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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Streptococcus agalactiae alterations”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 3 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Adikesavalu, Harresh, Sayani Banerjee, Avijit Patra, and Thangapalam Jawahar Abraham. "Meningoencephalitis in farmed monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) caused by Streptococcus agalactiae." Archives of Polish Fisheries 25, no. 3 (2017): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2017-0018.

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Abstract Aquaculture of tilapia is a new research venture in India. With intensification in farming practices, tilapia are increasingly susceptible to bacterial infections. This article describes the isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria from cultured monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), that experienced moderate to severe mortalities in West Bengal, India between September and August 2014 and histopathological alterations in various organs. Gram-positive diplococci, identified as Streptococcus agalactiae with Streptococcus identification kits and 16S rDNA sequencing

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Gergova, Raina, Vasil Boyanov, Adile Muhtarova, and Alexandra Alexandrova. "A Review of the Impact of Streptococcal Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance on Human Health." Antibiotics 13, no. 4 (2024): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13040360.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS), and Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) are bacteria that can cause a range of infections, some of them life-threatening. This review examines the spread of antibiotic resistance and its mechanisms against antibiotics for streptococcal infections. Data on high-level penicillin-resistant invasive pneumococci have been found in Brazil (42.8%) and Japan (77%). The resistance is caused by mutations in genes that encode penicillin-binding proteins. Similarly, GAS and GBS strains reported from Asia, the USA, and Africa have undergone similar transfo

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Sharon, Joshi, Thangapalam Jawahar Abraham, Arya Sen, et al. "Effects of Streptococcus agalactiae infection and oral florfenicol administration on the hemato-biochemistry, erythrocyte morphology and histopathology of Oreochromis niloticus." Journal of Fisheries 13, no. 1 (2025): 131209. https://doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.720.

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Streptococcosis is considered one of the most important diseases affecting farmed tilapia, causing severe economic losses. Antimicrobial therapy is the principal control measure applied during outbreaks. This research assessed the efficacy of florfenicol (FFC) when fed at 15 mg kg biomass–1 day–1 for 10 days against Streptococcus agalactiae infection in Oreochromis niloticus in terms of survival, changes in hemato-biochemistry, erythro-morphology, and histoarchitecture of the vital organs. Streptococcus agalactiae was moderately virulent to O. niloticus with a lethal dose (LD50) of 1.26×108 ce

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Haenni, Marisa, Laure Galofaro, Mathilde Ythier, et al. "Penicillin-Binding Protein Gene Alterations in Streptococcus uberis Isolates Presenting Decreased Susceptibility to Penicillin." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 3 (2010): 1140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00915-09.

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ABSTRACT Streptococcus uberis is an environmental pathogen commonly causing bovine mastitis, an infection that is generally treated with penicillin G. No field case of true penicillin-resistant S. uberis (MIC > 16 mg/liter) has been described yet, but isolates presenting decreased susceptibility (MIC of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/liter) to this drug are regularly reported to our laboratory. In this study, we demonstrated that S. uberis can readily develop penicillin resistance in laboratory-evolved mutants. The molecular mechanism of resistance (acquisition of mutations in penicillin-binding protein 1A

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Pretto-Giordano, Lucienne Garcia, Ernst Eckehardt Müller, Julio Cesar de Freitas, and Vanessa Gomes da Silva. "Evaluation on the Pathogenesis of Streptococcus agalactiae in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53, no. 1 (2010): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000100011.

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The pathogenesis of a Streptococcus agalactiae was evaluated in a three-period experiment. Two groups of 40 fishes were intraperitoneally (i.p.) challenged in each experimental period with different infective doses of the pathogen. Doses varied from 1.0 x 10(6) to 1.5 x 10(8) CFU/fish. One group of 40 tilapia i.p. injected with tryptic soy broth (TSB) was used as a control group in each period. Mortalities varied from 67.5% in group 8 (infective dose 1.0 x 10(6) CFU/fish) to 90.0% in group 1 (infective dose 1.5 x 10(8) CFU/fish). Significant differences in mortalities were found only between g

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MIURA, Ernani, and Maria Cristina MARTIN. "Group B streptococcal neonatal infections in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 43, no. 5 (2001): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652001000500001.

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Group B Streptococcus is the most common pathogen found in neonatal sepsis in North America. OBJECTIVES: We describe 15 cases of neonatal infections by Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a public and teaching hospital. METHODS: We conducted a study at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, from January 1st, 1996 to June 30, 1999. Diagnosis of neonatal infection was established according to the findings of Group B Streptococcus in blood culture associated with alterations resembling sepsis on the basis of clinical picture and laboratory findings

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7

Oliveira, Pâmella Schramm, Aline Rossato, Larissa da Silva Silveira, et al. "GRAPHENE OXIDE AND REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 12 (2021): 142–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss12.3572.

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To present a possible new alternative for wound treatment, this work evaluated the biological safety and therapeutic efficacy of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoparticles (NPs). First, the nanostructures were studied in silico and showed to be able to inhibit the production of some pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulate the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, especially rGO. The results of the morphological and structural characterization of GO NPs synthesized from the Hummers method and reduced by ascorbic acid, were consistent with the literature, c

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8

Franza, Thierry, Annika Rogstam, Saravanamuthu Thiyagarajan, et al. "NAD+ pool depletion as a signal for the Rex regulon involved in Streptococcus agalactiae virulence." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 8 (2021): e1009791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009791.

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In many Gram-positive bacteria, the redox-sensing transcriptional repressor Rex controls central carbon and energy metabolism by sensing the intra cellular balance between the reduced and oxidized forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; the NADH/NAD+ ratio. Here, we report high-resolution crystal structures and characterization of a Rex ortholog (Gbs1167) in the opportunistic pathogen, Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B streptococcus (GBS). We present structures of Rex bound to NAD+ and to a DNA operator which are the first structures of a Rex-family member from a pathogenic b

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9

Karapandzova, Marija, Gjose Stefkov, Ivana Cvetkovikj, Elena Trajkovska-Dokik, Ana Kaftandzieva, and Svetlana Kulevanova. "Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Pinus peuce (Pinaceae) Growing Wild in R. Macedonia." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 11 (2014): 1934578X1400901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400901124.

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The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils isolated from twigs with needles (T+N) and from twigs without needles (T-N) from wild Pinus peuce Griseb. (Pinaceae), from three different locations in R. Macedonia, were investigated. Essential oil yields of T+N ranged from 7.5 mL/kg to 12.5 mL/kg and for T-N from 13.8 mL/kg to 17.3 mL/kg. GC/FID/MS analysis of the essential oils revealed eighty-four components, representing 93.7–95.7% and 91.2–92.0% of the T+N and T-N oils, respectively. The major components in T+N and T-N oils were monoterpenes: α-pinene (23.8–39.9%,

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10

Kienesberger, Bernhard, Beate Obermüller, Georg Singer, et al. "(S)-Reutericyclin: Susceptibility Testing and In Vivo Effect on Murine Fecal Microbiome and Volatile Organic Compounds." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (2021): 6424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126424.

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We aimed to assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity and the in vivo effect on the murine fecal microbiome and volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of (S)-reutericyclin. The antimicrobial activity of (S)-reutericyclin was tested against Clostridium difficile, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus (S.) epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Propionibacterium acnes. Reutericyclin or water were gavage fed to male BALBc mice for 7 weeks. Thereafter stool samples underwent 16S based microbiome analysis a

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11

Tsai, I.-An, Yaochi Su, Ying-Hsiang Wang, and Chishih Chu. "Alterations in Genes rib, scpB and Pilus Island Decrease the Prevalence of Predominant Serotype V, Not III and VI, of Streptococcus agalactiae from 2008 to 2012." Pathogens 11, no. 10 (2022): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101145.

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Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) can infect newborns, pregnant women and immunocompromised or elderly people. This study aimed to investigate differences in three pilus genes and virulence genes pavA, cfb, rib and scpB and changes in predominant serotypes III, V and VI from 2008 to 2012. The susceptibilities to penicillin, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin of 145 GBS strains of serotype III, V and VI strains from 2008 and 2012 were determined using disc diffusion method. PCR identification of ST-17, the pilus genes and virulence genes; multilocus

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Heston, Sarah M., Charis Shu En Lim, Matthew S. Kelly, and Kee Thai Yeo. "Neonatal Gut Microbiome Composition and Gut-Derived Bloodstream Infections in a Cohort of Premature Singaporean Infants." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 12, Supplement_1 (2023): S16—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piad070.031.

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Abstract Background Due to their gestational age, low birth weight, and immature gut barriers, premature neonates are at high risk of bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by bacteria that reside in the gastrointestinal tract. Relatively little is known about the effect of alterations to the gut microbiota on the risk of BSI in premature neonates. Methods This prospective cohort study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit in the KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital in Singapore between June 1, 2019 and May 31, 2021. Clinical data and twice weekly fecal samples were collected during the

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Trivedi, Mahendra Kumar, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, et al. "Effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on Streptococcus group B: A Postpartum Pathogen." Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology 7, no. 5 (2015): 269–73. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000223.

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Streptococcus agalactiae group B (S. agalactiae gr. B) is widespread in nature mainly causes bacterial septicemia and neonatal meningitis. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on S. agalactiae gr. B with respect of antimicrobial sensitivity, biochemical reactions and bio typing. S. agalactiae gr. B strain was used in this experiment bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 12386) number and stored according to the recommended storage protocol. The revived and lyophilized state of ATCC strains of S. agalactiae gr. B were selected for the stud

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Trivedi, Mahendra Kumar, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, et al. "Effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on Streptococcus group B: A Postpartum Pathogen." Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology 7, no. 5 (2015): 269–73. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.167155.

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Streptococcus agalactiae group B (S. agalactiae gr. B) is widespread in nature mainly causes bacterial septicemia and neonatal meningitis. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on S. agalactiae gr. B with respect of antimicrobial sensitivity, biochemical reactions and bio typing. S. agalactiae gr. B strain was used in this experiment bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 12386) number and stored according to the recommended storage protocol. The revived and lyophilized state of ATCC strains of S. agalactiae gr. B were selected for the stud

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Rowe, Hannah M., Brett R. Hanson, Donna L. Runft, Qian Lin, Steve M. Firestine, and Melody N. Neely. "Modification of the CpsA Protein Reveals a Role in Alteration of the Streptococcus agalactiae Cell Envelope." Infection and Immunity 83, no. 4 (2015): 1497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.02656-14.

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The bacterial cell envelope is a crucial first line of defense for a systemic pathogen, with production of capsular polysaccharides and maintenance of the peptidoglycan cell wall serving essential roles in survival in the host environment. The LytR-CpsA-Psr proteins are important for cell envelope maintenance in many Gram-positive species. In this study, we examined the role of the extracellular domain of the CpsA protein of the zoonotic pathogen group BStreptococcusin capsule production and cell wall integrity. CpsA has multiple functional domains, including a DNA-binding/transcriptional acti

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Mahendra, Trivedi, Branton Alice, Trivedi Dahryn, and Nayak Gopal. "Effect of Biofield Energy Treatment on Streptococcus group B: A Postpartum Pathogen." OMICS International, September 8, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.813398.

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Streptococcus agalactiae group B (S. agalactiae gr. B) is widespread in nature mainly causes bacterial septicemia and neonatal meningitis. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on S. agalactiae gr. B with respect of antimicrobial sensitivity, biochemical reactions and bio typing. S. agalactiae gr. B strain was used in this experiment bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 12386) number and stored according to the recommended storage protocol. The revived and lyophilized state of ATCC strains of S. agalactiae gr. B were selected for the stud

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Xin, Jige, Qiqi Pu, Ruiying Wang, et al. "Antibacterial activity and mechanism of chelerythrine against Streptococcus agalactiae." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 11 (June 14, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1408376.

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Streptococcus agalactiae (S.agalactiae), also known as group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a highly infectious pathogen. Prolonged antibiotic usage leads to significant issues of antibiotic residue and resistance. Chelerythrine (CHE) is a naturally occurring benzophenidine alkaloid and chelerythrine chloride (CHEC) is its hydrochloride form with diverse biological and pharmacological activities. However, the antibacterial mechanism of CHEC against GBS remains unclear. Thus, this study aims to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of CHEC on GBS and elucidate its underlying mechanism. The

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Carvalhaes, Cecilia G., Helio S. Sader, Jennifer M. Streit, and Rodrigo E. Mendes. "Five-year analysis of the in vitro activity of tedizolid against a worldwide collection of indicated species causing clinical infections: results from the Surveillance of Tedizolid Activity and Resistance (STAR) programme." JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance 4, no. 5 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlac088.

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Abstract Objectives The Surveillance of Tedizolid Activity and Resistance (STAR) programme monitored the tedizolid activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus anginosus group. We evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 47 400 unique Gram-positive clinical isolates from the STAR programme collected from USA (21 243), Europe (17 674), Asia-Pacific (4954) and Latin America (3529) medical centres (2015–19). Methods All isolates were tested for susceptibility by reference broth microdilution method. WGS and

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Paredes-Trujillo, Amelia Isabel, and Manuel Mendoza-Carranza. "Streptococcosis in Nile tilapia Farming: A Severe yet Overlooked Health Challenge in Mexico, a Study Case in Campeche, Mexico." Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, December 21, 2024. https://doi.org/10.48045/001c.127774.

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Streptococcosis is a bacterial disease that causes significant economic losses in Nile tilapia farming worldwide. An Outbreaks of Streptococcus agalactiae was detected in grow-out ponds on a farm in Campeche, Mexico. This study is the first to describe and analyze the histopathological damages, economic losses, and clinical manifestations of S. agalactiae in a commercial farm in Campeche, Mexico. A total of 30 Nile tilapia exhibiting clinical signs of the disease were collected in May 2023. Necropsies of the affected fish revealed characteristic signs of streptococcosis, including bilateral ex

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Capraro, Gerald A., Sajel Lala, Khaldia Khaled, et al. "Association of sexually-transmitted infection and African–American race with Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in pregnancy." Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 9, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00827-1.

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Abstract Background Group B Streptococcus (GBS) remains a significant cause of neonatal infection, but the maternal risk factors for GBS colonization remain poorly defined. We hypothesized that there may be an association between antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and GBS colonization and/or the presence of inducible clindamycin resistance (iCLI-R) in GBS isolates from GBS-colonized pregnant women. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport including demographic and clinical data from 1513 pregnant women who were scree

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Shabayek, Sarah, Asmaa M. Abdellah, Mohammed Salah, Mohammed Ramadan, and Nora Fahmy. "Alterations of the vaginal microbiome in healthy pregnant women positive for group B Streptococcus colonization during the third trimester." BMC Microbiology 22, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12866-022-02730-8.

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Abstract Background Streptococcus agalactiae or group B Streptococcus (GBS) asymptomatically colonizes the genitourinary tracts of up to 30% of pregnant women. Globally, GBS is an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. GBS has recently been linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The potential interactions between GBS and the vaginal microbiome composition remain poorly understood. In addition, little is known about the vaginal microbiota of pregnant Egyptian women. Results Using V3-V4 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing, we examined the vaginal microbiome in GBS culture-positive p

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Castellani, Christoph, Beate Obermüller, Bernhard Kienesberger, et al. "Production, Storage Stability, and Susceptibility Testing of Reuterin and Its Impact on the Murine Fecal Microbiome and Volatile Organic Compound Profile." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (July 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.699858.

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Background: Probiotics are generally considered as safe, but infections may rarely occur in vulnerable patients. Alternatives to live microorganisms to manage dysbiosis may be of interest in these patients. Reuterin is a complex component system exhibiting broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and a possible candidate substance in these cases.Methods: Reuterin supernatant was cultured from Lentilactobacillus diolivorans in a bioreactor in a two-step process. Storage stability at −20°C and effect of repeated freeze-thaw cycles were assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Anti

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Mendes, Rodrigo E., Susanne Paukner, Timothy B. Doyle, Steven P. Gelone, Robert K. Flamm, and Helio S. Sader. "Low Prevalence of Gram-Positive Isolates Showing Elevated Lefamulin MIC Results during the SENTRY Surveillance Program for 2015–2016 and Characterization of Resistance Mechanisms." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 63, no. 4 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02158-18.

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ABSTRACT This study investigated the molecular mechanisms possibly associated with non-wild-type MICs for lefamulin among staphylococci and streptococci included in the lefamulin surveillance program from 2015 to 2016. A total of 2,919 Staphylococcus aureus, 276 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), 3,923 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 389 β-hemolytic, and 178 viridans group streptococci isolates were included in the surveillance studies. Eleven (0.3% of all S. aureus) S. aureus isolates with lefamulin MICs above the staphylococcal epidemiological cutoff (ECOFF) value (>0.25 μg/ml) were selec

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Schmidt, Ana Paula, Laura Valadão Vieira, Antônio Amaral Barbosa, et al. "Use of the Rumination Profile Through Collar Sensors for Mastitis Diagnosis in Dairy Cows." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 49 (February 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.108269.

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Background: Mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland, mostly associated with bacterial infections. It is responsible for great economic losses due to decreased milk yield, discarded milk, milk composition alterations and treatment costs, besides it impairs the animal health and welfare. The rumination time is an important behavioral marker and its assessment can be used as an early diagnosis tool, which can improve cure rate. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity of behavior monitoring system collars in the diagnosis of mastitis and the average

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Barrios-Villa, Edwin, Pablo Mendez-Pfeiffer, Dora Valencia, Liliana Caporal-Hernandez, and Manuel G. Ballesteros-Monrreal. "Intracellular bacterial communities in patient with recurrent urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus agalactiae: a case report and literature review." African Journal of Urology 28, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12301-022-00314-6.

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Abstract Background Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most frequent pathologies worldwide. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading etiological agent; however, depending on the patient's characteristics, the etiology may include some atypical pathogens. Some pathogenic bacteria can internalize in the urothelial and phagocytic cells complicating treatment and timely diagnosis. Case presentation We present a clinical case of a married female patient with urological alteration, constant catheterization, and urethral dilation with recurrent UTI for ten years, with five episo

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Atiyea, Qanat Mahmood, Fatima Mustafa Al-najar, Gulbahar F. Karim, and Siham Sh AL-Salihi. "Molecular Evaluation of the Impact of Nd:YAG Laser and Static Magnetic Field on Genomic DNA of Some Bacterial Isolates using RAPD-PCR." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, August 27, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.16.3.62.

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Antimicrobial therapy is frequently associated with the emergence of resistant bacteria with a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The present study was aimed at investigating the impact of a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum (Nd:YAG) laser, and a static magnetic field (SMF) on cellular growth and DNA alteration in some clinical bacterial isolates. Samples from cutaneous wounds were collected by sterile cotton swabs from three elderly women admitted to Tikrit Teaching Hospital, Tikrit City, Iraq. Isolation and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Ps

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Wibisono, Arya, Dusten T. T. Rose, and Theresa (Terry) Jaso. "247. Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Cefazolin in Non-Pneumococci Streptococcal Bacteremia." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 10, Supplement_2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofad500.320.

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Abstract Background Among the large variation of streptococcal infections, recommended therapies are generally well-defined. There is a lack of efficacy data on alternative therapies, notably in phylogenetic groups that are less studied. The purpose of this study is to quantify the differences in clinical efficacy and safety between recommended antibiotics (penicillins and ceftriaxone) compared to cefazolin for uncomplicated non-pneumococci streptococcal bacteremia. Methods This is a multi-center, retrospective cohort study from January 2017 to January 2021. Patients were included if older tha

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Liu, Liping, Tingting Yin, Xin Zhang, Lizhou Sun, and Yin Yin. "Temporal and Spatial Variation of the Human Placental Microbiota During Pregnancy." American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 92, no. 6 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.70023.

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ABSTRACTProblemPreviously believed sterile, the placenta hosts distinct microbial species across various locations. This study aims to elucidate the temporal and spatial variations of placental microbiota throughout gestation, addressing gaps in current understanding.Method of StudyA case–control study at a single‐center compared microbial profiles in pregnant women delivering preterm (<37 weeks) or at term (>37 weeks) across placental sites: basal plate, fetal membranes, and placental villous. Microbial abundance and diversity were evaluated using QIIME and the R package “Phyloseq,” whi

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