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Class in twentieth-century American sociology: An analysis of theories and measurement strategies. New York: Praeger, 1991.
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Thomas, S. Bernard. Labor and the Chinese Revolution: Class Strategies and Contradictions of Chinese Communism, 1928-1948. Center for Chinese Studies Publications, 2020.
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Thomas, S. Bernard. Labor and the Chinese Revolution: Class Strategies and Contradictions of Chinese Communism, 1928-1948. Center for Chinese Studies Publications, 2020.
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Thomas, S. Bernard. Labor and the Chinese Revolution: Class Strategies and Contradictions of Chinese Communism, 1928-1948. Center for Chinese Studies Publications, 2021.
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Weir, Robert E., red. Class in America. Greenwood Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400627101.
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In the United States, social class ranks with gender, race, and ethnicity in determining the values, activities, political behavior, and life chances of individuals. Most scholars agree on the importance of class, although they often disagree on what it is and how it impacts Americans. This A-Z encyclopedia, the first to focus on class in the United States, surveys the breadth of class strata throughout our history, for high school students to the general public. Class is illuminated in 525 essay entries on significant people, terms, theories, programs, institutions, eras, ethnic groups, places, and much more. This useful set is an authoritative, fascinating source for in-demand information on key aspects of our culture and society and helps researchers to narrow down a broad topic. Class is revealed from angles that often intersect: through history, with entries such as Founding Fathers, the Industrial Revolution, Westward Expansion; through economics, with entries such as Dot.com Bubble, Robber Barons, Chicago School of Economics, Lottery, Wage Slaves, Economic Equal Opportunity Act, Stock Market, Inheritance Taxes, Wal-Mart, Welfare; through social indicators such as Conspicuous Consumption, the Hamptons, WASP, Homelessness, Social Climbing; through politics with entries such as Anarchism, Braceros, Heritage Foundation, Communist Party, Kennedy Family; and through culture through entries such as Country Music, The Great Gatsby, Television, and Studs Terkel. Class is also approached from ethnic, sexual, religious, educational, and regional angles. Special features include an introduction, timeline, suggested reading per entry, cross-references, reader's guide to topics, and thorough index. Sample entries: Immigration, Education, Labor Movement, Pink-Collar Workers, AFL-CIO, Strikes, Great Depression, Jacob Riis, Literature, the Rockefellers, Slavery, Music, Academia, Family, Suburbia, McMansions, Taxation, Segregation, Racism, Ivy League, Robber Barons, Philanthropists, Socialites, Religion, Welfare, the American Dream, Dot.com Millionaires, Equal Opportunity, Founding Fathers, Wage Slaves, Industrial Revolution, Capitalism, Economics, Appalachia, Horse Racing, Gender, Communist Party, Country Clubs, Religion, American Indians, Conspicuous Consumption, Studs Terkel, Film, Class-Consciousness, Work Ethic, Media, Television, Puritans, Homelessness, Status Symbols, Assimilation/Melting Pot, Art, Westward Expansion, Poverty, The Great Gatsby, Stock Market, Working Poor, Gated Communities, the Hamptons, Social Climbing, Crime, Lottery, Elitism, WASP, American Dream, Noam Chomsky, Fortune Magazine
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Moghadam, Valentine M. Women and Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.362.
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Economic development gained prominence as a field of economics after World War II in relation to the prospects of what came to be called underdeveloped, decolonizing, developing, or Third World countries. The period between the 1950s and 1980s saw the emergence of various theories of economic development and policy strategies, and the growth of “development studies” reflected cross-disciplinary interest in the subject. In the early decades, women received little or no attention. If women were discussed at all in policy circles, it was in relation to their role as mothers, an approach that came to be known as the welfare or motherhood approach. The field of women in development (WID) emerged in the 1970s. Since the 1990s, women’s participation and gender dynamics have evolved as central issues in the discourse and policies of international development. Along with changes in theories and policies of economic development, WID developed with distinct or overlapping fields known as women and development (WAD), gender and development (GAD), the efficiency approach, and the empowerment approach. Several basic themes can be identified from the literature on women and gender in development, including: all societies exhibit a division of labor by sex; economic development has had a differential impact on men and women, although the impact on women has tended to be conditioned by class and ethnicity; economic policy making and institutions have a gendered nature, and the ways in which macroeconomics and the social relations of gender influence each other.
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Burawoy, Michael. The Poverty of Philosophy. Redaktorzy Thomas Medvetz i Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.16.
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Chapter abstract Marx and Bourdieu embark from similar criticisms of philosophers as suffering from the illusion that ideas make history—what Marx calls ideology and Bourdieu calls scholastic reason. Accordingly, both turn from the logic of theory to the logic of practice. However, where Marx sees the relations of production as leading to class struggle and revolution, Bourdieu sees bodily practice as instilling symbolic domination through habitus. This leads Marx and Bourdieu to adopt divergent views of history, divergent approaches to social change, divergent roots of symbolic domination, and divergent perspectives on contentious politics. If the followers of Marx seek to explain the quiescence of the working class by developing theories of cultural hegemony, will the followers of Bourdieu build a research program that focuses on the internal contradictions and external anomalies of Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic domination?
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Pardo, Mary. Latinas in U.S. Social Movements. Redaktorzy Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger i Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.32.
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Latinas, members of the largest ethnic/racial group in the United States, often have been omitted from social movement accounts or dismissed as politically passive, hindered by traditional cultural values. Like other women of color, Latinas have faced sexism and racism and class bias in social science accounts and social movements (civil rights, labor rights, and women’s rights). This chapter begins by problematizing the pan-ethnic label “Latina,” drawing from conceptual frameworks, including Anzaldúa’s “borderlands,” Crenshaw’s “intersectionality,” social movement theories of identity, and decolonial feminist theory. It provides a brief historical overview of Latinas in U.S. social movements to illustrate the significance of conquest and colonization as the critical context for generating Latina activism. The chapter concludes with a closer look at two social movements, environmental rights and immigrant rights, where Latinas were prominent participants who utilized ethnic, class, and gender identities as movement strategies to make claims and to mobilize constituents.
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Patterson, Ian. The Penny’s Mighty Sacrifice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806516.003.0010.
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In the (often left-wing) writings on the Spanish Civil War, the idea of sacrifice (both transitive and intransitive) is intertwined with theories and practices of class conflict. The secular bent to much left-wing thinking did not preclude using associations with religious sacrifice to characterize the war’s fatalities; the bombing of Guernica and Madrid, for example, were both described as ‘martyrdoms’. Even in those views of the war that emphasized the importance of dialectical materialism, there is often an inherent logic of self-sacrifice—particularly for those middle-class and intellectual members of the Communist left whose commitment to revolution included a commitment to the supersession of their own individuality in the name of the party. This chapter examines how such ideological figurings of sacrifice are presented in lyrical and elegiac poems by poets such as W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, Clive Branson, George Barker, Margot Heinemann, and Cecil Day Lewis.
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Taylor, Benjamin. Pupil Premium Plus for Children in Care. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350380042.
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Children in care (CiC), or looked after children, in England achieve less well than their non-looked after peers and as such they receive pupil premium plus funding. This book explores how the pupil premium plus is used to support the educational outcomes of CiC, with specific focus on professionals’ planning processes, the supports and interventions funded using pupil premium plus, and how the impact of the funding is tracked and monitored. It draws on empirical data from semi-structured interviews with designated CiC teachers, social workers, and school heads, and document analysis of 20 school pupil premium strategies. Ben Taylor uses educational theory to analyse the data, drawing on humanist theories, social pedagogy and critical pedagogy to identify key themes in the data including race and class. He argues that pupil premium plus is valued by professionals, who care deeply about CiC. He shows how it is seen as an important and supportive tool which goes beyond the academic to include social and emotional interventions and curriculum enrichment.
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Menkel-Meadow, Carrie. Negotiation: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198851400.001.0001.
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Abstract Everyone negotiates. Whenever we need someone else to help us achieve our goals we negotiate. This book introduces theories of negotiation, including assumptions of scarcity and competition, or possibilities of integration of parties’ needs and interests and problem-solving approaches to achieve both joint and individual gain. The book provides analysis and guidance on how to assess what is at stake in each negotiation and how contexts vary to help us choose appropriate behaviors, including different strategies and tactics for achieving both joint and individually preferred outcomes. Illustrations and examples come from historical, diplomatic, international, legal, employment, relationship, business, family, and everyday negotiations. Drawing on the varied disciplines of game theory, economics, psychology, sociology, law, political science, and anthropology, negotiation is described as a multi-disciplinary process, involving both cognitive analysis and behavior. The book looks at modern applications of negotiation in complex multi-party, multi-issue situations, with cultural, racial, class, ethnic, and gender differences and use of negotiation processes in new dispute resolution and transactional settings, like mediation, facilitation, deliberative democracy, decision making, and restorative justice. Challenges to good negotiations in ethical dilemmas, legal enforcement, and behavioral barriers are explored.
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Mangold, Michael, Peter Weibel i Julie Woletz, red. Vom Betrachten zum Gestalten. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845296968.
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As a consequence of the digital revolution, the tasks and challenges facing museums also have to be redefined. In order to cope with these issues constructively, explanations of the basic theoretical concepts in this respect are equally as necessary as the development of new strategies and models of communication by museums seen against the backdrop of critical reflections on their day-to-day workings. As media use has become commonplace in daily life, people’s expectations of museums have also changed. Visitors to museums are becoming increasingly used to being involved in them as active contributors rather than merely as passive observers, which means that appropriate and attractive ways of meeting these expectations have to be found in line with the educational role of museums. Based on theories of art, culture, education and civilisation, the second and substantially updated edition of this book therefore presents innovative communication strategies from the day-to-day workings of museums.
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Silva, Jennifer M. We're Still Here. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888046.001.0001.
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The economy has been brutal to American workers. The chance to provide a better life for one’s children—the promise at the heart of the American Dream—is slipping away. In the face of soaring economic inequality and mounting despair, we might expect struggling Americans to rise up together and demand their fair share of opportunity. And yet, the groups who stand to gain the most from collective mobilization appear the least motivated to act in their own self-interest. This book examines why disadvantaged people disable themselves politically. Drawing on in-depth interviews with over one hundred black, white, and Puerto Rican residents in a declining coal town in Pennsylvania, We’re Still Here demonstrates that many working-class people are fiercely critical of growing inequality and of the politicians who have failed to protect them from poverty, exploitation, and social exclusion. However, the institutions that historically mediated between personal suffering and collective political struggle have not only become weak, but have become sites of betrayal. In response, working-class people turn inward, cultivating individualized strategies for triumphing over pain. Convinced that democratic processes are rigged in favor of the wealthy, they search for meaning in internet conspiracy theories or the self-help industry—solitary strategies that turn them inward, or turn them against each other. But as visions of a broken America unite people across gender, race, and age, they also give voice to upended hierarchies, creative re-imaginings of economic justice, and yearnings to be part of a collective whole.
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Koozin, Timothy. Embodied Expression in Popular Music. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197692981.001.0001.
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Abstract This study of embodiment and meaning in popular music explores a wide-ranging repertoire, offering a performance-based analytical methodology that progresses from basic idiomatic gestures, to gestural combinations and interactions with large-scale design, to broader interpretive strategies that engage with theories of embodiment, the musical topic, and narrative. The book examines artistic practices in popular song that draw from a vast range of stylistic sources, including rock, blues, folk, soul, funk, fusion, and hip hop, as well as European classical and African American gospel musical traditions. Exploring the interrelationships in how we create, hear, and understand music through the body, the study demonstrates how a focus on body-instrument interaction can illuminate musical structures while leveling implied hierarchies of cultural value. Through detailed analysis of artists’ creative strategies in singing and playing their instruments, the book probes how musicians represent subjectivities of gender, race, and social class in shaping songs and whole albums. Tracing connections from foundational musicians including Jimi Hendrix and Aretha Franklin to recent artists, the book clarifies how inferences of musical topic and narrative are part of a larger creative process in strategically positioning musical gestures. This study of popular song explores how the situated and engaged body provides an integral dimension in listening, performing, and creating musical cultures, as it comprises a means by which we understand our own bodies in relation to the world.
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Emadi, Hafizullah. Politics of the Dispossessed. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400698767.
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This study provides a comprehensive analysis of state-society development in the most volatile region of the world. In the Middle East,various anti-systemic movement and radical Islam often clashed and resisted the political, cultural, economic, and military domination of the region by the world's major imperial powers. Emadi investigates state, revolution, and development in the Middle Eastern states of Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Syria in the immediate post-World War II period. Maintaining that the state is an instrument of class domination, exhibiting a certain degree of autonomy in the creation and design of domestic development programs, he details the role of class in an attempt to provide a better understanding of the diverse factors at work. Politics of the Dispossessed provides an alternative analysis of development in regional politics and its context in world politics, aspects that are generally neglected by most mainstream studies. It examines state formation, internal development strategies, and how class conflict and ideology led to class alliance on an international basis, as well as the external interference in the internal affairs of these societies. It also explores the process of political and ethnic integration of the Middle East into the global economic system and the resulting counter-strategies of the nationalist and Islamic resistance to the increasing superpower domination of the international system.
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Williams, Andrew P. The Image of Manhood in Early Modern Literature. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400668425.
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The numerous and multifaceted ways in which masculinities emerge and are expressed within cultures prompt a broad ranging examination and reconsideration of what it means to be a man. Within the study of masculinity, the early modern period stands between the Renaissance, when conceptions of manhood were primarily dominated by chivalric and humanistic traditions, and the latter half of the 18th century, which marked the beginnings of modern conceptions of masculine identity. But rather than a transitional period, the early modern era was a key moment in the evolutionary dynamics of masculine representation. Political forces, such as the Puritan revolution, the Restoration, and the shift in power from the courtier class to the growing middle class forced a reconsideration of the masculine ideal in light of the experiences of the masses. At the same time, the emergence of print culture provided a means of transmitting the new masculine ideal, and literature of the period reflected the changing notions of masculinity. The chapters in this volume explore the various strategies used by early modern writers to represent masculinity. Together, the expert contributors offer a broad perspective on the social and political dynamics of early modern masculine identity. Included are chapters on such writers as Thomas Carew, Andrew Marvell, Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, and Samuel Richardson. Though incorporating a variety of critical approaches, the contributors all explore the inherent anxiety associated with masculinity and its representation. The chapters demonstrate how significant literary texts of the period provided not only idealized images of early modern manhood but also contesting ones. By focusing on the literary, historical, and social dynamics which construct cultural perceptions of masculinity, this volume ultimately illustrates the literary representation of manhood in the early modern period to be a dynamic and evolving process which often challenged Western notions of what it means to be a man.
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Stanley, Matthew E. Grand Army of Labor. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043741.001.0001.
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The politics and culture of organized labor during the age of industrial capitalism in the United States was refracted through the semantics, ideas, and personalities of sectional conflict. The experience of war helped forge class consciousness, and the notion of a continued antislavery struggle was central to the identities of newly radicalized workers. This book explores the sweeping variety of Civil War memory within Gilded Age and Progressive Era labor unions, among political radicals, and in third-party movements. That memory evinced revolution and reform, as competing and sometimes coinciding narratives emerged between Reconstruction and World War I. The first worked largely in the service of industrial unionism and depicted the Civil War’s legacy as a precursor to a thorough--even global--liberation of all workers. The second emphasized the preservation of the Union, the imperatives of legalism and social order, and the fundamental loyalty of white workingmen to the reconstituted nation-state, tending to further conciliatory labor strategies, as well as the leadership prerogatives of exclusionary craft unions. The preeminence of reformist memory, which was predicated on compromise with capital and the sanctity of the state, came ultimately to supplement trade union bureaucratization, labor nationalism, and the propagation of antiradicalism on the American scene during and after the Great War.
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Boyer, George R. The Winding Road to the Welfare State. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691178738.001.0001.
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How did Britain transform itself from a nation of workhouses to one that became a model for the modern welfare state? This book investigates the evolution of living standards and welfare policies in Britain from the 1830s to 1950 and provides insights into how British working-class households coped with economic insecurity. The book examines the retrenchment in Victorian poor relief, the Liberal Welfare Reforms, and the beginnings of the postwar welfare state, and it describes how workers altered spending and saving methods based on changing government policies. From the cutting back of the Poor Law after 1834 to Parliament's abrupt about-face in 1906 with the adoption of the Liberal Welfare Reforms, the book offers new explanations for oscillations in Britain's social policies and how these shaped worker well-being. The Poor Law's increasing stinginess led skilled manual workers to adopt self-help strategies, but this was not a feasible option for low-skilled workers, many of whom continued to rely on the Poor Law into old age. In contrast, the Liberal Welfare Reforms were a major watershed, marking the end of seven decades of declining support for the needy. Concluding with the Beveridge Report and Labour's social policies in the late 1940s, the book shows how the Liberal Welfare Reforms laid the foundations for a national social safety net. A sweeping look at economic pressures after the Industrial Revolution, this book illustrates how British welfare policy waxed and waned over the course of a century.
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Clealand, Danielle. The Power of Race in Cuba. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632298.001.0001.
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The Power of Race in Cuba analyzes racial ideologies that negate the existence of racism and their effect on racial progress and activism through the lens of Cuba. Since 1959, Fidel Castro and the Cuban government have married socialism and the ideal of racial harmony to create a formidable ideology that is an integral part of Cubans’ sense of identity and their perceptions of race and racism in their country. While the combination of socialism and a colorblind racial ideology is particular to Cuba, strategies that paint a picture of equality of opportunity and deflect the importance of race are not particular to the island’s ideology and can be found throughout the world and in the Americas in particular. By promoting an anti-discrimination ethos, diminishing class differences at the onset of the revolution, and declaring the end of racism, Castro was able to unite belief in the revolution to belief in the erasure of racism. The ideology is bolstered by rhetoric that discourages racial affirmation. The second part of the book examines public opinion on race in Cuba, particularly among black Cubans. It examines how black Cubans have indeed embraced the dominant nationalist ideology that eschews racial affirmation, but also continue to create spaces for black consciousness that challenge this ideology. This work gives a nuanced portrait of black identity in Cuba and through survey data, interviews with formal organizers, and hip-hop artists draws from the many black spaces, both formal and informal, to highlight what black consciousness looks like in Cuba.