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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Silicon lithium nanowire”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 3 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 13 lipca 2025

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1

Sun, Fang, Zhiyuan Tan, Zhengguang Hu, et al. "Ultrathin Silicon Nanowires Produced by a Bi-Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching Method for Highly Stable Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes." Nano 15, no. 06 (2020): 2050076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292020500769.

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Silicon is widely studied as a high-capacity lithium-ion battery anode. However, the pulverization of silicon caused by a large volume expansion during lithiation impedes it from being used as a next generation anode for lithium-ion batteries. To overcome this drawback, we synthesized ultrathin silicon nanowires. These nanowires are 1D silicon nanostructures fabricated by a new bi-metal-assisted chemical etching process. We compared the lithium-ion battery properties of silicon nanowires with different average diameters of 100[Formula: see text]nm, 30[Formula: see text]nm and 10[Formula: see text]nm and found that the 30[Formula: see text]nm ultrathin silicon nanowire anode has the most stable properties for use in lithium-ion batteries. The above anode demonstrates a discharge capacity of 1066.0[Formula: see text]mAh/g at a current density of 300[Formula: see text]mA/g when based on the mass of active materials; furthermore, the ultrathin silicon nanowire with average diameter of 30[Formula: see text]nm anode retains 87.5% of its capacity after the 50th cycle, which is the best among the three silicon nanowire anodes. The 30[Formula: see text]nm ultrathin silicon nanowire anode has a more proper average diameter and more efficient content of SiOx. The above prevents the 30[Formula: see text]nm ultrathin silicon nanowires from pulverization and broken during cycling, and helps the 30[Formula: see text]nm ultrathin silicon nanowires anode to have a stable SEI layer, which contributes to its high stability.

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Boone, Donald C. "Quantum Mechanical Comparison between Lithiated and Sodiated Silicon Nanowires." Applied Nano 5, no. 2 (2024): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applnano5020005.

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This computational research study will compare the specific charge capacity (SCC) between lithium ions inserted into crystallized silicon (c-Si) nanowires with that of sodium ions inserted into amorphous silicon (a-Si) nanowires. It will be demonstrated that the potential energy V(r) within a lithium–silicon nanowire supports a coherent energy state model with discrete electron particles, while the potential energy of a sodium–silicon nanowire will be discovered to be essentially zero, and, thus, the electron current that travels through a sodiated silicon nanowire will be modeled as a free electron with wave-like characteristics. This is due to the vast differences in the electric fields of lithiated and sodiated silicon nanowires, where the electric fields are of the order of 1010 V/m and 10−15 V/m, respectively. The main reason for the great disparity in electric fields is the presence of optical amplification within lithium ions and the absence of this process within sodium ions. It will be shown that optical amplification develops coherent optical interactions, which is the primary reason for the surge of specific charge capacity in the lithiated silicon nanowire. Conversely, the lack of optical amplification is the reason for the incoherent optical interactions within sodium ions, which is the reason for the low presence of SCC in sodiated silicon nanowires.

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Li, Wenhan. "Performance of Li-ion battery with silicon nanowire in anode." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2355, no. 1 (2022): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2355/1/012071.

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Abstract Li-ion batteries are extensively used in electronic devices, cell phones, new energy vehicle batteries, and other sectors, and they have a lot of promise in electric cars and other domains. With the development of the times, batteries with carbon as anode material can no longer meet the demand of electric vehicles and other fields for battery energy density. Silicon, one of the most potential anode materials, demonstrates extremely high theoretical battery energy density. In the past few years, research on silicon nanostructures, especially silicon nanowires, has effectively solved the problem of volume change of Li alloying with Si, and significantly improved the life and charge-discharge rates of anodes. Moreover, the composite of silicon nanowires with other materials has become one of the most interesting research directions. This paper reviews several silicon nanowires grown in different preparation methods and their impacts on the performance of lithium-ion batteries as anode materials. Two kinds of silicon nanowire composite with other materials as anode of lithium-ion battery are also introduced.

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Vlad, Alexandru, Arava Leela Mohana Reddy, Anakha Ajayan, et al. "Roll up nanowire battery from silicon chips." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 38 (2012): 15168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208638109.

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Here we report an approach to roll out Li-ion battery components from silicon chips by a continuous and repeatable etch-infiltrate-peel cycle. Vertically aligned silicon nanowires etched from recycled silicon wafers are captured in a polymer matrix that operates as Li+ gel-electrolyte and electrode separator and peeled off to make multiple battery devices out of a single wafer. Porous, electrically interconnected copper nanoshells are conformally deposited around the silicon nanowires to stabilize the electrodes over extended cycles and provide efficient current collection. Using the above developed process we demonstrate an operational full cell 3.4 V lithium-polymer silicon nanowire (LIPOSIL) battery which is mechanically flexible and scalable to large dimensions.

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5

Keller, Caroline, Yassine Djezzar, Jingxian Wang, et al. "Easy Diameter Tuning of Silicon Nanowires with Low-Cost SnO2-Catalyzed Growth for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 15 (2022): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12152601.

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Silicon nanowires are appealing structures to enhance the capacity of anodes in lithium-ion batteries. However, to attain industrial relevance, their synthesis requires a reduced cost. An important part of the cost is devoted to the silicon growth catalyst, usually gold. Here, we replace gold with tin, introduced as low-cost tin oxide nanoparticles, to produce a graphite–silicon nanowire composite as a long-standing anode active material. It is equally important to control the silicon size, as this determines the rate of decay of the anode performance. In this work, we demonstrate how to control the silicon nanowire diameter from 10 to 40 nm by optimizing growth parameters such as the tin loading and the atmosphere in the growth reactor. The best composites, with a rich content of Si close to 30% wt., show a remarkably high initial Coulombic efficiency of 82% for SiNWs 37 nm in diameter.

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6

Tang, Jiajun. "Progress in the application of silicon-based anode nanotechnology in lithium batteries." E3S Web of Conferences 553 (2024): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455301007.

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With the development of technology, graphite materials in traditional lithium batteries can no longer meet people’s needs due to their relatively low specific capacity, limited charging and discharging rates, and poor safety. Silicon has a very high theoretical specific capacity, far exceeding traditional graphite negative electrode materials, making silicon nanoparticles an ideal choice for improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, we first introduce the silicon nanoparticle anode and its preparation methods: mechanical ball milling, and thermal cracking, and introduce the application of binders in it. Secondly, the silicon nanowire anode and the chemical deposition method for its preparation are introduced, and the high-performance silicon nanowire lithium battery of Amprius is introduced. Thirdly, the preparation of silicon thin film anode and two types of composite film was introduced. Finally, the three types of silicon nano anodes are summarized and prospected. This paper has reference significance for the future research of silicon-based lithium-ion batteries.

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7

Boone, Donald C. "Density Functional Theory Analysis that Explains the Volume Expansion in Prelithiated Silicon Nanowires." European Journal of Applied Physics 6, no. 2 (2024): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2024.6.2.305.

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This research is a theoretical study that simulates the volume expansion of a prelithiated silicon nanowire during lithium-ion insertion and the application of an electric current. Utilizing density functional theory (DFT) the ground state energy Eg (x) of prelithiated silicon (LixSi) is defined as a function of the lithium-ion (Li+) concentration (x). As the Li+ are increased, Eg (x) become increasingly stable from x = 1.00 through x = 2.415 and decrease in stability as the lithium-ion concentration becomes x > 2.415 until full lithiation of the silicon nanowire is reached at x = 3.75. After the determination of the lithiated silicon ground state energies, an electric current is applied to the lithiated silicon nanowire at various Li+ concentrations x. It was discovered that the volume expansion began at approximately x = 3.25 and increased to over 300% of the original volume of a pristine silicon nanowire at x = 3.75 which at this point was full lithiation. This is in sharp contrast to prior research studies where the ground state energy was not considered. In previous studies, the computation of the volume expansion starts approximately at x = 0.75 and produces a continuous nonlinear volume expansion until the process is terminated at full lithiation.

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8

Yan, Zheng. "Applications and Improving Methods of Silicon Nanowires in Lithium-ion Batteries." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 32 (February 12, 2023): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v32i.5088.

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Silicon has been considered as a crucial electrode material for the gradually adaptation of lithium-ion batteries into electrical-vehicle market and further utilizations of the next generation batteries, since silicon anodes can provide both commercial-friendly energy density and excellent cycle stability. Although much progress has been made in the research on silicon nano-negative electrodes, there is a lack of concentrated discussion on the development status and problems of silicon nanowires, especially in consideration of the fact that the 1-D nanowire structure presents an excellent property on volume change. Focusing on the research of Si-NWs structure, this paper will go through the preparation progress and electrochemical performance of Si-NWs, and analyse the new research direction of Si anode fabrication improvement. Attention is also paid to the shortcomings of Si nanowires in improving area capacity and maintaining stable SEI layer. To solve the mentioned problems, latest research progress such as branched silicon structure and fabrics made of nanowires are taken into consideration, aiming to provide more insights for fabricating new Si nanostructures in LIBs. This paper is expected to help researchers better carry out further work on structure and process by summarizing the research progress of silicon nanowires in LIBs and provide inspiration for other research directions.

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9

Li, Yunsong. "Preparation method and application of silicon nanowires." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 32 (February 12, 2023): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v32i.5172.

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In recent years, silicon nanowires have become a hot spot in the new material industry. As a kind of nanomaterial, silicon nanowires have excellent physical and chemical properties. However, the preparation method of silicon nanowires is not mature enough, which limits its further application. This paper mainly analyses the mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of several mainstream silicon nanowires preparation methods, and discusses the application of silicon nanowires and the future development direction. The results show that the chemical vapor deposition method can be used for large-scale preparation of silicon nanowires, while the laser ablation method can produce silicon nanowires with higher purity, and the electron beam lithography method has the advantages of high flexibility. However, the efficiency of these three methods is not high, and the cost is high, which is also the problem that the silicon nanowire preparation industry is looking forward to solve. Relying on the excellent conductivity, thermal conductivity and other characteristics of silicon nanowires, silicon nanowires can be applied to a variety of new energy industries. Based on the properties of silicon nanowires, this paper analyses the application of silicon nanowires in lithium batteries, solar cells, biosensors and thermoelectric materials in recent years, and forecasts its development trend, so as to provide a certain reference for researchers to further explore the research of silicon nanowires.

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10

Santa Maria, Luigi Jacopo, M. Zain Bin Amjad, Dominika Capkova, Hugh Geaney, and Abinaya M. Sankaran. "Influence of Tin (Sn) Dispersion on the Synthesis of Silicon Nanowires on Graphite Substrates for Li-Ion Batteries Anodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 8 (2023): 3390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0283390mtgabs.

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In recent years, because of a more prominent power electrification, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted more and more interest in the scientific community. The desire to increase the battery performance, capacity, and power density has led to the development of new electrode materials. Silicon has emerged as a prominent anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries because of its high capacity [1] (10 times higher than graphite) and energy density. However, its utilization is limited by poor electronic conductivity and significant volume changes (up to 400%) observed during the lithiation-delithiation alloying process [1]. To address these challenges and promote wider adoption of silicon as an anode material, several strategies are being explored. Among these, one of the most promising approaches involves the use of silicon in nanowire form (SiNWs) [2,3] . SiNWs help to mitigate the volume expansion during cycling due to their nanostructure, hence giving higher capacity retention to the anode. In this study, SiNWs were directly grown on graphite flakes using tin (Sn) metal as seed through a straightforward and scalable synthesis method previously developed in our lab. This poster focused on the aim of achieving good homogeneity and dispersion of all the materials in order to optimize the SiNWs synthesis. To achieve this goal, an in-depth study has been performed on ball-mill mixing, investigating different milling times and speeds, and revealing the significant influence of these parameters on the final product. A comparative analysis between the ball-milled samples and those mixed using standard agitators demonstrates a reduced tendency for the formation of tin clusters in the ball-milled sample. Consequently, the ball-milled samples exhibit higher homogeneity in the distribution of the nanowires. These results have been confirmed by electrochemical tests performed in half-cells, that show the comparison of the performances for SNWs growth with different parameters. References: Boukamp, B., G. Lesh, and R. Huggins, All‐solid lithium electrodes with mixed‐conductor matrix. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1981. 128(4): p. 725. Chan, C.K., et al., High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires. Nat Nanotechnol, 2008. 3(1): p. 31-5. Mullane, E., et al., Synthesis of Tin Catalyzed Silicon and Germanium Nanowires in a Solvent–Vapor System and Optimization of the Seed/Nanowire Interface for Dual Lithium Cycling. Chemistry of Materials, 2013. 25(9): p. 1816-1822.

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11

Hennessy, Aaron, Mei Li, Hugh Geaney, and Kevin M. Ryan. "Lithium Trapping in Silicon Nanowire Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 65 (2023): 3057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02653057mtgabs.

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Silicon has long been considered a prospective anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity and natural abundance. However, silicon is known to suffer from significant volumetric expansion (~ 400%) during lithiation and de-lithiation. The induced mechanical stress leads to pulverization of silicon as well as electrolyte consumption, which results in poor coulombic efficiency, high irreversible capacity loss and cell failure(1-3). Nanostructured silicon in the form of nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoporous silicon has demonstrated high capacities, greatly improved coulomb efficiencies, and capacity compared to bulk silicon(4-6). Silicon nanowires (Si NWs) have also shown improved charge transport and capacity retention over nanoparticles. Related to this, silicon-graphite composite anodes featuring 30% Si NWs have demonstrated a capacity of almost 3x graphite(7). However, nanostructured silicon is still prone to capacity fade, primarily caused by the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and lithium trapping(5, 8-11). Though SEI formation has been widely studied, there has been far less study regarding lithium trapping, despite it contributing to ~30% of the initial capacity loss and accelerating further capacity loss(11, 12). There is a noticeable gap in the literature dedicated to understanding the effect of lithium trapping in Si NWs. In this study, we aim to address this by investigating the effect of lithium trapping in Si NWs anodes for LIBs. Using electrochemical techniques such as constant current (CC), constant current constant voltage (CCCV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), at different rates, we have compared the effects of lithium trapping in Si NWs and the role it plays in determining the end performance of Si NW electrodes. We have also compared the morphological changes induced in Si NWs from lithium trapping. The findings of this study serve to highlight the importance of electrochemical optimisation and form a basis for the future design and testing of LIBs involving Si NWs. REFERENCE LIST D. McNulty, A. Hennessy, M. Li, E. Armstrong and K. M. Ryan, Journal of Power Sources, 545, 231943 (2022). T. Kennedy, E. Mullane, H. Geaney, M. Osiak, C. O’Dwyer and K. M. Ryan, Nano Letters, 14, 716 (2014). T. Kennedy, M. Bezuidenhout, K. Palaniappan, K. Stokes, M. Brandon and K. M. Ryan, ACS Nano, 9, 7456 (2015). M. A. Rahman, G. Song, A. I. Bhatt, Y. C. Wong and C. Wen, Advanced Functional Materials, 26, 647 (2016). X. Zhao and V.-P. Lehto, Nanotechnology, 32, 042002 (2021). T. Kennedy, M. Brandon and K. M. Ryan, Advanced Materials, 28, 5696 (2016). S. Karuppiah, C. Keller, P. Kumar, P.-H. Jouneau, D. Aldakov, J.-B. Ducros, G. Lapertot, P. Chenevier and C. Haon, ACS Nano, 14, 12006 (2020). C. Erk, T. Brezesinski, H. Sommer, R. Schneider and J. Janek, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 5, 7299 (2013). M. N. Obrovac and L. J. Krause, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 154, A103 (2007). D. Rehnlund, F. Lindgren, S. Böhme, T. Nordh, Y. Zou, J. Pettersson, U. Bexell, M. Boman, K. Edström and L. Nyholm, Energy & Environmental Science, 10, 1350 (2017). T. Kennedy, M. Brandon, F. Laffir and K. M. Ryan, Journal of Power Sources, 359, 601 (2017). B. Zhu, G. Liu, G. Lv, Y. Mu, Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, X. Li, P. Yao, Y. Deng, Y. Cui and J. Zhu, Science Advances, 5, eaax0651 (2019).

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Boone, Donald C. "Second Harmonic Generation in Lithiated Silicon Nanowires: Derivations and Computational Methods." European Journal of Applied Physics 3, no. 6 (2021): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.6.130.

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This research will examine the computational methods to calculate the nonlinear optical process of second harmonic generation (SHG) that will be hypothesized to be present during lithium ion insertion into silicon nanowires. First it will be determined whether the medium in which SHG is conveyed is non-centrosymmetric or whether the medium is inversion symmetric where SHG as a part of the second-order nonlinear optical phenomenon does not exist. It will be demonstrated that the main interaction that determines SHG is multiphoton absorption on lithium ions. The quantum harmonic oscillator (QHO) is used as the background that generates coherent states for electrons and photons that transverse the length of the silicon nanowire. The matrix elements of the Hamiltonian which represents the energy of the system will be used to calculate the probability density of second-order nonlinear optical interactions which includes collectively SHG, sum-frequency generation (SFG) and difference-frequency generation (DFG). As a result, it will be seen that at varies concentrations of lithium ions (Li+) within the crystallized silicon (c-Si) matrix the second-order nonlinear optical process has probabilities substantial enough to create second harmonic generation that could possibly be used for such applications as second harmonic imaging microscopy.

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13

Nugroho, Andika Pandu, Naufal Hanif Hawari, Bagas Prakoso, et al. "Vertically Aligned n-Type Silicon Nanowire Array as a Free-Standing Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (2021): 3137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11113137.

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Due to its high theoretical specific capacity, a silicon anode is one of the candidates for realizing high energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, problems related to bulk silicon (e.g., low intrinsic conductivity and massive volume expansion) limit the performance of silicon anodes. In this work, to improve the performance of silicon anodes, a vertically aligned n-type silicon nanowire array (n-SiNW) was fabricated using a well-controlled, top-down nano-machining technique by combining photolithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) at a cryogenic temperature. The array of nanowires ~1 µm in diameter and with the aspect ratio of ~10 was successfully prepared from commercial n-type silicon wafer. The half-cell LIB with free-standing n-SiNW electrode exhibited an initial Coulombic efficiency of 91.1%, which was higher than the battery with a blank n-silicon wafer electrode (i.e., 67.5%). Upon 100 cycles of stability testing at 0.06 mA cm−2, the battery with the n-SiNW electrode retained 85.9% of its 0.50 mAh cm−2 capacity after the pre-lithiation step, whereas its counterpart, the blank n-silicon wafer electrode, only maintained 61.4% of 0.21 mAh cm−2 capacity. Furthermore, 76.7% capacity retention can be obtained at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2, showing the potential of n-SiNW anodes for high current density applications. This work presents an alternative method for facile, high precision, and high throughput patterning on a wafer-scale to obtain a high aspect ratio n-SiNW, and its application in LIBs.

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Zhang, Baoguo, Ling Tong, Lin Wu, et al. "Design of ultrafine silicon structure for lithium battery and research progress of silicon-carbon composite negative electrode materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2079, no. 1 (2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2079/1/012005.

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Abstract As demand for high-performance electric vehicles, portable electronic equipment, and energy storage devices increases rapidly, the development of lithium-ion batteries with higher specific capacity and rate performance has become more and more urgent. As the main body of lithium storage, negative electrode materials have become the key to improving the performance of lithium batteries. The high specific capacity and low lithium insertion potential of silicon materials make them the best choice to replace traditional graphite negative electrodes. Pure silicon negative electrodes have huge volume expansion effects and SEI membranes (solid electrolyte interface) are easily damaged. Therefore, researchers have improved the performance of negative electrode materials through silicon-carbon composites. This article introduces the current design ideas of ultra-fine silicon structure for lithium batteries and the method of compounding with carbon materials, and reviews the research progress of the performance of silicon-carbon composite negative electrode materials. Ultra-fine silicon materials include disorderly dispersed ultra-fine silicon particles such as porous structures, hollow structures, and core-shell structures; and ordered ultra-fine silicon, such as silicon nanowire arrays, silicon nanotube arrays, and interconnected silicon nano-films. The article analyzes and compares the composite method of ultrafine silicon and carbon materials with different structural designs, and the effect of composite negative electrode materials on the specific capacity and cycle performance of the battery. Finally, the research direction of silicon-carbon composite negative electrode materials is prospected.

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Xu, Wanli, and John C. Flake. "Composite Silicon Nanowire Anodes for Secondary Lithium-Ion Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 157, no. 1 (2010): A41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3251341.

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Xu, Wanli, Sri Sai S. Vegunta, and John C. Flake. "Surface-modified silicon nanowire anodes for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 20 (2011): 8583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.05.059.

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Karki, Khim, Eric Epstein, Jeong-Hyun Cho, et al. "Lithium-Assisted Electrochemical Welding in Silicon Nanowire Battery Electrodes." Nano Letters 12, no. 3 (2012): 1392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl204063u.

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Ruffo, Riccardo, Seung Sae Hong, Candace K. Chan, Robert A. Huggins, and Yi Cui. "Impedance Analysis of Silicon Nanowire Lithium Ion Battery Anodes." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113, no. 26 (2009): 11390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp901594g.

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Chockla, Aaron M., Justin T. Harris, Vahid A. Akhavan, et al. "Silicon Nanowire Fabric as a Lithium Ion Battery Electrode Material." Journal of the American Chemical Society 133, no. 51 (2011): 20914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja208232h.

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Hwang, Chihyun, Kangmin Lee, Han-Don Um, Yeongdae Lee, Kwanyong Seo, and Hyun-Kon Song. "Conductive and Porous Silicon Nanowire Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, no. 7 (2017): A1564—A1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.1241707jes.

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Tao, Jinming, Xintong Li, Jinye Li, et al. "Compact, High Extinction Ratio, and Low-Loss Polarization Beam Splitter on Lithium-Niobate-On-Insulator Using a Silicon Nitride Nanowire Assisted Waveguide and a Grooved Waveguide." Photonics 9, no. 10 (2022): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9100779.

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We propose a compact, high extinction ratio, and low-loss polarization beam splitter (PBS) on a lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) platform, based on an asymmetrical directional coupler and using a silicon nitride nanowire assisted waveguide (WG) and a grooved WG. By properly designing nanowires and grooved LN WGs, TE polarization meets the phase matching condition, while significant mismatching exists for TM polarization. Numerical simulations show that the PBS has an ultra-high extinction ratio (ER) of and (larger than 40 dB and 50 dB, respectively). The device extinction ratios are larger than 10 dB over 100 nm wavelength ranges. Moreover, the device has an ultra-low insertion loss (IL less than 0.05 dB) at the wavelength of 1550 nm and maintains ILs less than 0.4 dB over 100 nm wavelength ranges.

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Hu, Mengqi, Yuhao Wang, and Diwen Ye. "A Timely Review of Lithium-ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: Progress, Future Opportunities, and Challenges." E3S Web of Conferences 308 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130801015.

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Energy plays an important role in human society. With the development of science and technology, the increasing demand for new energy like electric energy cannot be ignored. The battery is the key component of electric vehicles which are the centers of future development. Lithium-ion batteries have great advantages in electric vehicle applications for their excellent performance. We need to find ways to improve lithium-ion batteries to promote the development of electric vehicles fundamentally. The high specific energy, low self-discharge, good cycling performance, no memory effect, and other advantages lead to the excellent performance of lithium-ion batteries. This paper reviews the unique merits of lithium-ion batteries compared with other important battery technologies in electric vehicle application in three main aspects and describes some methods to enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries by improving the anode, cathode, and electrolyte, respectively. For instance, we can use LiNi1-x-yCoxMnyO2 (NCM) materials as cathode, silicon-based materials as anode with composite materials like FeOOH@rGO and SiNP@NC add more silicon in the composite anode structure and silicon nanowire anode to improve its mechanical stability. Also, with an example of their employment in the BMW i3 94 Ah vehicles, the application outlook of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and their development trend in the future have been prospected. Although electric vehicles are becoming the ideal next-generation vehicles with the increasing environmental friendliness, the battery technology, such as its safety problem and the manufacturing cost, etc., remains a big challenge in the development of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles.

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Song, Hucheng, Sheng Wang, Xiaoying Song, et al. "A bottom-up synthetic hierarchical buffer structure of copper silicon nanowire hybrids as ultra-stable and high-rate lithium-ion battery anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 17 (2018): 7877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01694a.

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Lin, Kuan-Jiuh. "Preparation of high-efficiency anti-reflective oxide electrodes and their application in biomedical testing and thin-film lithium batteries." Impact 2022, no. 3 (2022): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2022.3.6.

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Nanomaterials hold great potential in the development of lithium-ion microbatteries and could assist in developing ever smaller and more reliable power sources to facilitate 21st Century life. Professor Kuan-Jiuh Lin is based in the Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, and runs the Interfacial Optical-Electronic (IOE) Lab. He and his team leader Dr Wen-Yin Ko are working to address gaps in nanotechnology, including how to conquer the strong interfacial coupling between the porous semiconductor membrane and the electro-plasmon metal-surface film. Their research is expected to have broad applications across electronics and optoelectronics. In a recent project, the researchers are working to develop more efficient lithium-ion microbatteries (micro-LIBs) using active nanostructured anode materials such as carbon nanomaterials composed of porous carbon, graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The researchers have developed a lightweight and high-rate CNT-based anode system that holds great potential for fast-charging batteries. The team has also created metal-doped MnO2 nanowalls with inter-networked vertically-oriented three-dimensional (3D) porous frameworks directly onto a AgCNT modified current collector, resulting in a superior performance anode material for LIBs. The researchers also created a novel 3D porous scaffold anode material of silicon–porphyrin pearl-chain-like nanowires which was placed onto the surface of a bundled titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanowire. In a world first, Lin and the team were able to achieve dial functionalities of antireflective and electrochemical properties-based anatase TiO2 nanowire devices with a high-porosity cross-linked geometry directly grown onto transparent conductive glass.

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Schneier, Dan, Nimrod Harpak, Svetlana Menkin, et al. "Analysis of Scale-up Parameters in 3D Silicon-Nanowire Lithium-Battery Anodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 167, no. 5 (2020): 050511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab6f5a.

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Cho, Jeong-Hyun, and S. Tom Picraux. "Silicon Nanowire Degradation and Stabilization during Lithium Cycling by SEI Layer Formation." Nano Letters 14, no. 6 (2014): 3088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl500130e.

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Huang, Rui, and Jing Zhu. "Silicon nanowire array films as advanced anode materials for lithium-ion batteries." Materials Chemistry and Physics 121, no. 3 (2010): 519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.02.017.

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Xu, Wanli, Sri S. Vegunta, and J. C. Flake. "Modified Solid Electrolyte Interphase of Silicon Nanowire Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Transactions 33, no. 23 (2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3557700.

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Schneier, Dan, Nimrod Harpak, Svetlana Menkin, et al. "Analysis of Scale-up Parameters in 3D Silicon-Nanowire Lithium-Battery Anodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 2 (2020): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-022358mtgabs.

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Xie, Yuanyuan, Ming Qiu, Xianfeng Gao, Dongsheng Guan, and Chris Yuan. "Phase field modeling of silicon nanowire based lithium ion battery composite electrode." Electrochimica Acta 186 (December 2015): 542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.022.

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Wu, Zheshan, and Defei Kong. "Comparative life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries with lithium metal, silicon nanowire, and graphite anodes." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 20, no. 6 (2018): 1233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-018-1548-9.

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Krause, Andreas, Olga Tkacheva, Ahmad Omar, et al. "In Situ Raman Spectroscopy on Silicon Nanowire Anodes Integrated in Lithium Ion Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166, no. 3 (2019): A5378—A5385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0541903jes.

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Huang, Rui, Xing Fan, Wanci Shen, and Jing Zhu. "Carbon-coated silicon nanowire array films for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes." Applied Physics Letters 95, no. 13 (2009): 133119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3238572.

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Keller, Caroline, Saravanan Karuppiah, Praveen Kumar, et al. "Silicon Nanowire-Graphite Composites As High Energy Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, no. 2 (2020): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-012386mtgabs.

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Kohandehghan, Alireza, Peter Kalisvaart, Martin Kupsta, et al. "Magnesium and magnesium-silicide coated silicon nanowire composite anodes for lithium-ion batteries." J. Mater. Chem. A 1, no. 5 (2013): 1600–1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ta00769j.

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Wang, Fenfen, Xianfeng Gao, Lulu Ma, Tao Li, and Chris Yuan. "Sustainability Analysis of Silicon Nanowire Fabrication for High Performance Lithium Ion Battery Anode." Procedia Manufacturing 7 (2017): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2016.12.040.

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Chakrapani, Vidhya, Florencia Rusli, Micheal A. Filler, and Paul A. Kohl. "Quaternary Ammonium Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for a Silicon Nanowire-Based Lithium Ion Battery." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115, no. 44 (2011): 22048–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp207605w.

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Cho, Jeong-Hyun, and S. Tom Picraux. "Enhanced Lithium Ion Battery Cycling of Silicon Nanowire Anodes by Template Growth to Eliminate Silicon Underlayer Islands." Nano Letters 13, no. 11 (2013): 5740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl4036498.

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Wang, Fenfen, Yelin Deng, and Chris Yuan. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Silicon Nanowire and Silicon Nanotube Based Lithium Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles." Procedia CIRP 80 (2019): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.01.004.

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Collins, Gearoid A., Seamus Kilian, Hugh Geaney, and Kevin M. Ryan. "A Nanowire Nest Structure Comprising Copper Silicide and Silicon Nanowires for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes with High Areal Loading." Small 17, no. 34 (2021): 2102333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202102333.

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Boles, Steven T., Andreas Sedlmayr, Oliver Kraft, and Reiner Mönig. "In situcycling and mechanical testing of silicon nanowire anodes for lithium-ion battery applications." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 24 (2012): 243901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729145.

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Cai, Wudi, Hairong He, Lili Miao, and Chujun Zhao. "Modelling the broadband mid-infrared dispersion compensator with hybrid silicon and lithium niobate nanowire." OSA Continuum 1, no. 2 (2018): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/osac.1.000736.

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Wang, Jiantao, Hui Wang, Bingchang Zhang, Yao Wang, Shigang Lu, and Xiaohong Zhang. "A Stable Flexible Silicon Nanowire Array as Anode for High-Performance Lithium-ion Batteries." Electrochimica Acta 176 (September 2015): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.001.

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Cho, Jeong-Hyun, Xianglong Li, and S. Tom Picraux. "The effect of metal silicide formation on silicon nanowire-based lithium-ion battery anode capacity." Journal of Power Sources 205 (May 2012): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.01.037.

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Wang, Wei, Miao Tian, Yujie Wei, Se-Hee Lee, Yung-Cheng Lee, and Ronggui Yang. "Binder-free three-dimensional silicon/carbon nanowire networks for high performance lithium-ion battery anodes." Nano Energy 2, no. 5 (2013): 943–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.03.015.

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Zheng, Hao, Shan Fang, Zhenkun Tong, et al. "Stabilized titanium nitride nanowire supported silicon core–shell nanorods as high capacity lithium-ion anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 23 (2015): 12476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02259b.

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3D TiN@Si core–shell nanorod array electrodes have been successfully prepared by a controllable RF magnetron sputtering method. TiN@Si NR electrodes exhibit high capacity and good rate performance due to the superior mechanical stability and electrical conductivity of TiN NWs.

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Wang, Xin, Lanyan Huang, Yongguang Zhang, et al. "Novel silicon nanowire film on copper foil as high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries." Ionics 24, no. 2 (2017): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2219-2.

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Schmerling, Marcus, Daniela Fenske, Fabian Peters, Julian Schwenzel, and Matthias Busse. "Lithiation Behavior of Silicon Nanowire Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Impact of Functionalization and Porosity." ChemPhysChem 19, no. 1 (2017): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201700892.

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Chan, Candace K., Riccardo Ruffo, Seung Sae Hong, and Yi Cui. "Surface chemistry and morphology of the solid electrolyte interphase on silicon nanowire lithium-ion battery anodes." Journal of Power Sources 189, no. 2 (2009): 1132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.007.

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Zhou, Hui, Jagjit Nanda, Surendra K. Martha, et al. "Role of Surface Functionality in the Electrochemical Performance of Silicon Nanowire Anodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6, no. 10 (2014): 7607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am500855a.

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