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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „SPS Agreement”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 1 lutego 2022

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1

EPPS, TRACEY. "Reconciling public opinion and WTO rules under the SPS Agreement." World Trade Review 7, no. 2 (April 2008): 359–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745608003819.

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AbstractThe WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) allows Members to enact SPS measures necessary to protect health so long as they are based on scientific evidence. This scientific evidence requirement has attracted controversy among academics, policy-makers, and civil society. The argument has been advanced that the requirement inappropriately excludes the consideration of public opinion in the domestic risk regulatory decision-making process. The article addresses the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the SPS Agreement's req

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Mustafa, Khalid. "Barriers against Agricultural Exports from Pakistan: The Role of WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 4II (December 1, 2003): 487–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.487-510.

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There has been growing recognition that Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement can impede trade in agricultural and food products. Pakistan, in particular experiences problems in meeting the SPS requirements of developed countries and, it is claimed, this can seriously impede its ability to export agricultural and food products. Attempts have been made to reduce the trade distortive effects of SPS measures through, for example, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) SPS Agreement, although it is claimed that current initiatives fail to address many of the key problems experienced by Pakistan a

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WOUTERS, JAN, and DYLAN GERAETS. "Private food standards and the World Trade Organization: some legal considerations." World Trade Review 11, no. 3 (July 2012): 479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000237.

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AbstractPrivate standards have increasingly become a contentious issue in the multilateral trading system. The ever increasing number of sector-specific standards developed by businesses, in particular in the food market, may have significant implications for developing countries in terms of market access. Some countries see private food standards as a particular form of non-tariff barriers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with non-tariff barriers in the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and in the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement)

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Kepych, Taras. "Ukrainian Sanitary and Phytosanitary Laws Approximation to EU Acquis Under Association Agreement Including Agreement on Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA)." EU agrarian Law 3, no. 2 (February 2, 2015): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2014-0011.

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AbstractThe paper reviews the achievements to date in legal approximation in the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) field in Ukraine. Effective regulatory approximation in the SPS field was critical to anchoring the reform process in Ukraine and to fostering further progress in EU’s relations with this Eastern Partnership (EaP) country. This paper highlights three major problems in Ukraine that were hindering reform in the SPS field: inconsistency between Ukrainian and EU food safety legislation, lack of uniformity between animal health law regimes, absence of a single SPS regulator. Legal imple

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Gruszczynski, Lukasz. "United States: Certain Measures Affecting Imports of Poultry from China – Just Another SPS Case?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 3 (September 2011): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x0000146x.

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The SPS Agreement may apply to budgetary measures if they are motivated by SPS concerns. Equivalence-based measures are subject to regular disciplines of the SPS Agreement, including but not limited to Article 4. This means that WTO Members when engaging in the recognition process need to observe other SPS provisions such as requirement of scientific risk assessment (Articles 5.1–5.3) or quasi-consistency obligation of Article 5.5. An SPS measure which has been found inconsistent with certain provisions of the SPS Agreement (e.g. Articles 2 and 5), cannot be later justified under the general e

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Gruszczynski, Lukasz. "Science in the Process of Risk Regulation under the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures." German Law Journal 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 371–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004739.

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This article attempts to present a comprehensive and coherent picture of the position occupied by science under the SPS Agreement and in the SPS case law. It claims that the approach adopted by the Appellate Body reflects the explicit language of the SPS Agreement and is predominantly based on a technical paradigm. In consequence, science plays a critical role in distinguishing between legal and illegal SPS measures.The article argues that such an approach is generally compatible with the text of the SPS Agreement and provides a coherent SPS system. However, it also identifies certain areas, w

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7

Kim, Cheolsoo. "A Study on the Reasonable Necessity Test of SPS Measures under the SPS Agreement." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2019.21.2.163.

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Vergano, Paolo R., and Tobias Dolle. "The Trade Law Consequences of “Brexit”." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 4 (December 2016): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00010229.

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AbstractThis section highlights the interface between international trade and investment law and municipal and international risk regulation. It is meant to cover cases and other legal developments in WTO law (SPS, TBT and TRIPS Agreements and the general exceptions in both GATT 1994 and GATS), bilateral investment treaty arbitration and other free trade agreements such as NAFTA. Pertinent developments in international standardization bodies recognized by the SPS and TBT Agreement are also covered.

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Lee, Yong-Shik. "Regulatory Autonomy under the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Implications of Korea–Import Bans, and Testing and Certification Requirements for Radionuclides." World Trade Review 20, no. 3 (April 14, 2021): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474562100001x.

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AbstractThe recent WTO dispute case, Korea–Import Bans, and Testing and Certification Requirements for Radionuclides, illustrates complex legal issues and significant political implications associated with the regulatory autonomy of a sovereign country under the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). There has been constant tension between the sovereign right of a WTO member state to determine its own appropriate level of protection (ALOP) and the regulatory constraints imposed under the SPS Agreement to prevent abuse and disguised trade protection. The case emer

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VILLALTA PUIG, GONZALO, and ERIC D. DALKE. "Nature and Enforceability of WTO-plus SPS and TBT Provisions in Canada's PTAs: From NAFTA to CETA." World Trade Review 15, no. 1 (October 19, 2015): 51–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000464.

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AbstractSafety standards can function as non-tariff barriers to trade. Canada is a large exporter of goods and so it has an interest in the regulation of safety standards, both at the multilateral level through its membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and, most especially, at the bilateral and regional level through its Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Canada has signed PTAs with provisions that go beyond the obligations of WTO Members under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. This article an

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DOWNES, CHRIS. "Worth Shopping Around? Defending Regulatory Autonomy under the SPS and TBT Agreements." World Trade Review 14, no. 04 (March 30, 2015): 553–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000178.

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AbstractWith its stringent requirements for scientific evidence, the SPS Agreement is commonly considered a greater constraint on WTO Members' regulatory autonomy than the TBT Agreement. It is consequently feared that Members may ‘forum shop’ by reconstructing SPS measures as TBT regulations and hereby circumvent WTO obligations. This article revisits these assumptions in the light of recent TBT jurisprudence and explores the respective challenges of defending policy preferences under the two technical regimes. It argues that in some respects – the characterization of a measure and the chosen

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Saika, Naoto Nelson. "Seeds, Trade, Trust: Regionalization Commitments under the SPS Agreement." Journal of International Economic Law 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 855–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgy002.

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Laowonsiri, Akawat. "Application of the Precautionary Principle in the SPS Agreement." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 14, no. 1 (2010): 563–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413-90000060.

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Botterill, Linda Courtenay, and Carsten Daugbjerg. "Commensalistic institutions and value conflicts: the World Trade Organization and global private food standards." European Political Science Review 7, no. 1 (January 17, 2014): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773913000295.

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An important outcome of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations was the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). This was set up to discipline the use of national food safety and animal and plant health regulations and to prevent their emergence as technical barriers to trade. The Agreement privileges free trade and scientific evidence, thus excluding many ethical considerations from the regulations that national governments can enact in relation to production methods in the agri-food chain. Autonomously from the SPS Agreement, a number

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Barza, Eugênia Cristina Nilsen Ribeiro, and Natália Paulino Bonnomi. "SEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR E ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DO COMÉRCIO: ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DO ACORDO SOBRE A APLICAÇÃO DE MEDIDAS SANITÁRIAS E FITOSSANITÁRIAS - DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v41i2.44801." Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFG 41, no. 2 (December 7, 2017): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v41i2.44801.

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Resumo: O objeto deste artigo é a análise do impacto do Acordo sobre a Aplicação de Medidas Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias (Acordo SPS) nas políticas regulatórias direcionadas à proteção da segurança alimentar. A problematização do trabalho consiste em demonstrar como o Acordo SPS pode orientar a regulação do Estado para que esta alcance o nível desejado de proteção sem ensejar barreiras protecionistas ao comércio. Para tanto, o presente artigo estuda as principais normas contidas no Acordo SPS, bem como avalia a disputa EC-Biotech, de modo a compreender o posicionamento da OMC acerca da regulaç

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Azzout, Boudjelal T. "Plant Health and the Blight of the WTO SPS Agreement." Environmental Law Review 6, no. 1 (January 2004): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/enlr.6.1.39.40873.

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Mei, Linlu, Vladimir Rozanov, Evelyn Jäkel, Xiao Cheng, Marco Vountas, and John P. Burrows. "The retrieval of snow properties from SLSTR Sentinel-3 – Part 2: Results and validation." Cryosphere 15, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 2781–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-2781-2021.

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Abstract. To evaluate the performance of the eXtensible Bremen Aerosol/cloud and surfacE parameters Retrieval (XBAER) algorithm, presented in the Part 1 companion paper to this paper, we apply the XBAER algorithm to the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) instrument on board Sentinel-3. Snow properties – snow grain size (SGS), snow particle shape (SPS) and specific surface area (SSA) – are derived under cloud-free conditions. XBAER-derived snow properties are compared to other existing satellite products and validated by ground-based and aircraft measurements. The atmospheric c

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Herwig, Alexia. "The Application of the SPS Agreement to Transnational, Private Food Standards." European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, no. 3 (September 2016): 610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00006127.

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Du, Michael M. "STANDARD OF REVIEW UNDER THE SPS AGREEMENT AFTER EC- HORMONES II." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 59, no. 2 (April 2010): 441–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589310000072.

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Resende, Karina A., Afonso M. Cavaco, Márcia A. Luna-Leite, Bianca R. Acacio, Núbia N. Pinto, Maria D. Neta, and Angelita C. Melo. "Training and standardization of simulated patients for multicentre studies in clinical pharmacy education." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.4.2038.

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Objective: To evaluate the training and standardization methods of multiple simulated patients (SPs) performing a single scenario in a multicenter study. Methods: A prospective quasi-experimental study, using a multicenter approach, evaluated the performance of five different individuals with the same biotype during a simulation session in a high-fidelity environment. The SPs training and standardization process consisted of four steps and six web or face-to-face mediated: Step 1: simulation scenario design and pilot test. Step 2: SPs selection, recruitment and beginning training (Sessio

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Resende, Karina A., Afonso M. Cavaco, Márcia A. Luna-Leite, Bianca R. Acacio, Núbia N. Pinto, Maria D. Neta, and Angelita C. Melo. "Training and standardization of simulated patients for multicentre studies in clinical pharmacy education." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.4.2038.

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Objective: To evaluate the training and standardization methods of multiple simulated patients (SPs) performing a single scenario in a multicenter study. Methods: A prospective quasi-experimental study, using a multicenter approach, evaluated the performance of five different individuals with the same biotype during a simulation session in a high-fidelity environment. The SPs training and standardization process consisted of four steps and six web or face-to-face mediated: Step 1: simulation scenario design and pilot test. Step 2: SPs selection, recruitment and beginning training (Session 1: p

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Wassenaar, Marlies, Colin M. Brown, and Peter Hagoort. "ERP Effects of Subject—Verb Agreement Violations in Patients with Broca's Aphasia." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 4 (May 2004): 553–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892904323057290.

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This article presents electrophysiological data on on-line syntactic processing during auditory sentence comprehension in patients with Broca's aphasia. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the scalp while subjects listened to sentences that were either syntactically correct or contained violations of subject-verb agreement. Three groups of subjects were tested: Broca patients (n = 10), nonaphasic patients with a right-hemisphere (RH) lesion (n = 5), and healthy agedmatched controls (n = 12). The healthy, control subjects showed a P600/SPS effect as response to the agreemen

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Peel, Jacqueline. "OF APPLES AND ORANGES (AND HORMONES IN BEEF): SCIENCE AND THE STANDARD OF REVIEW IN WTO DISPUTES UNDER THE SPS AGREEMENT." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 61, no. 2 (April 2012): 427–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589312000024.

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AbstractThe standard of review applied by WTO decision-makers in disputes under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures Agreement plays a critical role in determining the scope of SPS risk regulatory authority afforded WTO Members by governing the degree to which such measures must be science-based. The standard of review question in SPS jurisprudence finds resonances in international environmental legal adjudication of highly technical disputes, as well as in comparative law concerning judicial review of science-based risk regulation in the United States and European Union. This article

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Vorontsova, N. A. "SPS Measures as Hidden Barriers to International Trade within WTO and EAEU (theory and practice)." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-1-66-78.

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INTRODUCTION. Since there are many threats in the modern world, states consider the essence of security in its various manifestations. A rather extensive understanding of security should be noted, as this concept applies to multiple directions of our life. So-called SPS measures are one of the vectors aimed at ensuring safety (protection) of human life and health. The scientific literature covers rather extensively SPS measures, taken by states, which include mandatory sanitary, veterinary and quarantine phytosanitary requirements and procedures. The novelty of the study is that SPS measures w

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Haseeb Ansari, Abdul, and Nik Ahmad Kamal Nik Mahmod. "Biosafety Protocol, SPS Agreement and export and import control of LMOs/GMOs." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 7, no. 2 (December 5, 2008): 139–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14770020810927336.

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PurposeWhen genetically modified organisms (GMOs) were put into the international trade, people in many countries, especially European countries, became skeptical of them. A perception developed that they are harmful to human, animal, plant life and health, and destructive to the environment. It is true that if there is no safe use of genetically modified living organisms (LMOs), other species might be affected causing loss to the environment. So as to ensure safe use of LMOs and GMOs, the Cartagena Protocol and the SPS Agreement were, respectively, made. The purpose of this paper is to critic

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김시라 and 김은미. "Application of the Precautionary Principle in the SPS Agreement : Analyzing EC-GMOs." Journal of International Trade & Commerce 11, no. 6 (December 2015): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.11.6.201512.297.

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Reid, Emily. "Risk Assessment, Science and Deliberation: Managing Regulatory Diversity under the SPS Agreement?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 3, no. 4 (December 2012): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00002452.

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The adoption by WTO Members of measures relating to the protection of health and life of animals, plants and humans is regulated by the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS)Agreement. A fundamental question in the application of this agreement concerns the distinction to be drawn between legitimate regulation and unlawful restriction of trade. This distinction can be difficult to discern, particularly since different communities have different levels of tolerance for risk, which leads to varying national regulatory decisions. This paper critically examines the approach taken to this question in

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Torres Rodríguez, Pamela. "Analysis of de Subsection 3.2.7 of the Annex to Regulation (EU) No. 488-2014 concerning the maximum cadmium content in chocolate and derived products under the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary rules." Revista Internacional de Derecho 2, no. 1 (2021): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37768/unw.rid.02.01.004.

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The requirement for maximum levels of cadmium in cocoa and derived products established in subsection 3.2.7 of the Annex to the European Union (EU) Regulation No. 488/2014 shall be in accordance with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) rules. Thus, through the dogmatic method it is analysed whether it is a SPS measure that affects international trade and if it complies with the basic principles of the SPS Agreement as if the measure: was issued under the sovereign right of the European Union (EU) Member States (MS) to adopt SPS measures, was adopted to protect h

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Manalu, Velicia Theoartha, Sinta Dewi Rosadi, and Prita Amalia. "IMPLEMENTATION REGIONALIZATION PRINCIPLE BASED ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) AGREEMENT ACCORDING TO VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES (VCLT) OF 1969." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 10, no. 2 (August 24, 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v10i2.44710.

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<em>The practice of the regionalization principle in Article 6 Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement is still conflicted. This is because of several cases regarding the members misinterpretation of international guidelines in the regionalization principle, such as India – Agricultural Products and Russia – Pigs (EU). Recently, Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (Covid-19) has been considered to affect animal trade. Such conditions prompt the World Trade Organization (WTO) to recommend the Members to take SPS Measures to protect their domestic market. However, the trade would be inhibited in

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HOEKMAN, BERNARD, and JOEL TRACHTMAN. "Continued suspense: EC–Hormones and WTO disciplines on discrimination and domestic regulation Appellate Body Reports: Canada/United States – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC – Hormones Dispute, WT/DS320/AB/R,WT/DS321/AB/R, adopted 14 November 2008." World Trade Review 9, no. 1 (January 2010): 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745609990280.

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AbstractBased on the reasoning of the Appellate Body in Canada/United States – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC–Hormones Dispute (‘Continued Suspension’), this paper analyzes the distinction between the national-treatment obligation under Article III of GATT and the requirement under the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures that such measures be based on a risk assessment that takes into account available scientific evidence. The Appellate Body's reasoning makes clear that the primary purpose of the SPS Agreement is to discipline discriminatory regulation, and no

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Botha, Frederik C., and Kevin G. Black. "Sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase activity during maturation of internodal tissue in sugarcane." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 1 (2000): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99098.

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Sucrose accumulation rates, sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14) and soluble sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) activities were measured in internodal tissue from a sugarcane (Saccharum species hybrids) variety N19. The sucrose accumulation rate sharply increases between internodes 3 to 11. In the older internodes SPS activity was at least three times higher than the SuSy activity. A highly significant positive correlation was found between SPS activity and sucrose content. In contrast, no significant correlation was observed between SuSy and sucrose content. In agreement, when radi

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Trachtman, Joel. "The WTO Seal Products Case: Doctrinal and Normative Confusion." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s239877230000948x.

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The negotiators and drafters of the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization(WTO), which includes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947(GATT) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT), as well as other subagreements dealing with domestic regulation, such as the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures(SPS), did not do a great job of doctrinal integration among the different documents that comprise the WTO Agreement. To be fair, at the end of the Uruguay Round, the hour was late and they may have felt that the basic ideas were sufficiently clear that it

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Sandford, Iain. "Hormonal Imbalance? Balancing Free Trade and the Need for SPS Measures after the Decision in Hormones." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i2.6032.

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The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations to ensure that measures taken to protect humans and animals from foodborne risks, and to protect plants, animals and people from the risks of pests and diseases (SPS measures) were imposed only where they were justified. As such, the Agreement implicitly struck a balance between the freedom of World Trade Organization (WTO) Members to impose such legitimate measures and the objective of minimising trade disruptions. This article explores how this im

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Arcuri, Alessandra, Lukasz Gruszczynski, and Alexia Herwig. "Independence of Experts and Standards for Evaluation of Scientific Evidence under the SPS Agreement – New Directions in the SPS Case Law." European Journal of Risk Regulation 1, no. 2 (June 2010): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00000337.

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Under Section II of the Rules of Conduct for the DSU, the institutional affiliation of experts may be considered as an element that casts doubts on their impartiality and independence. Under Articles 5.1 and 5.7 of the SPS Agreement, the level of protection that a particular country is ready to tolerate may inform risk assessment and have an impact on the determination of insufficiency of scientific evidence. In a situation in which there is sufficient scientific evidence for performance of risk assessment in one of the international standard setting-organizations, one may still find insuffici

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Song, Yi, Zhao Yao Zhou, Zhi Cheng Chen, and Yong Quan Ye. "An Improved Thermal-Electric-Displacement Coupled SPS FEM Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 211-212 (February 2011): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.211-212.681.

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This paper proposed an improved thermal-electric-displacement FEM model for spark plasma sintering (SPS), which fully considered the variations of therma-electrical material parameters, contact resistances and contact boundaries due to the densification process. The simulation shows that such an alterable boundary condition builds a remarkable temperature gradient in the axial direction along the inner wall of the die, and the local change of the temperature at the contact interfaces can be described more exactly. The experiment and the simulation are in a great agreement. The developed SPS mo

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Boutrif, Ezzeddine. "The new role of Codex Alimentarius in the context of WTO/SPS agreement." Food Control 14, no. 2 (March 2003): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-7135(02)00113-5.

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Lee,Eun-Sup and 이주영. "Applicating Scope of SPS Agreement : Focusing on Panel’s Interpretation in EC-Biotech Case." International Commerce and Information Review 10, no. 4 (December 2008): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.10.4.200812.439.

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Neeliah, S. A., and D. Goburdhun. "Complying with the clauses of the SPS Agreement: Case of a developing country." Food Control 21, no. 6 (June 2010): 902–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.12.008.

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ROBERTS, DONNA, and LAURIAN UNNEVEHR. "Resolving trade disputes arising from trends in food safety regulation: the role of the multilateral governance framework." World Trade Review 4, no. 3 (November 2005): 469–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745605002466.

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New food regulations may impede international trade, but multilateral mechanisms can resolve trade conflicts when they do arise. Food safety regulation in industrialized countries during the 1990s increasingly uses risk analysis in a farm-to-table approach, promotes the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system, and increases the stringency of standards or creates new regulations for hazards. The 1995 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), negotiated by World Trade Organization (WTO) members, establishes a framework to reduce their

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Black, Robert, and Irina Kireeva. "Sanitary and Phytosanitary Legislation in the Russian Federation: A General Overview in Light of the WTO SPS Agreement and EU Principles of Food Safety." Review of Central and East European Law 35, no. 3 (2010): 225–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157303510x12650378240313.

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AbstractThis article introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and the European Union's policies and legislation that exemplify these rules. This forms the basis for examining primary Russian SPS legislation governing border controls and its relationship with legislative provisions on human, animal, and plant health and food safety. Specific Russsian primary federal laws (federal'nye zakony) covering veterinary medicine, plant health, food quality/safety, pesticides and agrochemicals, and technical regulations are compared with correspondi

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Ratzker, Barak, Sergey Kalabukhov, and Nachum Frage. "Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for High-temperature Compressive Creep Tests." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020396.

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Creep is a time dependent, temperature-sensitive mechanical response of a material in the form of continuous deformation under constant load or stress. To study the creep properties of a given material, the load/stress and temperature must be controlled while measuring strain over time. The present study describes how a spark plasma sintering (SPS) apparatus can be used as a precise tool for measuring compressive creep of materials. Several examples for using the SPS apparatus for high-temperature compressive creep studies of metals and ceramics under a constant load are discussed. Experimenta

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Ray, Baidurja, and Lance R. Collins. "Investigation of sub-Kolmogorov inertial particle pair dynamics in turbulence using novel satellite particle simulations." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 720 (February 27, 2013): 192–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.24.

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AbstractClustering (or preferential concentration) of weakly inertial particles suspended in a homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow is driven primarily by the smallest eddies at the so-called Kolmogorov scale. In particle-laden large-eddy simulations (LES), these small scales are not resolved by the grid and hence their effect on both the resolved flow scales and the particle motion have to be modelled. In order to predict clustering in a particle-laden LES, it is crucial that the subgrid model for the particles captures the mechanism by which the subgrid scales affect the particle motion (Ray

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Lee, Jin-Kyu. "Limitations and Development Agenda of WTO/SPS Agreement as a Food Safety Regulatory System." DONG-A LAW REVIEW 86 (February 29, 2020): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31839/dalr.2020.02.86.255.

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Morse, Edward A. "Sound science and trade barriers: Democracy, autonomy, and the limits of the SPS agreement." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 6, no. 1 (May 31, 2007): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14770020780000545.

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LIU, FU-HU, DONG-HAI ZHANG, MAI-YING DUAN, and NABIL N. ABD ALLAH. "KAON PSEUDORAPIDITY DISTRIBUTION IN pA AND AA COLLISIONS AT AGS AND SPS ENERGIES." International Journal of Modern Physics E 12, no. 06 (December 2003): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301303001569.

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We study systematically the kaon pseudorapidity distribution in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at AGS and SPS energies within the cylinder model. The calculated results are compared and shown to be in agreement with the available experimental data.

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Bonneuil, Christophe, and Les Levidow. "How does the World Trade Organization know? The mobilization and staging of scientific expertise in the GMO trade dispute." Social Studies of Science 42, no. 1 (January 16, 2012): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312711430151.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement procedure is a key arena for establishing global legal norms for what counts as relevant knowledge. As a high-profile case, the WTO trade dispute on GMOs mobilized scientific expertise in somewhat novel ways. Early on, the Panel put the dispute under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement through a new legal ontology; it classified transgenes as potential pests and limited all environmental issues to the ‘plant and animal health’ category. The selection of scientific experts sought a multi-party consensus through a fast adversarial

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Pauwelyn, J. "The WTO agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures as applied in the first three SPS disputes. EC - Hormones, Australia - salmon and Japan - varietals." Journal of International Economic Law 2, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 641–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/2.4.641.

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Brewster, Rachel, and Carolyn Fischer. "Fishy SPS Measures? The WTO's Korea – Radionuclides Dispute." World Trade Review 20, no. 4 (June 11, 2021): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745621000112.

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AbstractThe Korea–Radionuclides case addresses Korean SPS measures imposed on Japanese fishery products after the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant meltdown in 2011. Japan challenged these measures as more restrictive than necessary under the SPS Agreement. The panel agreed with Japan, but this ruling was largely reversed by the Appellate Body. Korea's victory at the Appellate Body was based on procedure. The panel accepted Korea's appropriate level of protection (ALOP), which included both quantitative and qualitative elements. However, the Appellate Body found that the panel only addressed th

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Hong, Chae-Hee, and Yang-Kee Lee. "Necessity of Amendment of SPS Agreement through Panel Decision in Korea-Japan Marine Products Conflict." Journal of Korea Research Association of International Commerce 19, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29331/jkraic.2019.12.19.6.1.

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Huei-Chih, Niu. "Can Article 5.7 of the WTO SPS Agreement be a Model for the Precautionary Principle?" SCRIPT-ed 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2007): 367–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2966/scrip.040407.367.

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