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Lian, Jinghui. "Understanding how emissions and atmospheric transport control the variations of atmospheric CO2 in the Paris area : insights from laser-based measurements at city scale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV010.
Pełny tekst źródłaCities play an important role in tackling climate change as they account for more than 70% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In recent years, several efforts have attempted to quantify city-scale CO2 emissions and establish a high spatially and temporally resolved inventory for supporting urban emission mitigation strategies. The so-called "top-down" inverse estimation of CO2 emissions constrained by independent atmospheric observations could serve to evaluate the consistency of traditional "bottom-up" inventories. A novel CO2 monitoring technique, known as the Greenhouse gas Laser Imaging Tomography Experiment (GreenLITE™) trace gas measurement system, was deployed in central Paris for a 1-year monitoring of near-surface atmospheric CO2 concentrations along 30 horizontal chords. This system has a much wider spatial coverage than traditional in situ sampling and was expected to be more consistent with the spatial representativeness of the kilometer-scale resolution atmospheric transport models used for the city-scale atmospheric inversion.The primary objective of this thesis is to assess the potential contribution of this GreenLITE™ system, in addition to two urban and four peri-urban in situ CO2 measurement stations, for a better understanding of the spatiotemporal variations of CO2 concentrations within Paris and its vicinity. For this objective, I have developed a full modeling framework around the high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and its coupling with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), using CO2 emission inventories, estimates of the vegetation fluxes and boundary conditions provided by a large-scale simulation.Chapter 1 is a broad introduction to the subject while chapter 2-4 are built around three separate and publishable papers.Chapter 2 aims at evaluating whether the WRF model running at a 3-km horizontal resolution, with its various configurations, can reproduce the meteorological fields over the IdF region better than the 16-km resolution ECMWF global operational forecasts. The comparisons between WRF and ECMWF forecasts with respect to observations are carried out with a focus on three atmospheric variables (air temperature, wind and PBL height). The results of the sensitivity tests of different physics schemes and nudging options obtained in this chapter are used in subsequent research for the selection of appropriate WRF-Chem model setup in support of atmospheric CO2 transport modeling.Chapter 3 aims at understanding the spatiotemporal variations of CO2 concentrations within Paris and its vicinity during the 1-year GreenLITE™ operating period from September 2015 to December 2016. The analyses are based on CO2 data provided by GreenLITE™ together with six in situ stations and the 1 km-resolution WRF-Chem model coupled with two urban canopy schemes (Urban Canopy Model - UCM; Building Effect Parameterization - BEP). The GreenLITE™ data provide clear information that favors BEP over UCM in the description of vertical mixing and CO2 concentrations during the winter. However, there are indications of measurement noise in summer that limit the usefulness of the data. Furthermore, the model-observation mismatches clearly stress the difficulty of CO2 modeling within urban areas due to the large uncertainties both in the atmospheric transport and the emission inventory.Chapter 4 aims at investigating in detail the critical sources of errors that lead to the model-observation mismatches in the atmospheric CO2 modeling over Paris. These sources of misfit include uncertainties in the assumed distribution of anthropogenic emission, errors in the atmospheric transport, in biogenic CO2 fluxes and in CO2 boundary conditions at the edges of the atmospheric transport model domain. The lessons and insights from this chapter provide requirements and recommendations for the assimilation of CO2 measurements into the atmospheric inversion, when aiming at the quantification of CO2 emissions for the Paris region
Baron, Alexandre. "Lidar Raman météorologique dédié à l’étude des cycles couplés des aérosols et de la vapeur d’eau". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ004.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe coupled cycles of aerosols, water vapor and clouds are currently a dynamic field of research at the heart of climate and weather challenges. A better understanding of the interactions between these atmospheric cycles should allow to perceive the processes leading to extreme weather events and to reduce the uncertainties of climate projections, largely related to aerosol-cloud interactions. In line with these efforts, the work presented in this thesis are based on the analysis of experimental field observations, around a new tool for remote sensing. It is a transportable meteorological Raman lidar capable of simultaneous measurements of the thermodynamic temperature, water vapor content and optical properties of aerosols in the atmosphere. This instrument, developed at LSCE and called WALI, allows continuous observations in the lower and middle troposphere with a precision, and vertical and temporal resolutions in line with the breakthrough requirements set by the WMO. Firstly, the link budget of the temperature acquisition channel based on rotational Raman spectroscopy, newly implemented on the lidar, has been obtained using direct - inverse modeling. The first temperature measurements by lidar, carried out during a very contrasted period in terms of temperature marked by the occurrence of a cold spell, allowed a comparison with the outputs of mesoscale (AROME/Météo-France) and global (ERA5/ECMWF) weather prediction models and the IASI instrument onboard the METOP series satellites. During a similar winter meteorological configuration that induced major pollution events in Île-de-France, the optical properties of aerosols were monitored. Finally, a multi-instrument measurement campaign, involving aircrafts, was carried out on the shores of the Annecy lake, with an original strategy coupling remote sensing and in situ observations. They allowed preliminary analyses of the water cycle in a complex mountainous environment, including the links between atmospheric water vapor, clouds, aerosols and the lake. A meteorological Raman Lidar turns out to be a suitable tool to study these processes
Masmoudi, Amal. "Modélisation et développement expérimental du procédé de fabrication additive par fusion laser sélective d'un lit de poudre métallique : influence de la pression de l'atmosphère". Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BELF0287/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe selective laser melting process (SLM) of a metallic powder bed is an innovative process that allows the manufacturing of complex shape parts directly from a CAD file via a complete melting of powder layers deposited successively. During the SLM process, the high laser energy density creates many thermal cycles: melting - vaporization - solidification.The purpose of this work was: 1) to better characterize and understand experimentally the phenomena that occur during the laser beam - powder / molten metal pool interaction and 2) to develop a numerical model taking into account the phenomena of melting and vaporizing of the material and the presence of the surrounding gas in the build chamber.In a first time, considering simple geometries (tracks and surfaces) and 316L stainless steel as material, we studied the interaction between the laser beam, the powder bed and the liquid metal pool using several experimental techniques (spectrometry, calorimetry, ...) in order to understand the nature and the role of the metal vapor generated during the process. The results showed that the vapor has no effect on the transmission of the laser beam energy to the material during the SLM process. Meanwhile it leads to the deposition of condensed vapor and also drag some molten metal droplets.In a second time a numerical model was developed to determine the influence of the pressure of the surrounding environment on the melting process of a powder bed by a laser beam. Parameters characterizing the evolution of the physical properties of the material and of the gaseous medium according to the temperature and pressure were incorporated into the model database. Some material parameters were determined from the literature and others were obtained empirically using specific experimental measurements.Finally, this numerical model, complementing experimental results, was used to treat the main subject of the thesis which is the effect of the surrounding pressure on the SLM process. The model helped to clarify the physical phenomena provided by the change in the pressure level and its validity was checked through experimental measurements
Gonçalves, Silvana Fiche da Mata [UNESP]. "Avaliação da performance da inspeção visual, sondagem, radiografia interproximal, separação dental e laser de fluorescência no diagnóstico de lesões cariosas proximais". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104282.
Pełny tekst źródłaAs lesões cariosas de superfícies proximais se destacam por sua grande incidência, tanto pelo fato da região propiciar o acúmulo de biofilme bacteriano, quanto pelas dificuldades de higienização e de diagnóstico precoce. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a performance da inspeção visual + sondagem (IV+S), laser de fluorescência (L), radiografia interproximal (RXI), separação dental + inspeção visual + sondagem (SD+IV+S) e separação dental + laser de fluorescência (SD+L) no diagnóstico de lesões cariosas proximais sem e com cavitação. Foram examinadas, por 2 profissionais, 167 superfícies de 30 pacientes de faixa etária entre 4 e 12 anos de idade, utilizando-se os 5 tipos de exames. Como método de validação para lesões cariosas com cavitação foi utilizada a dupla impressão das áreas interproximais com silicona de condensação. Em relação às lesões cariosas sem cavitação, os valores médios de sensibilidade encontrados para os exames de IV+S, L, RXI, SD+IV+S e SD+L foram de 44%, 33%, 49%, 100% e 48%, respectivamente. Em relação às lesões cariosas com cavitação, a sensibilidade foi de 15%, 40%, 59%, 59% e 41%, respectivamente. A correlação dos métodos de diagnóstico, em relação às lesões cariosas com cavitação, sugeriram uma maior precisão para a SD+IV+L. Os resultados sugeriram que a utilização da separação dental aumenta o desempenho no diagnóstico de lesões cariosas proximais, e que o método de impressão com silicona pode ser indicado como um método auxiliar definitivo de diagnóstico de lesões com cavitação.
The approximals carious lesions stand out for its great incidence, so much for the fact of the area to propitiate the accumulation of bacterial plaque, as for the difficulties of toothbrushing and of precocious diagnosis. The objective of this study went evaluate the performance of the visual inspection + probing (IV+P), laser fluorescence (LF), bitewing radiographs (BW), dental separation + visual inspection + probing (SD+IV+P) and dental separation + laser fluorescence (SD+L) in the diagnosis of approximals carious lesions without and with cavitation. 167 surfaces of 30 patient of age group between 4 and 12 years were examined for 2 professional being used the 5 types of exams. As validation method for cavitated carious lesions were the double impression of the interproximals areas with condensation-cure silicone impression material. In relation to the carious lesions without cavitation, the medium values of sensibility found for the exams of IV+P, LF, BW, SD+IV+P and SD+LF were of 44%, 33%, 49%, 100% and 48%, respectively. In relation to the cavitated carious lesions , the sensibility was of 15%, 40%, 59%, 59% and 41%, respectively. The results suggested that the use of the dental separation increases the effectiveness in the diagnosis of approximal carious lesions, and the impression method can be indicated as a definitive auxiliary method of diganosis of lesions cavitated.
David, Christine. "Etude des nuages stratosphériques polaires et des aérosols volcaniques en régions polaires par sondage laser". Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066821.
Pełny tekst źródłaMousseigne, Michel. "Application du sondage thermoacoustique submicronique à la cartographie 3D des défauts et des charges électriques". Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30206.
Pełny tekst źródłaGonçalves, Silvana Fiche da Mata. "Avaliação da performance da inspeção visual, sondagem, radiografia interproximal, separação dental e laser de fluorescência no diagnóstico de lesões cariosas proximais /". Araçatuba : [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104282.
Pełny tekst źródłaResumo: As lesões cariosas de superfícies proximais se destacam por sua grande incidência, tanto pelo fato da região propiciar o acúmulo de biofilme bacteriano, quanto pelas dificuldades de higienização e de diagnóstico precoce. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a performance da inspeção visual + sondagem (IV+S), laser de fluorescência (L), radiografia interproximal (RXI), separação dental + inspeção visual + sondagem (SD+IV+S) e separação dental + laser de fluorescência (SD+L) no diagnóstico de lesões cariosas proximais sem e com cavitação. Foram examinadas, por 2 profissionais, 167 superfícies de 30 pacientes de faixa etária entre 4 e 12 anos de idade, utilizando-se os 5 tipos de exames. Como método de validação para lesões cariosas com cavitação foi utilizada a dupla impressão das áreas interproximais com silicona de condensação. Em relação às lesões cariosas sem cavitação, os valores médios de sensibilidade encontrados para os exames de IV+S, L, RXI, SD+IV+S e SD+L foram de 44%, 33%, 49%, 100% e 48%, respectivamente. Em relação às lesões cariosas com cavitação, a sensibilidade foi de 15%, 40%, 59%, 59% e 41%, respectivamente. A correlação dos métodos de diagnóstico, em relação às lesões cariosas com cavitação, sugeriram uma maior precisão para a SD+IV+L. Os resultados sugeriram que a utilização da separação dental aumenta o desempenho no diagnóstico de lesões cariosas proximais, e que o método de impressão com silicona pode ser indicado como um método auxiliar definitivo de diagnóstico de lesões com cavitação.
Abstract: The approximals carious lesions stand out for its great incidence, so much for the fact of the area to propitiate the accumulation of bacterial plaque, as for the difficulties of toothbrushing and of precocious diagnosis. The objective of this study went evaluate the performance of the visual inspection + probing (IV+P), laser fluorescence (LF), bitewing radiographs (BW), dental separation + visual inspection + probing (SD+IV+P) and dental separation + laser fluorescence (SD+L) in the diagnosis of approximals carious lesions without and with cavitation. 167 surfaces of 30 patient of age group between 4 and 12 years were examined for 2 professional being used the 5 types of exams. As validation method for cavitated carious lesions were the double impression of the interproximals areas with condensation-cure silicone impression material. In relation to the carious lesions without cavitation, the medium values of sensibility found for the exams of IV+P, LF, BW, SD+IV+P and SD+LF were of 44%, 33%, 49%, 100% and 48%, respectively. In relation to the cavitated carious lesions, the sensibility was of 15%, 40%, 59%, 59% and 41%, respectively. The results suggested that the use of the dental separation increases the effectiveness in the diagnosis of approximal carious lesions, and the impression method can be indicated as a definitive auxiliary method of diganosis of lesions cavitated.
Doutor
Le, Quang Dai. "Sondage électro-optique de circuits intégrés avec des lasers à semi-conducteurs en fonctionnement continu /". Paris : Ecole nationale supérieure des télécommunications, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb357768967.
Pełny tekst źródłaGranier, Claire. "Les especes metalliques dans la haute atmosphere terrestre (70-110 km) : etude experimentale par sondage laser et modelisation". Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066269.
Pełny tekst źródłaGranier, Claire. "Les Espèces métalliques dans la haute atmosphère terrestre, 70-110 km étude expérimentale par sondage laser et modélisation /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376139463.
Pełny tekst źródłaLauffenburger, Stefan. "Caractérisation des circuits intégrés micro-onde à base d'Arséniure de Gallium par sondage électro-optique utilisant un faisceau laser continu". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000621.
Pełny tekst źródłaLAUFFENBURGER, Stéphane. "Caractérisation des circuits intégrés micro-onde à base d'Arséniure de Gallium par sondage électro-optique utilisant un faisceau laser continu". Paris, ENST, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENST0001.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe number of integrated circuit (IC) type "Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuits" (MMIC) increased with the number of systems operating at higher frequencies. For a better design, it is important to possess probing tools for the characterization of the IC. In this Ph. D. Thesis, we concentrate on the probing of MMIC made of Gallium Arsenide. A laser beam is focused onto the IC under test. The beam enters the substrate and it will be reflected from the backside of the IC. The reflected laser beam is modulated by the electro-optic effect. By measuring this modulation, we can determine the wanted microwave signal. This work describes the development of prototype and the obtained results. The setup of the tool is simple because of the use of optical fiber and inexpensive. We analyze the theoretical (dependency of the optical axes on the microwave field) and technical (variation of the polarization and intensity of the laser and the beam divergence) problems of this probing technique
Lauffenburger, Stefan. "Caractérisation des circuits intégrés micro-onde à base d'arsenic de gallium par sondage électro-optique utilisant un faisceau laser continu /". Paris : École nationale supérieure des télécommunications, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39092090r.
Pełny tekst źródłaPouchet, Ivan. "Sondage atmosphérique par diode laser : application à la détection in situ de H2O, CH4 et CO2 dans la troposphère et la basse stratosphère". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066265.
Pełny tekst źródłaHackbart, Theo, i Theo Hackbart. "Utilização de veículos aéreos não tripulados e desenvolvimento de um sistema de aquisição de dados de baixo custo para sondagem atmosférica". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2188.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work describes the construction of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with electrical propulsion and instrumentation in order to obtain the vertical and horizontal profiles by measuring temperature, pressure, and GPS location, in surface atmosphere layer between two heterogeneous surfaces near terrain. Using embedded electronic, one developed and built a small platform with approximately 50 grams in order to collect and acquire meteorological data. The electronic circuit is based on a PIC microcontroller with pressure and temperature sensors, and GPS. After capturing aerosondes data, the first analysis was done. By using these data, surface boundary layer structure compatible with general concepts in the literature were identified. It was also identified some details of closed structures to the frontier which separates the heterogeneous region of landcover. According to several researches aiming at sdudying different alternatives to obtaining the data, one demonstrated through this experimental that small UAVs can be very useful for agrometheorology and metheorology researches because they provide the atmospheric sounding to be performed in places where the access is difficult. Furthermore, they present a low cost.
Este trabalho descreve a construção de um veículo aéreo não tripulado (VANT) com propulsão elétrica, instrumentalizado, para obter perfis verticais e horizontais de medidas de temperatura, pressão e localização por GPS, na camada superficial da atmosfera entre duas superfícies heterogêneas próximas ao solo. Utilizando eletrônica embarcada, desenvolveu-se e implementou-se uma pequena plataforma com aproximadamente 50 gramas para coleta e aquisição de dados meteorológicos. O circuito eletrônico é baseado no microcontrolador PIC com sensores de temperatura, pressão e GPS. Após a captação de dados na aerossondagem, foi realizada uma primeira análise. Usando esses dados, identificaram-se as estruturas da camada-limite superficial compatíveis com os conceitos gerais descritos na literatura, assim como detalhes da estrutura próximos às fronteiras de separação de regiões heterogêneas de coberturas de solo. Tendo em vista as inúmeras pesquisas que visam a alternativas diferenciadas para obtenção de tais dados, mostrou-se, através deste experimento, que pequenas aeronaves não-tripuladas podem ser de grande valia para pesquisas em agrometeorologia e meteorologia, pois se destacam por possibilitar a realização de sondagens atmosféricas em lugares de difícil acesso, tendo um baixo custo.
Tarniewicz, Jérôme. "Etude d'une méthode de sondage de la vapeur d'eau dans la troposphère appliquée à la correction de mesures GPS pour l'altimétrie de haute précision". Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011934.
Pełny tekst źródłaDans un premier temps, le système GPS est présenté dans son utilisation géodésique classique; un bilan d'erreur est donné, en insistant particulièrement sur la modélisation du délai troposphérique qui intervient dans les observations GPS. L'erreur de positionnement induite par des hétérogénéités atmosphériques est estimée par simulation simplifiée de la chaîne de traitement GPS d'une ligne de base en double différence. Il en ressort qu'une correction externe des mesures GPS est nécessaire, et que les méthodes de traitement GPS actuelles (correction a priori et estimation de paramètres troposphériques) ne sont pas adaptées à des situations présentant de fortes hétérogénéités dans la distribution de vapeur d'eau atmosphérique.
Dans un second temps, l'étude se focalise sur le mode de la correction des mesures GPS à utiliser. Après une rapide revue des différentes techniques de sondage de la vapeur d'eau troposphérique, les précisions des délais troposphériques humides obtenus à partir d'une mesure résolue en distance sont comparées, par simulation, à celles obtenues à partir d'une mesure intégrée; de ces simulations, il est conclu qu'une mesure résolue (rapport de mélange ou concentration absolue), fournie par un lidar Raman à balayage, permet d'obtenir la précision sub-millimétrique visée sur le délai troposphérique humide.
Le développement instrumental d'un lidar Raman vapeur d'eau à balayage est ensuite abordé. Le principe de la mesure de vapeur d'eau par lidar Raman est présenté, et compte-tenu des configurations instrumentales existantes, des contraintes d'encombrement imposées par la mobilité du système et des performances obtenues par un simulateur développé pour l'occasion, les caractéristiques d'un nouveau système lidar Raman sont présentées. Les premiers résultats expérimentaux obtenus en visée zénithale lors de la campagne ESCOMPTE en 2001 et d'une campagne de mesure à Toulouse au CNRM en 2002 sont présentés, validant ainsi le simulateur instrumental du lidar Raman développé pour le sondage de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique.
Dans une dernière partie, le bénéfice d'une correction externe des mesures GPS par lidar Raman à balayage est démontré par la simulation numérique. Les observations GPS et les corrections lidar correspondantes sont calculées à partir d'une simulation de l'évolution de la distribution spatiale de la vapeur d'eau effectuée à méso-échelle par le modèle MM5. La simulation concerne une journée d'étude de la campagne IHOP (International H2O Project) pour un cas où la couche limite est très hétérogène. La stratégie d'observation est discutée en fonction de l'erreur obtenue. Il est montré que les erreurs de positionnement sub-millimétriques (environ 10 fois plus faibles que celles obtenues lors d'un traitement GPS classique) peuvent être obtenues sur une période de 24 heures, avec un balayage séquentiel et homogène de la constellation de satellites GPS (5 minutes d'observation par satellite pour des élévations supérieures à 5°).
LACOSTE, ANNE MARIE. "Observations de l'ozone dans la stratosphere : validation et mise en place d'une base de donnees obtenues par sondage laser. etude climatologique et de tendance de l'ozone stratospherique a l'observatoire de haute provence". Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066392.
Pełny tekst źródłaGimenez, Leandro Maria. "Relação da condutividade elétrica aparente com algumas propriedades físico-hídricas e com a variabilidade espacial dos solos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-17122013-121535/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe variability of soil physical properties has an impact on the performance of agricultural production activities. Indirect methods for obtaining information on the soil properties with agronomic interest are used to allow the use of inputs more appropriately. The apparent soil electrical conductivity ( ECa ) is influenced by several properties , many of them interrelated and presenting variability in short distances, being difficult to separate the various factors. ECa measures are usually taken in surface, using electrode arrangements for prospecting a soil volume proportional to the distance between them. In this work, a methodology was used that identified some of the properties with the greatest impact on the ECa, with emphasis to those related to soil porous space. The detailed characterization of the variation of ECw throughout the soil profile and its comparison with that obtained from the vertical electrical sounding was carried to identify certain limitations of this technique. The presence of several layers with varying physical properties and moisture in the soil profile changed values obtained from surface sounding. The relationship between the separation of the electrodes in the array with four points equally spaced, the Wenner array, and the depth of exploration, coefficient k, ranged between 0.35 and 0.70 for the soils LVd , LAd PVe and evaluated. A survey was done for the ECa characterization of spatial variability in the horizontal and along soil profile in an area with clay content ranging from 150 to 379 g kg - 1 in the layer from 0 to 0.2 m and between 225 and 326 g kg - 1 in layer 0, 6 to 0.8 m. The use of ECa for characterizing this variability showed satisfactory results.
Brixon, Laurent. "Etude de la faisabilité, de l'analyse par sondage laser des perturbations induites par la turbulence atmosphérique sur les fronts d'onde, et de la correction des perturbations de phase au moyen d'une otpique adaptative : application à l'observation astronomique". Aix-Marseille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX22030.
Pełny tekst źródłaGaray, Rafael de Morais. "Uso de sondas fluorescentes para avaliação seminal de ejaculado de gato do mato pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus) e ensaio de ligação à membrana perivitelina de ovo de galinha (Gallus gallus) como ferramenta de predição de fertilidade espermática". Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5101.
Pełny tekst źródłaSeveral populations of wild carnivores are threatened with extinction, mainly due to fragmentation of habitats and low genetic variability of geographically isolated populations. Ex situ conservation strategies, like assisted reproduction and cryopreservation of gametes intended to assist the maintenance of viable populations. Cryopreservation process of male gametes, however, causes damages to cells, which are measured in order to evaluate methodologies and handling techniques to, therefore, increase the viability of reproduction with endangered species in captivity, using assisted reproduction. The study aimed to assess qualitatively the fresh and thawed semen of oncilla (Leopradus tigrinus) using a combination of fluorescent probes and tests of sperm binding to heterologous oocytes of domestic cats and the perivitelline layer of chicken egg. It was used a single individual of oncilla which was anesthetized by anesthesic of ketamine (10 mg / kg) and xylazine (1.2 mg / kg). The semen was collected by electroejaculation and evaluated to the physical aspects (color, appearance and volume) and were also carried out routine tests as follows: sperm motility, spermatic vigor, concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, morphology and hypoosmotic test. Subsequently, the semen was cryopreserved in French straws at a concentration of 20 x 106 motile sperm / ml in TRIS medium based on citrate, 20% of egg yolk and final concentration of 6% glycerol and 0.5% Equex. To asses the integrity of the plasma and acrosomal membrane it was used a combination of three fluorescent probes, propidium iodide, Hoechst 33342 and agglutinin Pisium sativum isoticionato conjugated (FITC-PSA). For binding tests of sperm it was used oocytes of domestic cat and perivitelline layer of chicken eggs, semen was co-incubated at 0.5 x 106 mobile spermatozoa / ml in maintenance medium TCM 199 modified and incubated at 38 ° C at atmospheric pressure of 5% CO 2 for one hour. The ejaculates obtained presented satisfactory medial values for vigor and motility (4.33% and 80.0%, respectively), however, decreased this values in frozen-thawed semen (p <0.05). The fresh ejaculate was presented with values of sperm pathologies below in relation of values observed in other studies with fresh semen of oncilla (19%), the thawed semen increased values of defective cells (p <0.05), due exclusively to the increase in larger defects. The percentage of cells reactive to the hypoosmotic test was lower (p <0.05) in frozen-thawed semen compared to fresh semen (13.0% and 71.66%, respectively). The probes association of propidium iodide, Hoescht 33342 and FITC-PSA was effective to distinguish different subpopulations of sperm in one ejaculation, but there was a difficulty in identifying the staining by FITC-PSA in combination with H342. The population with the intact plasmatic and acrosomal layers decreased (p <0.05) in frozen-thawed semen compared to fresh semen and increased the population with damaged plasmatic layer and intact acrosome layer, which was inversely proportional to motility between these two treatments. For binding tests of oncilla sperm to heterologous oocyte and periviteline layer, both fresh and thawed semen showed adhesion to the substrates and decrease (p <0.05) in number of sperm adhered to the oocyte membrane of the thawed semen. The qualitative methods of sperm evaluation using fluorescent probes associations and binding assays of sperm with heterologous oocytes and perivitelline layers of chicken´s egg proved useful in the evaluation of fresh and thawed semen of oncilla.
Diversas populações de carnívoros silvestres encontram-se ameaçados de extinção, principalmente devido à descaracterização de habitats e a baixa variabilidade genética de populações geograficamente isoladas. Estratégias de conservação ex situ, dentre as quais se encontram a reprodução assistida e criopreservação de gametas visam auxiliar a manutenção de populações viáveis. O processo de criopreservação de gametas masculinos, porém, gera danos às células, os quais devem ser mensurados a fim de se avaliar metodologias e técnicas de manipulação e consequentemente aumentar a viabilidade de reprodução de espécies ameaçadas mantidas em cativeiro, a partir da utilização de reprodução assistida. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar de forma qualitativa o ejaculado a fresco e descongelado de gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus) utilizando-se a combinação de sondas fluorescentes e testes de ligação de espermatozoides a ovócitos heterólogos de gatas domésticas e à membrana perivitelina do ovo de galinha. Foi utilizado um gato-do-mato-pequeno, que foi anestesiado por meio de protocolo anestésico de cloridrato de quetamina (10 mg/kg) e cloridrato de xilazina (1,2 mg/kg). O sêmen foi coletado pelo uso de eletroejaculação e foi avaliado quanto aos aspectos físicos (cor, aspecto e volume) e também foram realizados os testes de rotina a seguir: motilidade espermática, vigor espermático, concentração de espermatozoides no ejaculado, morfologia e teste hiposmótico. Posteriormente o sêmen foi criopreservado em palhetas francesas na concentração de 20 x 106 espermatozoides móveis/mL, em meio à base de TRIS citrato, 20% de gema de ovo e concentração final de 6% de glicerol e 0,5% de Equex. Para a avaliação da integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal foi usada a combinação de três sondas fluorescentes, iodeto de propídio (IP), Hoescht 33342 (H342) e a aglutinina Pisium sativum conjugada com isoticionato de fluoresceína (FITC-PSA). Para os testes de ligação de espermatozoides à zona pelúcida de ovócito de gata doméstica e à membrana perivitelina de ovos de galinha, o sêmen foi coincubado na concentração de 0,5 x 106 espermatozoides móveis/mL, em meio de manutenção TCM 199 modificado e mantido em estufa a 38ºC com pressão atmosférica de 5% de CO2 durante uma hora. Os ejaculados obtidos apresentaram valores médios satisfatórios para vigor e motilidade (4,33% e 80,0%, respectivamente), porém, diminuíram no sêmen descongelado (p<0,05). O ejaculado a fresco apresentou-se com valores de patologias espermáticas abaixo do observado em outros estudos com sêmen a fresco de gato-do-mato (19%), no sêmen descongelado houve aumento de espermatozoides defeituosos (p<0,05), devido exclusivamente ao aumento nos defeitos maiores. O percentual de células reativas ao teste hiposmótico foi menor (p<0,05) no sêmen descongelado em relação ao sêmen a fresco (13,0% e 71,66%, respectivamente). A associação das sondas IP, H342 e FITC-PSA mostrou-se eficaz para a distinção de diferentes subpopulações de espermatozoides em um mesmo ejaculado, porém houve dificuldade em se identificar a coloração pelo FITC-PSA em associação com o H342. Houve redução (p<0,05) da população com membrana plasmática e acrossomal íntegras no sêmen descongelado em relação ao sêmen a fresco e aumento na população com membrana plasmática lesionada e acrossomal íntegra, que foi inversamente proporcional à motilidade entre estes dois tratamentos. Em relação aos testes de ligação de espermatozoides a ovócitos heterólogos e a membranas perivitelina, tanto o sêmen a fresco quanto o descongelado de gato-do-mato-pequeno apresentaram adesão aos substratos testados e ocorreu redução (p<0,05) na quantidade de espermatozoides aderidos nos ovócitos e nas membranas no sêmen descongelado. As metodologias de avaliação qualitativa de associação de sondas fluorescentes e testes de ligação de espermatozoides a ovócitos e membrana perivitelina de ovo de galinha se mostraram úteis na avaliação de sêmen a fresco e descongelado de gato-do-mato-pequeno.
Smirès, Najib. "Contribution des mesures lidar à l'études des variations à long terme de l'état thermique de l'atmosphère moyenne". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066434.
Pełny tekst źródłaBaldy, Serge. "Les mécanismes de génération et de dispersion de bulles provenant du déferlement des vagues : observations, analyse et modèle". Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22056.
Pełny tekst źródłaHery, Maxime. "Conception et optimisation de transducteurs capacitifs micro-usinés appliqués à l'imagerie ultrasonore". Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4013.
Pełny tekst źródłaCapacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUT) have been studied by several international laboratories since the 1990s. Presenting itself as an alternative to traditional piezoelectric transducers, this MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) inspired technology has now reached the maturity needed for commercialization. In its historic application, medical imaging, many industrial actors propose CMUT probes, such as Hotachi, Kolo Medicals or Butterfly Network to name a few. However, research on these devices continues through studies on design, modeling, manufacturing or for new applications. Through the collaborative project TUMAHI (Highly Integrated Multi-Application capacitive Ultrasonic Transducers) between the GREMAN laboratory and VERMON S.A, two areas of optimization were carried out. The first objective was to create and experimentally validate a CMUT element design strategy to optimize electroacoustic response over bandwidth or sensitivity. The main constraint was to define degrees of freedom and fixed parameters to manufacture CMUTs for various applications and working frequency on a single wafer. Through a 10 MHz centered device for medical imaging, we have varied the size of membranes to have a Broadband and Sensitive configuration. A pressure measurement campaign was carried out with complete and ready-to-use probes to validate the established design criteria. However, the in-depth analysis emphasized that the design approach for the most effective CMUT probe was to optimize the resonance frequency of the first radiation mode to coincide with the desired working frequency. The second study focused on the passivation layer, a protective layer for CMUT elements traditionally designed in silicone polymer, and aimed to implement its impact in modeling tools with a new CMUT / viscoelastic material coupling model. A three-dimensional Green function was used by defining equivalences between elastic and viscoelastic properties and theoretically validated with complementary 2D and 3D Lamb problems. A confrontation with experimental results was initiated by creating a series of oils with variable viscosities and by exciting electrically decoupled CMUT columns to target a more sensitive radiation mode to the shear properties of the medium. The influence of viscosity was identified through the variation of the central frequency and quality factor on the measured and simulated electrical impedance, providing the basis for a viability study of CMUT technology for a viscoelastic sensitive sensor. The consideration of the passivation layer has enabled the retrieval of equivalent behavior to reality but requires a complete database on the viscoelastic properties of materials in the ultrasonic domain to be present in the design steps of a CMUT transducer
Alves, Elisa Pinheiro. "Conceção, Produção e Validação Experimental de Micro Sondas de Correntes Induzidas Customizadas". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/118702.
Pełny tekst źródłaNon-Destructive Testing (NDT) by Eddy Currents (EC) allows the determination of material characteristics and the detection of surface and subsurface defects that can be prejudicial to the structural integrity of pieces made of electrically conductive materials. Despite being a common technique with many years of accumulated experience, there are some conditions where difficulties persist, such as the detection of micro defects in small components or with difficult access. The objective of this work was to design, numerically simulate, produce and experimentally validate different configurations of EC probes for: detection of micro defects on laser-brazed joints and detection of defects in Endodontic files. Another objective was to develop and apply improvements to a high resolution XY scanning device for automated inspection, allowing conductivity mapping with high resolution. Numerically simulated, produced, and characterized probes with different geometries, configurations, and parameters. In total, 19 EC probes were produced which allowed to aess the importance of different parameters for the inspection process. The results demonstrated the potential of helicoidal cylindrical probes in the inspection of laser-brazed joints: probes with different parameters proved to be capable of detecting surface and subsurface defects. For the inspection of endodontic files, the developed configurations were tested, and one demonstrated to be able to detect an artificial defect in the file.