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1
Hughes, D. K. "Shear modulus Gs." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 20, no. 1 (March 31, 1987): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.20.1.63-65.
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A study group of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering has recently completed recommendations for the seismic design of storage tanks in a form suitable for use as a code.
 A knowledge of site response is an integral part of seismic analysis, unfortunately providing guidelines on assigning relevant soil parameters (shear modulus and damping in particular) cannot easily be resolved in a code format. However, as shear modulus (Gs) is referred to directly in the recommendations, it was decided to provide this technical note to enable some guidelines for its assessment to be given. It is an involved problem which requires a great deal of judgment on the designer's behalf if a realistic value of Gs is to be attained.
 Most available data on Gs has been developed for either sands or saturated clays although there has been a limited amount of work done on gravelly soils. Because most soils have curvilinear stress-strain relationships, it will be appreciated that the shear modulus is not constant but is usually expressed as the secant modulus determined for a specific value of shear strain.
2
Arficho, Tigistu Abu, and Argaw Asha Ashango. "Experimental Study of Awash Soil under Static and Cyclic Shear Loading." Advances in Civil Engineering 2023 (March 27, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5878290.
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The dynamic soil properties (shear modulus and damping ratio) are of great importance for the analysis and design of geotechnical structures subjected to dynamic loads such as earthquake. Cyclic simple shear tests were conducted to study the variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with a different number of factors for strain amplitudes of 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% and for a frequency of 1 Hz at an axial stress of 150 kPa, 275 kPa, and 400 kPa. The result shows that the damping ratio decreases with an increase in confining pressure at different cyclic shear strains. The shear modulus increases with an increase in the void ratio at different cyclic shear strains. The damping ratio increases with a decrease in soil plasticity. The obtained values of shear modules were in the ranges of 0.292 MPa to 15.998 MPa and the damping ratio values from 0.146% to 30.851%. In concluding the major influencing factors that affect the dynamic properties of soils are confining pressure, void ratio, shear strain amplitude, and soil plasticity.
3
Xiang, X. D., and J. W. Brill. "Shear modulus of TaS3." Physical Review B 36, no. 5 (August 15, 1987): 2969–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.36.2969.
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Massarsch, K. Rainer. "Determination of Constrained Modulus of Granular Soil from In Situ Tests—Part 1 Analyses." Geotechnics 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2023): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4010002.
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Assessing the constrained modulus is a critical step in calculating settlements in granular soils. This paper describes a novel concept of how the constrained modulus can be derived from seismic tests. The advantages and limitations of seismic laboratory and field tests are addressed. Based on a comprehensive review of laboratory resonant column and torsional shear tests, the most important parameters affecting the shear modulus, such as shear strain and confining stress, are defined quantitatively. Also, Poisson’s ratio, which is needed to convert shear modulus to constrained modulus, is strain-dependent. An empirical relationship is presented from which the variation in the secant shear modulus with shear strain can be defined numerically within a broad strain range (10−4–10−0.5%). The tangent shear modulus was obtained by differentiating the secant shear modulus. According to the tangent modulus concept, the tangent constrained modulus is governed by the modulus number, m, and the stress exponent, j. Laboratory test results on granular soils are reviewed, based on which it is possible to estimate the modulus number during virgin loading and unloading/reloading. A correlation is proposed between the small-strain shear modulus, G0, and the modulus number, m. The modulus number can also be derived from static cone penetration tests, provided that the cone resistance is adjusted with respect to the mean effective stress. In a companion paper, the concepts presented in this paper are applied to data from an experimental site, where different types of seismic tests and cone penetration tests were performed.
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Wu, Guofang, Yong Zhong, and Haiqing Ren. "Effects of Grain Pattern on the Rolling Shear Properties of Wood in Cross-Laminated Timber." Forests 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060668.
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Rolling shear modulus and strength are the key factors affecting the mechanical performance of some wood products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT). As reported, rolling shear property strongly depends on the sawing pattern such as the aspect ratio and grain direction (grain mode). However, the mechanism behind this phenomenon has not yet been clarified. In this work, the rolling shear modulus and strength of spruce-pine-fir (SPF) with different grain modes and aspect ratios were experimentally investigated. In addition, a theoretical investigation was carried out to reveal the mechanism behind this phenomenon. The results exhibited that the rolling shear moduli of 0° and 90° grain-mode wood were the same. This value can be called the pure rolling shear modulus. Rolling shear modulus of wood with angles other than 0° and 90° can be calculated from the pure rolling shear modulus and grain angle. Therefore, this modulus can be called the apparent rolling shear modulus. Thus, using 0° and 90° grain-mode specimens to determine the pure rolling shear modulus and strength of wood is recommended.
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Leonowicz, Marcin, Joanna Kozłowska, and Łukasz Wierzbicki. "Rheological Fluids for Energy Absorbing Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 440 (October 2013): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.440.13.
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Two types of non-Newtonian fluids, magneto rheological (MRF) and shear thickening (STF) fluids, respectively were chosen as candidates for energy dissipation study in smart body armour. A series of magneto rheological fluids was synthesized on a basis of synthetic oil and carbonyl iron. The shear modules for the MRF containing 75 wt% of carbonyl iron, obtained in a magnetic field of 230 kA/m were as follows: complex shear modulus G* - 1.2 MPa, storage modulus G-1.2 MPa and loss modulus G 0.35 MPa. The studies revealed also that the silica fumed, dispersed in polypropylene glycol or polyethylene oxide, demonstrates shear thickening properties. The best combination of the properties (high viscosity, obtained at high shear rate) represents the material composed of the silica fumed (SF) and PEO300. Change of the volume fraction of the SF and variation of the molecular weight of the oligomer enables tailoring of the STF properties. Ballistic tests revealed that the structures containing PE bags with MRF (in magnetic field) or STF can enhance the protective performance of body armours providing their flexibility.
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Shimizu, Miki, and Yu Ito. "Change in Shear Elastic Modulus of Thigh Muscle by Changing Muscle Length Using Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography in Beagle Dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 32, no. 06 (June 26, 2019): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692449.
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Objectives This study investigated the relationship between the change in the shear elastic modulus and the change in muscle length using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Study Design Four thigh muscles, cranial part of the sartorius, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and semitendinosus muscles, of 21 pelvic limbs in 12 clinically healthy Beagle dogs were used. The muscle length was estimated using a radiograph and the flexed and extended positions of the coxofemoral and stifle joints, respectively. The shear elastic modulus (kPa) was measured in two joint positions using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Shear elastic modulus was expressed as median of 10 consecutive measurements. The percentage change of elastic modulus was calculated from the shear elastic modulus in elongated condition and pre-elongated condition of muscle. Results The elastic modulus of all muscles increased when the muscle was elongated. The shear elastic modulus for both joint positions and the percentage change of the shear elastic modulus (%) in cranial part of the sartorius were highest in all muscles. Intra-observer correlation coefficient (1.2) was 0.75 to 0.96 and intra-observer correlation coefficients (2.2) was 0.46 to 0.96. Conclusion This study revealed that the shear elastic modulus of muscle was changed by the change in muscle length and increased when the muscle was elongated. Ultrasound shear wave elastography can be used to assess the elastic properties of canine muscle.
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Kennedy, J. G., D. R. Carter, and W. E. Caler. "Long Bone Torsion: II. A Combined Experimental and Computational Method for Determining an Effective Shear Modulus." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 107, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138540.
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A technique is established which allows an effective torsional shear modulus to be determined for long bones, while remaining nondestructive to whole bone specimens. Strain gages are bonded to the diaphysis of the bone. Strains are then recorded under pure torsional loads. Theoretical stress predictions are combined with experimental strain recordings to arrive at a modulus value. Shear modulus calculations for four canine radii are reported using theoretical stress predictions from circular, elliptical and finite element models of the transverse bone geometry. The effective shear modulus, obtained from an average of the shear moduli determined at strain gage locations, serves to average the heterogeneous shear modulus distribution over the cross section. The shear modulus obtained is that associated with the “circumferential” direction in transverse planes.
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Ng, C. W. W., and J. Xu. "Effects of current suction ratio and recent suction history on small-strain behaviour of an unsaturated soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 2 (February 2012): 226–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-097.
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Although the small-strain shear modulus of saturated soils is known to be significantly affected by stress history, consisting of the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) and recent stress history, the effects of suction history on the small-strain shear modulus of unsaturated soils have rarely been reported. In this study, the effects of suction history, which refers to current suction ratio (CSR) and recent suction history, on both the very-small-strain shear modulus (G0) and shear modulus reduction curve of an unsaturated soil, are investigated by carrying out constant net mean stress compression triaxial tests with bender elements and local strain measurements. In addition, the effect of suction magnitude on G0 and the shear modulus reduction curve is also investigated. At a given suction, G0, elastic threshold strain (εe), and the rate of shear modulus reduction all increase with CSR. On the other hand, the effect of recent suction history on G0 is not significant. The effect of direction of recent suction path (θ) on the shear modulus reduction curve is not distinct. However, the magnitude of recent suction path (l) affects the shear modulus reduction curve significantly when θ = –90°.
10
Sasaki, Kazushige, Sho Toyama, and Naokata Ishii. "Length-force characteristics of in vivo human muscle reflected by supersonic shear imaging." Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 2 (July 15, 2014): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01058.2013.
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Recently, an ultrasound-based elastography technique has been used to measure stiffness (shear modulus) of an active human muscle along the axis of contraction. Using this technique, we explored 1) whether muscle shear modulus, like muscle force, is length dependent; and 2) whether the length dependence of muscle shear modulus is consistent between electrically elicited and voluntary contractions. From nine healthy participants, ankle joint torque and shear modulus of the tibialis anterior muscle were measured at five different ankle joint angles during tetanic contractions and during maximal voluntary contractions. Fascicle length, pennation angle, and tendon moment arm length of the tetanized tibialis anterior calculated from ultrasound images were used to reveal the length-dependent changes in muscle force and shear modulus. Over the range of joint angles examined, both force and shear modulus of the tetanized muscle increased with increasing fascicle length. Regression analysis of normalized data revealed a significant linear relationship between force and shear modulus ( R2 = 0.52, n = 45, P < 0.001). Although the length dependence of shear modulus was consistent, irrespective of contraction mode, the slope of length-shear modulus relationship was steeper during maximal voluntary contractions than during tetanic contractions. These results provide novel evidence that length-force relationship, one of the most fundamental characteristics of muscle, can be inferred from in vivo imaging of shear modulus in the tibialis anterior muscle. Furthermore, the estimation of length-force relationship may be applicable to voluntary contractions in which neural and mechanical interactions of multiple muscles are involved.
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Yasuda, Nario, and Norihisa Matsumoto. "Dynamic deformation characteristics of sands and rockfill materials." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 5 (October 1, 1993): 747–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-067.
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Cyclic torsional simple shear (CTSS) tests and cyclic triaxial (CTX) tests were carried out to investigate the dynamic deformation characteristics of sands and rockfill materials. It was found that the shear modulus and damping ratio can be expressed as a function of shear strain, void ratio, and confining stress. Also the shear modulus in CTSS tests is larger than in CTX tests because of the influence of the intermediate principal stress. When the shear strain is increased, the shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (h) of the rockfill materials were altered at smaller strains than in sands. Key words : sands, rockfill materials, torsional simple shear, shear modulus, damping ratio.
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Goldstein, R. V., V. A. Gorodtsov, and D. S. Lisovenko. "Shear modulus of cubic crystals." Letters on Materials 2, no. 1 (2012): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22226/2410-3535-2012-1-21-24.
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Cavalli, A., D. Cibecchini, G. Goli, and M. Togni. "Shear modulus of old timber." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor1787-009.
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Granato, A. V. "The Shear Modulus of Liquids." Le Journal de Physique IV 06, no. C8 (December 1996): C8–1—C8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1996801.
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Zubarev, A. Yu, A. Yu Musikhin, M. T. Lopez-Lopez, L. Yu Iskakova, and S. V. Bulytcheva. "Shear modulus of isotropic ferrogels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 477 (May 2019): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.01.015.
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Stamenovic, D., and J. C. Smith. "Surface forces in lungs. III. Alveolar surface tension and elastic properties of lung parenchyma." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 1358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.4.1358.
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The bulk modulus and the shear modulus describe the capacity of material to resist a change in volume and a change of shape, respectively. The values of these elastic coefficients for air-filled lung parenchyma suggest that there is a qualitative difference between the mechanisms by which the parenchyma resists expansion and shear deformation; the bulk modulus changes roughly exponentially with the transpulmonary pressure, whereas the shear modulus is nearly a constant fraction of the transpulmonary pressure for a wide range of volumes. The bulk modulus is approximately 6.5 times as large as the shear modulus. In recent microstructural modeling of lung parenchyma, these mechanisms have been pictured as being similar to the mechanisms by which an open cell liquid foam resists deformations. In this paper, we report values for the bulk moduli and the shear moduli of normal air-filled rabbit lungs and of air-filled lungs in which alveolar surface tension is maintained constant at 16 dyn/cm. Elevating surface tension above normal physiological values causes the bulk modulus to decrease and the shear modulus to increase. Furthermore, the bulk modulus is found to be sensitive to a dependence of surface tension on surface area, but the shear modulus is not. These results agree qualitatively with the predictions of the model, but there are quantitative differences between the data and the model.
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Cramer, Steven, David Kretschmann, Roderic Lakes, and Troy Schmidt. "Earlywood and latewood elastic properties in loblolly pine." Holzforschung 59, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.088.
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Abstract The elastic properties of earlywood and latewood and their variability were measured in 388 specimens from six loblolly pine trees in a commercial plantation. Properties measured included longitudinal modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, specific gravity, microfibril angle and presence of compression wood. Novel testing procedures were developed to measure properties from specimens of 1 mm×1 mm×30 mm from earlywood or latewood. The elastic properties varied substantially circumferentially around a given ring and this variation was nearly as large as the variation across rings. The elastic properties varied by ring and height, but while the modulus of elasticity increased with height, the shear modulus decreased with height. A strong correlation was found between modulus of elasticity and shear modulus, but only at low heights and inner rings. Specific gravity and microfibril angle were the strongest predictors of elastic properties and explained 75% of the variation in modulus of elasticity for latewood. Despite being the best predictors in this study, these parameters accounted for less than half of the variability of earlywood modulus of elasticity, earlywood shear modulus and latewood shear modulus.
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Arzola-Villegas, Xavier, Nayomi Z. Plaza, Nathan J. Bechle, Yikai Wang, Roderic Lakes, Donald S. Stone, and Joseph E. Jakes. "Moisture-Dependent Transverse Isotropic Elastic Constants of Wood S2 Secondary Cell Wall Layers Determined Using Nanoindentation." Forests 16, no. 5 (April 22, 2025): 712. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16050712.
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Moisture- and orientation-dependent mechanical properties of the S2 secondary cell wall layer are needed to better understand wood mechanical properties and advance wood utilization. In this work, nanoindentation was used to assess the orientation-dependent elastic moduli and Meyer hardness of the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) S2 layer under environmental conditions ranging from 0% to 94% relative humidity (RH). The elastic moduli were fit to a theoretical transverse isotropic elasticity model to calculate the longitudinal elastic modulus, transverse elastic modulus, axial shear modulus, and transverse shear modulus for the S2 layer at 0%, 33%, 75%, and 94% RH and 26 °C. The longitudinal elastic modulus was consistently higher than the transverse elastic modulus because of the orientation of the stiff cellulose microfibrils in the S2 layer. The axial shear modulus was consistently higher than the transverse shear modulus. The Meyer hardness had a much smaller orientation dependence than the elastic properties. Moisture generally plasticized the S2 layer. Over the range of RH tested, the longitudinal elastic modulus decreased by 30%, the transverse elastic modulus and transverse shear modulus decreased by 83%, the axial shear modulus did not have an observable trend with RH, and the hardness decreased by 68% to 82% with the hardness in the longitudinal direction softening less than in the transverse direction.
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Liu, Yitao, and Dongrong Xin. "Shear behavior of CoCrFeNiCuTix high-entropy alloys based on molecular dynamics simulations." Advances in Engineering Innovation 16, no. 4 (April 16, 2025): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.54254/2977-3903/2025.22336.
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This study uses molecular dynamics simulations to systematically explore the effects of Ti content, temperature, and shear strain rate on the shear deformation behavior of CoCrFeNiCuTix high-entropy alloys. The results show that, at the same temperature and shear strain rate, the shear modulus increases with the increase in Ti content, while the shear strength remains unaffected. For the equiatomic CoCrFeNiCuTi high-entropy alloy, both the shear modulus and shear strength decrease linearly as the temperature rises. However, as the shear strain rate increases, the shear modulus remains mostly unchanged, but the shear strength shows a significant increase.
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Yurchenko, Stepan A. "A method for theoretical calculation of Young’s modulus and modulus shear for metals and their alloys under normal conditions based on a new model of sound wave transmission in metal." EPJ Web of Conferences 321 (2025): 02017. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202532102017.
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The paper presents theoretical calculations of the values of Young’s modulus and shear modulus for single crystals of iron, chromium, and other metals and alloys based on a new model of sound transmission in metals. The theoretical values of Young’s modulus and shear modulus obtained for undeformed metals under normal conditions are slightly less than the values of Young’s modulus and shear modulus for these materials obtained experimentally, which is consistent with the condition of stress growth during elastic deformation.
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Lu, Xue Song, and Wei Xiang. "Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Ionic Soil Stabilizer Reinforcing Red Clay." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1391.
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Based on the red clay of Wuhan reinforced by Ionic Soil Stabilizer, the red clay soil is treated by different matches of ISS at first, then is tested in the Atterberg limits test and dynamic triaxia test. The results show that the plastic index decreases, and the red clay were greatly improved under the dynamic condition, the maximum dynamic shear modulus ratio acquired an incensement of 27.72% on average after mixing the ISS into the red clay. In addition, It was concluded that the confining pressure influenced the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio to a certain extent. Given the same strain conditions, with the incensement of confining pressure increases, the dynamic shear modulus increased and the damping ratio decreased. Moreover, when plotting the dynamic shear modulus versus the dynamic shear strain, the similar curve can be formed for both the natural soil and the modified one, the dynamic shear modulus monotonously decreased with the incensement of the dynamic shear strain. However, the value of dynamic shear modulus differed in the same shear strain between the natural soil and the soil modified by ISS.
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Hu, Jin-Lian, and Yi-Tong Zhang. "The KES Shear Test for Fabrics." Textile Research Journal 67, no. 9 (September 1997): 654–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706700904.
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Many fabric mechanics researchers have reported that specimens being tested on the KES shear tester are not subjected to pure shear deformation; therefore, test results cannot lead directly to a determination of the fabric shear modulus and stress/strain relationship, particularly in the nonlinear range of stress-strain. Combined with finite element analysis, this paper presents an analytical solution for the distribution of shear stresses and strains in fabric specimens tested on the kes tester. A fabric is treated as an orthotropic sheet during the analysis, which leads to a closed-form solution for the shear modulus as a function of fabric tensile and shear moduli from the kes shear test. A modified shear stress-strain relationship can also be derived. From calculations for fabrics used here, the difference between modified and tested shear modulus values is about 25–30%. The study also suggests that although the shear modulus and curves obtained on the kes shear tester are significantly different from those under the pure shear state, the kes results can still reflect the nature of a fabric under shear deformation and are valid for general objective evaluations. The exact shear stress-strain relationship and actual shear modulus may be modified only when they are required for fabric complex deformation analysis.
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Javanbakhti, Ahmad, Larry Lines, and David Gray. "Empirical modeling of the saturated shear modulus in oil sands." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): MR129—MR137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0309.1.
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Seismic reservoir characterization and monitoring require the knowledge of seismic wave velocities and their dependencies on reservoir properties and production-induced changes. In heavy-oil saturated rocks at cold temperatures, due to the nonzero shear rigidity of the fluid, the saturated shear modulus is higher than the dry shear modulus and, consequently, the observed P- and S-wave velocities are higher than Gassmann’s predicted velocities. Appropriate modeling of the saturated shear modulus can greatly enhance the accuracy of quantitative interpretation of spatial fluid saturation and temperature distribution within a reservoir undergoing thermal production. Using a well-log data set of an Athabasca heavy-oil play and measured oil viscosities from core samples, we estimate fluid viscosity, shear modulus, and the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity logs by training a neural network (NNT) with available well logs. We also estimate the dry shear modulus of heavy-oil saturated rocks using an NNT approach after modeling the pressure variations within the reservoir. Our empirical model uses the apparent shear modulus of the oil, its saturation, porosity, and dry shear modulus to estimate the saturated shear modulus of the rock. We calibrate the model to ultrasonic lab measurements. Available literature data support the validity of the model and show the improved performance compared to the Ciz and Shapiro model. The range of applicability of the model is defined mathematically, and the behavior of the model with respect to the input parameters is examined through sensitivity analyses.
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Li, Wei Zhou. "Numerical Study on the Bearing Capacity of Composite Foundation with Pile-Soil Shear Modulus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.57.
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Numerical simulation model was established with FLAC3D to calculate the bearing capacity and the settlement of composite foundation with different pile-soil shear modulus. Then the rules of the effect of pile-soil shear modulus upon mixed pile composite foundation have been obtained. The results show that there is a great relationship between the pile-soil shear modulus and the bearing capacity of mixed pile composite foundation. Along with the increase of pile-soil shear modulus, the bearing capacity increase. Also, this paper suggest that the right value of pile-soil shear modulus of mixed pile composite foundation solidified by HEC or HAS consolidator dosing 12%, which can be used for the design of mixed pile composite foundation.
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Nakamura, Masatoshi, Shigeru Sato, Ryosuke Kiyono, Nobushige Takahashi, and Tomoichi Yoshida. "Effect of Rest Duration Between Static Stretching on Passive Stiffness of Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle In Vivo." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 29, no. 5 (July 1, 2020): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0376.
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Context: In clinical and sports settings, static stretching (SS) is usually performed to increase range of motion (ROM) and decrease passive muscle stiffness. Recently, the shear elastic modulus was measured by ultrasonic shear wave elastography as an index of muscle stiffness. Previous studies reported that the shear elastic modulus measured by ultrasound shear wave elastography decreased after SS, and the effects of SS on shear elastic modulus were likely affected by rest duration between sets of SS. Objective: To investigate the acute effects of SS with different rest durations on ROM and shear elastic modulus of gastrocnemius and to clarify whether the rest duration between sets of SS decreases the shear elastic modulus. Design: A randomized, repeated-measures experimental design. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Sixteen healthy males volunteered to participate in the study (age 21.3 [0.8] y; height 171.8 [5.1] cm; weight 63.1 [4.5] kg). Main Outcome Measures: Each participant underwent 3 different rest interval durations during SS (ie, long rest duration: 90 s; normal rest duration: 30 s; and short rest duration: 10 s). This SS technique was repeated 10 times, thus lasting a total of 300 seconds with different rest durations in each protocol. The dorsiflexion ROM and shear elastic modulus were measured before and after SS. Results: Our results revealed that dorsiflexion ROM and shear elastic modulus were changed after 300-second SS; however, no effects of the rest duration between sets of SS were observed. Conclusions: In terms of decreasing the shear elastic modulus, clinicians and coaches should not focus on the rest duration when SS intervention is performed.
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Pereira, Edimir A., Edimir M. Brandão, Soraia V. Borges, and Maria C. A. Maia. "Influence of concentration on the steady and oscillatory shear behavior of umbu pulp." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 12, no. 1 (February 2008): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-43662008000100013.
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In this experimental work the rheological behavior of umbu pulp has been studied by shear flow (pseudoplasticity, apparent viscosity) and in oscillatory mode (dynamic modules) in the linear domain of viscoelasticity. The studies were carried out with the use of a controlled stress Rheometer Haake RS 100, at different soluble solid concentrations (10, 15, 20 and 25 °Brix), measured at 30 °C. Tests in steady shear were conducted over a shear rate range of 0.1 - 300 s-1 and oscillatory measurements over a frequency range of 0.01 - 100 Hz. The results indicated that umbu pulp behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid, with pseudoplastic characteristics and yield stress appearance and exhibits tixotropic properties. Rheograms were fitted to the Herschel-Bulkey model. From the dynamic test the umbu pulp showed storage modulus (G') values that were always higher than loss modulus (G"), indicating weak gel-like behavior. Storage and loss modulus increased with increase in the concentration.
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Benjamin, Udota S., Tamunobereton-ari I., Horsfall I. Opiriyabo, and Mogaba P. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STATIC SHEAR MODULUS AND DYNAMIC SHEAR MODULUS DETERMINED BY GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION." Earth Science Malaysia 6, no. 1 (2022): 01–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esmy.01.2022.01.10.
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Due to the occurrence of earth tremors which leads to the vibrations of foundations and perhaps failure of buildings and roads, it is therefore important to understand and have knowledge of the geomechanical soil properties for foundation design, assessment of risks and suggestion of mitigation plans in engineering structures and road construction. A total of 3 boreholes were drilled with the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) performed and Downhole Seismic Test (DST) carried out in the boreholes located within Assa to investigate the Geomechanical soil properties in the area. For the geophysical survey, the downhole seismic test was carried out to determine the P-wave and S-wave. The results were processed using the generalized reciprocal method (GRM) with the Seisimager program. The results of soil dynamic modulus (shear, young and bulk modulus) and Poisson ratio recorded from DST conducted in BH1, BH2 and BH3 ranges from 7300 KPa to 72390 KPa, 0.31 to 0.41 for the Poisson ratio. Meanwhile, soil static modulus and Poisson’s ratio recorded from SPT conducted in BH1, BH2 and BH3 ranges from 2520 to 44687.0 KPa, 0.20 to 0.55 for the Poisson ratio respectively. The results of this study have shown that there is a wide variation between geomechanical properties derived from geotechnical investigations (static properties) and geophysical investigations (dynamic properties). Based on depth trend analysis, the dynamic and static soil elastic properties all increases with depth. Generally, the dynamic soil properties were significantly higher than the static elastic properties. At shallow depths (<12.0 m), the difference between static and dynamic soil modulus was relatively small, but increased with increasing depth. Meanwhile, the difference between static and dynamic Poisson ratio was high at shallow depth and it decreased with increased depths where they almost overlap. Correlation between the derived static and dynamic properties all revealed positive correlation trends. The strength of the correlation was highest for young modulus (r=0.87) which was closely followed by the shear modulus (r=0.63). Meanwhile, Poisson ratio (r=0.40) and bulk modulus (r=0.23) revealed weak positive correlation trends. The regression models generated from this study were used to derive static elastic properties and compared with the static properties obtained from geotechnical investigation thereby deriving the equations Dynamic Shear Modulus = (1.4207 x Static Shear Modulus) + 5022, Dynamic Young Modulus = (2.0241 x static young modulus) + 5054.8, Dynamic Bulk Modulus = (1.7852 x static bulk modulus) + 15458, Dynamic Poisson’s ratio = (0.1812 x Static Poisson’s ratio) + 0.3154. The results showed fairly good match between static (geotechnical) shear modulus and static (from regression model) shear modulus, static (geotechnical) young modulus and static (from regression model) young modulus. There was no good match obtained for bulk modulus and Poisson ratio generally, except at shallow depth (< 12 m depth) where Poisson ratio revealed a good match.
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Wang, Bin, Kang Liu, Yong Wang, and Quan Jiang. "Site Investigations of the Lacustrine Clay in Taihu Lake, China, Using Self-Boring Pressuremeter Test." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 6026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186026.
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Site investigations of the soils are considered very important for evaluation of the site conditions, as well as the design and construction for the project built in it. Taihu tunnel is thus far the longest tunnel constructed in the lake in China, with an entire length of over 10 km. However, due to the very insufficient site data obtained for the lacustrine clay in the Taihu lake area, a series of self-boring pressuremeter (SBPM) field tests was therefore carried out. Undrained shear strengths were deduced from the SBPM test, with the results showing generally higher than those obtained from the laboratory tests, which may be attributed to the disturbance to the soil mass during the sampling process. Degradation characteristics of the soil shear modulus (Gs) were mainly investigated, via a thorough comparison between different soil layers, and generally, the shear modulus would cease its decreasing trends and become stable when the shear strain reaches over 1%. Meanwhile, it was found that a linear relationship between the plasticity index and the shear modulus, and between the decay rate of the shear modulus and the plasticity index as well, could be developed. Further statistical analysis over the undrained shear strength and shear modulus distribution of the soils shows that the undrained shear strength of the soils follows a normal distribution, while the shear modulus follows a log-normal distribution. More importantly, the spatial correlation length of the shear modulus is found much smaller than that of the undrained strength.
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Smith, John D., and Patricia E. Verrier. "The effect of shear on acoustic cloaking." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 467, no. 2132 (March 2, 2011): 2291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0646.
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The effect of a non-zero shear modulus on two-dimensional acoustic cloaking based on the transformation technique is investigated. Using the method of multiple scales, approximate solutions are found to the elastic equations with anisotropic density when the ratio of the shear modulus to the bulk modulus is small. These solutions indicate that a non-zero shear modulus causes the cloaking effect to become limited to a band of frequency, which becomes wider as the shear modulus is reduced. Resonances associated with shear waves are seen in the tangential component of displacement but do not affect the scattering to first order in the asymptotic expansions. No finite solutions exist for the case when the transformation shrinks the cloaked object to zero size (perfect cloaking).
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Soból, Emil, Katarzyna Gabryś, Karina Zabłocka, Raimondas Šadzevičius, Rytis Skominas, and Wojciech Sas. "Laboratory Studies of Small Strain Stiffness and Modulus Degradation of Warsaw Mineral Cohesive Soils." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121127.
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The shear modulus and normalized shear modulus degradation curve are the fundamental parameters describing soil behavior. Thus, this article is focused on the stiffness characteristic of 15 different Warsaw cohesive soli represented by the parameters mentioned above. In this research, standard resonant column tests were performed in a wide shear strain range, from a small one, where soil behaves like an elastic medium, to a medium one, where soil has an unrecoverable deformation. Collected data allows the authors to create empirical models describing stiffness characteristics with high reliability. The maximum shear modulus calculated by the proposed equation for Warsaw cohesive soil had a relative error of about 6.8%. The formula for normalized shear modulus estimated G/GMAX with 2.2% relative error. Combined empirical models for GMAX, and G/GMAX allow the evaluation of Warsaw cohesive soil’s shear modulus value in a wide shear deformation range, with a very low value of the relative error of 6.7%.
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Ličen, Urška, and Žiga Kozinc. "Using Shear-Wave Elastography to Assess Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Review." Sensors 22, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 7574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197574.
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Shear-wave elastography is a method that is increasingly used to assess muscle stiffness in clinical practice and human health research. Recently, shear-wave elastography has been suggested and used to assess exercise-induced muscle damage. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of the utility of shear-wave elastography for assessment of muscle damage. In general, the literature supports the shear-wave elastography as a promising method for assessment of muscle damage. Increases in shear modulus are reported immediately and up to several days after eccentric exercise, while studies using shear-wave elastography during and after endurance events are showing mixed results. Moreover, it seems that shear modulus increases are related to the decline in voluntary strength loss. We recommend that shear modulus is measured at multiple muscles within a muscle group and preferably at longer muscle lengths. While further studies are needed to confirm this, the disruption of calcium homeostasis seems to be the primary candidate for the underlying mechanism explaining the increases in shear modulus observed after eccentric exercise. It remains to be investigated how well the changes in shear modulus correlate with directly assessed amount of muscle damage (biopsy).
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Tepper, Robert S., Barry Wiggs, Susan J. Gunst, and Peter D. Paré. "Comparison of the shear modulus of mature and immature rabbit lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 87, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 711–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.711.
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Maximal airway narrowing during bronchoconstriction is greater in immature than in mature rabbits. At a given transpulmonary pressure (Pl), the lung parenchyma surrounding the airway resists local deformation and provides a load that opposes airway smooth muscle shortening. We hypothesized that the force required to produce lung parenchymal deformation, quantified by the shear modulus, is lower in immature rabbit lungs. The shear modulus and the bulk modulus were measured in isolated mature ( n = 8; 6 mo) and immature ( n = 9; 3 wk) rabbit lungs at Pl of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 cmH2O. The bulk modulus increased with increasing Pl for mature and immature lungs; however, there was no significant difference between the groups. The shear modulus was lower for the immature than the mature lungs ( P < 0.025), progressively increasing with increasing Pl( P < 0.001) for both groups, and there was no difference between the slopes for shear modulus vs. Pl for the mature and the immature lungs. The mean value of the shear modulus for mature and immature rabbit lungs at Pl = 6 cmH2O was 4.5 vs. 3.8 cmH2O. We conclude that the shear modulus is less in immature than mature rabbit lungs. This small maturational difference in the shear modulus probably does not account for the greater airway narrowing in the immature lung, unless its effect is coupled with a relatively thicker and more compliant airway wall in the immature animal.
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Teachavorasinskun, Supot, Pipat Thongchim, and Panitan Lukkunaprasit. "Shear modulus and damping of soft Bangkok clays." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1, 2002): 1201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-048.
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The shear modulus and damping ratio of undisturbed Bangkok clay samples were measured using a cyclic triaxial apparatus. Although abundant literature on this topic exists, selection of the most suitable empirical correlation for a seismic analysis cannot be done unless site specific data are obtained. The apparatus used in this research can measure the stressstrain relationships from strain levels of about 0.01%. The equivalent shear modulus measured at these strains was about 80% of the value obtained from the shear wave velocity measurements. The degradation curves of the equivalent shear modulus fell into the ranges reported in the literature, for clay having similar plasticity. The damping ratios varied from about 45% at small strains (0.01%) to about 2530% at large strains (10%). The effects of load frequency and cyclic stress history on the shear modulus and damping ratio were also investigated. An increase in load frequency from 0.1 to 1.0 Hz had no influence on the shear modulus characteristic, but it did result in a slight decrease in the damping ratio. The effects of the small amplitude cyclic stress history on the subsequently measured shear modulus and damping ratio were almost negligible when the changes in void ratio were taken into account.Key words: soft clay, shear modulus, damping ratio, cyclic triaxial test, cyclic stress history.
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Yang, Liguo, Shengjun Shao, and Zhi Wang. "Experimental Study on the Dynamic Modulus and Damping Ratio of Compacted Loess under Circular Dynamic Stress Paths." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (October 14, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9574548.
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Dynamic loads such as earthquakes and traffic will simultaneously generate vertical dynamic stress and horizontal shear stress in the foundation soil. When the vertical dynamic stress amplitude is twice the horizontal shear dynamic stress amplitude, and the phase difference between them is 90°, a circular dynamic stress path is formed in the τ z θ d ∼ σ zd − σ θ d / 2 stress coordinate system. To simulate the stress state of soil in the area of the circular dynamic stress path caused by bidirectional dynamic stress coupling, a series of tests of compacted loess under the action of a circular dynamic stress path were carried out using a hollow cylindrical torsion shear apparatus. The effects of the mean principal stress, dry density, and deviatoric stress ratio (the ratio of deviator stress to average principal stress) on the dynamic modulus and damping ratio of compacted loess were mainly studied. The test results show that, under the action of the circular dynamic stress path, the larger the mean principal stress is, the larger the dynamic compression modulus and dynamic shear modulus are. The dynamic compression modulus increases obviously with increasing dry density, but the dynamic shear modulus increases only slightly. When the deviator stress ratio increases from 0 to 0.4, the dynamic compression modulus and dynamic shear modulus increase to a certain extent. In addition, the greater the dry density and deviatoric stress ratio are, the greater the initial dynamic compression modulus and initial dynamic shear modulus of the compacted loess. The dynamic compression damping ratio of compacted loess increases with increasing mean principal stress, but the dynamic shear damping ratio decreases with increasing mean principal stress. Dry density basically has no effect on the dynamic compression damping ratio and dynamic shear damping ratio of compacted loess. When the dynamic strain exceeds 1%, the greater the deviatoric stress ratio is, the smaller the dynamic compression damping ratio and the dynamic shear damping ratio are. The research results can provide reference for the study of dynamic modulus and damping ratio of loess under special stress paths.
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Sezer, Alper, Eyyub Karakan, and Nazar Tanrinian. "Shear modulus and damping ratio of a nonplastic silt at large shear strains." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 08007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199208007.
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Site response analyses and solution of dynamic soil-structure interaction problems need determination of variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain. Since many studies in literature concern evaluation of behavior of sands and silty sands, a series of cyclic triaxial tests were performed to determine the variation of shear modulus and damping ratio of a nonplastic silt with shear strain. Stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests on silt specimens of initial relative densities ranging among 30%, 50% and 70% were performed. Tests were carried out on identical samples under different CSR levels, and the confining pressure was selected as 100 kPa. Variation of shear modulus and damping ratio of silts with cyclic stress ratio amplitude, relative density and number of cycles were investigated. It was understood that soil relative density and cyclic stress ratio amplitude has a significant influence on shear modulus and damping ratio of silts. It was also observed that, as the cyclic stress ratio amplitude is increased, greater shear modulus and lower damping ratio values were obtained.
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Mohd Puaad, Muhammad Bazli Faliq, Zakiah Ahmad, Norshariza Mohamad Bhkari, Mohd Johan Mohamed Ibrahim, Narita Noh, Shahrul Nizam Mohammad, and Herda Balqis Ismail. "DEVELOPMENT OF A CORRELATION MODEL FOR TORSIONAL SHEAR MODULUS PROPERTIES BETWEEN STRUCTURAL SIZE SPECIMENS BASED ON EN 384:2016 AND SMALL CLEAR SPECIMENS (MS544: PART 2)." Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 86, no. 6 (September 17, 2024): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v86.20819.
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In timber design, the shear modulus of beams is crucial for ensuring torsional stability and minimizing vibrational issues. Traditionally, the ratio of modulus of elasticity (E) to shear modulus (G) is assumed to be 16:1. However, bending tests often combine flexural and shear stresses, making it difficult to assess pure shear properties. The British Standard BS EN 408:2012 now recommends the torsion test as the preferred method for determining the shear modulus of structural-size timber and timber composites. This method has received limited attention in Malaysia. This study investigates the torsional shear modulus of Malaysian tropical timber species across different strength groups (SG), including Balau (SG1), Kempas (SG2), Kelat (SG3), Kapur (SG4), Resak (SG4), Keruing (SG5), Mengkulang (SG5), Light Red Meranti (SG6), and Geronggang (SG7). Torsion tests were conducted in line with BS EN 408, and the results were compared with modulus of elasticity values from MS554: Part 2. The findings showed that the E to G ratio for these species ranged from 17:1 to 29:1, with an average of 21:1—exceeding the conventional 16:1 ratio. This indicates that torsional shear modulus must be experimentally tested rather than inferred from the traditional ratio.
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Yuan, Jia Jing, Wen Zhuang Lu, Dun Wen Zuo, and Feng Xu. "Contact Stress Analysis of NCD Coating on Cemented Carbide." Key Engineering Materials 431-432 (March 2010): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.431-432.98.
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The contact stress of cemented carbide with NCD coating in elastic contact was analyzed using ANSYS. Factors such as elastic modulus and thickness of NCD film and elastic modulus of interlayer which affect the shear stress distribution of NCD film on cemented carbide substrate were investigated. The results show that the maximum shear stress point moves towards the interface with the increase of film elastic modulus. Film thickness has a significant effect on shear stress distribution of NCD film. High shear stress develops in the film layer with the increase of film thickness. Interlayer with low elastic modulus will cause shear stress concentration in NCD film.
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Xu, Wenzhang, and Truong Le. "Use of machine learning in determining Gmax from bender element tests." E3S Web of Conferences 544 (2024): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454401020.
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The use of bender element is one of the most popular methods of determining shear wave velocity, and hence elastic shear modulus due to its relatively straightforward experimental set-up. While several analysis methods have been proposed, manual interpretation using the first arrival continues to be favoured owing to its simplicity. This paper presents a novel automated program for determining the shear wave velocity and associated maximum shear modulus. The proposed new method involves the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to predict the most probable shear wave velocity using a range of input frequencies as the inputs. Estimates made by the trained CNN are compared to values determined using more traditional interpretation methods (first-arrival, cross-correlation and frequency domain). The program is able to autonomously determining the shear modulus in the three principal orientations (Gvh, Ghv, and Ghh) at a range of stress levels. The shear modulus determined using the range of techniques showed great agreement. Statistical analysis of the determined shear modulus regression of over 0.99 between interpretations made using first arrival and that estimated using the new CNN approach.
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Thomas, Ansu. "An Experimental Study on Shear Modulus of Alkali Activated GGBS Stabilised Soil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012124.
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Abstract The shear modulus of the alkali activated Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) stabilized soil is evaluated in the current study by conducting triaxial tests under cyclic loading. Stabilised soil samples were prepared and studied for shear modulus by varying the loading frequency, rate of loading and confining pressure. It is found that the shear modulus degradation is more prominent at lower confining pressure. For a confining pressure of 50Kpa, and cyclic shear strain amplitude of 0.2%, shear modulus degradation varies from 12% to 15.7% for an increase in loading frequency from 0.5Hz to 1.5Hz. Whereas for a confining pressure of 200Kpa, and cyclic shear strain amplitude of 0.2%, shear modulus degradation varies from 2.4% to 6.3% for an increase in loading frequency from 0.5Hz to 1.5Hz. Lateral support decreases the rate of degradation for the same loading frequency. With increase in cyclic shear strain from 0.2% to 0.8% as given in fig, rate of degradation increases from 6.8% to 30.7% for a confining pressure of 200KPa to 50kPa.
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Liu, Xin, and Jun Yang. "Shear wave velocity and shear modulus of silty sand." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2, no. 24 (2016): 907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.hkg-07.
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Chen, Yao-Chung, and Hsiu-Yen Hung. "Evolution of Shear Modulus and Fabric During Shear Deformation." Soils and Foundations 31, no. 4 (December 1991): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.31.4_148.
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Jin, Qian, Yong Gang Xu, Yang Di, and Hao Fan. "Influence of the Particle Size on the Rheology of Magnetorheological Elastomer." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.757.
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In this paper, the correlation between the particle size and rheological properties of MRE was discussed through both experimental results and theoretical analysis. It shows that the particle size can significantly influence the magnetorheological effect by changing the initial shear modulus and the saturated magnetic-induced shear modulus . With an increase in the particle size, the initial shear modulus gets lower, and the saturated magnetic-induced shear modulus increases to the maximum and then decreases. The larger the particle size is, the longer the distance between neighbor particles along the magnetic field is. Based on the relationship between the particle size and shear modulus, there exists an optimum size for added particles. Moreover, the performance of MRE can be improved by optimizing the particle size based on those rules.
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Sergeeva, O. A., V. V. Mishakin, and V. A. Klyushnikov. "STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS AND ELASTIC MODULUS OF METASTABLE AUSTENITIC STEELS." Problems of Strength and Plasticity 86, no. 1 (2024): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32326/1814-9146-2024-86-1-94-105.
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This work is devoted to studying the influence of cyclic deformation on the elastic moduli of metastable austenitic steel. The estimated calculation of the modules of the strain-induced martensite and the modules of the matrix of the material (austenite) in the Voigt approximation. The modulus calculations were made according to the ultrasonic wave velocity measurements taking into account changes in the density of the material due to the difference in the volumes of the unit cells of the matrix and the ??-martensite. The volume fraction of ??-martensite and its change during cyclic deformation were determined by the eddy-current method. The influence of the strain cycle amplitude on the increase in the volume fraction of martensite was studied. The dependences of the relative change in Young's modulus, shear modulus, volume compression modulus on the number of loading cycles for metastable steel 12Kh18N10T are given. Relationships between the moduli change and the characteristics of cyclic loading of steel are obtained: the hardening of the material and the energy density in the cycle, used to calculate the service life using the methods of deformable solid mechanics. Studies shown that the critical change in the modules corresponding to the appearance of a microcrack depends on the strain cycle amplitude.The maximum change in the modules of metastable steel 12Kh18N10T was 4.5%; that by an order more than in steels that don't undergo phase transformations. A high degree of correlation between the change in elastic moduli and the fatigue characteristics of metastable austenitic steel is revealed: the hardening of the material and the energy density in the cycle. Correlations between the fatigue life of 12Kh18N10T steel and the change in elastic modulus – shear modulus and Young's modulus are obtained, which makes it possible to assess the state of the studied steel based on acoustic measurements.
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Edincliler, Ayse, Ali Firat Cabalar, Abdulkadir Cevik, and Haluk Isik. "New Formulations for Dynamic Behavior of Sand-Waste Tire Mixtures in a Small Range of Strain Amplitudes." Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 62, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppci.8698.
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This paper describes the results of a series of cyclic triaxial tests on sand - waste tire mixtures, and applications of genetic programming (GP) and stepwise regression (SR) for the prediction of damping ratio and shear modulus of the mixtures tested. In the tests, shear modulus, and damping ratio of the geomaterials were measured for a strain range of 0.0001% up to 0.04%. The input variables in the developed GP and SR models are the waste tire content (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%), waste tire type (tire crumbs or tire buffings), strain, and confining pressures (40 kPa, 100 kPa, and 200 kPa), and outputs are shear modulus and damping ratio. Test results show that the shear modulus and the damping ratio of the mixtures are strongly influenced by the waste tire inclusions. The performance of the proposed GP models (R2 = 0.95 for shear modulus, and R2 = 0.94 for damping ratio) are observed to be more accurate than that of the SR models (R2 = 0.87 for shear modulus, and R2 = 0.91 for damping ratio).
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Daoud, Salah, Pawan-Kumar Saini, and Hamza Rekab-Djabri. "Quasi-linear correlation between shear and young’s moduli in some polycrystalline ceramics." International Journal of Physical Research 12, no. 1 (March 6, 2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/vt3yt649.
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This work aims to investigate the correlation between the shear modulus and the Young’s modulus of some pore-free polycrystalline ceram-ics. Our study shows that the shear modulus correlates quasi-linearly with the Young’s modulus. The best fit was obtained using the linear model. The fit of the shear modulus G as a function of the Young modulus E obeys this linear expression: G = 0.43E - 7.7 (where both G and E are expressed in GPa). The coefficient of the correlation was found at around 0.994. Our expression was used to predict the shear modulus G of some other polycrystalline ceramics, especially: Dy2O3, Er2O3, and Y2O3 materials, which are estimated at around 65.6, 72.4, and 51.8 GPa, respectively. We attempt also to estimate the Vickers hardness of our materials of interest using an empirical expression of the literature. Unfortunately our predicted results are larger than those reported previously in the literature.
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Wen, Liwei. "Effect of Mean Grain Size on the Small-Strain Dynamic Properties of Calcareous Sand." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (July 18, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9291890.
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Calcareous sand was selected as the prior material for island reclamation in many coastal regions. The mechanical properties of the granular materials are greatly affected by their grain size distribution conditions. The shear modulus and damping ratio are two important parameters for earthquake ground response analysis and liquefaction evaluation. A series of resonant column tests had been performed on calcareous sands with varying median grain diameter and uniform coefficient. The dependence of the shear modulus and damping ratio of the calcareous sand on grain size has been confirmed in this examination. The test results reveal that the shear modulus decreases with a rise in shear strain for calcareous sand samples at a given confining pressure and relative density. The maximum shear modulus tends to increase with confining pressure and relative density. On the maximum shear modulus and void ratio plane, the trend lines of the measured results shift toward up and right position with a rise in grain diameter. The measured results indicate that the influence of uniform coefficient on the maximum shear modulus is neglectable. A revised empirical equation based on the Hardin model had been proposed considering the influence of grain diameter to estimate the maximum shear modulus of calcareous sand. The predicted values show satisfactory agreement with the measured results. The results manifest that the effect of grading condition on small-strain dynamic properties of calcareous sands cannot be neglected for the evaluation of seismic safety for reclamation engineering sites.
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Tanabe, Yuka, Ai Shirai, and Ichiro Ogura. "Shear Wave Elastography for Parotid Glands: Quantitative Analysis of Shear Elastic Modulus in Relation to Age, Gender, and Internal Architecture in Patients with Oral Cancer." Journal of Imaging 11, no. 5 (May 4, 2025): 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11050145.
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Background: Recently, shear wave elastography (SWE) has been recognized as an effective tool for evaluating Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the parotid glands with SWE, especially for quantitative analysis of shear elastic modulus in relation to age, gender, and internal architecture in patients with oral cancer to collect control data for SS. Methods: In total, 124 parotid glands of 62 patients with oral cancer were evaluated with SWE. The parotid glands were examined for the internal architecture (homogeneous or heterogeneous) on B-mode. The SWE allowed the operator to place regions of interest (ROIs) for parotid glands, and displayed automatically shear elastic modulus data (kPa) for each ROI. Gender and internal architecture were compared with the shear elastic modulus of the parotid glands by Mann–Whitney U-test. The comparison of age and shear elastic modulus was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The shear elastic modulus of the parotid glands was not significantly different for according to gender (males, 7.70 ± 2.22 kPa and females, 7.67 ± 2.41 kPa, p = 0.973) or internal architecture (homogeneous: 7.69 ± 2.25 kPa and heterogeneous: 7.72 ± 2.74 kPa, p = 0.981). Furthermore, the shear elastic modulus was not correlated with age (n = 124, R = −0.133, p = 0.139). Conclusion: Our study showed the control data of the shear elastic modulus of the parotid glands for SS. SWE is useful for the quantitative evaluation of the parotid glands.
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SELYAEV, V. P., L. I. KUPRIYASHKINA, E. L. KECHUTKINA, N. N. KISELEV, and O. V. LIYASKIN. "Mechanical Characteristics of Vacuum Thermal Insulation Panels: Deformation Diagrams, Strength, Deformation Modules." Stroitel'nye Materialy 785, no. 10 (2020): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2020-785-10-44-51.
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The results of studying the mechanical properties of vacuum insulation panels are presented. The compressive strength and deformation modules (elastic and secant) under compression and shear are determined. The dependence of the mechanical characteristics of vacuum insulation panels (VIP) on the type and quantitative ratio of fillers is shown. It is established that the diagram of deformation of the VIP under compression can be described by an analytical function. Experimental studies of the properties of VIP have established that the deformation diagram of VIP has the form characteristic for materials that self-strengthen during loading with a compressive load and is adequately described by the function of G. V. Bulfinger. A method is proposed for determining the coefficients α and β that makes it possible to verify the approximating function using experimental data. Polynomial models describing the dependence of the elastic modulus, strength, and thermal conductivity coefficient on the composition and quantitative ratio of fiber and powder fillers are developed. It is established that the numerical values of the strain modulus depend on the type, amount of powder filler, and their ratio to the fibrous filler. The values of strain and strength models increase with increasing content and size of filler particles. A method for determining the shear modulus for VIP has been developed. It has been experimentally established that the value of the shear modulus for VIP depends on both the filler composition and the characteristics of the panel film shell. Keywords: vacuum insulation panel, diatomite, silica fume, thermal conductivity, strength, compression, shear, modulus of deformation.
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Naito, Kimiyoshi, Chiemi Nagai, and Shota Kawasaki. "Tensile Properties and Weibull Modulus of Polymeric-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy-Impregnated Bundle Composites." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 10 (September 30, 2024): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100390.
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The tensile properties and the Weibull statistical distributions of the tensile strength of poly-(para-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO), poly-(para-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA), copoly-(para-phenylene-3,4′-oxydiphenylene terephthalamide (PPODTA), polyarylate (PAR), and polyethylene (PE) polymeric fiber epoxy-impregnated bundle composites have been investigated. The results show that the Weibull modulus decreases as the tensile modulus, strength, and inverse of the failure strain increase. The interfacial shear properties were also examined using the microdroplet composite. For the lower interfacial shear strength of polymeric fibers, the Weibull modulus decreases as interfacial shear strength increases. Conversely, for the higher interfacial shear strength of polymeric fibers, the Weibull modulus increases as interfacial shear strength increases. Interestingly, these inflection points were also observed for the 20–30 MPa interfacial shear strength.
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Huang, Wen, and Lijun Yang. "First-principles investigation of the electronic, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties of europium carbide." Canadian Journal of Physics 93, no. 4 (April 2015): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0667.
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The electronic, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties of europium carbide (EuC2) are investigated using first-principles density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation. The calculated elastic constants indicate that EuC2 is mechanically stable. The shear modulus, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, the bulk modulus – shear modulus ratio, shear anisotropy, and elastic anisotropy are also calculated. Finally, we obtain the Vickers hardness, averaged sound velocity, longitudinal sound velocity, transverse sound velocity, Debye temperature, melting point, and thermal conductivity of EuC2.