study compares throat washings (TW), nasopharyngeal swabs (NS) and oropharyngeal swabs (OS). A total of 102 samples from 34 adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were analysed by RT-qPCR with absolute quantification. The median concentrations and diagnostic sensitivities were 5.8×104 copies/mL, 85% (NS), 1.4×104, 79% (OS) and 4.3×103, 85% (TW). Concentration differences were significant between NS and TW (P = 0.
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Ng, Enders K. O., David S. Hui, K. C. Allen Chan, Emily C. W. Hung, Rossa W. K. Chiu, Nelson Lee, Alan Wu, et al. "Quantitative Analysis and Prognostic Implication of SARS Coronavirus RNA in the Plasma and Serum of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome." Clinical Chemistry 49, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 1976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.024125.

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Abstract Background: The availability of an early diagnostic tool for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) would have major public health implications. We investigated whether the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) can be detected in serum and plasma samples during the early stages of SARS and studied the potential prognostic implications of such an approach. Methods: We developed two real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays, one for the polymerase and the other for the nucleocapsid region of the virus genome, for measuring the concentration of SARS-CoV RNA in serum/plasma
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Khosla, Shikha G., Eric S. Nylen, and Rahul Khosla. "Rhabdomyolysis in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Infection: Five Case Series." Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports 8 (January 2020): 232470962098460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2324709620984603.

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The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is now known to cause acute respiratory distress, cytokine storm, and coagulopathy. Multiple other manifestations have been published in recent literature. Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome of muscle damage, with release of intracellular contents into circulation. It is characterized by marked elevations of creatinine kinase levels and myoglobinuria. In this article, we describe a series of 5 cases who were admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia and had severe muscle injury, as demonstrated by significant elevation (>5 times
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Zeng, Qing-Lei, Zu-Jiang Yu, Jian-Jun Gou, Guang-Ming Li, Shu-Huan Ma, Guo-Fan Zhang, Jiang-Hai Xu, et al. "Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Viral Shedding and Survival in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa228.

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Abstract Currently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been reported in almost all countries globally. No effective therapy has been documented for COVID-19, and the role of convalescent plasma therapy is unknown. In the current study, 6 patients with COVID-19 and respiratory failure received convalescent plasma a median of 21.5 days after viral shedding was first detected, all tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA within 3 days after infusion, and 5 eventually died. In conclusion, convalescent plasma treatment can end
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Peart Akindele, Nadine, Theodore Kouo, Andrew H. Karaba, Oren Gordon, Katherine Z. J. Fenstermacher, Jeanette Beaudry, Jessica H. Rubens, et al. "Distinct Cytokine and Chemokine Dysregulation in Hospitalized Children With Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome With Similar Levels of Nasopharyngeal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Shedding." Journal of Infectious Diseases 224, no. 4 (May 24, 2021): 606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab285.

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Abstract Background Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe clinical phenotype of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that remains poorly understood. Methods Hospitalized children <18 years of age with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (N = 53) were recruited into a prospective cohort study; 32 had confirmed COVID-19, with 16 meeting the US Centers for Disease Control criteria for MIS-C. Differences in nasopharyngeal viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels, SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity, and cytokine/chemokine profiles wer
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Ofner-Agostini, Marianna, Denise Gravel, L. Clifford McDonald, Marcus Lem, Shelley Sarwal, Allison McGeer, Karen Green, et al. "Cluster of Cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Among Toronto Healthcare Workers After Implementation of Infection Control Precautions: A Case Series." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 27, no. 5 (May 2006): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504363.

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Objective.To review the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection control practices, the types of exposure to patients with SARS, and the activities associated with treatment of such patients among healthcare workers (HCWs) who developed SARS in Toronto, Canada, after SARS-specific infection control precautions had been implemented.Methods.A retrospective review of work logs and patient assignments, detailed review of medical records of patients with SARS, and comprehensive telephone-based interviews of HCWs who met the case definition for SARS after implementation of infection contro
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De Araújo Filho, Walter Duarte, Luciana Martins Pereira De Araújo, Anderson Silva De Oliveira, Vagner Cardoso Da Silva, and Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior. "NEBULIZERS: AERODYNAMIC DROPLET DIAMETER CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DRUGS TO TREAT SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONA VIRUS 2 (SARS-COV-2)." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 7 (July 26, 2020): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.420.

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Currently, several drugs are being used systemically to treat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, few studies discuss the possibility of using the inhalation route for this treatment. Pneumatic and ultrasonic nebulizers are increasingly used due to the ease with which these media deliver drugs through an aerosol suspension to deliver drugs in a localized manner in the respiratory tract, providing greater efficiency of absorption. This study aims to characterize the droplet diameters by bands of "breathable particles" generated by nebulizers commercialized in
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Lin, Aifen, Ze-Bao He, Sheng Zhang, Jian-Gang Zhang, Xia Zhang, and Wei-Hua Yan. "Early Risk Factors for the Duration of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Viral Positivity in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 16 (April 27, 2020): 2061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa490.

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Abstract Background Pneumonia coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has became a pandemic. However, information on early risk factors for the duration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral positivity is not yet available. Methods In this prospective study, a cohort of 137 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled. Clinical information and laboratory data were retrieved from electronic medical records. Viral positivity duration was calculated by the interval from the day of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive results to the day SARS-CoV-2 testing showed negative r
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Dhakal, Janak, Mo Jia, Jonathan D. Joyce, Greyson A. Moore, Reza Ovissipour, and Andrea S. Bertke. "Survival of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) on Foods Stored at Refrigerated Temperature." Foods 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10051005.

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Outbreaks of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) in meat processing plants and media reports of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection on foods have raised concerns of a public health risk from contaminated foods. We used herpes simplex virus 1, a non-Biosafety Level 3 (non-BSL3) enveloped virus, as a surrogate to develop and validate methods before assessing the survival of infectious SARS-CoV-2 on foods. Several food types, including chicken, seafood, and produce, were held at 4 °C and assessed for infectious virus survival (herpes simplex virus 1 (
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Gagnon, Marilou, and Amélie Perron. "Nursing Voices during COVID-19: An Analysis of Canadian Media Coverage." Aporia 12, no. 1 (August 26, 2020): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/aporia.v12i1.4842.

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While it is generally recognized that nurses and nursing issues are underrepresented in the media, the contrary is also true during major public health care crises like Ebola and SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). We see this phenomenon unfolding in the midst of the current COVID-19 pandemic with nurses and nursing issues receiving extensive media coverage in Canada and internationally. To gain more insights into this media coverage, we analyzed the content of Canadian news stories published in both English and French during the first five months of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper pre
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Cho, Jang-Hee, Seok Hui Kang, Hayne Cho Park, Dong Ki Kim, Sang-Ho Lee, Jun Young Do, Jong Won Park, et al. "Hemodialysis with Cohort Isolation to Prevent Secondary Transmission during a COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 31, no. 7 (June 1, 2020): 1398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2020040461.

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Background Health care–associated infections during previous coronavirus epidemics involving severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome resulted from human-to-human transmission in hemodialysis (HD) facilities. The effect of a strategy of HD with cohort isolation—separate dialysis sessions for close contacts of patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)—on the prevention of secondary transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in HD units is unknown.MethodsOur multicenter cohort study of an HD with cohort isolation s
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Belhadjer, Zahra, Mathilde Méot, Fanny Bajolle, Diala Khraiche, Antoine Legendre, Samya Abakka, Johanne Auriau, et al. "Acute Heart Failure in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children in the Context of Global SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic." Circulation 142, no. 5 (August 4, 2020): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.048360.

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Background: Cardiac injury and myocarditis have been described in adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children is typically minimally symptomatic. We report a series of febrile pediatric patients with acute heart failure potentially associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children as defined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methods: Over a 2-month period, contemporary with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in France and Switzerland, we retrospectively coll
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Diorio, Caroline, Kevin O. McNerney, Michele Lambert, Michele Paessler, Elizabeth M. Anderson, Sarah E. Henrickson, Julie Chase, et al. "Evidence of thrombotic microangiopathy in children with SARS-CoV-2 across the spectrum of clinical presentations." Blood Advances 4, no. 23 (December 8, 2020): 6051–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003471.

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Abstract Most children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have mild or minimal disease, with a small proportion developing severe disease or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults but has not been studied in the pediatric population. We hypothesized that complement activation plays an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and sought to understand if TMA was present in these patients. We enrolled 50 hospitalized pediat
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Chandrashekar, Abishek, Jinyan Liu, Amanda J. Martinot, Katherine McMahan, Noe B. Mercado, Lauren Peter, Lisa H. Tostanoski, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques." Science 369, no. 6505 (May 20, 2020): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4776.

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An understanding of protective immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for vaccine and public health strategies aimed at ending the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A key unanswered question is whether infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in protective immunity against reexposure. We developed a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and observed that macaques had high viral loads in the upper and lower respiratory tract, humoral and cellular immune responses, and pathologic evidence of viral pneumonia. After the initial viral
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Graff, Jonathan, Michelle Thompson, Zachary Berriochoa, Bryan Kuhn, Anne-Michelle Ruha, and Christopher Lipinski. "Chloroquine Ingestion to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Report of Two Cases." Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine 2, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2021.3.51329.

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Introduction: Amid the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine were being studied as agents to prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019. Information about these agents and their effects circulated throughout the general public media, raising the concern for self-directed consumption of both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical products. Case Report: We present two cases of chloroquine toxicity that occurred after ingestion of an aquarium disinfectant that contained chloroquine phosphate in a misguided attempt
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Yu, Fuxun, Mai Quynh Le, Shingo Inoue, Futoshi Hasebe, Maria del Carmen Parquet, Shigeru Morikawa, and Kouichi Morita. "Recombinant Truncated Nucleocapsid Protein as Antigen in a Novel Immunoglobulin M Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 14, no. 2 (January 3, 2007): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00360-06.

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ABSTRACT We report the development of an immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) by using recombinant truncated SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein as the antigen. The newly developed MAC-ELISA had a specificity and sensitivity of 100% as evaluated by using sera from healthy volunteers and patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS. Using serial serum samples collected from SARS patients, the times to seroconversion were determined by IgM antibody detection after SARS-CoV infection. The median tim
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Yao, Lin, Guo-Lin Wang, Yuan Shen, Zhuang-Ye Wang, Bing-Dong Zhan, Li-Jun Duan, Bing Lu, et al. "Persistence of Antibody and Cellular Immune Responses in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Over Nine Months After Infection." Journal of Infectious Diseases 224, no. 4 (May 12, 2021): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab255.

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Abstract Background The duration of humoral and T and B cell response after the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains unclear. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study to assess the virus-specific antibody and memory T and B cell responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients up to 343 days after infection. Neutralizing antibodies and antibodies against the receptor-binding domain, spike, and nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 were measured. Virus-specific memory T and B cell responses were analyzed. Results We enrolled 59 patients with COVID
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Lee, Bruce Y., Sarah M. Bartsch, Marie C. Ferguson, Patrick T. Wedlock, Kelly J. O’Shea, Sheryl S. Siegmund, Sarah N. Cox, and James A. McKinnell. "The value of decreasing the duration of the infectious period of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): e1008470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008470.

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Finding medications or vaccines that may decrease the infectious period of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could potentially reduce transmission in the broader population. We developed a computational model of the U.S. simulating the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential clinical and economic impact of reducing the infectious period duration. Simulation experiments found that reducing the average infectious period duration could avert a median of 442,852 [treating 25% of symptomatic cases, reducing by 0.5 days, reproductive number (R0) 3.5, and starting treatment
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Nichols, Courtney, Mahdee Sobhanie, Nora Colburn, Mark Lustberg, Zeinab El Boghdadly, Christina Liscynesky, Courtney Hebert, and Shandra R. Day. "367. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Patients with Pneumonia secondary to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.562.

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Abstract Background Since discovery in December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which causes the disease of COVID-19 has become a global pandemic. Little is known about which risk factors lead to more severe disease or increased mortality in patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. We aimed in this study to compare clinical characteristics associated with disease severity and increased mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective study at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center to compare clinical charac
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Moeller, Alexander, Leo Thanikkel, Liesbeth Duijts, Erol A. Gaillard, Luis Garcia-Marcos, Ahmad Kantar, Nathalie Tabin, Steven Turner, Angela Zacharasiewicz, and Mariëlle W. H. Pijnenburg. "COVID-19 in children with underlying chronic respiratory diseases: survey results from 174 centres." ERJ Open Research 6, no. 4 (October 2020): 00409–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00409-2020.

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BackgroundEarly reports suggest that most children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (“SARS-CoV-2”) have mild symptoms. What is not known is whether children with chronic respiratory illnesses have exacerbations associated with SARS-CoV-2 virus.MethodsAn expert panel created a survey, which was circulated twice (in April and May 2020) to members of the Paediatric Assembly of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and via the social media of the ERS. The survey stratified patients by the following conditions: asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (
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Tang, Nelson Leung-Sang, Paul Kay-Sheung Chan, Chun-Kwok Wong, Ka-Fai To, Alan Ka-Lun Wu, Ying-Man Sung, David Shu-Cheong Hui, Joseph Jao-Yiu Sung, and Christopher Wai-Kei Lam. "Early Enhanced Expression of Interferon-Inducible Protein-10 (CXCL-10) and Other Chemokines Predicts Adverse Outcome in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome." Clinical Chemistry 51, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 2333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.054460.

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Abstract Background: Exaggerated activation of cytokines/chemokines has been proposed as a factor in adverse outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Previous studies on chemokines have included only small numbers of patients, and the utility of plasma chemokines as prognostic indicators is unclear. Methods: We studied 255 archival plasma samples collected during the first or second week after disease onset. The chemokines interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monokine induced by interferon-γ (MIG), interleukin-8 (IL-8), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and regulated
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Prasaath Sastha K R, Balasubramanian Arul, and Ramalingam Kothai. "Understanding COVID-19 – The Pandemic of 2020." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (May 14, 2020): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.2228.

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It all started in December 2019, a seafood market in Wuhan, China, with a series of pneumonia alike cases admitted with severe acute respiratory depression. Since they were unable to detect the precise cause, they named it "Pneumonia of unknown etiology". Later it was identified as SARS COV 2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – coronavirus 2). At first, the disease spread locally affecting the people of Wuhan, and then started spreading throughout China, creating a worldwide panic. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 in China as a Public Health Emergency of International Con
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Donath, Helena, Stefan Zielen, Boris Wittekindt, Thomas Klingebiel, Jürgen Graf, Martin Eckrich, Christian Walter, and Katharina Blümchen. "Effects of the SARS-CoV2-Lockdown on Pediatric Care in the Rhine-Main Area." Klinische Pädiatrie 233, no. 01 (November 12, 2020): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1263-1467.

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Abstract Background The effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and lockdown on pediatric diseases and care are not well characterized in Germany. Patients and Methods To investigate the effects of the lockdown on pediatric medical care in the Rhine-Main area, a survey asking 115 pediatricians and an analysis of the inpatient admissions at the Department for Children and Adolescents Goethe-University, Frankfurt in April 2020 compared to April 2019 was performed. Results 65/115 (56.5%) pediatricians answered the survey. Pediatricians estimated the re
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Buchan, Blake W., Derek Gerstbrein, Amorina Cruz, Jess Hoff, Emily Sievert, Nathan A. Ledeboer, and Matthew L. Faron. "Evaluation of a High-Definition PCR Assay for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Extracted and Nonextracted Respiratory Specimens Collected in Various Transport Media." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 156, no. 1 (May 3, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqab060.

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Abstract Objectives We conducted an analytic and clinical comparison of a novel high-definition polymerase chain reaction PCR (HDPCR) assay to traditional real-time PCR (RT-PCR) for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in upper respiratory specimens. Methods Analytic performance of RT-PCR, HDPCR, and extraction-free HDPCR was established through replicate testing of a serially diluted clinical specimen containing SARS-CoV-2. A clinical comparison of all 3 assays was conducted using 351 prospectively collected upper respiratory swab specimens obtained fr
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Farah, Sameera, Ashwin Atkulwar, Manas Ranjan Praharaj, Raja Khan, Ravikumar Gandham, and Mumtaz Baig. "Phylogenomics and phylodynamics of SARS-CoV-2 genomes retrieved from India." Future Virology 15, no. 11 (November 2020): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl-2020-0243.

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Background: This is the first phylodynamic study attempted on SARS-CoV-2 genomes from India to infer the current state of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) evolution using phylogenetic network and growth trends. Materials & Methods: Out of 286 retrieved whole genomes from India, 138 haplotypes were used to build a phylogenetic network. The birth–death serial model (BDSIR) package of BEAST2 was used to calculate the reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2. Population dynamics were investigated using the stamp date method as implemented in BEAST2 and BEAST 1.10.4. Result
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Zhan, Ting, Meng Liu, Yalin Tang, Zheng Han, Xueting Cheng, Junsheng Deng, Xiaoli Chen, Xia Tian, and Xiaodong Huang. "Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics of 405 patients with COVID-19." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 8 (August 2020): 030006052094903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520949039.

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Objective This study was performed to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods We analyzed the electronic medical records of 405 hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in the Third Hospital of Wuhan. Results The patients’ median age was 56 years, 54.1% were female, 11.4% had a history of smoking, and 10.6% had a history of drinking. All cases of COVID-19 were community-acquired. Fever (76.8%) and cough (53.3%) were the most common clin
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Guest, Jodie L., Carlos del Rio, and Travis Sanchez. "The Three Steps Needed to End the COVID-19 Pandemic: Bold Public Health Leadership, Rapid Innovations, and Courageous Political Will." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): e19043. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/19043.

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The world is experiencing the expansive spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a global pandemic that is placing strain on health care, economic, and social systems. Commitment to implementing proven public health strategies will require bold public health leadership and courageous acts by politicians. Developing new innovative communication, mitigation, and health care approaches, particularly in the era of social media, is also clearly warranted. We believe that the best public health evidence must inform activities in three priority areas to stop this pand
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Saponaro, Federica. "Vitamin D Status as a Potential Modifiable Risk Factor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.573.

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Abstract In March 2020, the infection COVID-19 spread as a pandemic emergence. Among multiple biological and environmental factors, hypovitaminosis D is a credible candidate. The aim of this study is to shed light on the pathogenic role of vitamin D deficiency in the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and in the aggressive immune and inflammatory response by the host. We retrospectively analyzed the biochemical panel of immune system markers and the tandem mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC-MS-MS) measured vitamin D, in the serum samples of patients with SARS-CoV-2 studied in all
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D’Avolio, Antonio, Valeria Avataneo, Alessandra Manca, Jessica Cusato, Amedeo De Nicolò, Renzo Lucchini, Franco Keller, and Marco Cantù. "25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051359.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with a clinical outcome ranging from mild to severe, including death. To date, it is unclear why some patients develop severe symptoms. Many authors have suggested the involvement of vitamin D in reducing the risk of infections; thus, we retrospectively investigated the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in plasma obtained from a cohort of patients from Switzerland. In this cohort, significantly lower 25(OH)D levels (p = 0.004) were found in PCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2 (median val
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Gerussi, Valentina, Maddalena Peghin, Alvisa Palese, Valentina Bressan, Erica Visintini, Giulia Bontempo, Elena Graziano, Maria De Martino, Miriam Isola, and Carlo Tascini. "Vaccine Hesitancy among Italian Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Infection towards Influenza and Sars-Cov-2 Vaccination." Vaccines 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020172.

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We aimed to assess the attitude towards influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccinations among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovered patients. We performed a cross-sectional study consisting of a standardized telephone interview carried out between September and November 2020 targeting a cohort of adult in- and out-patients that had recovered from COVID-19 after the first wave (March–May 2020) at Udine Hospital (Italy). Overall, 599 people participated (320 female, median age 53 years) and most had experienced an acute COVID-19 with mild illness (
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Yu, Jingyou, Lisa H. Tostanoski, Lauren Peter, Noe B. Mercado, Katherine McMahan, Shant H. Mahrokhian, Joseph P. Nkolola, et al. "DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques." Science 369, no. 6505 (May 20, 2020): 806–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc6284.

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The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made the development of a vaccine a top biomedical priority. In this study, we developed a series of DNA vaccine candidates expressing different forms of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and evaluated them in 35 rhesus macaques. Vaccinated animals developed humoral and cellular immune responses, including neutralizing antibody titers at levels comparable to those found in convalescent humans and macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. After vaccination, all animals were
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Shi, Ding, Wenrui Wu, Qing Wang, Kaijin Xu, Jiaojiao Xie, Jingjing Wu, Longxian Lv, et al. "Clinical Characteristics and Factors Associated With Long-Term Viral Excretion in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: a Single-Center 28-Day Study." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 6 (July 2, 2020): 910–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa388.

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Abstract Background Despite the ongoing spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), knowledge about factors affecting prolonged viral excretion is limited. Methods In this study, we retrospectively collected data from 99 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between 19 January and 17 February 2020 in Zhejiang Province, China. We classified them into 2 groups based on whether the virus test results eventually became negative. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate factors associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) s
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Woo, Patrick C. Y., Susanna K. P. Lau, Beatrice H. L. Wong, Kwok-hung Chan, Chung-ming Chu, Hoi-wah Tsoi, Yi Huang, J. S. Malik Peiris, and Kwok-yung Yuen. "Longitudinal Profile of Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA Antibodies against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein in Patients with Pneumonia Due to the SARS Coronavirus." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 4 (July 2004): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.4.665-668.2004.

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ABSTRACT By using a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum specimens serially collected (from day 0 to day 240 after symptom onset) from patients with pneumonia due to SARS-CoV, we analyzed the longitudinal profiles of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies against the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in patients with pneumonia due to SARS-CoV. For IgG, the median optical density at 450 nm (OD450) turned positive at day 17 and a biphasic response was observed. At day 240, all pati
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Patel, Pratik A., Stacey A. Lapp, Laila Hussaini, Austin Lu, Evan J. Anderson, Christina A. Rostad, Claire L. Stokes, and Melinda G. Pauly. "#52: Clinical Features and Management of Pediatric Patients Presenting with New Onset Acute Leukemia and Concomitant COVID-19." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 10, Supplement_2 (June 1, 2021): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piab031.006.

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Abstract Background Infections represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has led to a worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pediatric patients with cancer appear to be at higher risk of severe disease than reported in the general pediatric population. Data are limited on the optimal management of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 and a new diagnosis of leukemia. The objective of this study was to describe our expe
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Virata, Michael D., Merceditas Villanueva, Sheela Shenoi, Joseph B. Ladines-Lim, and Lydia Aoun-Barakat. "543. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Dynamics For Symptomatic People Living with HIV Requiring Hospitalization For COVID-19." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.737.

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Abstract Background Over 8 million people have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). People living with HIV (PWH) affected by SARS-CoV-2 represent a small proportion of patients admitted to the hospital for COVID-19 disease. Viral dynamics in this subpopulation are still unknown. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study from a large, urban academic center in New Haven, CT of patients consecutively admitted with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection through May 31, 2020. Main outcome measure was the ribonucleic acid (RNA) viral load (VL) detected in r
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Cho, J., J. Lee, CH Sia, CS Koo, BYQ Tan, W. Hong, E. Choi, et al. "Extrapulmonary manifestations and complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a systematic review." Singapore Medical Journal, September 21, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2021100.

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Introduction: We aimed to describe the extrapulmonary manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, including their frequency, onset with respect to respiratory symptoms, pathogenesis and association with disease severity. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE and Embase databases for SARS-CoV-2-related studies. Meta-analysis, observational studies, case series and case reports published in English or Chinese between 1 January and 1 May 2020 were included. Reports with only paediatric or obstetric cases were excluded. Results: 169 articles were included.
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Massachi, Jonathan, Kevin Christopher Donohue, and John Daniel Kelly. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection Cases Corroborated by Sequencing." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, August 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0365.

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Evaluating the reinfection may offer some insight into areas for further investigation regarding durability of immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Sixty cases of reinfection with viral sequencing were identified in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and medRxiv before May 1, 2021.Episodes of infection were separated by a median of 116 days. Severity of illness was greater among individuals reinfected within 90 days of initial infection, no asymptomatic initial cases developed severe reinfection, nearly half of cases had suspected escape variants, and n
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