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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Timber degradation”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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1

Yang, Deshan, Ming Xu, and Zhongfan Chen. "Experimental study on the reinforcement methods and lateral resistance of mortise-tenon jointed traditional timber frames." BioResources 16, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 4039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.4039-4051.

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In order to study the lateral resistance of reinforced traditional Chinese timber frames with mortise-tenon connections, three cyclic tests were conducted on one-bay mortise-tenon jointed traditional timber frames. Three reinforcement methods, i.e., steel angle strengthening, wood brace, and Timu, were studied. Seismic performances were evaluated according to the experimental phenomena and the test results. The failure mode, hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, curves of stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation capacity of the three specimens were analyzed based on the tests. The test resu

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Kuklík, Petr, Lukáš Velebil, Anna Gregorová, and Petr Svora. "MONITORING AND PROTECTION OF TIMBER-CONCRETE BRIDGES." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 22 (July 25, 2019): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2019.22.0057.

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The majority of timber bridges for ordinary road traffic are often made as timber-concrete composite structures. Concrete slab is something like as umbrella for timber. The reason for problems in timber-concrete bridges is nearly always poor detailing for durability and neglected maintenance. Mainly all aspects of timber protection and maintenance should therefore be considered even during the planning phase of bridge. Paper deals with evaluation of timber properties, system of opto-fiber sensors for monitoring and diagnostics of mechanical stress of timber-concrete bridges, and degradation of

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Majak, W. "Further enhancement of 3-nitropropanol detoxification by ruminal bacteria in cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-098.

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Ruminal fluid obtained from cattle was used to determine the effects of different diets and supplements on the in vitro degradation of 3-nitropropanol, the miserotoxin aglycone of certain Astragalus species such as timber milkvetch (Leguminosae). Nitroethane, an analog of the aglycone that is much less toxic to mammals, was effective as a supplement when given on alternate days. It enhanced the in vitro rates of nitropropanol degradation in all experiments, by 70–170%. In agreement, daily doses of timber milkvetch at a level equivalent to 3 mg nitropropanol kg−1 body weight also enhanced nitro

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Banjade, Mani R. "Discourse and Discursive Practices Over Timber in Nepal." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 10, no. 1 (September 13, 2013): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v10i1.8601.

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Forest sector of Nepal is far from harnessing its economic potential, but witnesses a continuation of deforestation and forest degradation. This is largely because of the limited policy focus on the management of the most important forest product – the timber. Taking timber at the central stage in the debate on forest management, this paper examines the existing stakeholder relations, policy deliberations, programs and everyday practices in Nepal. This paper draws on the country’s policy, legal and regulatory documents, policy deliberations on forest governance, media analysis and everyday pra

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Entry, James A., Nellie M. Stark, and Howard Loewenstein. "Timber harvesting: Effects on degradation of cellulose and lignin." Forest Ecology and Management 22, no. 1-2 (December 1987): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(87)90097-1.

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Anshari, G. Z., M. Afifudin, M. Nuriman, E. Gusmayanti, L. Arianie, R. Susana, R. W. Nusantara, J. Sugardjito, and A. Rafiastanto. "Drainage and land use impacts on changes in selected peat properties and peat degradation in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia." Biogeosciences 7, no. 11 (November 4, 2010): 3403–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3403-2010.

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Abstract. Degradation of tropical peats is a global concern due to large Carbon emission and loss of biodiversity. The degradation of tropical peats usually starts when the government drains and clears peat forests into open peats used for food crops, oil palm and industrial timber plantations. Major properties of tropical peat forests are high in Water Contents (WC), Loss on Ignition (LOI) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and low in peat pH, Dry Bulk Density (DBD), and Total Nitrogen (TN). In this study, we investigated impacts of drainage and land use change on these properties. We collected

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7

Daňková, Jana, Tereza Majstríková, and Pavel Mec. "Bonded Joints in Water-Repellent Timber Structures." Key Engineering Materials 714 (September 2016): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.714.3.

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Water in liquid and gaseous form is the main factor which significantly affects degradation processes in the wood. The mechanism and rate of wooden degradation processes can be effectively influenced by appropriate methods and technologies for its protection. However new knowledge, based on the possibilities of application of modern physical and chemical analytical methods, confirms that most well-known and previously commonly used protective equipment damages wooden structure. Many chemical substances, which are included in preservatives such as organic and inorganic biocides, or also flame r

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Soe, Khaing Thandar, and Youn Yeo-Chang. "Livelihood Dependency on Non-Timber Forest Products: Implications for REDD+." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050427.

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Deforestation and forest degradation are occurring continuously and posing serious threats to forests and people worldwide. In Myanmar, poor regulation and unsustainable extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is affecting millions of hectares of natural forests; overexploitation of forest resources is one of the main drivers of forest degradation. Although evidence shows that the extraction of NTFPs results in forest degradation, there have been few studies on what drives rural people to depend on NTFPs and how to address these drivers in terms of policies and measures. Policies and

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Parracha, João, Manuel Pereira, António Maurício, Paulina Faria, Daniel F. Lima, Marina Tenório, and Lina Nunes. "Assessment of the Density Loss in Anobiid Infested Pine Using X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography." Buildings 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11040173.

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The present study aims at evaluating the impact of anobiid damage on pine timber elements. Anobiid attack produces a diffuse damage of the elements with a set of tunnels in random directions and sizes, thus confusing quantification. Therefore, a method was developed based on X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-XCT) to obtain, for naturally infested timber samples, an empirical correlation between lost material percentage (consumed by beetles) and timber apparent density (original, before degradation—OTD and residual, after degradation—RTD). The quantified density loss can then be used in furthe

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Akapame, Clement Kojo. "The chase for legal timber: Developments in the commercial trade of timber in Ghana." Environmental Law Review 22, no. 3 (September 2020): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452920934704.

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The quest for timber and timber resources and its corollary effects on forest degradation has in the last decade contributed to a series of concerted local and international interventions aimed at addressing the situation. These interventions have taken the character of domestic policies, international agreements and pacts and to some extent, domestic legislative reforms. The plethora of interventions have created a horde of laws and agreements with varying scopes and applications, multiple institutions with interlocked and overlapping responsibilities and uncoordinated and often undocumented

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11

Zhou, Hai Bin, Chuan Shuang Hu, and Jian Hui Zhou. "Thermal Degradation of Bending Properties of Structural Larch Wood." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1563.

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Wood is being used extensively in timber construction in China. It is important to understand its response when exposed to elevated temperatures. In fire-resistant design for timber construction, the main goal is to ensure that enough structural integrity is maintained during a fire to prevent structure collapse. To study the effect of temperature on bending strength (MOR) and stiffness (MOE) of solid clear wood from Chinese larch, a total of 108 samples with various target temperatures were tested in static bending under same temperatures to ensure the wood temperature to be sustained. The re

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12

Sinha, Arijit, Kenneth E. Udele, Jed Cappellazzi, and Jeff J. Morrell. "A Method to Characterize Biological Degradation of Mass Timber Connections." Wood and Fiber Science 52, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22382/wfs-2020-040.

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Ferro, Fabiane Salles, Julio César Pigozzo, Diego Henrique de Almeida, Felipe Hideyoshi Icimoto, Laurenn Borges de Macedo, Carlito Calil Junior, and Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Timber Columns of a Capela Bridge in the State of São Paulo, Brazil." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.258.

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After years of exposure in environmental conditions, the wood is subject to decay by chemical, mechanical, physical and biological agents. Consequently its physical and mechanical properties can be reduced, affecting their use. Timber used in bridge sustention columns is subject to intense decay process, mainly in outcrop area (area in contact to the ground), the most critical situation, because of the best combination of humidity e oxygen, factors that provide wood decay organisms. Decay process can be minimized with preventive maintenance, as wood impregnation with preservatives, before inst

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14

Treu, Andreas, Katrin Zimmer, Christian Brischke, Erik Larnøy, Lone Ross Gobakken, Foued Aloui, Simon M. Cragg, et al. "Durability and protection of timber structures in marine environments in Europe: An overview." BioResources 14, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 10161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.treu.

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Timber structures in marine applications are often exposed to severe degradation conditions caused by mechanical loads and wood-degrading organisms. This paper presents the use of timber in marine environments in Europe from a wood protection perspective. It discusses the use of wood in coastline protection and archeological marine wood, reviews the marine borer taxa in European waters, and gives an overview of potential solutions for protection of timber in marine environments. Information was compiled from the most relevant literature sources with an emphasis on new wood protection methods;

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15

Yu, Ling Ling, Jie Jun Wang, and Te Huang. "Mechanical Properties of Wood and Timber Bridge Evaluation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 1381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.1381.

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Wood possesses material properties that may be significantly different from other materials normally encountered in structural design. It is necessary for the engineer to have a general understanding of the properties and characteristics that affect the strength and performance of wood in bridge applications. This paper discusses the mechanical properties of wood, including elastics properties and strength properties. Timber bridge are often exposed to harsh environment conditions. Over time, this exposure can lead to deterioration. In turn, this deterioration may lead to a loss of structural

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Preklet, Edina, László Tolvaj, Satoru Tsuchikawa, and Dénes Varga. "Photodegradation Properties of Earlywood and Latewood Spruce Timber Surfaces." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 17, no. 1 (2021): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37045/aslh-2021-0001.

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Spruce (Picea abies Karst.) samples were irradiated using an ultraviolet light emitter mercury vapour lamp. The examined specimen surfaces contained earlywood or latewood to determine the photodegradation properties of these two tissue types. The generated chemical changes were monitored by diffuse reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. The difference spectrum method was used to present absorption changes. The earlywood suffered considerably greater degradation than the latewood during the UV irradiation. Most of the lignin molecules in the examined surface layer degraded durin

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17

Amilien, Caroline. "Conflicting international policies in tropical timber trade." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 1 (March 1996): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038224.

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SummaryTrade in tropical timber, while a minor cause of deforestation in the tropics, can be a substantial factor in promoting forest degradation and deforestation. International organizations and conferences increasingly recognize that adverse environmental effects of international trade can be reduced through regulations and economic incentives. Three international agreements, the GATT, the CITES, and the ITTA, now affect the tropical timber trade and are here reviewed. Adopted at different times, they illustrate different philosophies, pursue different objectives, and develop contradictory

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18

Kamath, Abhijith, Wolfgang Gard, and Jan-Willem Van de Kuilen. "Biodynamic timber sheet pile walls: vegetation retaining structure." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78, no. 5 (September 2020): 1045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-020-01598-7.

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Abstract Timber sheet pile walls are widely used for the protection of stream banks in different parts of the world. However, there is a tendency to create more sustainable types of stream banks not only because exploitable wood is more difficult to obtain, but also because of disturbance to the natural habitat of plants and animals due to hard embankments. In the Netherlands alone, about 2500 km of engineered timber sheet pile wall embankments exist, primarily made with tropical hardwood, besides an even much larger amount of ‘non-engineered’ small-size timber-based embankments. As an alterna

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19

Sulistyo, Joko, Sri Nugroho Marsoem, Tomy Listyanto, and Yus Andhini Bhekti Pertiwi Bhekti Pertiwi. "Sifat Ketahanan Api dan Degradasi Panas Tiga Jenis Kayu Dilapisi Arang Kayu Sengon." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.57460.

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Kayu sebagai biomaterial memiliki sifat yang tidak menguntungkan yaitu kayu dapat terbakar. Kebakaran dalam rumah dengan kostruksi material kayu membahayakan keselamatan jiwa manusia. Upaya telah dilakukan dalam mencegah kebakaran dengan meningkatan daya tahan material kayu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengembangkan material tahan api berbasis karbon (CFR) dari arang kayu sengon. Efektifitas CFR dari arang sengon untuk meningkatkan ketahanan api pada kayu jati, meranti merah dan pinus dipelajari. CFR dibuat melalui pencampuran serbuk arang sengon berukuran 10 mesh dan perekat PVAC dengan

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J.T Yeo, Kevin, and David E.C Yeoh. "Stiffness and Strength Degradation of Timber Concrete Composite under Fatigue Loading." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 713 (January 3, 2020): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/713/1/012024.

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Zen, Kazuaki. "Degradation, Inspection, Maintenance and Repair of Timber in a Marine Environment." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 54, no. 12 (2005): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.54.554.

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McBain, Adam, Futong Cui, Linda Herbert, and John N. R. Ruddick. "The microbial degradation of chlorophenolic preservatives in spent, pressure-treated timber." Biodegradation 6, no. 1 (January 1995): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00702298.

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Suwito, D., Suratman, and E. Poedjirahajoe. "The Covid-19 pandemic impact on indigenous people livelihoods in the peat swamp forest ecosystem in Central Kalimantan Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 894, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/894/1/012023.

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Abstract Global tropical peat swamp forest ecosystems mostly are found in Indonesia. However, these unique yet fragile ecosystems are subject to deforestation and degradation due to forest fires and land conversion. Peat swamp forests are well known for their ecosystem services related to global climate mitigation because they store carbon inside and are very vulnerable to forest fires. Another direct function is providing various needs for the indigenous people livelihoods who live close to and in the areas. This study was conducted qualitatively to assess the forest utilization and the impac

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Musah, Munkaila, Javier Hernandez Diaz, Abiodun Oluseun Alawode, Tom Gallagher, Maria Soledad Peresin, Dana Mitchell, Mathew Smidt, and Brian Via. "Field Assessment of Downed Timber Strength Deterioration Rate and Wood Quality Using Acoustic Technologies." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050752.

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Hurricane and tornado events cause significant damage to high-value timber in the United States each year. Forest managers and landowners are keenly interested in finding solutions to salvage and repurpose these downed timbers before they cause pest infestations and fire outbreaks, completely losing their value or increasing processing costs. To better understand the wood quality of the downed timber, we used acoustic waves techniques as a nondestructive testing approach to assess the wood degradation rate of downed trees and determine the extent of fracture and voids in the damaged regions. W

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van de Kuilen, Jan Willem G., and Wolfgang Gard. "Damage Assessment and Residual Service Life Estimation of Cracked Timber Beams." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.402.

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Service life modelling of cracked timber beams can be performed using modified damage accumulation models that describe the combined effect or long term loads (mechanical) and biological of physical wood degradation. The combined model allows for the estimation of residual service life and an analysis of crack development. The model can also be used to analyse safety factors that may need to be applied. Also, a sensitivity analysis can be performed for future risks. It is shown that the failure risk is very sensitive to the level of the applied loads, similar to time to failure analysis of non

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Yang, Qingshan, Chao Gao, Ke Liu, Yingming Zhu, and Juan Wang. "Compressive Strength of Aged Timber Members in Traditional Building: Considering Differences in Heartwood and Sapwood." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (July 31, 2022): 7719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157719.

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This paper compares the parallel-to-grain compressive strengths of wood sample specimens with defects with those of the associated timber log samples. The Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) was examined using the static test method. We analyzed the effects of sampling position along the radial direction of the log sample and the age of timber on the parallel-to-grain compressive strength. We then developed time-dependent strength models of the heartwood (HW) and sapwood (SW). These models can be used to evaluate the strength of an aged timber member, using only the service duration, without

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Vanpachtenbeke, Michiel, Jan Van den Bulcke, Joris Van Acker, and Staf Roels. "Performance of wood and wood-based materials regarding fungal decay." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 20010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017220010.

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Due to the increasingly stringent energy efficiency requirements, timber frame houses are becoming more and more popular across Europe. Depending on the circumstances, timber frame walls might be exposed to high relative humidity or condensation conditions, leading to a risk of fungal degradation. In order to assess the durability of a timber frame construction in a reliable way, a clear view on the potential risk of fungal growth is essential. Various experiments are reported in literature to define the minimal moisture threshold for fungal decay, yet all very different in set-up and hence le

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Oyediji, Olubukola Tolulope, and O. A. Adenika. "Forest Degradation and Deforestation in Nigeria; Poverty Link." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 05, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 2837–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i10-35.

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Forests are the most diverse terrestrial ecosystems, housing a quite large majority of the world’s terrestrial species. It provides many social, economic, and environmental benefits. In addition to timber and paper products, forests provide wildlife habitat and recreational opportunities, it prevents soil erosion and flooding, provides clean air and water as well. Degradation and Deforestation occurs when changes happens which affects the characteristics of a forest negatively in such a way that the value and production of its goods and services decline or it is converted to an alternative per

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Gao, Zhongwei, Donghui Ma, Ziyi Wang, Xiaodong Guo, Shidong Fang, and Zhitao Fei. "Investigation of the restoring force model of through-tenon and half-tenon of timber with a certain level of universality." BioResources 16, no. 3 (June 7, 2021): 5313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.5313-5328.

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A restoring force model of through-tenon and half-tenon joints was studied with a certain level of universality. To address the differences among data collected under different test conditions, test data collected via through-tenon and half-tenon joints were counted and fitted, and their similarities were then generalized. To better simulate the gap and stiffness degradation between the through-tenon and half-tenon joints, the skeleton curves frameworks were simplified into four phases, namely sliding, elastic, yielding, and failure. The normalized control parameters collected through the char

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Goodell, Barry, Jerrold E. Winandy, and Jeffrey J. Morrell. "Fungal Degradation of Wood: Emerging Data, New Insights and Changing Perceptions." Coatings 10, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121210.

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Wood durability researchers have long described fungal decay of timber using the starkly simple terms of white, brown and soft rot, along with the less destructive mold and stain fungi. These terms have taken on an almost iconic meaning but are only based upon the outward appearance of the damaged timber. Long-term deterioration studies, as well as the emerging genetic tools, are showing the fallacy of simplifying the decay process into such broad groups. This paper briefly reviews the fundamentals of fungal decay, staining and mold processes, then uses these fundamentals as the basis for a di

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Corradi, Marco, Adelaja Israel Osofero, and Antonio Borri. "Repair and Reinforcement of Historic Timber Structures with Stainless Steel—A Review." Metals 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010106.

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Recent trends in the use of stainless steel profiles for repair and reinforcement of historic timber structures, after degradation due to biotic and non-biotic attacks, are discussed in this paper. These structural challenges can vary from inadequate load carrying capacity to complexities involved with choice of repair materials and techniques. Given the recurring requirements of conservation authorities in terms of reversibility of interventions and compatibility between historic and new materials, an increase in the use of non-invasive reinforcement materials and reversible techniques was ob

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Stoilova, Alina S. "Impact of the Prospective Roundwood Export Ban on Russian Timber Production." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 14, no. 7 (July 2021): 1080–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0786.

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Illegal timber harvesting and trafficking is one of the most important economic and environmental problems in the Russian Federation. Illegal logging leads to degradation of forests and a shortage of timber in wood industries. One of the measures to counter illegal logging is the ban on the export of raw wood, which will take effect on January 1, 2022. However, such a measure will lead not only to control over the circulation of illegal timber, but also to a number of economic consequences. The impact of the ban on the inland market can be assessed using the point sectoral model of the forestr

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Barchia, Muhammad Faiz, Khairul Amri, and Renra Apriantoni. "Land Degradation and Option of Practical Conservation Concepts in Manna Watershed Bengkulu Indonesia." TERRA : Journal of Land Restoration 1, no. 2 (February 24, 2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/terra.1.2.23-30.

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Watershed overcoming deteriorates in its function was indicated by increasing soil erosion and land degradation. The research aims were to determine and map critical land degradation levels and to chose options of practical conservation concepts in Manna watershed. The Manna watershed lays on 102°51'38.2" - 103°10'57.8" long, and 04°0'39.6" - 4°29'38.0" alt covering 72,899.9 ha. The analysis procedures to determine land degradation levels based on Ministry of Forestry Rule (No. P.32/Menhut-11/2009), Procedures of Technical Design on Forest and Land Rehabilitation in Watershed (RTkRHL-DAS). The

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Islam, M. A., S. M. S. Quli, and Tahir Mushtaq. "Wasteland reclamation strategy for household timber security of tribes in Jharkhand, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1522.

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The study sought to examine the timber dependency on forests and evolve wasteland reclamation strategy to eliminate the forest dependency in Bundu block of Ranchi District in Jharkhand, India. Multi-stage random sampling technique was applied to select 164 tribal households from 9 sample villages. Data were collected using structured interviews and non-participant observations which were analyzed using descriptive statistics viz., frequency, percentage, mean and range. Results revealed that forests contributed maximum timber (136.36 m3 annum-1) followed by traditional agroforestry (69.09 m3 an

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Cachim, Paulo. "ANN prediction of fire temperature in timber." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 10, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-06-2018-0012.

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Purpose Fire degradation is an extremely important risk that threatens timber structures. It is therefore normal that timber design codes include provisions for the design and verification of structures under fire loading. Eurocode 5 is no exception to this, but the simplified methods presented in the code show some inconsistencies, and the advanced method is not practical to use for design purposes. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have the ability to model complex problems and have been used in a variety of construction engineering problems. They can learn from a subset of data, and then th

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Yermán, Luis, Yuhao Zhang, Jiangwan He, Martin Xiao, Lisa-Mareike Ottenhaus, and Jeffrey J. Morrell. "Effect of wetting and fungal degradation on performance of nailed timber connections." Construction and Building Materials 353 (October 2022): 129113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129113.

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Mather, Alexander. "Bad harvest? The timber trade and the degradation of the world's forests." Applied Geography 16, no. 3 (July 1996): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-6228(96)83719-2.

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Qin, Shujie, and Na Yang. "Strength degradation and service life prediction of timber in ancient Tibetan building." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 76, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 731–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1211-x.

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Poudyal, Bishnu Hari, Tek Narayan Maraseni, and Geoff Cockfield. "Implications of Selective Harvesting of Natural Forests for Forest Product Recovery and Forest Carbon Emissions: Cases from Tarai Nepal and Queensland Australia." Forests 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080693.

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Selective logging is one of the main natural forest harvesting approaches worldwide and contributes nearly 15% of global timber needs. However, there are increasing concerns that ongoing selective logging practices have led to decreased forest product supply, increased forest degradation, and contributed to forest based carbon emissions. Taking cases of natural forest harvesting practices from the Tarai region of Nepal and Queensland Australia, this study assesses forest product recovery and associated carbon emissions along the timber production chain. Field measurements and product flow anal

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Navaratnarajah, Sinniah Karuppiah, Henpita Gamage Sushan Mayuranga, and Somasundaraiyer Venuja. "Influence of Type of Sleeper–Ballast Interface on the Shear Behaviour of Railway Ballast: An Experimental and Numerical Study." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 16384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416384.

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The shear resistance at the sleeper–ballast interface of a ballasted track is an important contributor in maintaining track stability under faster and heavier axle loads where the ballast undergoes significant lateral sliding. Different types of sleeper–ballast interfaces based on the type of sleeper arrangements, such as concrete sleepers, timber sleepers, and under sleeper pads (USPs) attached to the concrete sleepers influence the lateral stability of railway tracks. Therefore, in this study the shear and degradation behaviour of ballast at concrete–ballast, timber–ballast, and USP–ballast

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Le and Tsai. "Experimental Assessment of the Fire Resistance Mechanisms of Timber–Steel Composites." Materials 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12234003.

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Hybrid structures known as timber–steel composites (TSCs) have been extensively studied due to their potential use as alternative construction materials that can satisfy demands related to sustainability. In addition to load capacity, fire resistance is a major consideration regarding the extensive use of TSCs. In this study, 12 specimens were tested using a glulam timber material covering cold-formed steel at the center. Specifically, the TSCs were fabricated from two timber blocks and an I-shaped steel core assembled using dowels or glue as a major structure. In order to use additional timbe

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Liu, Angela, and David Carradine. "Seismic bracing performance of plasterboard timber walls." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 52, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.52.2.56-66.

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The goal of this study is to develop a racking model of plasterboard-sheathed timber walls as part of the efforts towards performance-based seismic engineering of low-rise light timber-framed (LTF) residential buildings in New Zealand. Residential buildings in New Zealand are primarily stand-alone low-rise LTF buildings, and their bracing elements are commonly plasterboard-sheathed LTF walls. It is an essential part of performance-based seismic designs of LTF buildings to be able to simulate the racking performance of plasterboard walls. In this study, racking test results of 12 plasterb

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Baba, M. Y., M. A. Islam, and P. A. Sofi. "Household dynamics and small timber consumption in rural Kashmir (J&K), India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 2021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1081.

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The study examined the extraction and consumption pattern of small timber and its socioeconomic and forest resource determinants among the rural people in district Ganderbal of Kashmir. The results showed that the total extraction of small timber from different sources in the sample villages was 39.46 tons annum-1, which is mostly consumed in housing and roofing (39.63%) followed by cattle shed/ store house (15.25%), rural furniture/ packing cases (14.75%), agricultural implements (13.25%), fencing (12.50%) and others (4.62%). The total small timber demand was 47.88 m3 annum-1, which is mostly

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Pandit, Bishnu Hari, and Gopal B. Thapa. "A tragedy of non-timber forest resources in the mountain commons of Nepal." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 3 (September 2003): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000286.

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There is increasing degradation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in the mountains of Nepal. It has been proposed that different components of a common property resource (CPR) do not undergo degradation at the same rate, as they are not managed in the same way under different types of property rights regimes. To examine this, information was collected through a survey of 324 households, community resource assessment ranking and group discussion in a small mountain watershed of Nepal. The study analysed NTFP collection and management practices under government and community forest managemen

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Davis, Kent, Scott Leavengood, and Jeffrey J. Morrell. "Performance of Exterior Wood Coatings in Temperate Climates." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030325.

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Wood used in exposed exterior applications degrades and changes color due to weathering. Expanded use of mass timber is resulting in architects increasingly designing structures with wood in exterior exposure. Coatings can reduce the effects of weathering and prolong the visual characteristics of wood. However, coating performance depends on a variety of factors including the blend of resins, oils, pigments, and binders. Coating manufacturers often claim superior performance for products, but data directly comparing different coatings on different species is rarely publicly available. Prematur

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Praveena, Dr S. Mary, B. Akshaya, BB Devipriya, C. Divya, and K. Mirudhula. "FOREST FIRE DETECTION USING DRONE." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 7 (November 1, 2021): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i07.018.

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Forest fires are a major reason behind forest degradation and have wide ranging adverse ecological, economic and social impacts, including loss of valuable timber resources, degradation of catchment areas, loss of biodiversity and extinction of plants and animals. In the recent times forests of Amazon and Australia faced a serious a threat to both wildlife and mankind. It also caused an enormous loss to both the countries. This paper describes early detection of fire by sectionally dividing the forest for efficient monitoring. The flame sensor is used to detect fire and a drone is employed as

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Ellefson, Paul V., and Patrick D. Miles. "Protecting Water Quality in the Midwest: Impact on Timber Harvesting Costs." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 2, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/2.2.57.

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Abstract Costs were evaluated for six forest practices designed to prevent degradation of water quality from 18 timber harvesting operations in the Midwest. Net revenue reductions ranged from 1.2% for redesigning landing and skid trail locations to 26.4% for meeting buffer strip requirements. Nine operations were profitable with application of all six practices. Limited production function information hinders such analyses. North J. Appl. For. 2:57-61, June 1985.

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Macchioni, Nicola, Massimo Mannucci, Roberto Olmi, Sabrina Palanti, and Cristiano Riminesi. "Microwave Reflectometric Tool for Non-Destructive Assessment of Decay on Timber Structures." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.281.

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Timber structures can be degraded during their life both by structural problems and, mainly, by biological degradation factors like fungi, and insects (Coleoptera and termites). The occurrence of these biodegradation agents leads, in the absence of appropriate maintenance interventions, to the loss of their structural integrity. Furthermore, if these biological agents decay old buildings, the loss of mechanical resistance of timber structures can be added to loss of cultural heritages. Just in these contexts an early evaluation of decay is crucial to design remedial treatments and a less invas

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Perria, Elena, and Mike Sieder. "Six-Steps Process of Structural Assessment of Heritage Timber Structures: Definition Based on the State of the Art." Buildings 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10060109.

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Each construction material deals with specific mechanical properties, their distribution, damage mechanisms, and degradation processes. Therefore, each material requires a particular assessment approach in order to derive a reliable description of the residual performance of the structure, correctly remove the cause of damage, and proceed with the correct design of interventions. The aims of this paper are, first, the definition of a process of assessment and retrofitting of existing timber structures, both for engineered and heritage/traditional timber structures, and second, a comparison bet

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Ananda, Komang Dean, Pande Komang Suparyana, and Maftukhakh Hilmya Nada. "PERAN BALAI PENGELOLAAN HUTAN MANGROVE WILAYAH I BALI DALAM PENGOLAHAN HASIL HUTAN MANGROVE BERBASIS PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT LOKAL." SOCA: Jurnal Sosial, Ekonomi Pertanian 13, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/soca.2019.v13.i03.p04.

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Mangrove degradation is increasing along the proliferation of purposely land conversion. The utilization of the products of mangrove forests are oriented to the timber. Processing of mangrove products that have economic value should be a form of mangrove conservation and sustainability. Balai Pengelolaan Hutan Mangrove (BPHM) Wilayah 1 Bali, has become a center to processing mangrove forest products, especially non-timber products in Mangrove Tahura Ngurah Rai, which empowers local communities with skill training to process mangrove products into the economic value products. This research was

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