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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Steel converter”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 11 lutego 2022

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Steel converter"

Benkő, Mária Z., i György Kaptay. "A Virtual LD-Steel-Converter". Materials Science Forum 414-415 (styczeń 2003): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.414-415.365.

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Stalinskii, D. V., V. G. Ordin, V. I. Levchenko, A. S. Rudyuk i G. S. Gakheladze. "Rail production from converter steel". Steel in Translation 42, nr 6 (czerwiec 2012): 513–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091212060186.

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Molchanov, L. S., A. G. Chernyatevich, V. V. Vakulchuk, P. O. Yushkevich i M. K. Chubin. "Evaluation of influence of multilevel oxygen lance constructions on blowing efficiency of converter bath with post-combustion of waste gases". Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, nr 32 (2018): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2018-32-208-219.

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The aim of the work is to carry out an economic assessment of the effect of various structures of multi-tiered oxygen lances and methods for flushing the converter bath with the afterburning of waste gases on the efficiency of the production of iron-carbon semi-products in a modern metallurgical plant. The study was conducted for the process of steel smelting in converters of combined blowing with supply of oxygen from above and neutral gas through the bottom in the conditions of using conventional and multi-tiered oxygen tuyeres. Studies on the afterburning of converter gas in the converter cavity showed that, in proportion to the increase in the proportion of CO2 in the exhaust gases, the costs of steel production are reduced. Compared with the use of tuyeres of classical construction, they amount to 3.23 US dollars / ton of steel for double-circuit, 6.81 US dollars / ton of steel for bunk, and 11.61 US dollars / ton of steel for three-tier. It was determined that when using the classic design of the upper oxygen tuyere, the lower heat of combustion of the converter gas is 10 MJ / m3. In comparison with the classical design, the two-tier, double-circuit and three-tier tuyeres ensure a reduction in the lower heat of combustion of the converter gas by 8,5; 4.4 and 27.1% (rel.), Respectively. On the basis of the data obtained, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of using the technology of combined blowing of the converter bath with the afterburning of exhaust gases in the converter cavity.

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Chen, Yang, Shiyu Li, Zhiyong Liu i Zixiao Wang. "Anticorrosion Property of Alcohol Amine Modified Phosphoric and Tannic Acid Based Rust Converter and Its Waterborne Polymer-Based Paint for Carbon Steel". Coatings 11, nr 9 (9.09.2021): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091091.

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Four kinds of alcohol amines were tested to improve the anticorrosion performance of the phosphoric and tannic acid (PTA)-based rust converter. The alcohol amine modified PTA rust converters with the optimum mechanical and functional performances were used to prepare the homogeneous single-component waterborne rust conversion-based paint. The mechanical properties and the long-term corrosion resistance of the synthesized rust converter-based paint were investigated. The results show that alcohol amine modified PTA rust converter can convert the rust layer into a thick passivation film with iron tannate and iron phosphate as the main components, significantly improving the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel. The alcohol amine D modified PTA rust converter (RC-D) showed the best anticorrosion and rust conversion performances. The waterborne rust conversion-based paint can convert the rust layer of steel into a blue-black and relatively flat passivation film layer. The waterborne polymer-based paint containing 10 wt.% RC-D significantly improves the long-term corrosion resistance of the rusty steel and the mechanical property of paint.

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Tleugabulov, S. M., N. B. Aitkenov, G. G. Zhabalova, A. G. Belichko i G. A. Uleva. "Metallurgical processing of converter slag". Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 318, nr 3 (12.09.2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.26.

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Converter slurries at modern metallurgical plants represent a significant part of metal-containing industrial waste with a high concentration of iron. Currently, there is a problem of their utilization and use as raw materials for metallurgy. The purpose of this work is to study the processes of briquetting and recovery of briquetted products, based on a mixture of converter slurries of gas purification and converter slags. When performing experimental studies on the preparation of sludge briquettes from a mixture of converter sludge of gas purification and converter slag, their metallization and reduction melting in laboratory conditions, the optimal composition of the components of the mixture of converter slag and gas purification sludge was determined by the percentage of iron, which is appropriate for use as a raw material for steel smelting. Experimental studies on the preparation of sludge-coal mixtures from dispersed metal-containing and carbon-containing industrial waste with stoichiometric coal consumption for the recovery of extracted metals have proved the possibility of obtaining sludge-coal briquettes, which are further subjected to metallization and reduction melting. Sequential processing of dispersed production waste, namely drying, metallization and reduction melting, allowed us to obtain at the final stage a metal sample that corresponds to high-quality steel in its composition. Based on the analysis of the results of experimental studies, the technology of reducing melting of metal-containing waste has been developed. As a result of the implementation of the technology, high-quality steels and alloys can be obtained without carburizing the metal, bypassing the production stages of cast iron and high-carbon alloys. The content of harmful impurities of sulfur and phosphorus meets the technical requirements of high-quality steel. The proposed technology for processing slag and sludge from oxygen-converter production will reduce the volume of accumulated production waste.

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Khmirov, V. I., M. S. Gordienko, V. A. Makhnitskii, V. A. Plokhikh, R. V. Starov i A. S. Tartakovskii. "Production of oxygen-converter rail steel". Metallurgist 31, nr 3 (marzec 1987): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00748469.

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Malikov, Vladimir, Sergey Dmitriev, Alexey Ishkov, Alexander Katasonov i Anatoly Sagalakov. "Investigation of steel to dielectric transition using microminiature eddy-current converter". MATEC Web of Conferences 143 (2018): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814303005.

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The research aims to develop a microminiature converter for electrical steel investigation. The research topic is considered relevant due to the need for evaluation and forecasting of safe operating life of electric steel products. The authors determined the capability to study steel characteristics at different depths based on variations of eddy-current converter amplitude at the steel-dielectric boundary. A microminiature transformer-type converter was designed, which enables to perform local investigations of ferromagnetic materials using eddy-current method based on local studies of the steel electrical conductivity. Having the designed converter as a basis, a hardware-software complex was built to perform experimental studies of steel at the interface boundary. A system was developed for automated converter relocation above the studied object at a specified velocity. Test results are reported for a specimen with continuous and discrete measurements taken at different frequencies. Response dependence of eddy-current converter was found to demonstrate non-linear behavior at steel to dielectric transition. The effect of gap between the eddy-current converter and the test object is investigated.

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Zeng, Jian Hua, Wei He, Yong Chen i Hong Pan. "Study on Dephosphorization Technologies in Converter with Semi-Steel". Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (listopad 2011): 1119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1119.

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Because of disadvantages of converter steelmaking with semi-steel in Panzhihua Steel, such as slow-footed slag forming, low rate of dephosphorization, high rate of rephosphorization after converter smelting, studies on increasing dephosphorization rate have been carried out. These studies comprise the optimization of slagging process, oxygen supply, bottom argon supply, end-point control of converter smelting, and so on. With these countermeasures, the rate of dephosphorization has been increased obviously. The results show that the average rate of dephosphorization is above 90% with single-slag process during converter smelting. Otherwise, content of phosphorus at the end-point of converter smelting can be controlled below 0.007%, and rephosphorization rate after converter smelting can be controlled below 0.003%, which meets the requirement of [P]≤0.010% for steel products.

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Zhu, G., Y. Hao, C. Xia, Y. Zhang, T. Hu i S. Sun. "Study on cementitious properties of steel slag". Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 49, nr 2 (2013): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb120810006z.

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The converter steel slag chemical and mineral components in China?s main steel plants have been analysed in the present paper. The electronic microscope, energy spectrum analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the main mineral compositions in the converter slag. Converter slag of different components were grounded to obtain a powder with specific surface area over 400m2/kg, making them to take place some part of the cement in the concrete as the admixture and carry out the standard tests. The results indicate that the converter slag can be used as cementitious materials for construction. Furthermore, physical mechanic and durability tests on the concrete that certain amount of cement be substituted by converter steel slag powder from different steel plants are carried out, the results show that the concrete with partial substitution of steel slag powder has the advantages of higher later period strength, better frost resistance, good wear resistance and lower hydration heat, etc. This study can be used as the technical basis for ?Steel Slag Powder Used For Cement And Concrete?, ?Steel Slag Portland Cement?, ?Low Heat Portland Steel Slag Cement?, ?Steel Slag Road Cement? in China, as well as a driving force to the works of steel slag utilization with high-value addition, circular economy, energy conservation and discharge reduction in the iron and steel industry.

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Yin, Qiang, i Gong Fa Li. "Mechanical Model and Movement Analysis of Self-Adjusting Bolt in Converter". Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (styczeń 2014): 1070–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1070.

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The movement model of self-adjusting bolt is built in this paper, then the kinematical and mechanical analysis is taken to determine the movement of bolt under the converters working condition.Via the mechanical model analysis of self-adjusting bolts, the load applied to the self-adjusting bolt support including the static weight load of converter and steel liquid, the tilting torque, the dynamic load produced by frequent startup, brake, impact, and the boiling of steel liquid is calculated to determine the distribution of load forcing on the three groups of the self-adjusting bolt. According to the results of stress analysis, the bolt facing tapping hole is the most dangerous when converter tilts 63°. The maximum torque is 281.5101tm.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Steel converter"

Aguirre, Castillo José. "Optimisation of the bottom stirring praxis in a LD-LBE converter : Investigations and tests on phosphorous removal, nitrogen as stirring gas, and slopping". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Oorganisk kemi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-265159.

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The LD-process, called after the cities Linz and Donawitz, is used to convert pig iron into crude steel by blowing oxygen on top of the pig iron. A LD-LBE converter, Lance Bubbling Equilibrium, also stirs the melt trough a bottom stirring system. The bottom stirring in a LD-LBE converter is believed to have a positive effect alone on the phosphorous removal. Previous studies have shown that the temperature and slag composition are the main factors affecting phosphorus removal. Phosphorus binds to the slag easier at low temperature and to slag with certain levels of dissolved calcium (a process additive). Different praxes were tested and a better dephosphorisation was reached. The bottom stirrings effect on the dissolution of calcium additives is a possible explanation to the results and mechanisms presented in this study. The study also aimed to investigate the use of nitrogen as stirring gas instead of argon. Nitrogen is removed from the steel during the formation of carbon oxide gases. Nitrogen was used in varying amounts as stirring gas during the first half of the oxygen blow. It proved to be safe to use as long as there was a high content of carbon in the melt. However using nitrogen beyond half of the blow showed to be risky for nitrogen sensible steels; even in small amounts since there is not enough carbon left to degas the steel from nitrogen. Slopping happens when formed gas from the LD-process is trapped in the slag. The slag level rises and sometimes it floods the converter resulting in yield losses. The influence of the bottom stirring on slopping was studied, which resulted in the conclusion that slopping cannot be avoided by simply improving the bottom stirring. Although some verification studies remains to be done, if the suggestions based on the results of this thesis were employed, savings in the oxygen and stirring gas economies could be made. Not least improvements on the iron yield.
En järnmalmsbaserad stålproduktion börjar med att järnmalm matas i en masugn tillsammans med koks, kalk och tillsatsämnen. Ut kommer råjärn med höga kol och svavelhalter. Råjärnet transporteras till stålverket i så kallade torpedvagnar. I vissa stålverk, t.ex. SSAB Special Steels i Oxelösund, renas råjärnet från svavel i torpedvagnen. I andra stålverk svavelrenar man i separata skänkar. Svavelreningen sker med bland annat kalciumkarbid som binder till svavlet. Det svavelfattiga råjärnet måste sedan renas från kol för att bli stål. Det görs i en LD-konvertern (Linz Donawitz). LD-konvertern laddas med flytande råjärn som har en kolhalt på 4,5 procent och som är runt 1350 grader varmt. Råjärnet kyls genom att cirka 20 procent skrot tillsätts. En syrgaslans sänks sedan in i konvertern ovanför smältan och reningen startar. Syrgaslansen blåser syrgas i ultraljudsfart vilket oxiderar en del av järnet, så väl som kol, kisel, mangan, fosfor and andra föroreningsämnen i råjärnet. Kol försvinner ur konvertern i form av kolmonoxidgas. Andra oxiderade föroreningar och järnoxid bildar tillsammans en så kallad slagg som flyter ovanpå smältan. Det tillsätts även så kallade slaggbildare som förbättrar upptaget av föroreningar i slaggen. Processen varar i cirka 17 minuter och är mycket beroende av slaggen som bildas. Kol försvinner ur konvertern i form av kolmonoxidgas. Under processens gång rör man om smältan med hjälp av gaser som spolas genom botten av konvertern. Omröringen jämnar ut smältans sammansättning och temperatur. När man inte länge behöver avlägsna kol stoppas processen. Stålets temperatur är då cirka 1700 grader och kolhalten ligger nära 0,05 procent. Stålet överförs sedan till en skänk för att skilja det ur slaggen. Stålet förädlas vidare i olika processer där sammansättningen justeras så att det möter kundens krav. Sedan gjuts stålet i strängar för transport till valsverk eller kunder. Denna studie behandlar bottenomrörningen under LD-processen i SSAB Special Steels's stålverk i Oxelösund. Omrörningen sker genom åtta porösa stenar i botten av konvertern som blåser med argon eller kväve. Gasflödet genom stenarna justeras genom ett ventilsystem. Under blåsningen rör man om med hjälp av förinställda program. Omrörningens primära funktion är att avlasta syrgaslansen. I fallen där ingen bottenomrörning finns måste syrgaslansen blåsa ”hårdare” på stålet för att avlägsna kol. Avlastningen som bottenomrörningen bidrar med gör att processen även kallas för LD-LBE, där LBE står för Lans Bubbling Equilibrium. Bottenomrörningen tros ha en positiv effekt på stålets rening från fosfor. Sedan tidigare vet man att temperatur och slaggsammansättning är de största faktorerna som påverkar fosforreningen. Fosfor tas lättare upp i slaggen vid låga temperaturen samt i slagg med högre kalkhalter. Olika omrörningsprogram testades och en bättre fosforrening nåddes. Bottenomrörningen visade sig ha positiva effekter som är teoretisk kopplade till kalksmältning. Två möjliga förklaringsmekanismer hittades. Studien undersökte även användningen av kväve som omrörningsgas istället för argon, då kväve är ekonomisk fördelaktig gentemot argon. Kväve finns inlöst i råjärnet som sätts in i konvertern. Kvävgasen försvinner ur stålet under och med hjälp av kolreningen. Det visade sig vara säkert att använda kväve från start fram till halva syrgasblåset på kvävekänsliga stålsorter, var efter man sedan byte till argon. Kväve som används sent under blåset visade ge högre kvävehalter. Urkok är en kraftig volymökning av slaggen som sker när bildad gas från reningen av smältan fångas i slaggen och får slaggen att ”koka över”. Urkok resulterar i ekonomiska förluster då slaggen som lämnar konvertern vid urkok är rik på järn. Bottenomrörningens eventuella påverkan på urkok studerades. Det visade sig att urkok inte kan undvikas genom att enbart optimera bottenomrörningen.

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Soiné, Robert Paul. "An analysis of the performance of a South African stainless steel manufacturer in localising the demand for corrosion resistant steels within the Eastern Cape catalytic converter industry". Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/200.

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Commercial decisions are been made with respect to the competitive advantage of manufacturing catalytic converters in South Africa. This thesis identifies those factors relating to the sourcing of stainless steel and the impact it has of securing future business in a competitive environment. The catalytic converter industry requires the support of a stainless steel plant that provides high quality products at a competitive price, while keeping abreast with international developments.

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Sagarduy, Ochoa de Eribe Juan. "Iron losses in non-oriented steel subjected to matrix and DC-link converter supply : an experimental and analytical study on variable speed drives". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54924/.

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A system approach to variable speed drives consisting of two low voltage induction motors (Y and A connection) fed by matrix and two-level DC-link converters is developed (chapter 7). The ratio of iron to copper winding losses is studied based on the induction motor equivalent circuit and constant V/f converter control. Electrical efficiency increased by up to 10% (partial load and low speed) in Y-connected motors fed by the matrix converter. While similar values of efficiency were observed in A-configured motors, up to 8% higher output power is extracted from the machines under two-level DC-link converter supply.

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Wadbrant, William. "Usage of Natural Gas in Modern Steel-making : A Financial and Environmental Evaluation of Available Steel-making Technology in Sweden". Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277899.

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A method of producing steel that is not used in Sweden today is direct reduction using natural gas, a method which could has enormous potential in the future of steelmaking. Historically, steelmaking prioritized productivity and profitability. However, other aspects such as safety, sustainability, and environmentally friendliness have become increasingly important to Swedish steelmakers. This study evaluates the usage of natural gas to directly reduce iron ore into the porous form known as iron sponge, then finally processing that sponge into crude steel. The technology available today is assessed through a literature review, then two calculative data-based model: using DRI sponge in a traditional integrated steelmaking line or replacing steel scrap with it in an electric arc furnace. While this technology is used in many regions where natural gas is plentiful, it has not yet been used in Sweden. Now, when the Swedish natural gas network is expanding and the vehicular transportation of liquid natural gas is becoming more and more viable, it is a prime situation to evaluate direct reduction in Sweden. While models require assumptions and estimations, they suggest that DRI will absolutely be a viable option in the years to come. Integrated plant operators can reduce their immense carbon emissions for a reasonable price, while DRI sponge melting in an electrical arc furnace can either help steelmakers escape the volatile scrap market or be used to replace the blast furnace as a whole in the future.
En metod för att producera stål som inte används i Sverige idag är direkt reduktion med hjälp av naturgas, en metod som har en enorm potential i framtida ståltillverkning. Historiskt har ståltillverkningen prioriterat produktivitet och vinst, men säkerhet, hållbarhet, och miljövänlighet har blivit områden mer och mer viktiga för svenska ståltillverkare. Den här studien utvärderar användningen av naturgas för att direkt reducera järnmalm till den porösa formen känd som järnsvamp, och sen bearbeta den till primärt stål. Teknologin som flnns idag utvärderas genom en litteraturstudie, vars data beräknas till två scenariomodeller: användningen av järnsvamp i ett traditionellt integrerat stålverk eller genom att ersätta stålskrot med järnsvamp i ljusbågsungen. Den här teknologin används redan idag i regioner där naturgas är lättillgängligt, men har hittills inte använts i Sverige. Men nu när Sveriges naturgasnät byggs ut och fordonstransporterad flytande naturgas blir mer och mer kostnadseffektiv så är det lämpligt att utvärdera direkt reduktion i Sverige. Modellerna kräver antaganden och uppskattningar, men de pekar på att direkt reducering av järnmalm kommer att vara en genomförbar metod för ståltillverkning i en nära framtid. Integrerade masugnslinjer kan minska sina enorma koldioxidutsläpp till ett rimligt pris, och järnsvampssmältning i ljusbågsugn kan hjälpa ståltillverkare att undanfly den instabila stålskrotsmarknaden eller användas för att helt ersätta masugnsproduktion i framtiden.

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Evestedt, Magnus. "Parameter and State Estimation with Information-rich Signals". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8315.

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Ibrahim, Muhammad. "Ethernet in Steer-by-wire Applications". Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-91049.

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A Controller Area Network (CAN) is a multi-master serial data communication bus designed primarily for the automotive industry. It is reliable and cost-effective and features error detection and fault confinement capabilities. CAN has been widely used in other applications, such as onboard trains, ships, construction vehicles, and aircraft. CAN has even been applied within the industrial automation segment in a range of devices such as programmable controllers, industrial robots, digital and analog I/O modules, sensors, etc. Despite its robustness and other positive features, the CAN bus has limitations in form of limited maximum data rate and maximum bus length. Also the CAN network topology is rigidly fixed which is a severe limiting factor in some of its application cases, therefore several industrial actors are evaluating alternatives to CAN. Ethernet is one of the potential candidates to replace CAN. It is a widespread and well knowntechnology, easily accessible, and many off-the-shelf solutions are available. It can support extended networks and offers wide possibilities in terms of network topology thanks to active switches. It features very high bandwidth, which has increased systematically from 10 Mbps to 100 Gbps year after year, always preserving backward compatibility to the maximum possible extent. The purpose of this thesis project is to investigate the possibility of replacing the CAN bus with Ethernet according to the following requirements: Standard off-the-shelf components and software stacks No modification of the network node application software, i.e. messages formatted accordingto CAN protocols must be transferred by means of Ethernet. A main issue is that CAN is time deterministic; it is always possible to predict the maximum latency in a message transfer. On the other hand Ethernet is still considered unreliable for time-critical applications, although the advent of Ethernet switches has minimized this non-deterministic behavior. A unique approach to this issue is offered as a result of the work done by Time Critical Networks, a newly started Swedish company. Their tool makes it possible to calculate the maximum forwarding time of a frame in an Ethernet network. This tool may make it possible to validate the use of Ethernet for time-critical applications. CPAC Systems, a company in the Volvo group which develops and manufactures steer-by-wire systems based on the CAN technology, wishes to verify whether Ethernet could now be considered as a solution to complement or replace CAN, thus overcoming CAN’s limitations. This verification is the goal of this master thesis project. The work was carried out through three different phase: First we performed a theoretical evaluation by modeling the Ethernet network using Time Critical Network’s tools. Next we verified the results by implementing the modeled CAN/Ethernet network that was previously modeled. Finally, we validated the solution by directly testing the modeled CAN/Ethernet in combination with CPAC System’s steer-by-wire technology. The results obtained show that Ethernet in combination with Time Critical Network’s modeling tool, when it comes to time-determinism, can be a complement and/or an alternative to the CAN bus.
En Controller Area Network (CAN) är en multi-master seriell datakommunikation buss utformad främst för fordonsindustrin. Den är pålitlig och kostnadseffektiv och har feldetektering och fel förmåga instängdhet. CAN har ofta används i andra tillämpningar, som ombord på tåg, fartyg, fordonkonstruktion, och flygplan. CAN har även använts inom industriautomation segmentet i en radapparater som programmerbara styrsystem, industrirobotar, digitala och analoga I/O-moduler, sensorer, etc. Trots sin robusthet och andra positiva egenskaper har CAN-bus begränsningar i form av begränsad maximal datahastighet och maximal buss längd. Även CAN nätverkstopologin är fast förankrade vilket är en svår begränsande faktor i några av dess tillämpning fall därför flera industriella aktörer utvärderar alternativ till CAN. Ethernet är en av de potentiella sökande för att ersätta CAN. Det är en utbredd och väl känd teknik, lättillgänglig, och många off-the-shelf lösningar finns tillgängliga. Det kan stödja utökade nätverk och erbjuder stora möjligheter när det gäller nätverkstopologin tack vare aktiv växlar. Den har mycket hög bandbredd, vilket har ökat systematiskt från 10 Mbps till 100 Gbps år efter år, alltid bevara bakåtkompatibilitet i största möjliga utsträckning. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka möjligheten att ersätta CAN-bussen med Ethernet i enlighet med följande krav: Standard off-the-shelf komponenter och stackar programvara Inga ändringar av nätverket nod programvara, formaterade dvs meddelanden enligt CAN protokollmåste överföras med hjälp av Ethernet. En viktig fråga är att CAN är dags deterministisk, det är alltid möjligt att förutse den maximala fördröjning i ett överfört meddelande. Å andra sidan Ethernet är fortfarande betraktas som otillförlitliga för tidskritiska applikationer, även om tillkomsten av Ethernet-switchar har minimeratdenna icke-deterministiska beteendeEn unik inställning till denna fråga är erbjuds som ett resultat av det arbete som tidskritiska Networks, ett nystartat svenskt företag. Deras verktyg gör det möjligt att beräkna den maximal avidarebefordran tid för en ram i ett Ethernet-nätverk. Detta verktyg kan göra det möjligt att valideraanvändningen av Ethernet för tidskritiska applikationer. CPAC Systems, ett bolag inom Volvokoncernen som utvecklar och tillverkar styr-by-wire-system baserade på CAN-tekniken, vill kontrollera om Ethernet nu kan betraktas som en lösning för att komplettera eller ersätta kan således övervinna CAN: s begränsningar. Denna kontroll är målet för detta examensarbete. Arbetet genomfördes genom tre olika fas: Först utförs en teoretisk utvärdering av modellering Ethernet-nätverk med hjälp av tidskritiska Networks verktyg. Nästa vi verifierat resultat genom att genomföra de modellerade CAN / Ethernet-nätverk som tidigare modellerats. Slutligen, validerade vi lösningen genom att direkt testa de modellerade CAN / Ethernet i kombination med CPAC Systems steer-by-wire-teknik. De resultat som erhållits visar att Ethernet i kombination med tidskritiska Networksmodelleringsverktyg, när det gäller tid-determinism, kan vara ett komplement och / eller ett alternativtill CAN-bussen.

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Abdulhussain, Mohamed Fidahussain 1964. "Gravity bubbler irrigation systems on steep slopes converted to bench terraces". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278410.

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Gravity bubbler irrigation is a new mode of irrigation activated by the existing pressure in conventional irrigation supply channels. In gravity flow systems on steep slopes, pressure increases in the downstream sections of the pipe and must be dissipated for uniform application. A design procedure for gravity bubbler irrigation systems on inclined steep slopes or converted to bench terrace systems is described in detail. The design is based on the use of orifices as energy dissipating devices. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine graphical relationships and coefficients for estimating the head loss for an orifice made from PVC. The head loss coefficient is a function of the orifice to pipe diameter ratio and can be expressed by an equation of the form Ko = abetab where a and b are constants determined from test data and beta is the ratio of diameters. A prototype gravity bubbler irrigation system was designed and installed.

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Schneider, Antoine. "Contribution à l'identification et la commande de systèmes stochastiques discrets par des méthodes hiérarchisées : Application au modèle d'un convertisseur d'acier". Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10248.

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Lee, Dong-Ryeol. "Improvement of steel quality by using hydrocarbon gas in a converter". Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/17580.

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Minimizing alumina (Al₂O₃) or other nonmetallic oxide inclusions formed during deoxidation is an important factor in producing 'quality' steel. Although a variety of practices are employed to encourage floatation of such deoxidation products prior to solidification, complete removal is never achieved. The amount of Al₂O₃ formed during deoxidation is determined by the residual dissolved oxygen present in the steel after decarburization. In a combined practice converter with Ar and/or N₂ gas bottomblowing, thermodynamics suggests [%C] x [%0] ≈ 0.0021 at the end of the blow. In practice, the dissolved oxygen content is ~ 525 ppm at 0.04% C which is consistent with thermodynamic predictions and indicates that, for a given %C, the combined blowing practice has achieved its lowest possible (equilibrium) oxygen level. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that injection of gaseous hydrocarbons such as methane (CH₄), partly replacing Ar and/or N₂, might allow significantly lower residual oxygen levels to be achieved; i.e. based on thermodynamics, [%C]x[%0] ≈ 0.000009 which translates into ~ 2 ppm dissolved oxygen at 0.04%C. In addition, the products of the deoxidation reaction are gaseous CO, CO₂ and H₂O rather solid or liquid Al₂O₃ or SiO₂ that can be difficult to completely remove prior to solidification. Substituting relatively cheap CH₄ for traditional deoxidizing additions such as aluminum or ferro-silicon might also lower overall costs. This research involved experimental investigation of methane deoxidation backedup by thermodynamic modeling to assess the theoretical limits for the process. The work also examined deoxidation rate and the impact of H and C solution into the steel. During the trials ~ 20 ppm residual oxygen was achieved. Although greater than thermodynamic predictions, this suggests the process might be of commercial interest.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Książki na temat "Steel converter"

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. OXIDATION OF A TYPE 316L STAINLESS STEEL STIRLING CONVERTER REGENERATOR... NASA/TM--2003-212118... NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRA. [S.l: s.n., 2003.

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Laver, Michael, i Ernest Sergenti. Nonpolicy Factors in Party Competition. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.003.0009.

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Moving beyond the assumption that voters care about only the party policy positions on offer, this chapter models the possibility that they also care about perceived “nonpolicy” attributes of political candidates, such as competence, charisma, honesty. These characterize what have become known as “valence” models of party competition. Voters balance utility derived from each candidate's nonpolicy valence against utility derived from the candidate's policy position. The contribution of valence models has been to explain why all parties do not all converge on regions of the policy space with the highest densities of voter ideal points. Higher valence parties tend to go to regions of the policy space with higher voter densities, while lower valence parties are forced to steer well clear of these parties and pick policy positions in regions with lower voter densities.

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Części książek na temat "Steel converter"

He, Mingsheng, Bowen Li, Wangzhi Zhou, Huasheng Chen, Meng Liu i Long Zou. "Preparation and Characteristics of Steel Slag Ceramics from Converter Slag". W The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 13–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72484-3_2.

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Xiancong, Zhao, Bai Hao, Wang Yang i Guo Zhancheng. "Long Term Prediction of Linz-Donawitz Converter Gas (LDG) in Steel Making Proces". W Energy Technology 2016: Carbon Dioxide Management and Other Technologies, 73–79. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274704.ch9.

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Zhao, Xiancong, Hao Bai, Qi Shi, Yang Wang i Zhancheng Guo. "Long Term Prediction of Linz-Donawitz Converter Gas (LDG) in Steel Making Process". W Energy Technology 2016, 73–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48182-1_9.

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Ghosh, Goutam, Amit Banerjee, Brijender Singh, Subir Biswas i Atanu Ranjan Pal. "Properties and Performance of Gunning and Patching Material of Converter at Tata Steel". W Proceedings of the Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR 2013), 457–64. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118837009.ch80.

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Li, Chong, Jintao Gao i Zhancheng Guo. "Research on Enrichment of MFe and RO Phase from Converter Steel Slag by Super Gravity". W 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 85–92. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274643.ch11.

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Li, Chong, Jintao Gao i Zhancheng Guo. "Research on Enrichment of MFe and RO Phase from Converter Steel Slag by Super Gravity". W 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 85–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48093-0_11.

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Saito, Koji, Yoshitoshi Saito, Peter J. McDonald i John Godward. "A Stray Field Imaging Study of the Drying Process of Precasting Materials used in a Steel Making Converter". W Magnetic Resonance in Colloid and Interface Science, 393–402. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0534-0_34.

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Wang, Junwei, Hongliang Li i Yanli Ma. "Analysis of AOD Converter Trunnion Rupture and the Welding Repair Process". W HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015, 495–501. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119223399.ch59.

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Wang, Junwei, Hongliang Li i Yanli Ma. "Analysis of AOD Converter Trunnion Rupture and the Welding Repair Process". W HSLA Steels 2015, Microalloying 2015 & Offshore Engineering Steels 2015, 495–501. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48767-0_59.

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Bergers, J., H. Huhn i R. Puthli. "Solutions of Details Regarding Fatigue and the Use of High-Strength Steels for Towers of Offshore Wind Energy Converters". W Wind Energy, 319–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-33866-6_60.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Steel converter"

Hofinger, Stephan, Rudolf Hubmer i Stephanie Schütt. "STEEL EXPERT TAKES COMMAND – OPTIMIZED PERFORMANCE ON BOF CONVERTER". W 16° Seminário de Automação e TI Industrial. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/2594-5335-22654.

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Valyon, Jozsef, i Gabor Horvath. "A Sparse Robust Model for a Linz-Donawitz Steel Converter". W 2007 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Technology Conference IMTC 2007. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imtc.2007.379018.

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Fan, Zhiyong, Wei Xiong i Yifei Huang. "Study on temperature drop of molten steel during converter tapping". W 2015 4th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icseee-15.2016.90.

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Medina, Dulce Y., Miguel A. Barron i Isaias Hilerio. "Numerical Analysis of Multiphase Flow in a Steel Oxygen Converter With Top and Bottom Blowing". W ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42670.

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Combined blowing in the steelmaking basic oxygen converter is a technique that allows more agitation in the metal bath, and gives a fast decarburization rate, accelerated removal of impurities and chemical and thermal homogenization. In this work the multiphase flow in an industrial-like basic oxygen converter with top and bottom blowing is analyzed by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Turbulence in the converter is simulated by means of the classical K-ε model given that this model yields more numerical stability during the integration for long times. Top jet velocities of Mach 1 and Mach 2, and 50 and 100 m s−1 of bottom injection velocities are used, and the results are compared with the conventional top blowing injection. Numerical results show that the combined blowing generates more agitation of the metal bath than that of the top blowing, however, from an operating viewpoint, combined blowing promotes that a significant volume of molten metal be expelled from the converter mouth.

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Vaillancourt, D., G. Unterrainer, G. Wimmer i S. Torok. "Revamp of BOF Converters at AK Steel – Middletown Works Using Vaicon Link 2.0 Converter Vessel Suspension System". W AISTech 2020. AIST, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/380/068.

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Torok, S., G. Unterrainer, D. Vaillancourt i G. Wimmer. "Revamp of BOF Converters at AK Steel–Middletown Works Using Vaicon Link 2.0 Converter Vessel Suspension System". W AISTech 2021. AIST, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/382/138-20713-334.

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Shipelnikov, A. A., i N. A. Bobyleva. "The study of desulfurization of steel in the conditions of converter production". W SCIENCE OF RUSSIA: TARGETS AND GOALS. LJournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sr-10-06-2019-24.

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Chang, C. Steve, Awadh Pandey i Bijendra Jha. "Aluminum Clad Ferritic Stainless Steel Foil for Metallic Catalytic Converter Substrate Applications". W International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/960556.

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Li, Jun, Li Xie, Fu-Bo Luan, Jie Sheng i Qi Zhou. "Abiotic Degradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Steel Converter Slag with Fe(II)". W 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5162262.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Steel converter"

Yan, Yujie, i Jerome F. Hajjar. Automated Damage Assessment and Structural Modeling of Bridges with Visual Sensing Technology. Northeastern University, maj 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20410114.

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Recent advances in visual sensing technology have gained much attention in the field of bridge inspection and management. Coupled with advanced robotic systems, state-of-the-art visual sensors can be used to obtain accurate documentation of bridges without the need for any special equipment or traffic closure. The captured visual sensor data can be post-processed to gather meaningful information for the bridge structures and hence to support bridge inspection and management. However, state-of-the-practice data postprocessing approaches require substantial manual operations, which can be time-consuming and expensive. The main objective of this study is to develop methods and algorithms to automate the post-processing of the visual sensor data towards the extraction of three main categories of information: 1) object information such as object identity, shapes, and spatial relationships - a novel heuristic-based method is proposed to automate the detection and recognition of main structural elements of steel girder bridges in both terrestrial and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based laser scanning data. Domain knowledge on the geometric and topological constraints of the structural elements is modeled and utilized as heuristics to guide the search as well as to reject erroneous detection results. 2) structural damage information, such as damage locations and quantities - to support the assessment of damage associated with small deformations, an advanced crack assessment method is proposed to enable automated detection and quantification of concrete cracks in critical structural elements based on UAV-based visual sensor data. In terms of damage associated with large deformations, based on the surface normal-based method proposed in Guldur et al. (2014), a new algorithm is developed to enhance the robustness of damage assessment for structural elements with curved surfaces. 3) three-dimensional volumetric models - the object information extracted from the laser scanning data is exploited to create a complete geometric representation for each structural element. In addition, mesh generation algorithms are developed to automatically convert the geometric representations into conformal all-hexahedron finite element meshes, which can be finally assembled to create a finite element model of the entire bridge. To validate the effectiveness of the developed methods and algorithms, several field data collections have been conducted to collect both the visual sensor data and the physical measurements from experimental specimens and in-service bridges. The data were collected using both terrestrial laser scanners combined with images, and laser scanners and cameras mounted to unmanned aerial vehicles.

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