Rozprawy doktorskie: „Topping”

1

Richmond, Mitchell D. "CHEMICAL TOPPING BURLEY TOBACCO". UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/103.

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The act of topping tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) involves the removal of the terminal bud or inflorescence of the tobacco plant. This practice ordinarily is accomplished by manually removing the top of each tobacco plant in an entire field which is labor intensive and costly. Chemical topping utilizes sucker control products to inhibit the terminal bud and axillary bud growth without manually removing the top of the tobacco plant. There were several research objectives in order to determine the utility of a chemical topping system: 1) determine if burley tobacco could be chemically topped with currently registered suckercide products while maintaining control of subsequent sucker growth; 2) compare chemical topping to manual topping for yield and leaf quality; 3) identify burley tobacco varieties that are better suited for chemical topping systems; 4) determine the optimum plant growth stage at which chemical topping treatments should be applied; and 5) identify genes that are differentially expressed following suckercide applications. To pursue our objectives, studies were initiated investigating the optimum timing of application, ideal variety maturity, and efficacy of suckercide applications using combinations of maleic hydrazide (MH), butralin, and fatty alcohols (FA). The terminal bud was not well controlled with FA or butralin alone nor was acceptable sucker control or total yield achieved. Our data suggest that chemically topping burley tobacco with a tank mixture of MH and a local systemic may be a suitable alternative to manual topping, as total yield and leaf quality grade index were not significantly different and total TSNA and MH residues were not significantly higher compared to manual topping. The 10% button and 50% button application timings were best suited for chemical topping practices. Treatments that targeted the 10% bloom stage did not completely halt flower development, but all application timings resulted in excellent sucker control. Medium and late maturity burley varieties were found to be suitable for chemical topping methods; however, timing the suckercide application may be less difficult in later maturing varieties. Chemically topping burley tobacco at 10 to 50% button stages with a tank mixture of MH and a local systemic suckercide was found to be a suitable alternative to manual topping, and would potentially result in labor savings for burley tobacco growers. Expression of genes related to phytohormones, meristem development, cell division, DNA repair and recombination were affected following MH treatment, which likely leads to the inhibition of apical and axillary meristem development.

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Skinner, Jonathan. "Thin topping timber-concrete composite floors". Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606665.

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A timber-concrete composite (TCC) combines timber and concrete, utilising the complementary properties of each material. The composite is designed in such a way that the timber resists combined tension and bending, whilst the concrete resists combined compression and bending. This construction technique can be used either in new build construction, or in refurbishment, for upgrading existing timber structures. Its use is most prolific in continental Europe, Australasia, and the United States of America but has yet to be widely used in the United Kingdom. To date, the topping upgrades used have been 40mm thick or greater. Depending on the choice of shear connection, this can lead to a four-fold increase in strength and stiffness of the floor. However, in many practical refurbishment situations, such a large increase in stiffness is not required, therefore a thinner topping can suffice. The overarching aim of this study has been to develop a thin (20mm) topping timber-concrete composite upgrade with a view to improving the serviceability performance of existing timber floors. Particular emphasis was given to developing an understanding of how the upgrade changes the stiffness and transient vibration response of a timber floor. Initially, an analytical study was carried out to define an appropriate topping thickness. An experimental testing programme was then completed to: characterise suitable shear connectors under static and cyclic loads, assess the benefit of the upgrade to the short-term bending performance of panels and floors, and evaluate the influence of the upgrade on the transient vibration response of a floor. For refurbishing timber floors, a 20mm thick topping sufficiently increased the bending stiffness and improved the transient vibration response. The stiffness of the screw connectors was influenced by the thickness of the topping and the inclination of the screws. During the short-term bending tests, the gamma method provided a non-conservative prediction of composite bending stiffness. In the majority of cases the modal frequencies of the floors tested increased after upgrade, whilst the damping ratios decreased. The upgrade system was shown to be robust as cracking of the topping did not influence the short-term bending performance of panels. Thin topping TCC upgrades offer a practical and effective solution to building practitioners, for improving the serviceability performance of existing timber floors.

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Berglund, Marie. "Röjningsformen och stamantalets effekt på höjd- och diametertillväxt i toppröjda och konventionellt röjda tallbestånd". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44838.

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Topping is a precommercial thinning (PCT) method where secondary stems are cut higher above the ground compared to conventional PCT. The secondary stems continue to live for a period and are supposed to compete with the main stems and promote their quality. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of PCT on height and diameter growth between topping and conventional PCT. The study also analysed the relationship between height and diameter growth and the number of stems after PCT. Nine topped stands and six conventional precommercially thinned stands were visited between February 28th and March 5. One sample plot per hectare was laid out in the investigated stands. In every sample plot the number of stems was counted and five main stems were measured for height, height growth since PCT, diameter and diameter growth since PCT. The results showed significantly higher effect on height growth after topping as compared to conventional PCT but no significant difference in the effect of diameter growth between topping and conventional PCT. After PCT the H/D quote (height/diameter quote) was higher (less taper) in topped stands and lower (larger taper) in conventional PCT.

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O'Driscoll, Patrick J. "A study in the financial valuation of a topping oil refinery". Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2016. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/232/.

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Oil refineries underpin modern day economics, finance and engineering – without their refined products the world would stand still, as vehicles would not have petrol, planes grounded without kerosene and homes not heated, without heating oil. In this thesis I study the refinery as a financial asset; it is not too dissimilar to a chemical plant, in this respect. There are a number of reasons for this research; over recent years there have been legal disputes based on a refiner's value, investors and entrepreneurs are interested in purchasing refineries, and finally the research in this arena is sparse. In this thesis I utilise knowledge and techniques within finance, optimisation, stochastic mathematics and commodities to build programs that obtain a financial value for an oil refinery. In chapter one I introduce the background of crude oil and the significance of the refinery in the oil value chain. In chapter two I construct a traditional discounted cash flow valuation often applied within practical finance. In chapter three I program an extensive piecewise non linear optimisation solution on the entire state space, leveraging off a simulation of the refined products using a set of single factor Schwartz (1997) stochastic equations often applied to commodities. In chapter four I program an optimisation using an approximation on crack spread option data with the aim of lowering the duration of solution found in chapter three; this is achieved by utilising a two-factor Hull & White sub-trinomial tree based numerical scheme; see Hull & White (1994) articles I & II for a thorough description. I obtain realistic and accurate numbers for a topping oil refinery using financial market contracts and other real data for the Vadinar refinery based in Gujurat India.

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Bond, Shirley Ann. "Enzyme-Hydrolyzed Retentate for the Development of a Whipped topping Mix". DigitalCommons@USU, 1991. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5365.

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Ultrafiltered skim milk concentrated to 20-22% solids was hydrolyzed with a mixture of proteases from Aspergillus oryzae and an acid protease from Aspergillus niger. The enzyme preparation from A. oryzae did not produce bitterness, so the effects of its hydrolyzing action on the whipping properties of the retentate in liquid and powdered forms were examined. Its effect on the amount of soluble nitrogen in the powder was also determined. After inoculation of 250 ml retentate with .05% w/v enzyme, the samples were held in a 45°C water bath. The samples thickened with increasing hydrolysis until syneresis occurred. They also took on a slightly ropy or slimy appearance after thickening and before syneresis. Hydrolysis was stopped by removing from the 45°C bath and holding in an 80°C bath for 35 minutes. When cooled to refrigerator temperature, retentate samples produced a stable whip with fine bubbles and firm but soft peaks. Air capacity of whipped samples decreased with increasing hydrolysis time and retentate solids. Stability increased with increasing solids and longer hydrolysis times. Skim milk retentate to be dried was concentrated to 20-24% solids and reconstituted to 20% before whipping. Hydrolysis time up to 20 minutes before enzyme denaturation did not have an effect on the air capacity of the whipped reconstituted powder. Air capacity decreased as the retentate solids increased. Whip stability increased slightly then decreased with increasing hydrolysis. Whip stability was impaired by protein denaturation in the powder during the drying process. Soluble nitrogen in the powder, as determined by the Harland-Ashworth procedure, increased with increasing hydrolysis and decreased with increasing solids.

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Michelson, David George. "Design study for third harmonic flat-topping of the Triumf 520 MeV cyclotron". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26315.

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The accelerating voltage in the 520 MeV/200 uA H-cyclotron at TRIUMF is developed in a resonant cavity and consequently has a sinusoidal time dependence. It is possible to "flat-top" the accelerating voltage waveform by superimposing a third harmonic waveform of the appropriate relative amplitude and phase on the fundamental waveform. This increases the phase acceptance of the cyclotron by reducing the spread in energy gain per turn normally associated with the spread in phase of the ion beam with respect to the peak of the RF waveform. Slight adjustments to the shape of the waveform can introduce longitudinal bunching mechanisms which tend to compensate for several second order effects that normally limit the cyclotron's performance during high current or high energy resolution modes of operation. The relative simplicity of TRIUMF's dee geometry suggests that both the fundamental and third harmonic modes could be excited in the same rather than in separate accelerator RF cavities. Implementing such a system will require the development of new cavity coupling and tuning mechanisms for the existing radio frequency cavity and a new radio frequency control system. Because access to the cyclotron is severely restricted by scheduled beam production and high residual radioactivity in the cyclotron vacuum tank, a test cavity built fromcomponents identical to those used in the cyclotron RF cavity was adapted for initial development and testing of third harmonic cavity tuning and control systems at operational dee voltages (100 kilovolts at 23 MHz, 11 kilovolts at 69 MHz) and under hard vacuum (10⁻⁷ Torr). This thesis describes: a. the scope and technical objectives of the third harmonic flat-topping project at TRIUMF including required improvements to the fundamental RF system; b. the design and initial development of cavity tuning and coupling mechanisms for the RF test cavity; c. the demonstration of a flat-topped accelerating voltage in the test cavity at operational voltage levels while under vacuum; and, d. the design and initial development of a prototype version of the new radio frequency control system. The results obtained show that under realistic conditions of vacuum and RF input power, it is possible to simultaneously excite the fundamental and third harmonic modes in an RF cavity with mechanical construction and operational characteristics similar to those of the cyclotron RF cavity.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Soares, Lucas Kelvin Dias. "Manejo da copa diminui o fator de afilamento do fuste e altera fisiologia foliar de Eucalyptus urophylla". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-25042017-151747/.

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A pluridade de características de espécies nativas, aliada a leis que limitam sua exploração, acarreta na necessidade de estabelecimento de novas espécies capazes de suprir a demanda madeireira brasileira. Os Eucalyptus spp. são altamente produtivos sob clima tropical, sendo extensamente plantados no país para diversas finalidades, em especial papel e celulose, energia, painéis e serraria, entretanto, pouca ênfase tem sido dada a esta última, devido ao horizonte longo de planejamento, dificuldades no processamento primário e defeitos na madeira apresentados pelas espécies mais produtivas do gênero. Visando traçar estratégias que minimizem essas dificuldades, analisamos o efeito de 2 formas de manipulação de copa - destopo e desrama -, sob diferentes regimes de luminosidade, em parâmetros da copa e do tronco em híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla dos 11 aos 23 meses de idade. Tanto o destopo quanto a desrama afetaram negativamente o incremento diamétrico e volumétrico do híbrido, entretanto, árvores destopadas sob níveis maiores de luminosidade exibiram fatores de afilamento menores, quando comparadas ao tratamento Controle. Dentro do mesmo regime de luminosidade, árvores desramadas também apresentaram fatores de afilamento inferiores. Apesar de sua alta demanda por luz, o híbrido foi capaz de alterar sua estrutura foliar de acordo com o nível de luminosidade: árvores sob regimes de luminosidade reduzida adaptaram suas folhas à sombra (folhas de sombra), enquanto que àquelas sem limitação de luminosidade folhas adaptadas ao sol (folhas de sol). Brotações em resposta ao destopo se resumiram à brotações epicórmicas próximo à seção destopada.
The diversity of characteristics of native species, allied to laws that limit their exploration, reinforces the need of establishing news species to supply the national wood demand. The Eucalyptus spp. are highly productive under tropical whether, being extensively planted in the country to many finalities, especially paper, pulp, energy, panels and sawn wood, however, low attention is being given to the last due to the long term planning, difficulties in the primary processing and wood blemishes present in the most productive species of the gender. Aiming to trace strategies that minimize these hardships, we analyzed the effects of two forms of crown manipulation - topping and pruning -, under different light patterns, in parameters of crown and bole of Eucalytpus urophylla hybrids from 11 to 23 months of age. Both topping and pruning impacted negatively the diametric and volumetric increment, although topped trees showed smaller taper when compared to the Control treatment. Within the same light pattern pruned trees also presented smaller taper. Although the hybrid demands high amounts of light, it was capable of altering its foliage structure according to the light level: trees under reduced light adapted its leaves to shadow (\"shadow leaves\"), while those without light limitation leaves adapted to sun (\"sunleaves\"). Shoots in response to topping were resumed to epicormic shoots close to the topped section.

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Cox, Jennifer Marie. "Analysis of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell topping cycle with a modified rankine bottoming cycle". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17531.

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Mullins, Seth David. "Influence of cultivar, topping height, and harvest treatment on physical and chemical characteristics of flue-cured tobacco". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41004.

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There has been an increased interest among the tobacco industry in the production of tip leaves in flue-cured tobacco. Different harvest treatments of flue-cured tobacco were compared across six cultivars and two topping heights with the objective of identifying tip grade tobacco. Agronomic and cured leaf chemistry data were collected. Cultivar had significant influences on yield, average price, grade index, and value in three growing seasons. NC 71 and RG H51 were the highest yielding cultivars, with grade indices among the highest as well. Increasing topping height increased tobacco yield in two of three years. As topping height increased there was a significant increase in the percentage of tobacco receiving a tip grade. The four harvest treatments focused on the ten uppermost leaves of the plant. Harvest treatments that allowed proper separation of stalk positions (5&5L and 7&3L treatments) resulted in increased yields and tip grades. Harvest treatments that separate upper stalk position tobacco resulted in a higher percentage of tip grades from a tobacco company grader. Chemical analysis identified differences between stalk positions at the top of the plant. In order for cigarette manufacturers to properly blend the tobacco used to make American blend cigarettes, this separation of stalk positions is important. Harvest treatments that combined stalk positions resulted in the loss of these chemical differences. By topping flue-cured tobacco four to five leaves higher than current extension recommendations and separating stalk positions correctly, tobacco growers can meet the crop throw requirements of tobacco marketing contracts.
Master of Science

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Ligné, Daniel. "New technical and alternative silvicultural approaches to pre-commercial thinning /". Umeå, Sweden : Dept. of Silviculture, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s331.pdf.

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Thompson, Leslie. "Efficacy of Sucker Control Method and Effect of Topping Height on Axillary Bud Growth in Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco". TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/640.

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The removal of terminal buds (topping) and sucker control are two practices that have an impact on yield and quality of dark tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Topping breaks apical dominance and encourages the growth of axillary buds (suckers). Following topping, growth regulator chemicals known as suckercides are commonly used to prevent axillary bud growth. Research has demonstrated that topping time, height, and sucker control method influence the quality and yield of the final product. Delaying topping past a critical developmental stage has been shown to reduce leaf yield. Topping height varies among geographical regions with most dark tobacco producers topping to a height of 12 to 16 leaves. Previous studies indicate that plants topped to 16 leaves had higher leaf yields than those topped to 12 leaves if late-season soil moisture was adequate. The opposite effect was observed when late-season soil moisture was below average because the small upper leaves on plants topped to 16 leaves did not receive the moisture needed for proper development. The moisture they did receive could have been diverted to improve the yield and quality of the larger, more valuable leaves if the smaller ones had been removed. Several options exist for chemical control of tobacco axillary buds ranging from contact to systemic materials. Performance of these materials is influenced by several factors including environmental conditions prior to and following application. Research plots were established at Western Kentucky University's Agricultural Research and Education Complex in Bowling Green, Kentucky to evaluate the efficacy of various sucker control methods and evaluate the effect of topping height on axillary bud growth. Data collection was completed in the summer of 2000. Three sucker control methods and three topping heights were investigated. The first sucker control method was a single application of a local systemic suckercide at topping. The second method was a sequential application using a contact suckercide at topping followed by a local systemic applied seven days later. The third method, which served as the control, was topping the plants but not applying any suckercides. The experiment utilized a split-plot design with 9 treatments and 4 replications. The plots consisted of two 7 m rows per plot, with 102 cm row spacing and 89 cm in-row spacing. Data collected include number of suckers per plant and kilograms of sucker biomass per plant. Statistical analysis indicated no sucker control method by topping height interaction; thus sucker control and height data are discussed separately. Suckers per plant and sucker biomass per plant did not differ among those plots receiving a suckercide application. Topping height did not influence sucker number or biomass.

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Villamar, Torres Ronald Oswaldo. "Genetic study of topping-induced cotton/Gossypium hirsutum/ L. plant defense reactions, combining : Bioinformatics, VOC capture and genic expression". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG073.

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Gossypium hirsutum, le coton Upland, représente plus de 95% de la fibre de coton produite annuellement dans le monde et est cultivé dans environ 40 pays. La protection des champs de coton contre l’attaque des arthropodes herbivores nécessite des quantités importantes d’insecticides de synthèse, environ 18% de la consommation mondiale en 2000, bien que cela ait beaucoup diminué grâce au coton Bt et aux programmes d’éradication de certains ravageurs. Les composés organiques volatils (COV) naturellement émis par les plantes cultivées peuvent réduire les attaques d'insectes, les COV ayant une influence sur le comportement des arthropodes herbivores et des arthropodes auxiliaires. La recherche scientifique sur les COV des plantes a beaucoup augmenté depuis deux ou trois décennies. La stimulation des émissions de COV dans les champs de coton est désormais recommandée par les entomologistes du Cirad en tant que composante de la stratégie de protection. L’écimage (topping en anglais), c'est-à-dire couper la tête des cotonniers au cours de la floraison, stimule l'émission de COV de défense, une protection écologique qui limite les risques pour la santé dus aux insecticides synthétiques, pour les agriculteurs et les personnes des environs. L'objectif de la thèse était d'améliorer nos connaissances sur les bases génétiques des émissions de COV après l’écimage. La combinaison de plusieurs disciplines telles que la bio-informatique, l'écologie chimique et la génétique moléculaire nous a permis de: 1) analyser les séquences génomiques des gènes des voies de biosynthèse des COVs terpènes et terpénoïdes et des facteurs de transcription (TF) liés à la réponse au stress, à l'aide des bases de données publiées sur les génomes de trois espèces de coton, G. raimondii, G. arboreum (cotons diploïdes) et G. hirsutum (coton tétraploïde), 2) étudier les émissions de COV par les feuilles de coton des plants de G. hirsutum en réponse à l’écimage, en capturant ces molécules en serre et en caractérisant leurs profils cinétiques par chromatographie en phase gazeuse-spectrométrie de masse (GC-MS), incluant des mesures quantitatives, et 3) étudier les modifications de l'expression ARN des plants de coton G. hirsutum après l’écimage, pour 44 gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse des COV, et également par une comparaison du transcriptome complet au moyen d'une analyse RNA-seq. Les résultats des trois domaines scientifiques, bio-informatique, analyse chimique et expression des gènes, ont pu être liés dans notre thèse de recherche: par ex., deux des gènes initialement identifiés par la bio-informatique, correspondant à deux enzymes, TPS50 (EC: 4.2.3.106 - (E ) bêta-ocimène synthase) et TPS16 (EC: 4.2.3.111 - alpha-terpinéol synthase), ont montré une augmentation de leur expression après l’écimage, et l'analyse GC-MS montre une modification correspondante des profils d'émission de COV. Ces mêmes composés avaient déjà été caractérisés dans d'autres plantes en réponse aux dégâts d’arthropodes. Ce travail de thèse constitue une première exploration des bases génétiques des émissions défensives de COV par les cotonniers cultivés G. hirsutum. La variabilité des comportements d’expression génique observés entre les trois génotypes étudiés de coton Upland africain G. hirsutum, permet de supposer qu’une diversité génétique est présente pour les émissions défensives de COV, ce qui pourrait permettre d’améliorer et d’adapter ces mécanismes de défense naturels et leur réponse à l’écimage, dans la perspective d'une protection naturelle plus efficace des champs de coton
Gossypium hirsutum, the Upland cotton, represents more than 95% of the cotton fiber annually produced worldwide and is grown in about 40 countries. The protection of cotton fields against the attack of herbivorous arthropods needs important quantities of synthetic insecticides, around 18% of the world consumption for the year 2000, although this decreased very much thanks to Bt cotton and eradication programs for some pests. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) naturally emitted by crop plants can reduce insect attacks through the influence of VOCs on the behaviors of herbivorous arthropods and auxiliary arthropods. Scientific research about plant VOCs has been increasing much since two or three decades. The stimulation of VOCs emissions by cultivated cotton plants is now recommended by entomologists of CIRAD as a component of the cotton fields protection strategy. “Topping", that is, cutting the head of the cotton plants during the useful floriferous period, stimulates the emission of defense VOCs. It is an environmentally friendly method and it limits health hazards due to the use of synthetic insecticides for the farmers and the surrounding human populations. The objective of the thesis was to improve our knowledge about the genetic bases of VOCs emissions after topping. The combination of several disciplines such as bioinformatics, chemical ecology and molecular genetics allowed us to: 1) analyze the genomic sequences of VOCs genes of the terpene and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways and transcription factors (TF) related to stress response, using the published genome databases of three cotton species, G. raimondii, G. arboreum (both diploid cottons) and G. hirsutum (tetraploid cotton), 2) study the VOCs emissions by cotton leaves of G. hirsutum plants in response to topping, by capturing these molecules in greenhouse and then characterizing their kinetic profiles by means of gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS), with quantitative measurements, and, 3) study the modifications of the RNA expression of G. hirsutum cotton plants after topping, for genes involved in VOCs biosynthesis through quantitative PCR measurements on 44 targeted genes and also by means of a whole-transcriptome comparison through an RNA-seq analysis. The results from the three different fields, bioinformatics, chemical analysis and gene expression, could be interrelated in our research thesis: e.g., two of the genes initially identified by bioinformatics, corresponding to two enzymes, TPS50 (EC: 4.2.3.106 - (E) -beta-ocimene synthase) and TPS16 (EC: 4.2.3.111 - alpha-terpineol synthase), were shown to increase their expression after topping, while the GC-MS analysis showed an modification of the corresponding VOCs in emission profiles. These compounds have been already characterized in other organisms in response to wounds produced by herbivorous insects. This thesis work is a first exploration of the genetic bases of defensive VOCs emission by G. hirsutum cultivated cottons. The variability of genic expression behaviors observed amongst the three genotypes of African Upland cotton G. hirsutum that were studied permits to hypothesize that a genetic diversity is present for defensive VOCs emissions, that could permit to improve and adapt by breeding these natural defense mechanisms and the response to topping, in perspective of a more efficient natural protection of cotton fields

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Long, Robert Sherman. "Influence of nitrogen rate, harvest frequency, lower leaf management, and chemical topping on mammoth cultivars of flue-cured tobacco". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43096.

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Mammoth cultivars of tobacco do not flower under normal production conditions. A field management system must be devised for these cultivars to optimize agronomic traits and chemical constituents of the cured leaf. Field experiments were conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station near Blackstone, Virginia in 1987 and 1988 to determine the influence of nitrogen rate, harvest frequency, and time and number of basal leaf removal on several agronomic and chemical properties of a mammoth cultivar of flue-cured tobacco. The feasibility of chemically topping two mammoth cultivars was also investigated. Increasing nitrogen rates increased values per hectere by $176 and total alkaloids by 0.5% in 1987. Increasing the number of harvest increased percentage lugs (X) and reducing sugars for stalk position B in 1988 but decreased reducing sugars for stalk positions A and C in 1988. Delaying leaf removal increased yield and values per hectare by 141 kg ha^-1 and $84, respectively, and decreased lug production in 1987 and 1988. Total alkaloids decreased by 0.7% with delayed leaf removal in 1987. Delayed leaf removal increased reducing sugars at stalk position A by 2% in 1988. Removing fewer basal leaves increased yields by 115 kg ha^-1, values per hectare, and percentage smoking leaf (H) for both years. Alkaloids for stalk position B increased with fewer basal leaves removed in 1988. Decreased basal leaf removal decreased plant height by 9 cm, percentage leaf (B), and reducing sugars in stalk positions A, B, and D in 1988. Delaying basal leaf removal and decreasing harvest frequency increased the percentage of cutters (C). Percentage smoking leaf increased with nitrogen rate and removal of fewer basal leaves. Chemical topping created taller plants with more leaves, narrower tip leaves, lower total alkaloids, and equal or higher reducing sugars relative to hand topping. Tip leaves from chemically topped plants were 6 to 8 cm shorter than hand-topped plants in 1987. Maleic hydrazide treatments resulted in 429 to 700 kg ha^-1 lower yields and lower values than hand topping and 6 more suckers than all other treatments. The fatty alcohol / maleic hydrazide treatment produced 380 kg ha^-1 higher yields and grade indices lower than the hand-topped control in 1987. Above normal nitrogen rate, 3 or 5 time harvest, removal of 4 to 6 leaves at topping or via senescence, and chemical topping with Prime+ or fatty alcohol / maleic hydrazide tank mix provided the best field management system for mammoth cultivars under the conditions of this study.

Master of Science

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Cashman, Adrian Christopher. "Topping up or watering down? : can regulation support sustainability? : the case of the water industry of England and Wales". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12843/.

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Water is the most invisible of the visible means of existence in our post-modern society. It is a defining characteristic that unites our natural, social and economic world and is fundamental for life and health. However, given its multiple characteristics the management of water is a complex and often contradictory task that has led to an on-going quest for acceptable solutions. As if this were not problem enough, the last few decades have seen concepts of sustainability become overtly important principles, impacting on the governance of the water sector. A consequence of this rise in importance of sustainability to society, business and the state has been the enclosure and accommodation of sustainability within modes of governance, regulation and accountability. Instead of treating sustainability, regulation and accountability as separate centres of enquiry, this work treats them as a complex set of interrelated systems that both respond to and produce change. The work therefore draws on a variety of theoretical perspectives that together broadly outline the contours of the political economy of water management. The theoretical framework has been used to provide an interpretation of the data gathered from fieldwork interviews from across the water sector and documentary sources. In doing so, the inquiry has focused on a particular period of time, 1997-2001, in order to illuminate the processes and forces at work in the evolution of modes of regulation with respect to sustainability. The inquiry indicates the multi-level nature of the development of governance and regulatory processes, firmly rooted within a weak sustainability paradigm. It is argued that how sustainability issues are resolved depends upon institutional structures. For progress towards a more sustainable future civil society must be re-embedded in economic activities in order to bring about change in cognitive knowledge, values and norms.

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Clarke, C. Taylor. "Flue-cured tobacco : alternative management systems /". Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-171607/.

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Okeyo, James Ajuoga. "Effects of topping, stem density, and stage of vine cutting on canopy growth and tuber yield yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39156.

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Queiroz, Marina Viana. "Arquitetura da videira \'Niágara Rosada\' no sistema de condução em espaldeira e a sua relação com a produção e acúmulo de reservas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-22082018-181625/.

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A videira \'Niágara Rosada\' é a principal cultivar de mesa produzida no estado de São Paulo. Essa cultivar é conduzida preferencialmente no sistema em espaldeira pelo baixo custo de implantação e por permitir manipulação do dossel através de podas. A estrutura do dossel afeta diretamente o desenvolvimento da planta, modificando a superfície foliar exposta à radiação solar que é responsável pelo acúmulo de carboidratos no sistema radicular. A quantidade de carboidratos de reserva pode influenciar diretamente a fertilidade das gemas, o vigor da planta e a produtividade do ciclo seguinte. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da superfície foliar de videiras \'Niágara Rosada\', conduzidas no sistema em espaldeira com diferentes comprimentos dos ramos produtivos, na produção e no acúmulo de carboidratos de reserva no sistema radicular. Realizou-se dois experimentos com videiras conduzidas em sistema de espaldeira, nos ciclos produtivos de 2016 e 2017, na cidade de Piracicaba-SP. No primeiro experimento, após os ramos atingirem 100 cm de altura, foi realizado o desponte nas alturas de 80 e 60 cm. O segundo experimento, foi composto por cinco tratamentos: Desponte com 100 cm de altura, desponte com 70 cm após o ramo alcançar 100 cm de altura, desponte com 50 cm após o ramo alcançar 100 cm de altura, desponte com 70 cm e desponte com 50 cm. Em ambos os experimentos, o comprimento dos ramos produtivos não interferiu na qualidade dos frutos e na produção. Entretanto, no primeiro experimento, como o número de cachos deixados por planta foi muito alto, as plantas com ramos de 60 cm tiveram uma redução no acúmulo de amido no sistema radicular o que afetou a brotação de gemas e formação de cachos no ciclo seguinte. No segundo experimento, todos os tratamentos de desponte proporcionaram a mesma qualidade e produção, e por ter sido deixado uma quantidade de dois cachos por ramo, o acúmulo de amido no final do ciclo produtivo foi similar entre os tratamentos.
The vine cv. Niagara Rosada is the main table cultivar produced in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This cultivar is rather conducted in the Vertically Shoot-Positioned by the low implantation cost and for allowing canopy manipulation through pruning. The structure of the canopy directly affects the development of the vine, modifying the leaf surface exposed to the solar radiation that is responsible for the accumulation of carbohydrates in the root system. The amount of reserve carbohydrates can directly influence the fertility of the buds, the vigor of the plant and the productivity of the next season. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the leaf surface of cv. Niagara Rosada vines, conducted in the Vertically Shoot-Positioned with different lengths of productive branches, in the production and accumulation of reserve carbohydrates in the root system. Two experiments were carried out with grapevines conducted in a vineyard system, in the productive cycle of 2016 and 2017, in Piracicaba-SP. In the first experiment, after the branches reached 100 cm in height, the shoot was performed at heights of 80 and 60 cm. The second experiment was composed of five treatments: Top with 100 cm high, with 70 cm after the branch reach 100 cm high, with 50 cm after the branch reach 100 cm high, with 70 cm 50 cm. In both experiments, the length of productive branches did not interfere in fruit quality and yield. However, in the first experiment, as the number of bunches left per vines was very high, the vines with branches of 60 cm had a reduction in the starch accumulation in the root system, which affected the bud budding and the formation of bunches in the next season. In the second experiment, all the shoot treatments provided the same quality and production, and because a quantity of two bunches was left per branch, the starch accumulation at the end of the productive cycle was similar between the treatments.

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Balser, Nele [Verfasser], Sandro M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Krieg, Sandro M. [Gutachter] Krieg i Marc [Gutachter] Hanschen. "Hardware complications and patients satisfaction after semi-rigid dorsoventral spondylodesis of the spine using PEEK rods combined with a ‛topping-off’ technique / Nele Balser ; Gutachter: Sandro M. Krieg, Marc Hanschen ; Betreuer: Sandro M. Krieg". München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1239812507/34.

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Monk, Kieran. "Forecasting for control and environmental impacts of wave energy converters". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5292.

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This work is divided in to two distinct parts. In the first part a model is developed to assess the redistribution of wave energy about an offshore array of overtopping type wave energy converters. The model is based on a classical analytical solution for diffraction about a breakwater which is modified to consider an array of dissipating, reflecting and transmitting breakwater segments, which are used to approximate an overtopping type WEC array. The model is computationally efficient and phase resolving which allows the effect of wave scattering to be investigated for large domains with high resolution irregular wave distributions. It was found that the radial waves generated by the diffraction effect spreads and defocus wave energy away from the geometrical shadow of the array. This counteracts the rate of recovery of wave energy deficit from wave directional spreading. In the second part, short-term wave forecasting for pneumatic power regulation through relief valve control is investigated at the Pico oscillating water column power plant, located in the Azores. Operational data from the Pico OWC is used to develop and critically assess a number of univariate and multivariate short-term wave forecast modelling approaches. A number of relief valve control strategies, which utilise a short-term wave forecast, are also developed and assessed using a numerical time-domain wave to wire system model. A system model for the Pico OWC is developed and validated using operational data from the Pico plant. The absolute performance potential resulting from control utilising a perfect forecast is considered, in addition to the realistic potential where a forecast, realisable in real-time, is used to drive control actions. One of the proposed relief valve control strategies is within the mechanical limitations of the existing relief valve adjustment system at Pico and this strategy was deployed in real field tests. Field test results of the plant’s performance under this strategy closely matched the simulated performance and power enhancements of up to 29% were achieved in certain sea states and the expected annual power enhancement was projected to be around 10%. Simulations of the long term plant performance under the more advanced relief valve control strategies project far greater potential for enhanced power production although these could not be tested in the field due to the project limitations.

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20

Kristek, Michal. "Ekonomické způsoby pouzdření integrovaných obvodů a modulů". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318862.

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This Master´s thesis is about ways of packages of integration circuits and modules. Especially it´s about non-hermetic types of packages. One part of this paper are basic information about packaging and aspects in design of package. Next parts are design of test samples, which are package to epoxide powder material. Based on the results of the tests method, it will propose, where the technology will be used.

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21

Pritchard, Mark Anderson. "Numerical modelling of large scale toppling". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27991.

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The principle purpose of this research is to resolve the mode of failure of the Heather Hill landslide, one of several well defined failures in the Beaver Valley, Glacier National Park, British Columbia. Field work led to the preliminary conclusion that some type of toppling process contributed to the failure. A literature review of toppling revealed that large scale topples have never been quantitatively assessed, and that currently used analytical techniques are not adequate. Consideration of alternative numerical techniques resulted in the distinct element method being selected as the best technique for modelling toppling. The Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) was purchased and its suitability demonstrated by reevaluating examples of toppling analysis reported in the literature, and evaluating a large scale engineered slope at Brenda mine where toppling is known to occur. UDEC is used to examine and classify the mode of failure of the Heather Hill slide. This research leads to very important general conclusions on toppling and specific conclusions relating to the Heather Hill landslide: UDEC is suitable for modelling all types of topples. The program can be used to back analyze rock mass strength parameters and determine the shape and location of the final failure surface in flexural toppling. A quantitative assessment with UDEC confirms that the base of failure in flexural toppling may be planar or curvilinear, and that pore pressures significantly affect stability. The Heather Hill landslide failed by flexural toppling limiting to a curvilinear failure surface, and the slope immediately north of the Heather Hill landslide is deformed by flexural toppling. The locations of landslides in the Beaver Valley correspond with the occurrence of foliated pelitic rocks in the lower slopes and the boundary between these rocks and stronger grits is the up slope limit. The kinematic test of toppling potential is violated by the Heather Hill landslide. This test is shown to only apply to small scale drained slopes.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

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22

Bertrand, Paul. "The life and legacy of Don Toppin". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/MQ53311.pdf.

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Bennett, J. S. "Relationships between carbohydrate supply and reserves and the reproductive growth of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.)". Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1597.

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Viticultural practices such as trunk girdling and shoot topping along with defoliation, shading and node number per vine treatments were used to alter the carbohydrate physiology of mature Chardonnay grapevines growing in the cool climate of Canterbury, New Zealand. The timing of vine defoliation in the season previous to fruiting decreased concentrations of over-wintering carbohydrate reserves (mostly starch) in both the trunks and roots of grapevines. Roots were particularly sensitive, with defoliation as early as 4 weeks after bloom in the previous season reducing starch concentrations to 1.5%Dwt at bud burst compared with 17%Dwt in non-defoliated vines. In contrast, partial vine defoliation as early as bloom in the previous season reduced root starch concentrations to 4-7%Dwt at bud burst compared with 15%Dwt in non-defoliated vines. Vine shading and trunk girdling treatments at bloom in the previous season, resulted in small reductions in root starch concentrations (16%Dwt) compared with non-shaded and non-girdled vines (19%Dwt), but shoot topping did not. Study across three growing seasons established that higher concentrations of over-wintering trunk and root carbohydrate reserves were associated with warmer and sunnier weather in the previous growing season. Individual shoot leaf removal at either the beginning or towards the end of the inflorescence initiation period, reduced shoot starch concentrations to 3-6%Dwt compared with 11 %Dwt for no leaf removal, such reductions persisted through to the following season. Shoot topping at the start of the initiation period had no effect on shoot carbohydrate accumulation, but trunk girdling temporarily increased shoot starch concentrations during the first 31 days after treatment. Reductions in over-wintering trunk and root carbohydrate reserves were associated with a reduction in inflorescences per shoot and flowers per inflorescence in the following season, the reduction as much as 50% compared with non carbohydrate stressed vines. While there were strong linear or curvilinear relationships between the concentration of starch in trunks and roots at bud burst and inflorescences per shoot and flowers per inflorescence, in case the of inflorescences per shoot, there was not an immediate cause and effect because inflorescences were initiated in the previous season. Individual shoot leaf removal during the inflorescence initiation period illustrated that leaf removal directly inhibited the initiation of inflorescences in latent buds. Shoot carbohydrate measurements showed a strong curvilinear relationship to the number of inflorescences per shoot, with a threshold starch concentration of 10-12%Dwt during the inflorescence initiation period required for a maximum number of inflorescences per shoot. Furthermore, examination of individual node positions emphasised the importance of the subtending leaf on the initiation of inflorescences within the latent bud. The number of inflorescences per shoot post bud burst was reduced on vines that were both carbohydrate reserve stressed (by previous season's defoliation) and had a high node (108) number retained per vine after winter pruning compared with little or no reduction in inflorescences per shoot on carbohydrate reserve stressed vines that had a low (20) node number per vine. The reduction in inflorescences per shoot on high node vines was associated with reduced carbohydrate reserves and reduced shoot vigour (thinner and lighter shoots). Flowers per inflorescence were reduced by as much 50% in response to lower overwintering carbohydrate reserves. Fewer flowers per inflorescence were attributed to a reduction in primary branching of the inflorescence and also a reduction in flowers per branch. Strong linear relationships between the concentrations of starch in trunks and roots and flowers per inflorescence indicate that the determination of flowers per inflorescence, unlike inflorescences per shoot, may be dependent on the level of overwintering carbohydrate reserves. This is most likely due to changes in branching of the inflorescence and individual flower formation occurring during the bud burst period. Per cent fruitset was not affected by reductions in carbohydrate reserves, so fewer inflorescences per shoot and flowers per inflorescence resulted in reduced vine yield. The findings of this thesis indicate that changes in the level of carbohydrate production and partitioning in response to a range of viticultural management practices and seasonal weather contribute to seasonal variation in grapevine flowering and yields in New Zealand's cool climate environment. The relationships between carbohydrate reserves and flowering illustrate the potential to use this information to predict grapevine flowering and forecast yields. The practical implications of this research illustrate that the viticulturist must manage grapevines not only for the current crop, but also for subsequent crops by maintaining sufficient carbohydrate reserves for balanced growth flowering and fruiting from season to season.

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Jarvis, Jeremy James. "Large scale toppling failure in metamorphic rock slopes". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11287.

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Celil, Kenan, i Christoffer Tiderman. "Fotbollens värdegrund : En undersökning av hur fotbollsungdomar och deras föräldrar uppfattar värdegrundsarbetet inom fotboll". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för idrottsvetenskap (ID), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-35962.

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Riksidrottsförbundets, (RF), dokument Idrotten vill är ett idédokument om hur idrotten ska bedrivas. Den innehåller bland annat ett avsnitt om idrottens värdegrund, där de fyra olika områdena glädje och gemenskap, demokrati och delaktighet, allas rätt att vara med, samt rent spel behandlas. Dessa fyra områden har varit en plattform och grunden för vårt examensarbete. Syftet är att undersöka fotbollsungdomarnas, i åldrarna 12-14 år, och deras föräldrars åsikter kring områden toppning, mobbning, jämställdhet/jämlikhet och idrottsfusk inom fotbollsverksamheten i Kronoberg. Undersökningen är av deskriptiv och komparativ art. En enkätundersökning genomfördes med fotbollungdomar och dess föräldrar i föreningar från Växjö. I undersökningen deltog 192 respondenter, 68 pojkar, 26 flickor, 41 män och 56 kvinnor, som bland annat svarade på frågor gällande mobbning, toppning, idrottsfusk och jämställdhet/jämlikhet. Enkäten fick sin utformning mestadels utifrån våra egna erfarenheter, men även från forskning kring det omtalade ämnet. Resultatet visade bland annat att mer än hälften uppfattade att toppning förekom, där föräldrar uppfattade att det var vanligare än vad ungdomarna gjorde. Resultatet har även visat att former av social och verbal mobbning är förekommande och att en fjärdedel av respondenterna ansåg att det var okej att fuska om det innebar att laget vann matchen. Studien visade att det fanns en markant skillnad på antalet kvinnliga och manliga ledare bland lagen. För att analysera har vi använt tidigare forskning och de teoretiska perspektiven till denna studie har varit genusperspektiv och attitydförändring. Nyckelord: Mobbning, toppning, jämställdhet/jämlikhet, idrottsfusk.

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RAMIREZ, JORGE DUENAS. "BLOCK-FLEXURE TOPPLING MECHANISM: CASE NW SLOPE TINTAYA´S MINE". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9597@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Esta tese apresenta o fenômeno de ruptura por tombamento bloco-flexural, que acontece na zona NW da mina Tintaya. O objetivo do presente estudo é contribuir o conhecimento de este tipo de fenômeno de ruptura, quantificando as características do maciço rochoso com as técnicas da mecânica das rochas. O trabalho inicia-se por uma caracterização geral da zona de estudo, com especial relevo das propriedades geomecánicas das descontinuidades presentes, pelo que foram desenvolvidos mapeamentos das caras de bancada e a amostragem da rocha intacta, esta data permitiu estabelecer correlações dos parâmetros geomecânicos e fazer a análise cinemática da zona de estudo. Após de fazer a caracterização e avaliação das características das descontinuidades, foi definido o tombamento bloco-flexural, pelo jeito das descontinuidades presentes no maciço, já que este tipo de ruptura é mais complexo do que os outros tipos de tombamento, porque é uma combinação de tombamento e deslizamento dos blocos. Em vez da ruptura flexural de colunas contínuas, neste caso o tombamento é resultado de deslocamentos acumulados das juntas transversais. Com o objetivo de fazer uma análise numérica, obtou-se por um modelo contínuo- equivalente que inclui os efeitos de orientação e espaçamento das juntas é o modelo de plasticidade de Cosserat. O contínuo de Cosserat, conhecido também como contínuo micropolar acrescenta os graus de liberdade de rotação ao contínuo convencional. Pelo que foi analisado este tipo de ruptura através de uma modelagem computacional com um programa de elementos finitos feito na PUC-Rio, assim, tornar possível a modelagem computacional com a teoria do continuo de Cosserat.
This thesis presents the block - flexural toppling failure phenomenon, which happens at NW zone of the Tintaya´s mine. The objective of the present study is to contribute the knowledge of this type of phenomenon of failure, quantifying the characteristics of rock mass with the techniques of the rock mechanics. The work begins for a general characterization of the zone, with special relief of the geomechanical properties of the discontinuities, which were developed the window sampling (bench face mapping) and sampling of the intact rock, this information allowed to establish correlations of the geomechanical parameters and make feasible kinematics analysis from the zone of study. After doing the rock mass characterization and evaluation of the characteristics of the discontinuities, the block - flexural toppling failure was defined, on those long column rocks crossed by numerous huge subhorizontal joints. The block-flexural type failure is a complex phenomenon compared with other types of toppling failure, because it is a combination of pure toppling and sliding. With the intention of numerical analysis, I have been proposed analyzing this rupture for a continuum - equivalent model of Cosserat, that includes the orientation and the discontinuity´s spacing. This model is known also as continuum micropolar, which adds the degrees of freedom of rotation to a conventional continuum. It was analyzed this type of failure through a computational modeling with a program of finite elements made in the PUC-Rio, so, the computational modeling possible with the theory of continuum of Cosserat.

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Högfors, Lindståhl Alicia. "En toppig sköldbuckla i Birkas Garnison : Konservering, rekonstruktion och analys". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-167999.

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During the excavation of the Warriors Hall in the viking town Birka fragments of a pointed shield boss were found. Through conservation and reconstruction it is examined in an attempt to categorize it. Its unusual characteristics sparks questions about its supposed type R565 and whether R565 is applicable due to its broad criteria which is done through an empirical study of European shield bosses, their diffusion and influences. This essay explores the possibilities of Rygh's type 565 suddenly appearing in the mid 900s as a change in the warrior’s equipment, fighting technique and influence following the raiding and Scandinavian colonization of Ireland and the British Isles.

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28

Alfonso, Lazaro. "Crack control in toppings for precast flat slab bridge deck construction". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010294.

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Larsson, Gunnar. "Ledarstil och toppning : En enkätstudie bland barn och ungdomscoacher i tre kommuner". Thesis, Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-318.

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Syfte och frågeställning

Denna studie har som syfte att studera om olika ledarstilar påverkar om barnen får vara med eller ej och därmed påverkar utslagning samt i vilken omfattning coacherna använder toppning inom barn och ungdomsidrottsrörelsen. Syftet har mynnat ut i följande frågeställningar

• Vilken ledarstil används av coachen?

• I vilken omfattning används toppning i de 3 kommuner uppsatsen innefattar?

Metod

Studien är genomförd i Västra Götaland i tre kommuner. Respondenter vars alla idrotter är anslutna till Riksidrottsförbundet har idrottsföreningar som utgångspunkt. Respondenterna bestod av 4 kvinnor och 16 var män. Totalt fyllde 20 coacher i enkäten, alla tillfrågade genomförde studien och svarade på alla frågor. Genom personlig kontakt träffade jag coacherna. Information om undersökningen redovisades och att svaren kommer att behandlas helt konfidentiellt. Därefter delades enkäten med 32 frågor ut och de fylldes i samband med coachens träning.

Resultat

Det visar sig i studien att coacherna använder olika ledarstilar. Studien visar att en coach kan vara auktoritär i en situation men demokratisk i en annan och att få använder sig av ett abdikerat ledarskap. Flera av coacherna väljer att i vissa situationer använda sig av ett auktoritärt ledarskap medan de i andra använder ett demokratiskt ledarskap. Här är det situationsanpassade ledarskapet som används. Studien visar att toppning är att det används. Tydligt är att toppning används oftare inom urvalsgrupp 15-18 år. Inom urvalsgrupp 8-12 år är toppning även vanligt förekommande.

Slutsats

Studien visar att det coacherna använder olika ledarstilar där en coach kan vara auktoritär i en situation men demokratisk i en annan. Situation avgör vilken ledarstil de använder. Det coachen vill uppnå med detta ledarskap är ett konstruktivt möte mellan sig och de aktiva. Resultatet i studien visar att tydliga toppningssituationer förekommer.

Coachen ser till att de bästa utövarna deltar i match eller tävling. Vanligt förekommande är också att coachen ger mer tid åt en eller flera utövare att delta mer eller längre om det är jämt eller en viktig tävling eller match förekommer. Sådan tävlingsfostran strävar efter en selektion och bidrar till rangordning bland barnen. Denna fostran kan bidra till utslagning och strider mot idrottens idé om hur barn och ungdomsidrott skall bedrivas.

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Nadler, Madison. "Cavity Presence in Snags Created Using Two Techniques in the Huron-Manistee National Forest". Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1617900472301695.

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Wesslund, Marcus. "Vägen mot toppen - Ett golfproffs vardag". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för idrottsvetenskap (ID), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-99064.

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Golfbollen placeras i linje med den främre foten, inga andra moment får störa denna stund, denna boll ska bara iväg. Iväg och landa 270 meter fram på fairway efter det följer ett enkelt inspel och lyckas detta är första segern bärgad. Detta är ett scenario som många elitgolfspelare möts utav. Men hur ser egentligen vardagen ut för ett svenskt golfproffs. Idag skiljer sig miljön den enskilda individen befinner sig i avsevärt beroende på sport och vilken fas du befinner dig i karriären. Betydelsen av denna prestation kan ha olika stor påverkan beroende på en rad olika aspekter. Denna studie inriktar sig på svenska herrgolfspelare med en status som proffs och deras existensvillkor. Hur uppfattar dessa sin vardag och erfarenheter om vilka nyckelfaktorer som är avgörande för fortsatt satsning. Studien har genom kvalitativa intervjuer med golfspelarna skildrat deras verklighet och vad det är som leder, enligt dem, till en möjlighet som golfproffs. Studiens resultat visar en tydlig bild av en komplexitet kring den enskilde golfarens existensvillkor. Att kraven som ställs på spelarna är höga och det krävs en mångfacetterad golfspelare både på och utanför golfbanan som uppfyller alla dessa krav för att ta sig ut på de största tourerna i Europa och slutligen världen. Detta menar jag behöver belysas för att skildra de svenska golfspelarna vardag och möjligtvis visa på förändringsområden för att ge spelarna bättre förutsättningar till att ta sig ut till de högsta nivåerna i Europa och möjliggöra att fler svenskar når stora framgångar inom golfen.

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Vuolle, J. (Joel). "Huono-osaisuuden alueellinen kasautuminen ja segregaatio:esimerkkinä Meri-Toppila". Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2019. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfioulu-201902141211.

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Tiivistelmä. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan huono-osaisuuden kasaantumista ja segregaatiota. Aiheeseen keskitytään tasapainoisen urbaanin kehityksen näkökulmasta. Tarkoituksena on selvittää miksi huono-osaisuus kasautuu ja miten kasautumista olisi mahdollista estää. Aihe on tärkeä kasvaneen sosiaalisen polarisaation ja sen synnyttämän alueiden välisen epätasapainon vuoksi. Kestävään kaupunkikehityksen kuuluu merkittävänä osana sosiaalinen tasapaino, jonka edistäminen on tärkeää alueellisen hyvinvoinnin vuoksi. Tutkielma perustuu kirjallisuuskatsaukseen ja tapaustutkimukseen Oulun Meri-Toppilan asuinalueesta. Kirjallisuuden avulla perehdytään huono-osaisuuden kasautumisen taustalla oleviin tekijöihin, kuten asuntopolitiikkaan ja -markkinoihin sekä talouskehitykseen. Huono-osaisuuden kasautumisen ja segregaation estämiseksi hyödynnettäviä keinoja, jotka tutkielmassa tulevat esille, ovat: asuntopolitiikan ohjaaminen, sosiaalinen sekoittaminen ja hankeperustainen kehitys. Alueiden eriytyminen tapahtuu paikkakohtaisesti ja alueen omien rakenteellisten ominaisuuksien myötä, jotka luovat mahdollisuudet eriytymiselle. Ratkaisumallit huono-osaisuuden kasautumisen ja segregaation korjaamiseksi ovat tapauskohtaisia. Pääosin menetelmillä on pyrkimys saavuttaa sosiaalisesti ja fyysisesti tasapainoinen ympäristö. Meri-Toppilan kohdalla kaavoitus ja asuntojen hallintamuotojakauma on edistänyt segregoitumisprosessia. Segregaatioprosessin käynnistyttyä sen pysäyttäminen on haastavaa. Tehokkain menetelmä alueiden eriytymisen estämiselle onkin ennaltaehkäisevä toiminta kaavoituksessa ja hallintamuotojakauman suunnittelussa.

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Egoavil, Araujo Yhair Heber, Santillán Jorge Armando Escorza, Romero Jhon Angel Garcia, Anchaygua Andrea Esperanza Ponce i Valencia Gabriel Villena. "Proyecto Hilli Alli: Kit de Frutas y Verduras con toppings personalizables para un batido saludable". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654769.

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El trabajo de investigación se basa principalmente en el desarrollo de la marca Hilli alli, la cual consiste en la producción y comercialización vía online y en tiendas especializadas de kits de frutas y verduras congeladas con toppings personalizados. Esto en respuesta a la problemática de no encontrar un kit saludable y práctico de preparar que brinde los nutrientes necesarios para las actividades diarias a nuestro público objetivo, el cual está compuesto por hombres y mujeres entre 18 y 35 años de Lima Metropolitana de los niveles socioeconómicos A y B que consuman productos nutritivos y orgánicos. Los experimentos realizados nos permitieron validar la intención de los consumidores finales mediante sus comentarios en las publicaciones de redes sociales y mensajes directos. Asimismo, se validó el interés por parte de las tiendas especializadas de contar con nuestro producto como parte de su catálogo de bienes ofrecido al público objetivo que apuntamos. La estructura del trabajo se divide inicialmente en la descripción de la problemática a solucionar y el respectivo diseño del modelo del negocio. Todas las fases del trabajo llegan a un punto en común: justificar la viabilidad del negocio. Por último, se quiere demostrar si la inversión del proyecto puede ser recuperada en el tiempo trazado. La inversión inicial que se requiere para este proyecto es de un monto total de 59,000.00 soles, Esto nos permitirá iniciar nuestras operaciones y solventar los gastos que se requieren. Finalmente, nuestro VAN resultante es positivo, lo cual lo hace rentable nuestro negocio.
The research work is mainly based on the development of the Hilli alli brand, which consists of the production and marketing via online and in specialized stores of kits of frozen fruits and vegetables with personalized toppings. This in response to the problem of not finding a healthy and practical kit to prepare that provides the necessary nutrients for their daily activities to our target audience, which is made up of men and women between 18 and 35 years old from Metropolitan Lima of the levels socioeconomic A and B who consume nutritious and organic products. The experiments carried out allowed us to validate the intention of the final consumers through their comments in the social network publications and direct messages, likewise, the interest on the part of specialized stores to have our product as part of their catalog of offered goods was validated. the target audience we are targeting. The structure of the work is initially divided into the description of the problem to be solved and the respective design of the business model. All phases of the work reach a common point: justify the viability of the business. Finally, we want to show whether the investment in the project can be recovered in the time set. The initial investment required for this project is a total amount of 59,000.00 soles. This will allow us to start our operations and pay for the required expenses. Ultimately, our resulting NPV is positive, which makes our business profitable.
Trabajo de investigación

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Moore, Duncan Michael. "Toppling failure in the Marmot Vertical Limb at Quintette Coal Ltd., Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27943.

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Two years in a row Quintette Coal Ltd. had a toppling failure occur on the North Wall in the Marmot Vertical Limb. The wall has an overall angle of approximately 50 degrees, and the stratigraphy, consisting of poor quality sandstone and shale, is dipping almost vertical. The July 27th bench scale toppling failure, was initiated by high pore pressures generated in tension cracks. The September 18th toppling failure was a multi-bench failure, which had been developing for over a year. Although water pressures did not initiate failure, transient water tables contributed to the overall instability. Both failures were the result of poor wall design and blasting damage. This thesis presents the background material, the mine and monitor method developed and the back analysis of the failure. The areas researched include: regional and local geology, structural geology in the Vertical Limb, mine development, the groundwater conditions encountered, the blasting practices used, the artificial support systems installed and the monitoring network established. The analysis of the failure used the Distinct Element Method developed by Peter Cundall. This method is a recognized discontinuum modelling approach, which is used to model jointed media subjected to quasi-static or dynamic loading. The method has been compared to the Limit Equilibrium Analysis proposed by Goodman and Bray in 1976, but most of the work involving UDEC (Universal Distinct Element Code) has centred around tunnel design and support requirements, rock reinforcement, fluid flow through a jointed media, dynamic loading and thermal-mechanical modelling. In this thesis the rock mass is analyzed as a series of rigid blocks, which are subjected to gravitational forces. The purpose of UDEC is not to design pit walls or better dams, but rather to be used as a tool to better understand how a jointed rock mass behaves under static and dynamic loads.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of
Graduate

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Haraldsson, Maria, i Cecilia Zettersten. "Få kvinnor på toppen : En revision av revisorsbranschen". Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7978.

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Sammandrag

Höga positioner i samhället innehas av en övervägande andel män. Inom revisionsbranschen är andelen kvinnor bland delägarna som mest 14 procent. Ändå har det under de senaste tio åren rekryterats lika stor andel kvinnor som män på grundnivån. Karriärutvecklingen ser således olika ut för män respektive kvinnor. Uppsats ämnar förklara varför kvinnor är undertaliga i revisorstoppen. För att undersöka orsakerna har en enkätstudie via Internet genomförts. Enkäten riktades till ett slumpmässigt urval av auktoriserade revisorer vid branschens sex största revisionsbyråer. Frågorna utformades dels utifrån ett strukturperspektiv, enligt vilket nätverk samt värderingar och attityder inom branschen kan förklara ovanstående, dels utifrån ett individuellt perspektiv där personliga uppfattningar och privatliv ligger till grund för förklaringen. I det empiriska materialet framkommer att kvinnor och män har liknande syn på karriär och kompetens samt att inget tyder på att kvinnan är sämre ämnad för chefsskapet. Däremot framkommer att kvinnor anser sig ha sämre utgångsläge på grund av sitt kön samt att det råder stora skillnader mellan män och kvinnors löneutveckling. Således är könet stark förklaring till varför kvinnors undertalighet i revisorstoppen. Det främsta skälet är att det är ytterst krävande att vara 100 procent karriärsinriktad samtidigt som familj och hem skall skötas på ett perfekt sätt. Det ställs inte samma krav på att männen skall klara av dessa båda roller samtidigt.

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Nilsson, Elin, i Märta Viklund. "Kvinnor mot toppen! : - Men är könskvotering rätt metod?" Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1183.

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Sammanfattning

Kvinnans närvaro på arbetsmarknaden har varit under fokus de senaste decennierna. Det har aldrig förr varit så populärt och omdebatterat med kvinnor på ledande positioner som det är idag. Den befintliga forskningen handlar till stor del om vad kvinnor kan bidra med och

åstadkomma på chefspositioner men ej hur fler kvinnor skall få tillträde till dessa positioner. Åsikterna och tankarna kring könskvotering skiljer sig åt mellan olika individer. Somliga är

positiva, andra negativa och vissa ställer sig mer neutrala. Vi anser att det är bra att det idag förs en aktiv debatt kring könskvotering och vill med denna studie undersöka hur könskvotering uppfattas av olika parter i det svenska samhället.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vad kvinnliga och manliga beslutsfattare samt studenter anser om huruvida könskvotering är en lämplig metod för att åstadkomma jämställdhet på ledande positioner. Studien visar på hur könskvotering uppfattas av olika parter. Vi har även utrett om kvinnliga och manliga beslutsfattare ser några alternativa lösningar till könskvotering. Studien är uppbyggd av en kvantitativ enkätstudie med studenter samt kvalitativa intervjuer med nio respondenter som påverkar dagens näringsliv. Vårt intresse för ledarskap och viljan att en dag själva bli chefer är en av anledningarna till att vi finner ämnet könskvotering intressant och valt att göra denna studie.

Könskvotering bör enligt teori endast tillämpas vid tillfällen där jämställdhet ej kan åstadkommas på naturlig väg. Studien visar att de flesta av respondenterna ställer sig negativa till könskvotering med anledningen av att det finns andra metoder att tillämpa för att nå jämställdhet. Utvecklingen går åt rätt håll och således finns inget behov av könskvotering i dagsläget. Många av respondenterna menar att det finns en risk att kvinnor inte kommer tas på lika stort allvar och att de inte ses som tillräckligt kompetenta om de får en tjänst eftersom de är kvinnor. För att få balans och jämställdhet på ledande positioner måste samhällets alla aktörer arbeta systematiskt med aktiva åtgärder. De hinder som kvinnor idag stöter på kan, till skillnad från vid tillämpning av könskvotering, avlägsnas med hjälp av aktiva åtgärder. De åtgärder som föreslårs och som har framförts i denna studie är att synliggöra kvinnliga

prestationer så att det uppkommer fler kvinnliga förebilder, ge kvinnor verktyg för att våga och vilja satsa på sin karriär, förbättra den problematik som uppstår i rekryteringsprocessens,

utarbeta system som underlättar för familjer att sköta hem och familj samt att alla tar sitt ansvar och bidrar till en förändring av de attityder som idag finns i samhället.

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AGRAMONTE, FREDY ALVARO ELORRIETA. "APPLICATION OF THE DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD FOR MODELLING THE BLOCK-FLEXURAL TOPPLING MECHANISMS IN ROCK SLOPES". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27076@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Em um maciço rochoso, as fraturas apresentam-se de forma irregular e descontínua. A complexidade na distribuição espacial destas descontinuidades faz com que o mecanismo de ruptura por tombamento ocorra mais frequentemente por uma combinação de dois tipos de fenômenos: Tombamento de blocos e flexural. Assim, a ruptura por tombamento do tipo bloco-flexural pode ser considerada a forma mais comum presente neste tipo de mecanismo. Trabalhos utilizando o método de equilíbrio limite ou modelos físicos estudam a influência desta combinação, mas a literatura relata poucos trabalhos numéricos que possam ajudar na compreensão dos fenômenos envolvidos neste processo de ruptura. O presente trabalho procura modelar o mecanismo de ruptura por tombamento bloco-flexural através do método dos elementos discretos (DEM), utilizando o software PFC (Particle Flow Code). Em particular, procura-se avaliar as potencialidades do método para estudos deste tipo, utilizando um novo modelo de contato entre partículas e a calibração das propriedades elásticas do material sintético. Apresentam-se também detalhes da metodologia utilizada e exemplos de validação, incluindo comparações com soluções analíticas e semi-analíticas disponíveis na literatura.
Joints exhibit an irregular and discontinuous behavior inside the rock mass. The spatial distribution complexity of these discontinuities causes the toppling failure occurs more often by a combination of two types of toppling phenomena: toppling of rock blocks and flexural toppling. Thus, the block-flexural toppling can be considered the most common when a toppling process is being developed in rock slopes. Analytical and physical models approach, were presented in order to study each process individually, but the literature reports few works that may help to understand the influence of the two processes together. The present work aims to represents the mechanism of block-flexural toppling through the discrete elements method (DEM) using the PFC (Particle Flow Code) software. In particular, the objective is to assess the potential of the method for studies of this type, using a new model of contact between particles and the elastic properties calibration of the synthetic material. In order to do that, the work shows the methodology details and validation examples, including comparisons with analytical and semi-analytical solutions that are available in the literature.

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Toppila, Jussi. "Somatostatin, growth hormone-releasing hormone, galanin and their hypothalamic messenger ribonucleic acids in the regulation of sleep in rats". Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 1999. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/biola/vk/toppila/.

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Toppila, Esko. "A system approach to individual hearing conservation". Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2000. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/fysii/vk/toppila/.

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Helmersson, Mia, i Cecilia Staaf. "Att delta på lika villkor inom barn- och ungdomsishockey : En studie om fenomenet toppning utifrån ett ledarskapsperspektiv". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för utbildningsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-28532.

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Toppning inom ishockey är en aktuell och omdiskuterad företeelse vilket föranledde denna studie som handlar om huruvida toppning förekommer inom barn- och ungdomsishockey och hur ledarskapet kan ställas i förhållande till detta. Syftet med studien var att med en pedagogisk belysning av ledarskapet inom barn- och ungdomsishockey beskriva, analysera och diskutera förekomsten av fenomenet toppning utifrån ledarnas perspektiv. Vidare avsågs att i studien besvara frågor om i hur stor utsträckning toppning förekommer och på vilket sätt detta kan relateras till ledarskapsutövningen. Studien baserades på en enkätundersökning där ledare med olika roller såsom lagledare, tränare och materialansvariga inom barn- och ungdomsishockey svarade på olika påståenden om verksamheten inom det egna laget samt upplevelsen av hur andra lag gör. Resultatet visade att 78,2 procent av respondenterna ansåg att toppning aldrig gynnar laget och att 92 procent svarade att de sällan eller aldrig matchar de egna spelarna i laget utifrån motståndet. Samtidigt svarade en övervägande majoritet av respondenterna att toppning är något som förekommer i mer eller mindre utsträckning hos motståndarlagen. Dessa motsägelsefulla svar tyder på att det finns en del utrymme för tolkning kring fenomenet toppning såväl när det gäller sin egen roll som när det gäller hur andra agerar och resultatet i studien indikerar på att det är lättare att döma andra hårdare än sig själv.

2016-06-05

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Parsfelt, Beach Tobias, i Jonna Hansson. "Fotbollsspelaren och föräldern: En studie om unga fotbollsspelare och föräldrars syn på motivation, toppning och föräldrarnas påverkan". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-33613.

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Den 1 januari 2017 förbjöd det svenska fotbollsförbundet möjligheten att utse seriesegrare för barn under 13 år som spelar fotboll. Detta efter att man bland annat upplevt och uppmärksammat en rådande föräldrarpress och hets vid sidlinje kopplat till barnens prestationer och idrottsliga resultat. Syftet med studien är att genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fotbollsspelande pojkar och deras föräldrar i södra Skåne, jämföra deras upplevelser kring toppning, motivation och föräldrars involvering och därmed förklara hur unga fotbollspojkar påverkas av dessa faktorer i sitt fotbollsspelande. Detta genom att förhålla sig till begreppen toppning och motivation och med stöd från självbestämmandeteorin som innefattar de psykologiska grundbehoven för inre motivation: Autonomi, kompetens samt samhörighet. För att få så tydliga och ingående åsikter och upplevelser som möjligt från spelarna och föräldrarna så gjordes empiriinsamligen med hjälp utav intervjuer. Dessa intervjuer gjorde med tre manliga fotbollsspelare mellan 11–13 år samt respektive tre föräldrar, en förälder tillhörande en av varje spelare. Spelarna tillhörde olika fotbollsföreningar, alla föreningarna är lokaliserade i södra Skåne. Därefter jämfördes intervjusvaren med varandra och sex stycken motivationsfaktorer eller teman kunde identifieras i svaren: 1. Intresse för fotbollen, 2. Självständighet och egen påverkan, 3. Lagindelning och individuell utveckling, 4. Feedback från föräldrarna, 5. Gemenskap samt nummer 6. Geografisk plats. De mest centrala och viktigaste motivationsfaktorerna i studien är intresset för fotbollen samt gemenskapen, som båda grundar sig föräldrarnas inverkan på barnens idrottsval och fortsättning. Vikten av att ha ett egenintresse för fotbollen i samband med att inneha en känsla av delaktighet, med såväl lagkamrater som familj (föräldrar) är fokuserad i studiens resultat. Mindre skillnader kunde identifieras i spelarnas kontra föräldrarnas upplevelser men majoriteten är likasinnade i förhållande till studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Slutsatsen av studien inger att det finns en del olika motivationsfaktorer som gör att 11–13 åriga pojkar spelar fotboll men en gemensam nämnare för dessa faktorer är föräldrarnas inverkan på de alla.
On the 1st of January 2017 the Swedish football association enforced a rule that prohibited the crowning of a league winner for children under the age of 13. The reasoning behind this was to counter the growing issue of parent aggression and pressure in relation to the progression and result of their children. With that in mind, this study will compare the experience of parents and their children aged between 11-13, in regard to the topics motivation and skill segregation within the sport of football in combination with the self-determination theory and its three basic psychological needs: Autonomy, competence and relatedness. Six interviews were held with three parents and three male football players aged between 11-13 to gather information. The three boys who participated in the interviews were from different football clubs from the south of Skåne. After comparing the answers from the interviews, six factors of motivation were found: 1. The interest in football, 2. Independence and own influence, 3. Team selection and individual development, 4. Feedback from the parents, 5. Relatedness and 6. Geographical location. These factors were all important as to why the boys started, continued and kept playing football. The conclusion of the study shows the parents play a big role regarding their children’s football career, both in a negative but mostly in a positive manor.

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Wimby, Fanny, i Sofie Gillholm. "Vägen mot toppen : en kvalitativ studie om kvinnligt karriärsbortfall". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-1090.

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Uppsatsens har som avsikt att behandla ämnet könsfördelning inom ledningsgrupper i bolag.Detta genom att belysa de läckor som teorin “The leaky pipeline” tar upp som orsaker till attkvinnor i större utsträckning än män inte når de högre positionerna inom organisationer. Vilkametoder som skall användas för att nå en jämnare könsfördelning är en fråga som ständigtdiskuteras och debatteras. Det råder delade meningar om hur man bör gå till väga och ämnetär på många sätt högaktuellt. Då ingen av sidorna hittat ett tillräckligt bra tillvägagångssätt föratt lösa situationen anser vi att det vore intressant med en fördjupning i detta ämne. Vi harupprättat en litteraturgenomgång, teori samt en kvalitativ studie för att finna samband och eneventuell lösning.Syftet med uppsatsen är att med hjälp av individer på ledande positioner i organisationer få enförståelse kring orsaken till att kvinnor faller bort i sin karriär oftare än män, samt hur dettakan motverkas. Resultatet av vår studie visar de olika läckor som återfinns i teorin “The leakypipeline” och de tillvägagångsätt som kan användas för att motverka dessa. Vi identifierar deredan givna läckorna: exkludering, brist på motivation och stöttning från organisationen, menser även att läckan, brist på erfarenhet, bör finnas i teorin. Den läckan som beskriver bortfalltill följd av barnafödande och familjeliv ser vi blir svagare vilket tyder på att gamla strukturersuddas ut.
This paper seeks to address the topic “gender distribution in corporate management teams”and highlight the leaks in the theory "The leaky pipeline". The theory brings up reasons towhy more men then women reach the higher positions within organizations. Which methodsthat should be used to achieve a better gender balance is an issue that is constantly discussed.There are differing views on how to reach a solution. Since it is such a highly topical subjectthat is still not solved we felt it would be interesting to delve into it. We have chosen toprepare a literature review and theory to try to find a connection with the qualitative study wehave done in the context of the essay.The purpose of this paper is that with the help of individuals in leadership positions inorganizations gain an understanding of why women fall out in their career more often thanmen, and how it can be countered. The results of our study show the various leaks appearingin the theory The leaky pipeline and the procedures that can be used to counter them. Weidentify the already given leaks: exclusion, lack of motivation and jacking from theorganization, but also see that the leak “lack of experience” should be included in the theory.The leak that addresses failures due to childbearing and family life are become weaker,suggesting that old structures are being blurred.This paper is written in Swedish.

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Sylvan, Linn. "På toppen av berget : ny toppstuga och bergsstation på Funäsdalsberget". Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34769.

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Ett riktmärke på berget från vilken den omgivande fjällvärlden breder ut sig. En ny kabinbana som knyter by och berg närmare varann. Ett hus som lever och förändras med årstiderna, formad efter väder och vind.

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Dzindo, Berina, i Jonas Eriksson. "Bloggande på toppen : - En analys av Kissies och Kenzas blogg". Thesis, Örebro University, School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-9841.

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Hultberg, Sebastian, i Jonatan Falk. ""Man står ensam på toppen" : En undersökning om framtidens lotsutbildning". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85235.

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Lotsar måste anlitas av fartyg för att assistera vid hamnanlöp eller riskfyllda passager. Sjöfartsverket som arbetsgivare åt lotsarna ser problematik med rekrytering av nya lotsar som i kombination med pensionsavgångar skapar en brist av behöriga lotsar. Antagningskraven till den lotstjänst som finns idag är bland annat att sjöbefälet ska sjökaptensbehörighet. En smalare bas tillgängliga svenska sjöbefäl idag gör att Sjöfartsverket måste undersöka alternativa utbildningsmöjligheter till framtidens lotsar, för att säkerställa en tillräcklig bemanning på samtliga lotsstationer. Undersökningens syfte var att undersöka hur framtida lotsutbildning och lotsrekrytering kan se ut för att möta framtidens behov av lotsar. Från semistrukturerade intervjuer med Sjöfartsverket, lotsar, sjökaptener och rederirepresentanten Svensk sjöfart framkom att flera alternativ är i konstruktionsfas men i stort bara preliminära. Bland alternativen finns en lotsutbildning på högskolenivå som påbyggnadsutbildning efter sjökaptensexamen. Centrala frågor i rekryteringsprocessen berör erfarenhet och utbildningens uppbyggnad. Sjöfartsverket anser att en förändring måste genomföras, men är osäkra på vilken lösning som är framtidssäker.
Pilots must be hired by vessels to assist in harbour manoeuvre or perilous passages. The Swedish Maritime Administration as an employer to the pilots sees problems with recruitment for pilot training, which in combination with pension departures creates a shortage of authorized pilots. The admission requirements for the pilot training available today include the Seaman to hold a master’s certificate. Fewer number of Swedish maritime officers available today forces the authority to examine alternative solutions to today's pilot training to ensure an adequate manning of all pilot stations. Conducting semi structured interviews carried out with the Swedish Maritime Administration, pilots, sea captains, Swedish Shipowners’ Association revealed that several options are in the design phase but largely only preliminary. Where among the alternative about a pilot training at tertiary level as postgraduate course after graduating the Nautical Science program. Key issues concern experience and the structure of education. The Maritime Administration only knows for sure that something has to be done but are unsure of which solution is future-proof.

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Regnander, Filip. "Ungdomseliten - På väg mot toppen : Om motivation, ambition & betyg". Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-5045.

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Sammanfattning Syfte Syfte är att undersöka hur den svenska ungdoms -och junior eliten inom svensk friidrott presterar i skolan. Frågeställningar undersökningen utgår ifrån är: - Skiljer sig ambitionsnivån och motivationen åt mellan elitfriidrottare och icke-elitfridrottare när det gäller utövandet av den egna idrotten? - Skiljer sig ambitionsnivån och motivationen åt mellan elitfriidrottare och icke-elitfridrottare när det gäller skolarbetet? - Skiljer sig betygsnivån åt mellan elitfriidrottare och icke-elitfridrottare avseende skolans kärnämnen? Metod Föreliggande studie är en kvantitativ studie. Datainsamlingen har skett i form av enkäter. Undersökningen involverar pojkar och flickor 16 - 19 år som är aktiva inom friidrott. Urvalet är slumpmässigt hämtat från svenska friidrottsförbundets årsbästalistor för 2016. I studien deltog totalt 67 stycken personer. All data har hämtats ifrån svenska friidrottsförbundets årsbästa listor som avser tävlingssäsongen 2016. Resultat Motivation och ambitions nivån skiljer sig åt mellan elitfriidrottare och icke-elitfriidrottare, de elitaktiva erhåller en högre grad av motivation och ambition gällande utövandet av den egna idrotten i föreliggande studien. Elitaktiva friidrottare hade en högre grad av motivation och ambition än icke-elitaktiva friidrottare, resultatet är signifikant. Slutsats Det man kunde utläsa av studiens resultat är att elitaktiva presterar bättre i skolan än de som inte är på elitnivå. Detta kan förklaras med bland annat Jonsons modell som pekar på att dessa elever har ett bra självförtroende och vill leverera på en hög nivå inom skolan och sina studier. (Jonsson 1985, s. 22-23). Man ska ta i beaktning att alla resultaten i föreliggande studie inte är signifikant. Detta kan bero på att svarsfrekvensen är alldeles för liten i förhållande till populationen.

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Tiger, Mattias. "Innebandyns värld: Ur ett målvaktsperspektiv : Vad får innebandymålvakter att stanna kvar inom innebandyn?" Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-43291.

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Paus, Sophie, i Isabella Niklasson. "Vägen till toppen : En studie om kvinnliga VD:ar och deras karriärer". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-26456.

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Trots att allt fler kvinnor tar plats i näringslivet så domineras såväl näringslivet som de flesta chefspositioner fortfarande av män. Ständigt pågår diskussioner om vad det är som skapar denna sneda fördelning, samt hur kvinnor är i en avvikande position på grund av sin minoritet och huruvida det finns hinder som gör det svårt för kvinnor att nå upp till toppen. Oavsett hur detta stämmer eller ej är det endast individuella upplevelser av kvinnor som lyckats ta sig till toppen som närmast kan förklara hur verkligheten ser ut. Med detta som utgångspunkt ämnar studien undersöka kvinnliga VD:ar inom det svenska näringslivet för att försöka ta reda på, samt redogöra för, hur de upplever att olika möjligheter och eventuella hinder har spelat roll för deras respektive karriärer. Studien är av kvalitativ utformning, där data samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det sammanställda resultatet kommer därefter att analyseras ställt mot valda teorier och modeller, för att slutligen diskuteras med inslag av egna reflektioner och slutsatser. Studien visar på hur majoriteten av kvinnorna stött på fler möjligheter än hinder i sin karriär, trots att de suttit i avvikande positioner som kvinnor i mansdominerade branscher. Det framgår att utbildning och erfarenhet samt inställning och självförtroende är de kanske mest avgörande faktorerna för en framgångsrik karriär. Men även att hjälp i vardagen och uppmuntrande chefer ger betydelsefulla möjligheter i att avancera. Den synlighet som följer med en avvikande position identifieras ur en positiv aspekt sett till att bli ihågkommen, men även ur en negativ aspekt då synligheten i vissa avseenden kan innebära en ökad stressfaktor. Vilket innebär att en avvikande position kan förklaras både som en möjlighet och som ett eventuellt hinder för kvinnor i karriären. Slutligen framgår att det inte kan identifieras några allmängiltiga hinder, utan att hinder är individuella och varierar från person till person beroende på förhållanden och omständigheter.
Despite the fact that more women are taking place in the business world men are still dominating the highest positions as well as the whole industry. Discussions are constantly ongoing about what it is that creates this skewed distribution, how women are in a deviant position due to the fact of their minority and whether there are obstacles that make it harder for women to reach the top positions. Regardless if it’s true or not, it is individual experiences by women whom have reached high positions within the business world that best can explain what the reality looks like. On this basis, the study will try to examine female CEO:s within the confederation of Swedish enterprise and try to find out, and explain, how they have experienced different opportunities and how possible obstacles have played a role in their careers. The study is based on qualitative data, in terms of semi-structured interviews, which will be analyzed against chosen theories and lastly be discussed with own reflections and conclusions. The study shows how the majority of women have experienced more opportunities than obstacles through their career, despite the fact that they have been in deviant positions in industries dominated by men. It is found that education and experience as well as attitude and confidence might be the most crucial factors for a successful career. But also the help in the everyday life and encouraging managers provide significant opportunities to advance. The visibility that follows with a deviant position is identified as positive when it comes to the fact that one will be more remembered, but also from a negative point of view when the visibility in some respects can imply an increased stress. Hence, to be in a deviant position can be explained both as an opportunity and as a possible obstacle for women in their advancement to reach a top position. Lastly it appears that any universal obstacles for women couldn’t be identified, that obstacles are individual and varies from person to person depending on conditions and circumstances.

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Börjesson, Sabina, i Ylva Lindén. "Kvinnor i toppen : En studie av kvinnligt delägarskap i advokatbyråer och personalmotivation". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-172862.

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Denna uppsats undersöker problemet med att få kvinnor blir delägare på advokatbyråer. Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori används för att undersöka om skillnader i personalmotivation mellan män och kvinnor är en bidragande faktor till detta problem. Efter genomförda intervjuer med ledningen och besvarade enkäter av anställda på advokatbyråer kan det konstateras att det finns avgörande skillnader i faktorer som motiverar män respektive kvinnor i arbetet. Hackmans och Oldhams implementeringsplan för arbetsberikning utgör grunden för de lösningsförslag som presenteras. Sammantaget innehåller lösningsförslagen utökat arbetande i team, tidigare klientkontakt, ökad transparens, tidigare ledarskapsutbildning, mer feedback samt alternativa karriärvägar.

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Backman, Ida, i Victoria Kurt. "Vägen till toppen : Vilka faktorer har betydelse för att nå en ledarposition?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-13091.

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Titel: Vägen till toppen; Vilka faktorer har betydelse för att nå en ledarposition? Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Ida Backman & Victoria Kurt Handledare: Stig Sörling Datum: 2012 - Maj Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete är att belysa faktorer som har betydelse för att nå ledande positioner inom företag och organisationer. Finns det exempelvis något samband mellan personer med ledarposition vad gäller personliga egenskaper och utbildning? Är det något som är medfött hos ledaren och är en del av dennes karaktär, eller något människan kan lära sig att utveckla? Vår strävan är att belysa olika metoder, utbildningar och bearbetade strategier/teorier som kan bidra till att en person lyckas gå långt som ledare. Finns det något recept att följa eller beror det helt på slumpen? Eller är det kanske så att människan under uppväxten formas till en framgångsrik ledare? Metod: Studien bygger på ett hermeneutiskt synsätt och vi använder våra tankar och intryck vi får tillsammans med den kunskap vi har för att förstå och tolka det vi studerar. I vår studie intervjuar vi fem personer med ledarbefattning, vi ställer öppna frågor för att få reda på så mycket som möjligt om deras bakgrund. Ämnet studerar vi även i litteratur, uppsatser och vetenskapliga artiklar. Utifrån dessa grunder drar vi sedan paralleller och slutsatser. Resultat & slutsats: Slutsatsen i studien är att personliga egenskaper är något som är av stor vikt. På denna punkt framträder ett tydligt samband mellan teori och praktik. Inre drivkraft är en personlig egenskap som i detta arbete identifieras som en viktig framgångsfaktor. Även utbildning är enligt vår slutsats av stor betydelse för att nå framgång som ledare. Slutligen konstaterar vi att det finns skillnader beroende på vilken generation ledaren tillhör. Den yngre generationen som idag är i 30 årsåldern har ofta en mer medveten karriärplan i förhållande till den äldre generationen. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det finns inte så mycket forskning kring hur människor konkret går tillväga för att nå en chefsposition. Ett förslag till framtida forskning är att djupare studera fenomenet inre drivkraft. Det är svårt att hitta vetenskapliga artiklar, litteratur och andra studier inom detta område. Inre drivkraft är ett område som enligt denna studie är av stor vikt för att nå en chefsposition. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien bidrar till en förståelse för hur viktigt det är med utbildning och kompetens för att nå ledande positioner samt att hårt arbete inte går obemärkt. Det krävs drivkraft och självförtroende och även "rätt" egenskaper för att nå toppen. Nyckelord: Utbildning, drivkraft, ledaregenskaper, självförtroende.
Title: The way to the top: what factors are significant to reach a leadership position? Level: C-essay in the subject of business Author: Ida Backman & Victoria Kurt Supervisor: Stig Sörling Date: 2012 - May Aim: The purpose of this essay is to identify what it takes to achieve leadership positions in organizations. For example, is there a relationship between education and leadership qualities? We also want to find out if good leadership is something that is inborn or can be developed. We want to examine methods, educations and theories that help a person to become a successful leader. Is there a certain recipe to follow or is it all about chance? Method: The study is based on a hermeneutic approach. We have in our study interviewed five people with leadership positions. We asked open questions to find out as much as possible about their background. We have also reviewed preview studies on the subject. On these bases, we have drawn parallels and conclusions. Result & Conclusion: What we have found in our study is that personal qualities are something that proves to be of great importance, we see a clear link between theory and practice on this point. Inner motivation is a personal attribute that we have identified as a key success factor. We have further concluded that education is vital for success as a leader. Finally, we note that there are differences depending on which generation you belong to. The younger generation around 30 years old has a more conscious career plan than the older generation. Suggestions for future research: There is not much research about how to concretely go about to reach a management position. A proposal for future research is to more deeply study the phenomenon of Inner motivation. It is difficult to find scientific articles, literature and other studies in this area. This is an area that we have found to be very important to reach managerial positions. Contribution of the thesis: The study has contributed to an understanding of the importance of education and skills to reach senior positions, and that hard work does not go unnoticed. It takes energy and confidence, and even the "right" personality to reach the top. Keywords: Education, motivation, leadership skills, self-confidence

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