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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 2 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Collins, Desmond. Levels of culture and human history: A theory of the structure of human cultural evolution, featuring detailed studies of three contrasting aspects of history. Clayhanger Books, 1998.

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Kalinina, Elena. Theory of State and law. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1865712.

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The textbook, in addition to theory, contains many examples from modern practice and the history of law. The structure of the manual is unusual — its content is located on three levels, at each of which readers will receive the information they need, in accordance with their requests: concise, general or in-depth. It is intended for students of secondary vocational education institutions, an enlarged group of specialties 40.00.00 "Jurisprudence", as well as for all those interested in theoretical issues of state and law. It is an adaptive manual that can be used as an addition to textbooks on

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3

Tenney, James. Form in Twentieth-Century Music. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0006.

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James Tenney reflects on form in twentieth-century music, first by offering an alternative to the conventional definition of form and introducing a number of new terms. He then considers three factors that determine form: shape, structure, and state. In relation to these factors, he describes three aspects of form to consider at each hierarchical level: the structural (internal relations), the morphological (shape), and the statistical (state, condition). These relations between state, shape, and structure at adjacent hierarchical levels are relevant to the old problem of “form versus content.

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Holland, John H. 3. Complex adaptive systems (CAS). Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199662548.003.0003.

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Complex adaptive systems (CAS) are composed of elements, called agents, that learn or adapt in response to interactions with other agents. ‘Complex adaptive systems’ shows that all CAS exhibit lever points, points where a small directed action causes large predictable changes in aggregate behaviour. All CAS agents have three levels of activity: performance (moment-by-moment capabilities), credit-assignment (rating the usefulness of available capabilities), and rule-discovery (generating new capabilities). The behaviour of a CAS is always generated by the adaptive interactions of its components

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Tenney, James. META Meta ⌿ Hodos. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0007.

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James Tenney introduces a number of propositions, along with corresponding definitions and comments, concerning perceptual organization, musical parameters, formal perception and description, and entropy as a measure of variation. Among these propositions are: temporal gestalt-units (TGs) are formed at several different hierarchical levels during the process of musical perception; the perceptual formation of TGs at any hierarchical level is determined by a number of factors of cohesion and segregation, the most important of which are proximity and similarity; pitch, timbre, and (musical) time

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Golder, Sona N., Ignacio Lago, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil, and Thomas Gschwend. Multi-Level Electoral Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791539.001.0001.

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National-level elections receive more attention from scholars and the media than elections at other levels, even though in many European countries the importance of both regional and European levels of government has grown in recent years. The growing importance of multiple electoral arenas suggests that scholars should be cautious about examining single levels in isolation. Taking the multi-level structure of electoral politics seriously requires a re-examination of how the incentives created by electoral institutions affect the behaviour of voters and party elites. The standard approach to a

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Yang, Sijia, and Sandra González-Bailón. Semantic Networks and Applications in Public Opinion Research. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.14.

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Semantic networks represent and model messages and discourse as a relational structure, emphasizing patterns of interdependence among semantic units or actors-concepts. This chapter traces the epistemological roots of semantic networks, then illustrates with examples how this approach can contribute to the study of political rhetoric or opinions. It focuses on three levels of analysis: cognitive mapping at the individual level, discourse analysis at the interpersonal level, and framing and salience at the collective level. Drawing from the rich literature on natural language processing and mac

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Dalrymple, Mary, John J. Lowe, and Louise Mycock. The Oxford Reference Guide to Lexical Functional Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733300.001.0001.

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This is the most comprehensive reference work on Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), which will be of interest to graduate and advanced undergraduate students, academics, and researchers in linguistics and in related fields. Covering the analysis of syntax, semantics, morphology, prosody, and information structure, and how these aspects of linguistic structure interact in the nontransformational framework of LFG, this book will appeal to readers working in a variety of sub-fields, including researchers involved in the description and documentation of languages, whose work continues to be an impo

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9

Gibson, Mark, and Juana Gil, eds. Romance Phonetics and Phonology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739401.001.0001.

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The research in this volume addresses several recurring topics in Romance Phonetics and Phonology with a special focus on the segment, syllable, word, and phrase levels of analysis. The original research presented in this volume ranges from the low-level mechanical processes involved in speech production and perception to high-level representation and computation. The interaction between these two dimensions of speech and their effects on first- and second-language acquisition are methodically treated in later chapters. Individual chapters address rhotics in various languages (Spanish, Italian

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Henricks, Thomas S. The Social Life of Play. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039072.003.0008.

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This chapter focuses on the social life of play. As the patterning of human relationships, social context shapes play by offering behavioral formats or directives that both support and restrict our actions. Such directives are manifested in countless situations and at different levels of abstraction; they constitute the social reality of our lives. In that context, the chapter examines play as a “social construction of reality”—that is, a process of reality construction and maintenance. It discusses three levels of social reality: self-identity, social relationships, and social structure. It a

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11

Spitzer, Michael. Affective shapes and shapings of affect in Bach’s Sonata for Unaccompanied Violin No. 1 in G minor (BWV 1001). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351411.003.0008.

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This chapter analyses Bach’s Sonata for Unaccompanied Violin No. 1 in G minor in terms of recent theories of music and emotion. It considers how musical ‘shape’ relates to the structure of affect, conceived in the nuanced terms afforded by recent work in the psychology of discrete emotional categories. Part I is dedicated to a close reading of Bach’s opening Adagio. Analysing three levels of shape (acoustic cues, midlevel phrasing and large-scale form), the chapter compares Bach’s music both to the shape of particular emotional behaviours and to the expressive shapings of a formal model. This

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Ewald, Wiederin. 5 Evolution and Gestalt of the Austrian State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198726401.003.0005.

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This chapter presents an overview and history of the Austrian administrative state. It shows how the traditional form of the Austrian administration evolved in the second half of the nineteenth century. After defeat in World War I, the Republic of Austria succeeded the extinct Danube Monarchy; it took over the Viennese central administrative departments and their personnel and remained a ‘typical administrative state’. In the early modern period, the fundamental elements of Austria's administration developed on three different levels that still exist and to this day continue to characterize th

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Dignam, Alan, and John Lowry. 1. Introduction to company law. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198753285.003.0014.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter presents an overview of company law, first by considering the company’s place within the various forms of business organisation. To get some comparative perspective on the relative merits of each type of organisation, three criteria for judging them are discussed: whether the form of business organisation facilitates investment in the business, mitigates or minimises the risk involved in the business venture, and whether i

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Dignam, Alan, and John Lowry. 1. Introduction to company law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811831.003.0001.

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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter presents an overview of company law, first by considering the company’s place within the various forms of business organisation. To get some comparative perspective on the relative merits of each type of organisation, three criteria for judging them are discussed: whether the form of business organisation facilitates investment in the business, mitigates or minimises the risk involved in the business venture, and whether i

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Cebula, Kerri. Governance in Sport. Edited by Bonnie Tiell. Human Kinetics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718220997.

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Simplify the complexities of sport governance with an engaging and thought-provoking guide to how authority, policies, rules, and regulations can influence decision making in sport organizations. Governance in Sport: Analysis and Application With Web Resource examines the structure of governance within sport organizations across a breadth of levels and a variety of industry sectors to prepare students to practice principles of good governance and ethical decision making. The content is presented from three broad perspectives: (1) Students will first learn the foundation of legal and managerial

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Aktor, Mikael. Social Classes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702603.003.0005.

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The notions of class (varṇa) and caste (jāti) run through the Dharmaśāstra literature on all levels. They regulate marriage, economic transactions, work, punishment, penance, entitlement to rituals, identity markers like the sacred thread, and social interaction in general. Although this social structure was ideal in nature and not equally confirmed in other genres of ancient and medieval literature, it has nevertheless had an immense impact on Indian society. The chapter presents an overview of the system with its three privileged classes, the Brahmins, the Kṣatriyas, and the Vaiśyas, the fou

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Nai, Alessandro. The Fourth Estate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190677800.003.0010.

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This chapter analyzes the quality of election coverage by the traditional news media. It describes a hierarchical model of influences that is expected to shape the fairness of election coverage. These operate at three levels: the political and social structure, the media market, and the journalistic culture. The chapter shows that the fairness of election coverage is lower when the content of information is distorted by pressures from exogenous actors such as politicians and pressure groups, when the media market faces a hypercommercialization, and when journalists see their role redefined tow

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Magda, Raczynska. The Law of Tracing in Commercial Transactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198796138.001.0001.

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A pressing problem often facing commercial practitioners is how to determine the principle which would dictate when a proprietary claim is available and when it is not. This book explains the nature and structure of key interests in property in commercial transactions and analyses the incidence of proprietary claims available to holders of different interests in assets. It starts by identifying the structure of those interests which the author terms ‘lesser proprietary interests’, comprising security interests and interests based on retention of title in contracts of sale of goods, hire-purcha

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Adams, David. A Handbook of Diction for Singers. 3rd ed. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639504.001.0001.

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Abstract The 3rd edition of A Handbook of Diction for Singers is a guide to help classical singers achieve professional levels of lyric diction in Italian, French, and German, the three major languages of classical vocal repertory. It serves as a textbook for student singers, as well as a reference for voice teachers, vocal coaches, and conductors. The presentation is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The newly created chapter 1, “An Introduction to Specific Sounds,” introduces the relevant phonetic symbols, with descriptions of how each sound is produced and reference to the

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Hu, Xuhui. Encoding Events. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.001.0001.

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This book presents theoretical and empirical research on the syntax of events within the broader framework of generative grammar. A central theoretical concern is how conceptual meaning interacts with narrow syntactic computation in the derivation of the information of an event. A set of Integration Conditions are proposed. Building on the Conceptual-Intentional Interface Conditions proposed in Chomsky’s (1995, 2000, 2001) Minimalist Programme, the Integration Conditions require that the content of the predicate be licensed by theta-role information generated by narrow syntax. Another theoreti

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Starks, Glenn L., and F. Erik Brooks. How Your Government Really Works. www.greenwood.com, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400667022.

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The U.S. government is an ever-more-complex system that few American citizens comprehend in any detail. Even some of its most basic operations, seemingly clear in concept, are in reality intricate and obscure. Although textbooks explain how the government is supposed to work in theory, they don't reveal how it actually works in practice. This book offers a concise and objective explanation of government operations, mapping the federal government's branches, departments, agencies, corporations, and quasi-official bodies—and the bureaucracies that support them. The authors effectively bridge the

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Landry, Elaine. Structural Realism and Category Mistakes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0018.

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Structural realists have made use of category theory in three ways. The first is as a meta-level formal framework for a structural realist account of the structure of scientific theories, either syntactic or semantic. The second is an appeal to the category-theoretic structure of some successful, successive or fundamental, physical theory to argue that this is the structure we should be physically committed to, either epistemically or ontically. The third is to use category theory as a conceptual tool to argue that it makes conceptual sense to talk of relations without relata and structures wi

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Knight, Carolyn, and Geoffrey L. Greif, eds. A Handbook of Contemporary Group Work Practice. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197657928.001.0001.

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Abstract This Handbook, for advanced students and helping professionals, is a completely re-envisioned version of the authors’ previous edited book, Group Work with Populations at Risk. It includes updated chapters, as well as many new entries contributed by practitioners. Readers will readily understand the benefits of the group modality for a specific population and how to help members achieve their collective goals. Part I introduces readers to group work practice and lays the foundation for the chapters that follow. Underlying all the groups included in this book is the importance of empow

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Jordan, Jenna. Leadership Decapitation. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503608245.001.0001.

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Does leadership targeting work? This question lies at the heart of studies on the efficacy of counterterrorism policy. This book examines whether killing or arresting terrorists is an effective means by which to weaken and degrade a group’s operational capacity. It aims to identify and explain why decapitation works in some cases and not in others. In order to determine whether decapitation is an effective strategy, this project examines nearly one thousand instances of leadership targeting. A group’s susceptibility to leadership targeting is a function of three factors: organizational structu

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Kleemans, Edward R. Organized Crime and Places. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.24.

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This chapter begins by discussing the three types of organized crime—racketeering, transit crime, and the local provision of illegal goods and services—and the significance of place. It then considers the role of places and the (built) environment for organized crime. The main message is that place has a different meaning for these three types of organized crime and raises several theoretical challenges. As these types of organized crime often require a higher degree of social organization than opportunistic street-level crime, the chapter elaborates on two theoretical concepts that should be

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Mackey, Bonnie, and Hedy Schiller Watson. Alphabet Books. ABC-CLIO,LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400609503.

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Covering more than 300 alphabet books with topic, content area, grade level, text structure, and instructional value indexing, this extensive resource guide includes bibliographic information and brief summaries of each selection as well as a chapter devoted to the unique uses of alphabet books within ELL classrooms. Alphabet books are perfect for establishing introductory lessons and serve as a starting point for project ideas. Alphabet Books: The K-12 Educators' Power Tool is ideal for school and public librarians as well as teachers who need to meet specific learning standards. The indexing

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Daher, Aurélie. Hezbollah. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495893.001.0001.

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Almost thirty years after its foundation, Lebanese Hezbollah is an organization that remains difficult to understand. What exactly is Hezbollah? An Islamist terrorist group dedicated to destroying Israel? The first Arab national resistance to have ever defeated Tel Aviv's troops? A patriotic and respectable party or a fascist network having managed to control all levels of Lebanese political life? How did this organization acquire such an important role in the Middle-Eastern game and in Lebanese politics? This book has three purposes. Firstly, to clearly articulate a definition of Hezbollah, p

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Guitton, Clement. Inside the Enemy's Computer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.001.0001.

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Attribution — tracing those responsible for a cyber attack — is of primary importance when classifying it as a criminal act, an act of war, or an act of terrorism. Three assumptions dominate current thinking: attribution is a technical problem; it is unsolvable; and it is unique. Approaching attribution as a problem forces us to consider it either as solved or unsolved. Yet attribution is far more nuanced, and is best approached as a process in constant flux, driven by judicial and political pressures. In the criminal context, courts must assess the guilt of criminals, mainly based on technica

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Baron, Alan, John Hassard, Fiona Cheetham, and Sudi Sharifi. Touring the Hospice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813958.003.0007.

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This chapter continues the analysis of organizational culture at the host Hospice under ethnographic investigation. Having discussed the cultural make-up of the ‘old’ Hospice, and then glimpsed something of the ‘new’, the study now focuses on the latter to illuminate the nature of the organization as the authors interpreted it at the time the research was carried out. In so doing, the study once again returns to Schein’s three-level culture model and primarily his analytical level of organizational ‘artefacts’, as the focus for a ‘tour’ of the case study site. This sees staff and volunteers de

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Key questions in biodiversity: a study and revision guide. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248630.0000.

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Abstract An understanding of biodiversity is an important requirement of a wide range of programs of study including biology, zoology, wildlife conservation and environmental science. This book is a study and revision guide for students following such programs in which biodiversity is an important component. It contains 600 multiple-choice questions (and answers) set at three levels namley foundation, intermediate and advanced, and grouped into 10 major topic area: principles of classification and taxonomy; comparative anatomy and physiology; protoctists, monerans, fungi, lichens and acellular

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Kaufman, Daniel. Lexical Category and Alignment in Austronesian. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.24.

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Philippine-type languages are often cited as exemplifying a cross-linguistically unique voice system, in which verb morphology can select not only an agent or patient, but also locative, instrumental and other adjunct type relations as the nominative argument. In this paper, we examine three approaches to this typologically remarkable system: the ergative analysis, the case agreement analysis and the nominalization analysis, arguing for the latter based on strong parallels between verbal and nominal predication from the root level to the clause level. The morphologically symmetric nature of Ph

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Gorman, Jack M. Is the Human Brain Unique? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850128.003.0002.

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Some scientists now argue that humans are really not superior to other species, including our nearest genetic neighbors, chimpanzees and bonobos. Indeed, those animals seem capable of many things previously thought to be uniquely human, including a sense of the future, empathy, depression, and theory of mind. However, it is clear that humans alone produce speech, dominate the globe, and have several brain diseases like schizophrenia. There are three possible sources within the brain for these differences in brain function: in the structure of the brain, in genes coding for proteins in the brai

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Herman, Barbara. The Moral Habitat. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896353.001.0001.

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The Moral Habitat is a book in three parts that begins with an investigation of three understudied imperfect duties which together offer some important and challenging insights about moral requirements and moral agency: that our duties only make sense as a system; that actions can be morally wrong to do and yet not be impermissible; and that there are motive-dependent duties. In Part Two, these insights are used to launch a substantial reinterpretation of Kant’s ethics as a system of duties, juridical and ethical, perfect and imperfect, that can incorporate what we learn from imperfect duties

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Beglov, Alexey. Православный приход на закате Российской империи: состояние, дискуссии, реформы. Indrik ltd., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/978-5-91674-656-3.

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The book examines the history of the Orthodox parish, which in the period from the Great reforms of the 1860s to the revolutionary events of 1917-1918 constituted the smallest, but also the most numerous unit of the Church body. The author examines the parish in three aspects: as a social structure, as a subject of public discussion, and as an object of political reform by secular and ecclesiastical authorities. As a social structure, the parish during this period was closely associated with the evolution of the peasant community, urbanization, the development of the clergy class, and other so

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Burge, Tyler. Perception: First Form of Mind. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871002.001.0001.

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Perception is the first form of representational mind to emerge in evolution. Three types of form are discussed: formal representational structure of perceptual states, formation characteristics in computations of perceptual states, and the form of the visual and visuomotor systems. The book distinguishes perception from non-perceptual sensing. The formal representational structure of perceptual states is developed via a systematic semantics for them—an account of what it is for them to be accurate or inaccurate. This semantics is elaborated by explaining how the representational form is embed

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Oakes, Lisa M., and David H. Rakison. Developmental Cascades. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391893.001.0001.

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Children take their first steps, produce their first words, and become able to solve many new problems seemingly overnight. Yet, each change reflects many other previous developments that occurred in the whole child across a range of domains, and each change, in turn, will provide opportunities for future development. This book proposes that all change can be explained in terms of developmental cascades such that events that occur at one point in development set the stage, or cause a ripple effect, for the emergence or development of different abilities, functions, or behaviors at another poin

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Chen, Sylvia Xiaohua, Julie Spencer-Rodgers, and Kaiping Peng. The Dialectical Self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0014.

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Originating in East Asian epistemologies, naïve dialecticism gives rise to contradictory, ever-changing, and interrelated perceptions of all entities, including the self. It influences the self in three fundamental ways, specifically, by affecting the (1) internal consistency, (2) cross-situational consistency, and (3) temporal stability of the content and structure of people’s self-conceptions. This chapter reviews the cross-cultural research that shows that Westerners possess more consistent and stable self-conceptions over time and across situations, whereas East Asians possess more variabl

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Welling, Lisa L. M., and Todd K. Shackelford, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioral Endocrinology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190649739.001.0001.

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Although most will be at least somewhat familiar with the biological role hormones play during puberty and pregnancy, many are likely unaware that hormones—chemical messengers that are secreted by cells and that travel through the body to reach specialized receptors—impact multiple aspects of our lives from conception onward. Behavioral endocrinology and evolutionary psychology are complementary disciplines wherein scholars seek to understand human behavior. Evolutionary psychologists contend that human psychology and behavior are functional outcomes of natural and sexual selection pressures e

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Yi-chong, Xu, and Patrick Weller. Understanding International Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719496.003.0001.

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This chapter surveys the existing approaches to studying IOs, and discusses our public policy approach. It describes IOs as institutions that are defined by formal and informal rules, by practices and sets of expectations that shape the way those involved in IOs’ activities work. Rather than accepting the traditional proposition that member states decide, the chapter argues that we need to go inside the organization to examine how all the actors perceive their roles, interpret their responsibilities, and interact with each other. It identifies three groups of actors—state representatives, head

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Bengson, John, Terence Cuneo, and Russ Shafer-Landau. Philosophical Methodology. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192862464.001.0001.

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This book is an attempt to understand philosophical inquiry by means of answering five questions: What is the structure of theoretical inquiry? What are the goals of theoretical inquiry? What are philosophical data? What is a sound method for philosophical theorizing? Is there reason to think that philosophical progress can be or has been made? Chapter 1 tackles the first two questions: inquiry is organized around the collection of data and the application to data of a sound method, and is ultimately aimed at achieving understanding. Chapters 2 and 3 address the third question, canvassing vari

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Hogan, Sean O., ed. The Judicial Branch of State Government. ABC-CLIO, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400675065.

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Part of ABC-CLIO's groundbreaking About State Government set, this volume is the first comprehensive resource to focus exclusively on judicial politics at the state level, covering all 50 states and demonstrating the profound influence state courts have on American life. The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politicsreveals the workings of a network of courts that generate tremendous legal activity and yet have not previously been the focus of a comprehensive, in-depth reference. Beginning with the origins of American law, this volume examines the many different types o

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Crisman, Kevin. The Archaeology of Steamships. Edited by Ben Ford, Donny L. Hamilton, and Alexis Catsambis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336005.013.0027.

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Since the beginning of human seafaring endeavors, all watercraft were limited to three modes of propulsion: muscle, currents, and wind, all of which had their limitations. Steam propulsion gave a radical departure from the old and familiar, and it overcame various limitations. This article describes the evolution of steamboats as commercially successful ships. It gives the examples of the Vermont, Phoenix, and Lady Sherbrooke to explain the structure, engineering, and evolution of early steamboats. The effects of maritime steam were particularly notable in North American waters. The wrecks of

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Danielson, Michael S. Politics at Home Abroad. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0001.

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Despite intense migratory flows between Mexico and the United States, migrants have had surprisingly low participation and impact in national politics in Mexico. Nevertheless, this book begins by hypothesizing that participation may be more robust and impact more noteworthy at the subnational level due to the fact that the economic and social importance of migration varies widely within Mexico. Based on this framing, three related research questions are presented and the need for a mixed-method approach to answer them addressed. While case studies of significant migrant impact are insufficient

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Levin, Frank S. The Hydrogen Atom and Its Colorful Photons. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0010.

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The energies, kets and wave functions obtained from the Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom are examined in Chapter 9. Three quantum numbers are identified. The energies turn out to be the same as in the Bohr model, and an energy-level diagram appropriate to the quantum description is constructed. Graphs of the probability distributions are interpreted as the electron being in a “cloud” around the proton, rather than at a fixed position: the atom is fuzzy, not sharp-edged. The wavelengths of the five photons of the Balmer series are shown to be in the visible range. These photons are em

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Reed, Christopher Robert. Demography and Ethos. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036231.003.0002.

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The political economy of the 1920s were intricately linked to the demographic changes, emerging social structure, level of racial consciousness, cultural and aesthetic expressions, and religious practices and activities of this pivotal period in Chicago's history. This chapter focuses on demographics and the thinking accompanying the expansion of this population. Between 1910 and 1920, the African American population of Chicago increased by 148.5 percent. By 1927, a head count around the city in all three of the major geographical divisions found 196,569 persons of African descent in residence

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Goss, Rachel, Emma McMaster, and Stephanie Rennie. OSCE Revision for the Final FRCEM. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198856580.001.0001.

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The FRCEM OSCE Revision Guide is an excellent resource for trainees who are preparing for their Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Written by three UK-trained Emergency Medicine Consultants, this book provides an insight into the preparation required to pass the exam. The FRCEM OSCE has somewhat evolved over recent years, and so the authors explain the structure and format of the current exam. They also provide useful tips on revision strategy, as well as on how to navigate the actual exam. Each element of the OSCE is

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Tir, Jaroslav, and Johannes Karreth. The Interplay Between Civil War Development and Highly Structured Intergovernmental Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699512.003.0003.

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This chapter defines highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and examines their temporal and spatial evolution. It then describes the role that these organizations can play during civil war development. We argue that highly structured IGOs have an inherent, vested self-interest in the domestic peace and stability of member-states; the institutional structure and substantial resources that allow them both to act quickly and to be able to alter the cost-benefit calculations of both the government and rebel sides; and an enduring preference for member-states’ internal peace and s

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Carroll, John. Parsing. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0012.

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This article introduces the concepts and techniques for natural language (NL) parsing, which signifies, using a grammar to assign a syntactic analysis to a string of words, a lattice of word hypotheses output by a speech recognizer or similar. The level of detail required depends on the language processing task being performed and the particular approach to the task that is being pursued. This article further describes approaches that produce ‘shallow’ analyses. It also outlines approaches to parsing that analyse the input in terms of labelled dependencies between words. Producing hierarchical

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Simon, Gleeson. Part VI Bank Group Supervision, 27 Pillar 3—Disclosure Requirements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0027.

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The Basel pillar 3 regime constitutes a disclosure regime for regulated banks. The aim is to provide sufficient transparency for investors to ensure that the price which banks pay to raise capital in the market reflects the level of risk undertaken by the bank. The pillar 3 regime was restructured in 2015, and is in the process of being further restructured. This chapter discusses the March 2017 standards which were broadly brought into force as from 2017. The most important change introduced by the 2017 standards is the formalisation of the disclosure templates. Regulators have struggled with

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Weber, Ruth, ed. The Financial Constitution of European Integration. Hart Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509969944.

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This open access book delivers a much-needed analysis of the interplay between the EU’s financial constitution and European integration. The economic rescue package NextGenerationEU has multiplied the EU’s financial volume and thereby raised the question of the state of European integration anew. This open access book ‘follows the money’ and surveys the financial constitution of European integration from the perspective of law, political economy, and history. Structured into three thematic parts, the book focuses on past and present developments of the fiscal structure of the EU as well as pot

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