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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Three novel species"
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Yu, Kunmin, Hong Zhang, Kexin Cheng, and Yulan Jiang. "Three new species of Apiospora (Amphisphaeriales, Apiosporaceae) in China." MycoKeys 112 (January 20, 2025): 233–52. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.112.135493.
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China is located in eastern Asia and has a large quantity and rich variety of bamboo resources. Bamboo resources also contain various fungal species such as <i>Apiospora.</i> The genus <i>Apiospora</i> is commonly used as plant pathogens, endophytes, and saprophytes, which are widely present in various host ranges around the world. The discovery of metabolites has been proven to play an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, 10 strains were isolated from bamboo in Guizhou Province, China, which were identified as five species of <i>Apiospora</i> based on multigene phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU, <i>TEF1-α</i>, and <i>TUB2</i>, and morphological observations, including two recognized species, <i>Ap. arundinis</i> and <i>Ap. lophatheri</i>, and three novel species, viz. <i>Ap. bambusicaulis</i>, <i>Ap. bambusirimae</i>, and <i>Ap. bambusilentiginis</i>. Illustrations and descriptions of these taxa are provided.
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Jiang, Jia-Rui, Qian Chen, and Lei Cai. "Polyphasic characterisation of three novel species of Paraboeremia." Mycological Progress 16, no. 4 (2016): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-016-1253-1.
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Witkowski, A., S. Y. Kim, M. Krzywda, et al. "Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Simonsenia (Bacillariophyceae) with description of three novel species from sandy marine coasts." Nova Hedwigia, Beihefte 151 (October 5, 2021): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova-suppl/2021/119.
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Litov, Alexander G., Anna I. Zueva, Alexei V. Tiunov, Nguyen Van Thinh, Natalia V. Belyaeva, and Galina G. Karganova. "Virome of Three Termite Species from Southern Vietnam." Viruses 14, no. 5 (2022): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14050860.
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Modern metagenomic approaches enable the effective discovery of novel viruses in previously unexplored organisms. Termites are significant ecosystem converters and influencers. As with the majority of tropical forest insects, termites are studied insufficiently, and termite virome remains especially understudied. Here, we studied the virome of lichenophagous and mycophagous termites (Hospitalitermes bicolor, Macrotermes carbonarius and Odontotermes wallonensis) collected in the Cat Tien National Park (Vietnam). We assembled four full genomes of novel viruses related to Solemoviridae, Lispiviridae, Polycipiviridae and Kolmioviridae. We also found several contigs with relation to Chuviridae and Deltaflexiviridae that did not correspond to complete virus genomes. All the novel viruses clustered phylogenetically with previously identified viruses of the termites. Deltaflexi-like contigs were identified in the fungi-cultivating M. carbonarius and showed homology with viruses recently discovered in the edible basidiomycete mushrooms.
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Dyal, Leslie A. "Novel Courtship Behaviors in Three Small Eastern Plethodon Species." Journal of Herpetology 40, no. 1 (2006): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/20-05a.1.
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Wang, Meng-Ru, Hong-Fei Li, Jiu-Jiu Yi, Si-Yan Tao, and Zheng-Jun Li. "Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by three novel species of Marinobacterium." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 195 (January 2022): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.019.
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Liu, Jingwen, Yafen Hu, Xingxing Luo, Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruíz, and Jian Ma. "Three novel species of Helminthosporium (Massarinaceae, Pleosporales) from China." MycoKeys 94 (December 21, 2022): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.94.95888.
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Three new species of Helminthosporium, H. nabanhensis, H. sinensis and H. yunnanensis collected on dead branches of unidentified plants in Xishuangbanna, China, were proposed by morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined data of ITS-SSU-LSU-TEF1-RPB2 sequences was performed using Maximum-Likelihood and Bayesian Inference, although H. nabanhensis and H. sinensis lack the RPB2 sequences. Both molecular analyses and morphological data supported H. nabanhensis, H. sinensis and H. yunnanensis as three independent taxa within the Massarinaceae.
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Liu, Jingwen, Yafen Hu, Xingxing Luo, Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruíz, and Jian Ma. "Three novel species of Helminthosporium (Massarinaceae, Pleosporales) from China." MycoKeys 94 (December 21, 2022): 73–89. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.94.95888.
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Three new species of Helminthosporium, H. nabanhensis, H. sinensis and H. yunnanensis collected on dead branches of unidentified plants in Xishuangbanna, China, were proposed by morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined data of ITS-SSU-LSU-TEF1-RPB2 sequences was performed using Maximum-Likelihood and Bayesian Inference, although H. nabanhensis and H. sinensis lack the RPB2 sequences. Both molecular analyses and morphological data supported H. nabanhensis, H. sinensis and H. yunnanensis as three independent taxa within the Massarinaceae.
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Apurillo, Carlo Chris S., Chayanard Phukhamsakda, Kevin D. Hyde, Vinodhini Thiyagaraja, and E. B. Gareth Jones. "New fungal genus, three novel species and one new record from mangroves, with reclassification of Melanconiella (Melanconiellaceae) species." MycoKeys 116 (April 7, 2025): 25–52. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.116.137351.
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Mangrove ecosystems, located in the land-sea interface, host a diverse array of fungi. In this paper, we introduce a novel genus, three novel species and one new record of fungi collected from mangrove environments in Pranburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Thailand. We establish <i>Pseudomelanconiella</i> as a new genus in Melanconiellaceae, to accommodate <i>Pseudomelanconiella mangrovei</i>, a saprobe from submerged decomposing wood of <i>Avicennia marina</i>. Phylogenetic analysis indicates its close relation with <i>Septomelanconiella</i>, but they differ in the morphology of the conidia. Additionally, our analysis of Melanconiellaceae led to the reclassification of <i>Melanconiella loropetali</i> to <i>Sinodiscula loropetali</i> and synonymizing <i>Sinodiscula camellicola</i> and <i>Melanconiella camelliae</i>. This paper also introduces two other novel species: <i>Peroneutypa hibisci</i>, a saprobe found on <i>Hibiscus tiliaceus</i> and <i>Pseudochaetosphaeronema bruguierae</i> from <i>Bruguiera cylindrica</i>, the first species in this genus reported as a mangrove fungus. A new record of <i>Rimora mangrovei</i> from <i>Ceriops tagal</i> is also reported. These discoveries emphasize the rich fungal diversity in mangrove ecosystems supporting further exploration of this unique environment.
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Han, Mei-Yan, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Li Lu, et al. "Three new species of Camporesiomyces (Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales, Dothideomycetes) associated with coffee in Yunnan, China." MycoKeys 117 (May 14, 2025): 315–36. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.117.154573.
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During our surveys of microfungi associated with coffee plants in Yunnan Province, China, three saprobic fungi were isolated from dead coffee branches. Multigene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, <i>tef</i>1-α, and <i>rpb</i>2) and morphological characteristics resulted in the identification of three novel species in <i>Camporesiomyces</i>, namely <i>C. bhatii</i>, <i>C. coffeae</i>, and <i>C. puerensis</i>. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analyses of these three new species are provided, along with morphological comparisons to closely related taxa. These findings have global implications for understanding the diversity of microfungi associated with coffee trees.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Three novel species"
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Zielinska, Agata Pamela. "Studies in oocytes from three mammalian species demonstrate that meiotic kinetochores are composed of previously unidentified subdomains and reveal two novel mechanisms behind the maternal-age effect in humans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285004.
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Poor egg quality is the leading cause of pregnancy loss and Down's syndrome. While even eggs in young women frequently contain an incorrect number of chromosomes and are therefore unlikely to give rise to a viable pregnancy, the incidence of chromosomally abnormal eggs increases strikingly with advancing maternal age. Why egg quality declines dramatically as women approach their forties remains one of the outstanding questions in developmental biology. This PhD thesis demonstrates how unforeseen features of kinetochore organization that are unique to meiosis render this cell division process in mammals particularly prone to errors. Firstly, my results uncovered an unexpected multi-subunit organization of the meiotic kinetochore, which is widely conserved across mammals and biases eggs towards errors. Secondly, I identified two independent mechanisms that predispose eggs from older women to aneuploidy. The first mechanism affects the fidelity of meiosis I. My analysis revealed that human oocytes challenge the paradigm that sister kinetochores are fully fused. Instead, I demonstrated that sister kinetochores disjoin as women get older, which promoted erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. This in turn allowed chromosomes to rotate on the spindle and provided a mechanistic explanation for reverse segregation - a recently discovered meiotic error that is unique to humans. Secondly, I pioneered the use of super-resolution microscopy to study chromosome architecture in human eggs and discovered that individual kinetochores during meiosis II in mammals are composed of previously unidentified subdomains. In young females, these subdomains are joined together by cohesin complexes. With age, kinetochores fragment into two pieces. Fragmented kinetochores frequently attach merotelically to spindle microtubules, which predisposes aged eggs to errors. What severely hinders our progress in identifying causes of human infertility is that numerous features of human meiosis are not represented in mice. To overcome this challenge, I developed an experimental platform to mimic the age-related changes that occur in humans in oocytes from young mice. I achieved this by extending the applications of Trim-Away, a novel method to degrade endogenous proteins even in primary cells, to partially deplete proteins. Furthermore, I established a new experimental model system to study human-like aspects of meiosis in live non-rodent cells in real time: pig oocytes. Together, these results set foundations for new therapeutic approaches to extend reproductive lifespan by counteracting the age-related loss in kinetochore integrity that this study identified. Furthermore, partial Trim-Away and studying meiosis in pigs opens new directions for meiotic research.
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Moon, Sangwha. "Dickens in the Context of Victorian Culture: an Interpretation of Three of Dickens's Novels from the Viewpoint of Darwinian Nature." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279322/.
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The worlds of Dickens's novels and of Darwin's science reveal striking similarity in spite of their involvement in different areas. The similarity comes from the fact that they shared the ethos of Victorian society: laissez-faire capitalism. In The Origin of Species, which was published on 1859, Charles Darwin theorizes that nature has evolved through the rules of natural selection, survival of the fittest, and the struggle for existence. Although his conclusion comes from the scientific evidence that was acquired from his five-year voyage, it is clear that Dawinian nature is reflected in cruel Victorian capitalism. Three novels of Charles Dickens which were published around 1859, Bleak House, Hard Times, and Our Mutual Friend, share Darwinian aspects in their fictional worlds. In Bleak House, the central image, the Court of Chancery as the background of the novel, resembles Darwinian nature which is anti-Platonic in essence. The characters in Hard Times are divided into two groups: the winners and the losers in the arena of survival. The winners survive in Coketown, and the losers disappear from the city. The rules controlling the fates of Coketown people are the same as the rules of Darwinian nature. Our Mutual Friend can be interpreted as a matter of money. In the novel, everything is connected with money, and the relationship among people is predation to get money. Money is the central metaphor of the novel and around the money, the characters kill and are killed like the nature of Darwin in which animals kill each other. When a dominant ideology of a particular period permeates ingredients of the society, nobody can escape the controlling power of the ideology. Darwin and Dickens, although they worked in different areas, give evidence that their works are products of the ethos of Victorian England.
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Buchanan, Mark Aldham. ""Intact and infrangible as metal, and like metal dead" patterns of faith and forgetfulness in three John Updike novels with special reference to Nathaniel Hawthorne's The scarlet letter /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1989. http://www.tren.com.
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McCanna, David. "Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4338.
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The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes.
The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations.
Książki na temat "Three novel species"
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Griffin, W. E. B. Three complete novels: Men in blue / Special operations / The victim. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1996.
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Carol Geronès, Lídia. Un bric-à-brac de la Belle Époque. Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-434-9.
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Fortuny (1983) by Pere Gimferrer is the only novel (at least to date) that the author has written in Catalan and it represents one of the most unique novels of contemporary Hispanic narrative. The aims of the present study are mainly two: to shed light on one of the most important, but least studied, works by Pere Gimferrer, the greatest representative of Hispanic creativity for the Post-War Generation, and to analyse critical reception of the work and show how the novel has evolved from the time of publication in 1983 until today. This essay consists of three major parts: the study of critical reception, the narratological analysis of the text and the unveiling of the textual, but above all visual, references that make up the novel. The latter allows us to explain two essential elements of the novel: the imaginary Fortuny on the one hand and, on the other, the novel’s intertextual concrete figure of speech, its ekphrasis. The study of this intentionally visual character of the novel not only wanted to highlight the importance of two arts to which Gimferrer has always paid special attention – we refer to cinema and painting – but has also demonstrated the desire of the writer to innovate the Catalan narrative scene, using different literary devices to push the limits of the genre novel.
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Tim, Sale, and Kane Bob, eds. Batman: Haunted knight : the legends of the Dark Knight Halloween specials : three tales of Halloween in Gotham City / Jeph Loeb & Tim Sale, storytellers ; Gregory Wright, colorist ; Todd Klein, letterer. DC Comics, 1995.
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Tolkien, J. R. R. The hobbit, or, There and back again. Thorndike Press, 2003.
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Tolkien, J. R. R. The hobbit, or, There and back again. Unwin Hyman, 1987.
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Tolkien, J. R. R. The Hobbit or There and Back Again. 5th ed. Ballantine Books, 1988.
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Tolkien, J. R. R. The hobbit, or, There and back again. Houghton Mifflin, 2007.
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Tolkien, J. R. R. The hobbit: Or, There and back again. CollinsEducational, 1993.
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Tolkien, J. R. R. The hobbit, or, There and back again. Houghton Mifflin, 1987.
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Tolkien, J. R. R. The hobbit, or, There and back again. Easton Press, 1990.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Three novel species"
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Pauwels, Ine S., Jeffrey Tuhtan, Johan Coeck, David Buysse, and Raf Baeyens. "Archimedes Screw—An Alternative for Safe Migration Through Turbines?" In Novel Developments for Sustainable Hydropower. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99138-8_11.
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AbstractFish passing downstream through hydraulic structures and turbines may risk dying or getting injured. Archimedes screw turbines are frequently considered more “fishfriendly” than conventional turbines. However, to date only a handful of studies assess the impact of Archimedes screws. Within the FIThydro project, we investigated injury and mortality on 2700 bream, roach and eel, including passive barotrauma sensors passing a large Archimedes hydrodynamic screw (10 m head, 22 m length) on three rotational speeds of 30, 40 and 48 Hz. The sensors measured total water pressure, linear acceleration, rotation rate, magnetic field intensity and absolute orientation. They indicated that passage is a chaotic event, and that barotrauma-related injury and mortality are indeed unlikely. Nonetheless, substantial mortality of fish was observed, specifically for bream (42%) and roach (18%) but not for eel (1%). No straightforward relation was found between rotational speeds and fish injury and mortality. The study indicates generally lower mortality and injury rates compared to conventional turbine types. However, fish can still get heavily injured or die, depending on the fish species. Therefore, we stress the need for further studies on Archimedes screws to identify the causes of the observed species-specific injury and mortality rates.
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Peter, Armin, Nils Schoelzel, Lisa Wilmsmeier, et al. "The Attractiveness of Fishways and Bypass Facilities." In Novel Developments for Sustainable Hydropower. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99138-8_5.
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AbstractThis chapter deals with the conventional upstream fish passage technologies developed for a safe fish migration at run-of-river hydropower plants (HPPs). It covers the factors influencing successful migration, current status, practices and challenges, novel developments, recommendations and outlook. Main focusses of this chapter are on the attractiveness of fishways and bypass facilities based on FIThydro study results. Although upstream fish passage technologies are well developed, there are still research gaps on their effectiveness related to their attractiveness and passabilities. FIThydro fills such research gaps by providing tools, methods, devices and best practice examples. This chapter covers the field studies at the case study HPP Guma with pool and weir fishway in Spain and Schiffmühle with vertical-slot and nature-like fishways in Switzerland and a combination of field, laboratory and numerical simulation studies of vertical-slot fishway in France. The results of these three studies contribute to better fishway design for a range of fish species and hydraulic conditions.
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Lombardi, Danilo, Kristina Micalizzi, and Marcello Vitale. "Development of a framework for modelling stand evapotranspiration at a local scale in a coastal mediterranean forest under climate change." In Monitoring of Mediterranean Coastal Areas: Problems and Measurement Techniques. Firenze University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0556-6.21.
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This work presents a novel approach for local-scale quantification of stand plant transpiration. The methodology integrates leaf-scale gas exchange, meteorological, and soil water content data with satellite data to upscale results to the stand-scale. Field data enables the calibration of a photosynthesis biochemical model, comprising three modules simulating species-specific net assimilation rates, stomatal conductance, and evapotranspiration rates (ET). ET values, calculated per species, calibrate a forest stand evapotranspiration (ETA) model based on NDVI. ET and ETA, along with other forest system fluxes, compute the forest water balance as soil water content (SWC). Both models effectively simulate SWC (R2species = 0.98, R2satellite = 0.96). Transpiration values and other water balance components are estimated using climate change scenarios (SSP 2.6 and SSP 8.5). Simulated stand evapotranspiration for 2022 is 1387.73 mm, while for SSP 2.6 and SSP 8.5 are 1216.49 mm and 1293.47 mm, respectively.
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Dijksterhuis, Jan, and Jos Houbraken. "Fungal Spoilage of Crops and Food." In The Mycota. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81904-9_3.
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Abstract Food products are a rich nutrient source that will attract both bacterial and fungal colonizers. Food spoilage is a major threat for our food stock and is responsible for enormous losses worldwide, which makes it a research area that is very relevant with respect to the increasing demand on food during the next decennia. This chapter will highlight fungal spoilage dealing mostly with plant-based food products. At first, the relationship between the living crop and fungi will be illustrated. Between host and pathogen there exists a surprisingly complex communication and successful intervention may result in novel strategies to prevent post-harvest diseases. Then the association of fungi with different types of processed food will be described. In time, different preservation techniques are developed with the aim to discourage fungal development in the food product. These include fermentation, addition of salts or high concentrations of sugars, pickling, drying, cooling, the addition of preservatives, or a heating treatment before packaging. Only fungi that can survive these adverse conditions can successfully spoil processed food. Different aspects of stress resistance are addressed in this chapter including osmo- and xerotolerance, protective compounds inside cells, and heat-resistant structures. Food parameters are often surprisingly restrictive to the spectrum of fungal species which are able to grow and thus spoil the individual food types. Normally, less than ten and often one to three species are responsible for spoilage. Careful elucidation of the specific aspects of food spoilage may lead to novel tailor-made methods to decrease the enormous portion of our food that is lost.
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Betty, Emma L., Elizabeth M. J. Zwamborn, Mieke Weyn, Emma Luck, and Filipe Alves. "Life History Parameters, Sociobiology, and Reproductive Strategies of Pilot Whales." In Sex in Cetaceans. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_15.
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AbstractTwo species of pilot whales are globally distributed, the long-finned (Globicephala melas) in cold-temperate waters and the short-finned (G. macrorhynchus) in tropical and warm-temperate latitudes. Two subspecies of the long-finned pilot whale are recognized, G. m. melas in the North Atlantic and G. m. edwardii in the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, three types have been proposed in short-finned pilot whales. In general, it is assumed that pilot whales live in matrilineal societies composed of stable units/pods displaying bisexual natal philopatry, but inter- and intraspecific variabilities in the sociality of these units have been described worldwide. Moreover, there is inter- and intraspecific heterogeneity in life history and reproductive parameters, which supports geographic variation. To investigate life history parameters, sociobiology, and reproductive strategies within different populations of pilot whales, we reviewed the current literature and compiled novel data. We cover populations from both hemispheres and combine life history characteristics from strandings with field-/behavioral-based information such as long-term photographic-identification, social analysis with molecular sexing, and drone technology. This chapter contributes to improving our knowledge of the life history parameters between sexes and populations, interactions between animals of different sexes within units, social structures, and reproductive strategies in pilot whales. We explore pilot whales’ sexual group dynamics and social system and discuss whether they are strictly matrilineal in comparison with other “matrilineal” species.
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Celik, Sadettin, Mehmet Vural, and Muhammad Abu Bakar Zia. "Artificial Intelligence (Al) Applications to Reduce Drought Loss in Agriculture." In Recent Applications and Biological Activities in Aquaculture and Agriculture. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359319.10.
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Medicinal aromatic plants are very important for human health. Due to the polyphenolic and phytochemical components they contain, they have antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. For this reason, it is the subject of scientific studies. Allium species are important medicinal and aromatic plants that include the commonly known onion and garlic species. There are many different species and the different biological activities of these species are determined by scientific studies. For this reason, in this chapter, the ethnobotanical characteristics and biological activities of important Allium species with current scientific studies are compiled. It is stated that some of these species have anticancer properties and their consumption will be beneficial for health.
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Eroglu, Fadime. "Leishmaniasis and Molecular Diagnosis." In Molecular Approaches in Medicine. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359524.3.
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Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease with three main clinical forms: visceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous. There are more than 20 species of Leishmania that cause the disease, and these species are transmitted to humans by more than 90 species of sandflies. Low socio-economic status, poor housing and poor sanitation conditions increase the risk of spreading the disease. According to many health institutions, leishmaniasis is one of the most forgotten diseases and is difficult to diagnose clinically. Leishmaniasis is diagnosed by combining clinical symptoms with parasitological, serological or molecular tests. Treatment of leishmaniasis depends on the type of disease, associated pathologies, causative parasite species and geographical location. In order to control leishmaniasis worldwide, Leishmaniasis patients with leishmaniasis must be diagnosed and treated promptly. Molecular diagnostics is a system based on isolating DNA or RNA from patient samples such as blood, urine or tissue, and then amplifying it using techniques such as polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing. In recent years, molecular diagnostics have been used in the medicine to diagnose and treat disease. In addition, these methods offer personalised medicine by analysing the characteristics of the patient and the disease. With the increase of molecular studies, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major have been found to cause visceral leishmaniasis, while Leishmania infantum causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, as the causative agents of leishmaniasis are different from the known ones, the identification of the causative species has become important for the diagnosis of the disease. Molecular methods also enable personalised medicine by allowing the identification of specific genetic mutations or biomarkers that can guide disease treatment decisions. This section provides information on the molecular techniques that can be used to diagnose of leishmaniasis and the gene regions targeted and the methods used.
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Taskin, Turgut, Mustafa Oksuz, Beyza Nur Yilmaz, and Mizgin Ermanoglu. "Pharmacological and Phytochemical Contents of Thymbra Taxa." In Medicinal Spices. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359340.14.
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Thymbra, known as Mediterranean thyme, is a genus of plants in the Lamiaceae family. Thymbra calostachya (Rech.f.) Rech.f., Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Thymbra sintenisii Bornm. &Azn., Thymbra spicata L. and Thymbra spicata subsp. intricata (P.H. Davis) R. Morales are species belonging to the genus Thymbra. The Eastern Mediterranean region is considered to be the genus’s gene center. The Thymbra genus comprises three species and five taxa in the Turkish flora, of which two are endemic. Many people use the dried or fresh leaves and flowers of Thymbra species as a spice in salads and other dishes, as well as in hot beverages. Folk medicine uses the plant’s aerial parts to treat rheumatism, colic, bronchitis, asthma, cough, and diarrhea The pharmaceutical industry uses Thymbra species as raw materials because of their significant pharmacological properties and phytochemical components, which have been found in numerous nations.
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Sayar, M. Salih. "Crude Protein Content and the Other Forage Quality Traits in Some Annual Plant Species From Different Families and Assessments with Biplot and Correlation Analysis." In Alternative Protein Sources. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359289.2.
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High-quality forage in livestock feeding will significantly enhance both the yield and quality of animal products. In this respect, it is crucial to know in advance the forage quality traits to make the right choice. Accordingly, the research was fulfilled to determine forage crude protein content and the other forage quality traits in some annual plant species from different families. According to the variance analysis, it was determined that there were statistically highly significant (P<0.01) differences between the species in terms of all the of the examined traits, and the examined traits were found to be in the following ranges; dry matter content (DMC) 15.67–26.97%, crude protein (CP) content 11.93–24.11%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) content 29.54–46.488%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content 38.30–62.89%, digestible dry matter (DDM) contents 52.33–65.89%, dry matter intake (DMI) 1.91–3.14%, metabolizable energy (ME) 7.67–10.27 MJ kg-1 DM, relative feed value (RFV) 77.5–160.2, calcium (Ca) content 6.72–18.72 g kg-1 DM, phosphorus (P) contents varied from 3.59–5.35 g kg-1 DM, magnesium (Mg) content 2.25–4.35 g kg-1 DM, potassium (K) content 28.58– 44.40 g kg-1 DM, Ca:P ratio 1.50–4.91 and K/(Ca+Mg) (tetany) ratio 1.34–3.94. Additionally, as a result of comparing the research results with the literature knowledge, it was understood that the Ca, P, Mg and K contents of the examined species were sufficient for the livestock needs. However, due to relatively higher-level K content and lower Ca and Mg contents, the tetany (K/(Ca+Mg) ratios of grasses species, Lolium multiflorum and Triticum aestivum, were found to be over the critical value (2.2) for grass tetany illness. Thus, when livestock intensively feed forages of the grass species, risk of getting grass tetany disease would be higher than the other species. On the other hand, the biplot analysis showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between CP, DDM, DMI, ME and RFV traits, and legume family species, Lathyrus sativus, Trifolium nigrescens and Pisum sativum spp. arvense came to fore in terms of these five traits. These legume species with having higher level the most important forage quality traits, their forage quality was found quite better than the other species.
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Akan, Ayse Sule. "Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Pregnancy." In Special Circumstances in Resuscitation. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358923.3.
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Cardiopulmonary arrest during pregnancy is a rare occurrence. Approximately 10% of maternal deaths are attributed to cardiopulmonary arrest. The AHA guideline advises manually placing the uterus in the left lateral position during pregnant resuscitation and perimortem cesarean section. While there are many causes of cardiopulmonary arrest in the general population, in pregnant patients, causes can arise from pre-existing conditions as well as physiopathological conditions induced by pregnancy. Managing cardiopulmonary arrest during pregnancy is a challenging clinical situation. While maternal resuscitation shares many aspects with standard adult resuscitation, there are some differences, with the most significant being the presence of two patients, the mother and the fetus. Equipment and personnel for emergency cesarean section and neonatal resuscitation should be readily available. When a pregnant patient experiences arrest, they should be placed on a stretcher, and chest compressions should be initiated. Chest compressions should be performed at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute and to a depth of at least 2 inches, in the middle of the chest, just below the sternum, with minimal interruption. Airway management and basic life support should be provided, and the time of arrest should be noted. If the pregnancy is beyond 20 weeks or if the uterus is above the level of the umbilicus, manual displacement of the uterus to the left should be performed to reduce aortocaval compression. Bag-mask ventilation with 100% oxygen at a rate of at least 15 L/min should be initiated immediately with a compression-ventilation ratio of 30:2. If the patient is suitable for defibrillation, it should be administered without altering the shock energy. Studies have shown that transthoracic impedance does not change in pregnant women. Defibrillation in the mother should not be delayed due to fetal safety concerns, as minimal energy is transferred to the fetus during defibrillation. Due to physiological changes, the oxygen reserve in the pregnant woman’s lungs is limited, necessitating rapid and effective airway intervention. Therefore, intubation should be attempted using an endotracheal tube with an inner diameter of 6.0-7.0 mm by the most experienced rescuer. Multiple laryngoscopy attempts-more than twice- should be avoided, and if airway intervention fails and mask ventilation is not possible, emergency invasive airway should be established. Medical drug therapy is no different from standard adult resuscitation, and there is no need for dose adjustment in the drugs administered. Drug administration should not be stopped due to fetal teratogenicity.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Three novel species"
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Hughes, Trevor L., Jill F. Geddes, Alyn Jenkins, and Dugald MacDougall. "Novel Method to Quantify the Concentration of Corrosion Inhibitors in Produced Water." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01480.
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Abstract Production chemicals are injected downhole, at the wellhead or between the wellhead and the oil/water separation facilities. Typically, the injected fluid is a complex mixture of chemicals designed to impart several functions including (i) inhibition of asphaltene, wax and/or organic scale deposition, (ii) inhibition of inorganic scale deposition, (iii) inhibition of gas hydrates, (iv) inhibition of corrosion, (v) scavenging of unwanted species such as H2S and (vi) enhancement of the efficiency of oil/water separation. Most production chemicals are soluble in the produced water, in the liquid hydrocarbon phase or they partition between the water and oil phases. Produced waters are either reinjected or they are treated to minimize the concentration of residual oil and production chemicals prior to discharge. There is a need for methods to monitor the concentration of production chemicals in produced water in order to optimize their process efficiency and for environmental reasons. We have developed a method, based on Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), to quantify the concentration of production chemicals such as the corrosion inhibitor component in produced brines. Methods development followed three successive phases. In phase I, a procedure was evaluated in which the produced water sample is mixed with a concentrated aqueous solution of potassium bromide before drying to remove the water and DRIFTS analysis of the dried residue. The spectrum comprises absorbance bands due to infrared active salts in the brine and organic constituents including various components of the production chemicals mixture. Calibrations were constructed for a specific production chemicals mixture and a particular produced brine composition. Several absorbance bands were used to construct calibrations relating the absorbance to the concentration of the production chemicals mixture and its corrosion inhibitor component. In phase II, the effect of sample volume on determination limits was investigated. In phase III, an organic solvent extraction procedure which reduces determination limits was developed. Examples are given wherein the corrosion inhibitor is part of a production chemicals mixture which also contains a scale inhibitor and a corrosion inhibitor synergist added to a North Sea produced brine.
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Montero, Xabier, Mathias Galetz, and Michael Schütze. "Innovative Heat Treatment and Novel Non-Harmful Slurries for “in Situ” Aluminization or Co-Deposition of Elements on Steels for Corrosion Protection at High Temperatures." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4105.
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Abstract Aluminum surface enrichment is a common technique to reduce oxidation and corrosion of components made of Fe, Ni, and Co-base alloys. Due to their low cost and straightforward manufacture, slurry coatings are widely used to protect the surfaces of such alloys; however, they have three main disadvantages. First, salts such as phosphates, chromates or halides used as binders or to activate the diffusion species are toxic and harmful to the environment; secondly, the slurry coatings can only produce high activity coatings. Finally, these coatings are limited to the incorporation of Al and Si. For the first time an effective way to control the activity is presented by using common tempering temperatures for selected alloys and industrially relevant production times in combination with slurry technique and a careful design of the powder composition of the slurry and control of the diffusion process. These results extent the application range of slurry coatings, which previously could only be applied by more complex and expensive methods. Beyond that, these new coatings offer unique advantages such as a technique to repair coatings.
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Madsen, B. W. "Measurement of Wear and Corrosion Rates Using a Novel Slurry Wear Test Apparatus." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86235.
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Abstract A new slurry wear test developed by the Bureau of Mines allows for the simultaneous measurement of both volume loss and corrosion rates during the wear process. Slurries of silica sand and aqueous solutions are continuously fed into the test chamber, where they abrade and corrode the test specimens. Sixteen specimens form the wall of the chamber in which the slurry is circulated by an impeller at 15.6 m/s. A specimen can serve as a working electrode, while two or three other specimens can be used as counter electrodes in an electrochemical cell. A reference electrode Luggin probe is placed adjacent to the working electrode specimen. Using electrochemical techniques, corrosion rates of metallic specimens were determined during slurry wear tests. Weight loss and density measurements were used to calculate wear rates in terms of volume loss per unit time as a function of pH, temperature, and solids concentration. The test results showed that the combined effects of abrasion and corrosion resulted in a total wear loss different from the additive effects of each process taken alone.
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Samariks, Valters, Ieva Jaunslaviete, Andis Adamovics, Sabine Dubasinska, and Aris Jansons. "GROUND VEGETATION BIOMASS AND CARBON POOL IN HEMIBOREAL OLD-GROWTH CONIFEROUS STANDS ON ORGANIC SOILS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024v/3.2/s13.36.
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Forest ground vegetation biomass plays a significant role in carbon (C) storage and contributes to the overall carbon pool of forest ecosystems. Ground vegetation, including understory plants, shrubs, and grasses, not only affects carbon sequestration through photosynthesis but also contributes to the carbon cycle as it decomposes and release carbon into atmosphere and soil. This process adds to soil organic matter and affects it carbon dynamics. Understanding the above and below-ground biomass of forest ground vegetation and its associated carbon pool is essential for improving local and global estimates of carbon storage and cycling, especially in forests on organic soils where the information is scarce. A total of 12 study sites were selected, with six stands dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and six stands dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Of the selected stands, six were on drained organic soils and six on undrained organic soils. In each study site, four samples of ground vegetation biomass (both above- and below-ground) were collected in tree replicates. Each sample (above- and below-ground) was sorted into three groups (herbs, shrubs, trees), air-dried until reaching a constant weight, and then weighed to determine dry weight and carbon content. Our study provides novel information on ground vegetation biomass and C pool estimates in old-growth stands dominated by different coniferous tree species in the hemiboreal region. Ground vegetation biomass and carbon pools were similar between drained and undrained stands.
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Lima, Lucas Maciel de Andrade, and Tasnim Hassan. "A Novel in Situ Miniature Creep Tester for Evaluation of New Cladding Alloys." In AM-EPRI 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2024p0600.
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Abstract Miniature specimen tests are necessary to assess the mechanical properties of new fuel cladding alloys for next-generation nuclear reactors. The small specimen allows for extensive testing programs from limited volumes of material. However, there is a lack of testing equipment to perform high-temperature mechanical tests on the miniature specimen. This work presents the development of a high-temperature creep test system for miniature specimens with in situ scanning electron microscope (SEM) testing capability for real-time characterization. Here, we discuss the challenges of the development of the system, such as gripping the samples, loading, heating, cooling mechanisms, and strain measurement. The equipment is used to investigate the creep behavior of FeCrAl alloy Kanthal APMT, and the results are compared with conventional creep test data from the same batch of this material.
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Morland, Bjørn Helge, Morten Tjelta, Arne Dugstad, and Gaute Svenningsen. "Formation of Strong Acids in Dense Phase CO2." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11429.
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Abstract There are several proposed specifications for CO2 transport regarding how much impurities that could be allowed. Many of these specifications are based on health, safety, and environment (HSE) considerations in case of accidental spill with only limited focus on the pipeline integrity. Experimental testing has demonstrated that many of the impurities that are expected to be present in CO2 captured from a combustion process may react and form corrosive species. The present paper discusses the results from novel transparent autoclave experiments. Carbon steel corrosion coupons were exposed to impurities levels within established specifications at simulated transport conditions (25 °C and 10 MPa of CO2). Reactions between the impurities at low level ppmv occurred and it seemed like several different reactions contributed the production of other compounds. The result was formation of nitric and sulfuric acid together with formation of elementary sulphur. Visual examination of the specimens indicated low corrosion, but the amount of acids and solids produced is not acceptable for a specification.
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Berke, N. S., M. P. Dallaire, and M. C. Hicks. "Effect of Calcium Nitrite on the Corrosion Fatigue of Steel Reinforcing in Cracked Concrete." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91550.
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Abstract Large (762 mm X 152 mm X 152 mm) concrete specimens containing steel reinforcing were cracked to accelerate attack in a three percent sodium chloride solution. It was found that overall corrosion rates, as determined by electrochemical measurements, were significantly reduced in the samples containing 2.7% calcium nitrite by mass of cement. Samples containing 0.5% calcium nitrite, approximately half the lowest recommended dosage for this admixture, also showed lower corrosion rates relative to control specimens. In addition, the degree of pitting corrosion, estimated by visual inspection, decreased with increasing calcium nitrite content. It is concluded that the addition of recommended dosages of the calcium nitrite admixture reduces overall and pitting corrosion of rebars in cracked concrete. Work on similar beams with steel rebars embedded in concrete containing calcium nitrite, silica fume, and a combination of these two products, and subjected to cracking and subsequent fatiguing has recently begun. Preliminary results on this novel testing procedure are also discussed.
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Murugesan, Sankaran, Haiping Lu, Zhengwei Liu, and Stephen Heath. "Nanotechnology-Based Detection Method for Speciation and Differentiation of Phosphonate Scale Inhibitors." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14913.
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Abstract The accurate and precise analysis of scale inhibitors plays an important role in making key decisions on the efficiency of scale squeeze and continuous-chemical injection treatments. At present, several techniques exist for scale inhibitor analysis, but each method has its own limitations and tedious analysis process. In addition, these methods often give results of either total chemical content or elemental analysis without details of chemical speciation. Especially for phosphonate scale inhibitors, it is well known that there is no analytical methods available on the market to differentiate different species of phosphonate inhibitors, which impedes the applications of different types of phosphonate inhibitors on the scale treatment. There was therefore a need for a next-generation method for phosphonate analysis. An experimental methodology has been developed based upon the use of gold nanoparticles to enhance chemical signatures of scale inhibitors in brines using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). This methodology enables speciation and measurement at low concentrations in the range of 1 to 100 mg/L (ppm). This study used two different phosphonate-type scale inhibitors, and initial laboratory results prove that this novel technology can help to differentiate between two different phosphonate-based chemicals.
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Li, Peiwen, Devasubramaniam Coopamah, and Jeong-Pill Ki. "Uniform Distribution of Species in Fuel Cells Using a Multiple Flow Bifurcation Design." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65106.
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This paper presents the results obtained from the study about flow distribution in maintaining uniformity of flow fields in fuel cells. Three novel flow distribution designs on bipolar plates are proposed for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The flow distributors have multiple levels of bifurcations to split a flow into sub-streams of equal flow rates. There are three types of bifurcation structure proposed and studied, which are the 90° tee-type, rounded-type and slanted-type. Experiments were carried out to test the velocities of flows from the multiple channels after bifurcations, and the flow uniformity on the bipolar plate is estimated and studied. Overall evaluation of flow uniformity in the three designs was conducted. The rounded-type bifurcation structure showed the best flow uniformity. After experimental verification of the uniform flow distribution in the novel design, three PEM fuel cell was fabricated which adopted the novel flow fields. From the experimental test and comparison under dry fuel and air condition, it is found that the PEMFC with new flow field can have a better performance. Thorough experimental investigation is planned for the future study.
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Konschuh, S., T. Jayaprakash, A. Dolatabadi, E. Dayo, H. Ramay, and L. Sycuro. "O02.3 Reclassification of Atopobium vaginae as three novel Fannyhessea species: implications for understanding their role in bacterial vaginosis." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress, July 14–17 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2021-sti.58.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Three novel species"
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Needham, Glenn R., Uri Gerson, Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman, D. Samatero, J. Yoder, and William Bruce. Integrated Management of Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi, and of Varroa Mite, Varroa jacobsoni, Major Pests of Honey Bees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573068.bard.
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Objectives: The Israeli work plan regarding HBTM included: (a) producing a better diagnostic method; (b) following infestations during the season and evaluating damage to resistant bees and, (c) controlling HBTM by conventional means under local conditions. For varroa our plans to try novel control (e.g. oil novel control (e.g. oil patties & essential oils) were initially delayed by very low pest populations, then disrupted by the emergence of fluvalinate resistance. We monitored the spread of resistance to understand it better, and analyzed an underlying biochemical resistance mechanism in varroa. The US work plan focused on novel management methods for both mites with an emphasis on reducing use of traditional insecticides due to resistance and contamination issues. Objectives were: (a) evaluating plant essential oils for varroa control; (b) exploring the vulnerability of varroa to desiccation for their management; and (c) looking for biological variation in HBTM that could explain virulence variability between colonies. Although the initial PI at the USDA Beltsville Bee Lab, W.A. Bruce, retired during the project we made significant strides especially on varroa water balance. Subcontracts were performed by Yoder (Illinois College) on varroa water balance and DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA) who evaluated plant essential oils for their potential to control varroa. We devised an IPM strategy for mite control i the U.S. Background: Mites that parasitize honey bees are a global problem. They are threatening the survival of managed and feral bees, the well-being of commercial/hobby beekeeping, and due to pollination, the future of some agricultural commodities is threatened. Specific economic consequences of these mites are that: (a) apiculture/breeder business are failing; (b) fewer colonies exist; (c) demand and cost for hive leasing are growing; (d) incidences of bee pathogens are increasing; and, (e) there are ore problems with commercial-reared bees. As a reflection of the continued significance f bee mites, a mite book is now in press (Webster & delaplane, 2000); and the 2nd International Conference on Africanized Honey Bees and Bee Mites is scheduled (April, 2000, Arizona). The first such conference was at OSU (1987, GRN was co-organizer). The major challenge is controlling two very different mites within a colony while not adversely impacting the hive. Colony management practices vary, as do the laws dictating acaricide use. Our basic postulates were that: (a) both mites are of economic importance with moderate to high infestations but not at low rates and, (b) once established they will not be eradicated. A novel strategy was devised that deals with the pests concomitantly by maintaining populations at low levels, without unnecessary recourse to synthetic acaricides. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements: A major recent revelation is that there are several species of "Varroa jacobsoni" (Anderson & Trueman 1999). Work on control, resistance, population dynamics, and virulence awaits knowing whether this is a problem. In the U.S. there was no difference between varroa from three locales in terms of water balance parameters (AZ, MN & PA), which bodes well for our work to date. Winter varroa (U.S.) were more prone to desiccation than during other seasons. Varroa sensitivity to desiccation has important implications for improving IPM. Several botanicals showed some promise for varroa control (thymol & origanum). Unfortunately there is varroa resistance to Apistan in Israel but a resistance mechanism was detected for the first time. The Israel team also has a new method for HBTM diagnosis. Annual tracheal mite population trends in Israel were characterized, which will help in targeting treatment. Effects of HBTM on honey yields were shown. HBTM control by Amitraz was demonstrated for at least 6 months. Showing partial resistance by Buckfast bees to HBTM will be an important IPM tactic in Israel and U.S.
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Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.
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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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Leong, Kirsten, Tanya Shenk, Mark Sturm, et al. Application of National Park Service policies to managing for wildlife range and distribution shifts in response to a changing climate: A thought exercise focused on a low-mobility listed species, the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). National Park Service, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36967/2307032.
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As the effects of climate change accelerate, natural resource managers are reconsidering traditional conservation practices that aimed to maintain ecosystems within historical ranges of variability. To identify where further guidance or policy elaboration may be warranted, this thought exercise examines existing National Park Service (NPS) policies with respect to managing climate change impacts on wildlife. Species range and distribution shifts are of great interest to parks. To focus the exercise, we selected the Mojave population of desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) at Lake Mead National Recreation Area (NRA) as an example because it requires analysis of numerous legal and policy elements. We considered an overall goal to retain long-term, self-sustaining desert tortoise populations within the greater Lake Mead NRA ecoregion, specifically focusing on the NPS contribution to the survival of desert tortoises both on and off NPS lands. We conducted three analyses. We first identified biological, legal, and policy issues that could affect tortoise recovery under climate change, as well as associated tactics and actions. Next, we examined those tactics against potential climate change adaptation strategies, modifying the resist–accept–direct (RAD) framework to include two strategies that accept the effects of climate change: Non-Intervention and Accommodate Change. Finally, we assessed the adaptation strategies and associated tactics against NPS policies, identifying needs for further policy elaboration and clarification. Non-intervention is supported only in limited cases, whereas Accommodate Change is consistent with NPS policies but may not succeed in a time of rapid climate change. A Resist Change strategy would be favored where the desert tortoise’s current niche is likely to persist. Implementing the Direct Change strategy would most likely be considered in areas where range and distribution shifts have occurred or are likely to occur. However, this strategy also raises the most policy questions—including how key concepts that form the foundation of NPS policies (e.g., “native” and “natural”) should be understood in the context of climate change. Answering many of these questions involves value judgments, especially those related to how the NPS should think about managing for novel future conditions and whether laws and policies need to be clarified, modified, replaced, or created anew. Successful adaptation to climate change and other large-scale landscape transformations will require the NPS to engage with key partners, scientists and other scholars, and policymakers both within and outside of the NPS in coordinated, collaborative decision making.
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Agardy, Tundi, David Hyrenbach, and Guiseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara. The Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals. American Museum of Natural History, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0056.
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Within the Mediterranean Sea lies a recently discovered thriving permanent frontal system with vast populations of zooplankton supporting a trove of marine life, including large populations of several cetacean species. The presence of such large mammals in the heavily-trafficked Mediterranean was a surprise for the public, as well as scientists. In 1999, the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals was established as the first High Seas MPA by the governments of Italy, France, and Monaco with the goals of managing human impacts, increasing scientific knowledge, and promoting awareness. The establishment of the Sanctuary has already had some positive outcomes, but there are special challenges that lie ahead in terms of management and scientific monitoring to continue the success of this novel MPA.
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Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai, and Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods: induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.
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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.
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Sanders, Suzanne, and Jessica Kirschbaum. Forest health monitoring at Mississippi National River and Recreation Area: 2022 field season. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301407.
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The Mississippi National River and Recreation area (MISS), situated along a 116 km stretch of the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis and St. Paul urban corridor, encompasses ~21,800 ha of public and private land. In 2022, the Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network (GLKN) resampled permanent forest monitoring sites in the park, marking the second assessment of these sites, which were established and initially sampled in 2011. The goal of this long-term monitoring project is to provides managers with routine updates on which to base management decisions; these data can also be used to tease apart impacts and elucidate causal agents when novel problems or situations arise. We initiated a comprehensive forest monitoring program at MISS in 2011, establishing 33 sites at that time. High water levels during our sampling window that year precluded sampling on many of our planned sites while on others, water levels had only recently subsided. Here, the full complement of herbs had not yet emerged. In 2022, we resampled existing sites and established additional locations, bringing the total to 50. Sampled and derived metrics included trees (density and basal area of live trees, seedlings, and snags (i.e., standing dead trees)), understory (herb and shrub frequency), browse (bite marks on woody species and presence and height of herbaceous species), and taxa richness. We classified sites into four broad forest types using the newer (2022) dataset, resulting in two upland types (upland rich, upland disturbed) and two floodplain types (box elder-dominated and silver maple-dominated). Because of sampling difficulties in 2011, we are only comparing tree, sapling, and snag data between years. At upland rich sites, overall tree (? 2.5 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]) density declined 22%, while that for just the small sapling component (? 2.5 cm, < 5 cm DBH) fell 41%. Species experiencing notable losses include basswood (Tilia americana L.), elm (Ulmus L.), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch), and red oak (Quercus rubra L.). All three resampled sites are located in Spring Lake Park Reserve and subjected to high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.) browse pressure. We sampled seven sites in upland disturbed forests, where overall tree density fell 17% from 778 ? 215 trees/ha to 648 ? 72 trees/ha, largely due to declines in elm, ash (Fraxinus sp. L.), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.). While changes in black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) mirrored this pattern in diameter classes above 5 cm, density of saplings increased 12-fold, largely due to a swamping effect from one site, possibly in response to buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) removal. In the nine box elder-dominated sites, overall tree density declined from 635 ? 47 in 2011 to 500 ? 58 trees/ha in 2022, mainly reflecting changes in box elder (Acer negundo L.), elm, and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). In these sites, density of large (? 30 cm DBH) snags increased from 2.5 ? 1.6 to 11.1 ? 4.4 snags/ha. In silver maple-dominated floodplain forests, tree density in the 12 sites fell from 421 ? 63 to 291 ? 23 trees/ha, with declines observed in all five dominant species. Sapling density was low in these sites, falling from 62.6 ? 36 in 2011 to 23.6 ? 11 saplings/ha in 2022. Our observations likely reflect both deer browse and alteration of the flow regime by river impoundment. At upland sites, deer browse is impeding regeneration of all major upland species: red oak, bitternut hickory, basswood, and elm. While browse is also occurring in floodplain sites, prolonged inundation may play a larger role in regeneration failure here. Saplings of silver maple, box elder, cottonwood, elm, and hackberry all have some degree of susceptibility to inundation, ranging from moderate tolerance to completely intolerant. The Mississippi River experienced flooding in 2014, 2017, and again in 2019 when flood stage was exceeded for a record number of days in St. Paul. Sapling decline at floodplain sites is likely a direct result of this. Forest management within the park should focus both on invasive species control and floodplain reforestation. Several sites with heavy invasive weed species are in areas where leveraging local volunteers for removal projects may be possible. Floodplain reforestation requires a dual approach of research and active management. Research is needed to determine preferred propagule types and planting stock, as well as the most effective ways to control invasives, especially reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Active floodplain reforestation can alleviate many of the issues we found here, although this is expensive, limited in scope, and carries with it a great deal of uncertainty. Nonetheless, projects undertaken at a small scale can provide lessons to managers, based on which aspects were successful and which were not. Many of the park forests at MISS are nearing an inflection point and are at risk of becoming irreversibly altered if countermeasures are not undertaken in the near future. At this point, steps taken to promote ecosystem integrity are likely to be less costly and more effective than those which may be needed after further ecosystem decline. The river system through the Twin Cities metro area provides numerous services, both ecological and otherwise. As the need to act is becoming a pressing issue, it is incumbent on land managers to recognize this, and address it.
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Shaffer, Austin, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colorado National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (sensitive version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303444.
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Colorado National Monument (COLM) in western Colorado was established on May 24, 1911 with the purpose of preserving, understanding, and enjoying the natural and cultural resources of the landscape, focusing on the history, erosional processes, and geology present. Although not explicitly mentioned in the monument?s purpose statement, the paleontological resources of COLM are nevertheless important. Significant fossils have been known from the area since the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and from COLM specifically within a few decades of the monument?s founding. The direct urban interface of COLM with Colorado?s Grand Valley provides unique management concerns for fossils and other resources of the monument. While COLM preserves a long geologic history (roughly 1.7 billion years ago to the present), the fossils preserved at the monument mostly come from sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic Era. The paleontological resources of COLM include both body fossils and trace fossils of a wide variety of organisms (e.g., freshwater mussels, dinosaurs, plants) representing diverse paleoenvironments. In order to assess the paleontological resources of COLM, a field inventory was conducted from April to November 2023, visiting all previously reported fossil sites and documenting new localities. A total of 226 paleontological localities were verified during this fieldwork, of which nearly two-thirds (146 sites) were newly documented. Two more were discovered in March 2024. These 228 localities are distributed throughout much of the monument and many of the geologic units, with higher concentrations present in certain units (e.g., the Morrison Formation). Fieldwork was supplemented by the review of published and gray literature and assessment of COLM paleontological collections. A number of significant paleontological discoveries were made during this inventory, including the first documented fossils (dinosaur tracks, plant fossils, and dinosaur skin) from the Naturita Formation within COLM and multiple novel fossil occurrences (e.g., likely the oldest-known fish otoliths in North America and possibly one of the only Jurassic ankylosaur tracks known globally). When considered alongside previously identified significant fossil finds from COLM (e.g., one of only three known turtle tracksites in the Morrison Formation and potentially one of the only known lizard trackways in the same unit), the paleontological resources of the monument are of high scientific importance. Future research on the paleontological resources of COLM has a high potential for identifying important fossil specimens and/or describing new species. This report provides foundational data on the scope, significance, and distribution of paleontological resources at COLM and provides recommendations to support the management, interpretation, and research of these resources.
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Shaffer, Austin, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Colorado National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303613.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Colorado National Monument (COLM) in western Colorado was established on May 24, 1911 with the purpose of preserving, understanding, and enjoying the natural and cultural resources of the landscape, focusing on the history, erosional processes, and geology present. Although not explicitly mentioned in the monument?s purpose statement, the paleontological resources of COLM are nevertheless important. Significant fossils have been known from the area since the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and from COLM specifically within a few decades of the monument?s founding. The direct urban interface of COLM with Colorado?s Grand Valley provides unique management concerns for fossils and other resources of the monument. While COLM preserves a long geologic history (roughly 1.7 billion years ago to the present), the fossils preserved at the monument mostly come from sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic Era. The paleontological resources of COLM include both body fossils and trace fossils of a wide variety of organisms (e.g., freshwater mussels, dinosaurs, plants) representing diverse paleoenvironments. In order to assess the paleontological resources of COLM, a field inventory was conducted from April to November 2023, visiting all previously reported fossil sites and documenting new localities. A total of 226 paleontological localities were verified during this fieldwork, of which nearly two-thirds (146 sites) were newly documented. Two more were discovered in March 2024. These 228 localities are distributed throughout much of the monument and many of the geologic units, with higher concentrations present in certain units (e.g., the Morrison Formation). Fieldwork was supplemented by the review of published and gray literature and assessment of COLM paleontological collections. A number of significant paleontological discoveries were made during this inventory, including the first documented fossils (dinosaur tracks, plant fossils, and dinosaur skin) from the Naturita Formation within COLM and multiple novel fossil occurrences (e.g., likely the oldest-known fish otoliths in North America and possibly one of the only Jurassic ankylosaur tracks known globally). When considered alongside previously identified significant fossil finds from COLM (e.g., one of only three known turtle tracksites in the Morrison Formation and potentially one of the only known lizard trackways in the same unit), the paleontological resources of the monument are of high scientific importance. Future research on the paleontological resources of COLM has a high potential for identifying important fossil specimens and/or describing new species. This report provides foundational data on the scope, significance, and distribution of paleontological resources at COLM and provides recommendations to support the management, interpretation, and research of these resources.
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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott, and Gregory E. Welbaum. Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits Using the Maize Non-Host Disease Resistance Gene Rxo1. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699843.bard.
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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: (1) To determine whether Rxol can recognize AacavrRxo1 to trigger BFB disease resistance in stable transgenic watermelon plants. (2) To determine the distribution of Aac-avrRxo1 in a global population of Aae and to characterize the biological function of Aac-avrRxo1. (3) To characterize other TIS effectors of Aae and to identify plant R gene(s) that can recognize conserved TIS effectors of this pathogen. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aae), is a devastating disease that affects watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) production worldwide, including both Israel and USA. Two major groups of Aae strains have been classified based on their virulence on host plants, genetics and biochemical properties. Thus far, no effective resistance genes have been identified from cucurbit germplasm. In this project, we assessed the applicability of a non-host disease resistance gene, Rxol, to control BFB in watermelon. We also tried to identify Aae type III secreted (TIS) effectors that can be used as molecular probes to identify novel disease resistance genes in both cucurbits and Nieotianatabaeum. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We generated five independent transgenic watermelon (cv. Sugar Babay) plants expressing the Rxol gene. The transgenic plants were evaluated with Aae strains AAC001 and M6 under growth chamber conditions. All transgenic plants were found to be susceptible to both Aae strains. It is possible that watermelon is missing other signaling components that are required for Rxol-mediated disease resistance. In order to screen for novel BFB resistance genes, we inoculated two Aae strains on 60 Nieotiana species. Our disease assay revealed Nicotiana tabaeum is completely resistant to Aae, while its wild relative N. benthamiana is susceptible to Aae. We further demonstrated that Nieotiana benthamiana can be used as a surrogate host for studying the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Aae. We cloned 11 TIS effector genes including the avrRxolhomologues from the genomes of 22 Aae strains collected worldwide. Sequencing analysis revealed that functional avrRxol is conserved in group" but not group I Aae strains. Three effector genes- Aave_1548, Aave_2166 and Aave_2708- possessed the ability to trigger an HR response in N. tabacum when they were transiently expressed by Agrobaeterium. We conclude that N. tabacum carries at least three different non-host resistance genes that can specifically recognize AaeTIS effectors to trigger non-host resistance. Screening 522 cucurbits genotypes with two Aae strains led us to identify two germplasm (P1536473 and P1273650) that are partially resistant to Aae. Interestingly, transient expression of the TIS effector, Aave_1548, in the two germplasms also triggered HR-Iike cell death, which suggests the two lines may carry disease resistance genes that can recognize Aave_1548. Importantly, we also demonstrated that this effector contributes to the virulence of the bacterium in susceptible plants. Therefore, R genes that recognize effector Aave1548 have great potential for breeding for BFB resistance. To better understand the genome diversity of Aae strains, we generated a draft genome sequence of the Israeli Aae strain, M6 (Group I) using Iliumina technology. Comparative analysis of whole genomes of AAC001, and M6 allowed us to identify several effectors genes that differentiate groups I and II. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The diversity of TIS effectors in group I and II strains of Aae suggests that a subset of effectors could contribute to the host range of group I and II Aae strains. Analysis of these key effectors in a larger Aae population may allow us to predict which cucurbit hosts may be at risk to BFB. Additionally, isolation of tobacco and cucurbit Rgenes that can recognize Aae type III effectors may offer new genetic resources for controlling BFB.
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Ginzberg, Idit, Richard E. Veilleux, and James G. Tokuhisa. Identification and Allelic Variation of Genes Involved in the Potato Glycoalkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593386.bard.
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Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are secondary metabolites being part of the plant defense response. The two major SGAs in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are α-chaconine and α-solanine, which exhibit strong cellular lytic properties and inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, and are poisonous at high concentrations for humans. As SGAs are not destroyed during cooking and frying commercial cultivars have been bred to contain low levels, and their content in tubers should not exceed 20 mg/100 g fresh weight. However, environmental factors can increase tuber SGA content above the safe level. The focus of the proposed research was to apply genomic approaches to identify candidate genes that control potato SGA content in order to develop tools for potato improvement by marker-assisted selection and/or transgenic approaches. To this end, the objectives of the proposal included identification of genes, metabolic intermediates and allelic variations in the potato SGAbiosynthetic pathway. The SGAs are biosynthesized by the sterol branch of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway. Transgenic potato plants that overexpress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 (HMG1) or squalene synthase 1 (SQS1), key enzymes of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway, exhibited elevated levels of solanine and chaconine as well as induced expression of genes downstream the pathway. These results suggest of coordinated regulation of isoprenoid (primary) metabolism and SGA secondary metabolism. The transgenic plants were further used to identify new SGA-related candidate genes by cDNA-AFLP approach and a novel glycosyltransferase was isolated. In addition, genes involved in phytosterol biosynthesis may have dual role and synthesize defense-related steroidal metabolites, such as SGAs, via lanosterol pathway. Potato lanosterol synthase sequence (LAS) was isolated and used to prepare transgenic plants with overexpressing and silencing constructs. Plants are currently being analyzed for SGA content. The dynamics of SGA accumulation in the various organs of a potato species with high SGA content gave insights into the general regulation of SGA abundance. Leaf SGA levels in S. chacoense were 10 to 20-fold greater than those of S. tuberosum. The leptines, SGAs with strong antifeedant properties against Colorado potato beetles, were present in all aerial tissues except for early and mid-developmental stages of above ground stolons, and accounted for the high SGA content of S. chacoense. These results indicate the presence of regulatory mechanisms in most tissues except in stolons that limit the levels of α-solanine and α-chaconine and confine leptine accumulation to the aerial tissues. The genomes of cultivated and wild potato contain a 4-member gene family coding for SQS. Three orthologs were cloned as cDNAs from S. chacoense and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Squalene accumulated in all E. coli lines transformed with each of the three gene constructs. Differential transcript abundance in various organs and amino acid sequence differences in the conserved domains of three isoenzymes indicate subfunctionalization of SQS activity and triterpene/sterol metabolism. Because S. chacoense and S. phureja differ so greatly for presence and accumulation of SGAs, we selected four candidate genes from different points along the biosynthetic pathway to determine if chcor phuspecific alleles were associated with SGA expression in a segregating interspecific diploid population. For two of the four genes (HMG2 and SGT2) F2 plants with chcalleles expressed significantly greater total SGAs compared with heterozygotes and those with phualleles. Although there are other determinants of SGA biosynthesis and composition in potato, the ability of allelic states at two genes to affect SGA levels confirms some of the above transgenic work where chcalleles at two other loci altered SGA expression in Desiree. Present results reveal new opportunities to manipulate triterpene/sterol biosynthesis in more targeted ways with the objective of altering SGA content for both human health concerns and natural pesticide content without disrupting the essential metabolism and function of the phytosterol component of the membranes and the growth regulating brassinosteroids.