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Walsh, Yvonne. "Pharmacological regulation of TREK1, TREK2 and TRESK two pore domain potassium channels." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/68081/.
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Introduction: Two pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are responsible for background currents that regulate membrane potential and neuronal excitability. Compounds which alter the activity of these channels are predicted to have therapeutic potential in treating CNS disorders. Members of the TREK family of K2P channels (TREK1 and TREK2) have been shown to play an active role in neuroprotection, depression and pain, whilst TRESK, with high expression in sensory neurons, has a role in nociception. Sipatrigine, a neuroprotective agent and a derivative of the anticonvulsant lamotrigine, is a known antagonist of TREK channels whilst lamotrigine is thought to primarily inhibit TRESK channels. A new compound, Cen-092-C, has also been developed which is structurally similar to lamotrigine. However, its effects on K2P channels are unknown. To understand the mechanism of channel inhibition by drugs, the structure of TREK2 was solved and was co-crystallised with norfluoxetine. This showed that fenestration sites were important in channel and current inhibition. Furthermore, TRESK docking studies showed that F145 and F352 function in a similar way to TREK2 fenestration site, as the bulky phenylalanine faces into the pore, and are thought to be important for compound binding. The aim of this study is to clarify to differences in the inhibitory effect of these compounds on the selected K2P channels and to investigate the mechanism by which these compounds inhibit the channels current. Methods: Wild-type (WT) and mutated human K2P channels were transiently expressed in tsA-201 cells. The currents were measured using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. Results: Sipatrigine was shown to inhibit both TREK1 and TREK2 current. Lamotrigine was also found to inhibit TREK1 and to a lesser extent TREK2. Cen-092-C was found to be less effective on TREK1 and TRESK current compared to sipatrigine, but similar to lamotrigine results. The sipatrigine inhibitory effect, but not lamotrigine, was reduced by mutations on the M4 region at the fenestration site of TREK1 and TREK2 (L286 and L320). This sensitivity is selective at this site as other mutations in the central cavity showed no change in sipatrigine inhibition. Interestingly, the gain-of-function mutation (TREK1 E306A) on the C terminus showed a reduced sipatrigine inhibition. The effect of sipatrigine on TREK2 showed an over-recovery of current following wash-off of the compound. The wash-off current increase was not seen if the N-terminus length is forced into intermediate and short isoform. Sipatrigine inhibition was significantly decreased when the N-terminus was truncated. Sipatrigine has been shown to strongly inhibit TRESK. Lamotrigine was seen to inhibit TRESK current, however significantly less effective compared to sipatrigine. Furthermore, lamotrigine did show state dependent inhibition when TRESK is in the fixed activated state. Cen-092-C was also found to inhibit TRESK to a similar degree to lamotrigine, however there was no state dependent inhibition on TRESK current. The effects of these antagonists on TRESK has been shown to be abolished by mutations on two sites at the central cavity (F145 and F352). Conclusion: Lamotrigine was found not to be TRESK selective, contrary to other studies. Sipatrigine and lamotrigine inhibition works through binding to the channel. The fenestration site in both TREK1 and TREK2 has been found to be an important binding site of sipatrigine, differing from lamotrigine. This suggests that the structurally similar compounds bind to different regions of the TREK channels. Furthermore, the over recovery of TREK2 current after sipatrigine wash off is believed to show the compound's biphasic effect, where the underlying enhancement of current is hidden by the action of inhibition. The N-terminus is therefore believed to be important in regulating sipatrigine action on TREK2. It remains unclear whether the TRESK potential binding sites (F1452 and F352) are important in compound binding as the inserted mutation is believed to shift the channel to constant active state. The newly developed compound Cen-092-C shows a significantly greater degree of inhibition of TRESK when compared to TREK1. Cen-092-C and lamotrigine inhibition of TRESK is not significantly different. Lamotrigine inhibition of TRESK current is state dependent whereas sipatrigine and Cen-092-C inhibition of TRESK current is shown as state independent. All of this together could lead to a better understanding of how neuroprotective agents effect TREK and TRESK channels and could contribute to the design of more efficient ligands.
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SATO, Jun, Kazue MIZUMURA, Ken TAKAHASHI, Kimiaki KATANOSAKA, and Yasuko KOZAKI. "Increased C-fiber Activities to Cold in Adjuvant-monoarthritic Rats was not Accompanied by Increased Expression of TREK1 and CMR1 mRNAs(RIEM Conference II, 2002)." Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/2809.
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Dolcemascolo, Axel. "Laser à semi-conducteur pour modéliser et contrôler des cellules et des réseaux excitables." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4208/document.
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Les systèmes « excitables » sont omniprésents dans la nature, le plus paradigmatique d'entre eux étant le neurone, qui répond de façon « tout ou rien » aux perturbations externes. Cette particularité étant clairement établie comme l'un des points clé pour le fonctionnement des systèmes nerveux, son analyse dans des systèmes modèles (mathématiques ou physiques) peut d'une part aider à la compréhension de la dynamique d'ensembles de neurones couplés et d'autre part ouvrir des voies pour un traitement neuromimétique de l'information. C'est dans cette logique que s'inscrit la préparation de cette thèse de doctorat. Dans ce mémoire, nous utilisons des systèmes basés sur des lasers à semiconducteur pour d'une part modéliser des systèmes excitables ou des ensembles de systèmes neuromimétiques couplés et d'autre part pour contrôler (grâce à l'optogénétique) des canaux ioniques impliqués dans l'émission de potentiels d'action par des neurones de mammifères. Le long du premier chapitre, nous présentons de manière synthétique les concepts dynamiques sur lesquels nous nous appuierons dans la suite du manuscrit. Par la suite, nous décrivons brièvement le contexte de ce travail du point de vue de la synchronisation, notamment de cellules excitables. Enfin, nous discutons le contexte applicatif potentiel de ces travaux, c’est-à-dire l'utilisation de systèmes photoniques dits « neuromimétiques » dans le but de traiter de l'information. Dans le chapitre 2, nous analysons tout d'abord du point de vue théorique et bibliographique le caractère excitable d'un laser à semiconducteur sous l'influence d'un forçage optique cohérent. Par la suite, nous détaillons nos travaux expérimentaux d'abord, puis numériques et théoriques, sur la réponse de ce système « neuromimétique » à des perturbations répétées dans le temps. Tandis que le modèle mathématique simplifié prévoit un comportement de type intégrateur en réponse a des perturbations répétées, nous montrons que le comportement est en fait souvent résonateur, ce qui confère à ce système la propriété étonnante d'émettre une impulsion seulement s'il reçoit deux perturbations séparées d'un intervalle de temps bien précis. Nous montrons également que ce système peut convertir des perturbations de différente intensité en une série d'impulsions toutes identiques mais dont le nombre dépend de l'intensité de la perturbation incidente. Dans le chapitre 3, nous analysons (de nouveau expérimentalement, puis numériquement et théoriquement) le comportement dynamique d'un réseau de lasers à semiconducteur couplés dans un régime de chaos lent-rapide. Nous nous basons sur une étude antérieure montrant qu'un seul de ces éléments peut présenter une dynamique neuromimétique (en particulier l'émission chaotique d'impulsions originant du phénomène de canard). De façon surprenante pour un système ayant un si grand nombre de degrés de liberté, nous observons une dynamique qui semble chaotique de basse dimension. Nous examinons l'impact des propriétés statistiques de la population considérée sur la dynamique et relions nos observations expérimentales et numériques à l'existence d'une variété critique calculable analytiquement pour le champ moyen et près duquel converge la dynamique grâce au caractère lent-rapide du système. Dans le chapitre 4 enfin, nous présentons une brève étude expérimentale de la réponse de cellules biologiques à des perturbations lumineuses. En effet, les techniques optogénétiques permettent de rendre des cellules (en particulier des neurones) sensibles à la lumière grâce au contrôle optique de l'ouverture et de la fermeture de canaux ioniques. Ainsi, après avoir étudié dans les chapitres précédents des systèmes optiques sur la base de considérations provenant de systèmes biologiques, nous amenons matériellement un système laser vers un système biologique<br>Excitable systems are everywhere in Nature, and among them the neuron, which responds to an external stimulus with an all-or-none type of response, is often regarded as the most typical example. This excitability behaviour is clearly established as to be one of the underlying operating mechanisms of the nervous system and its analysis in model systems (being them mathematical of physical) can, from one hand, shed some light on the dynamics of neural networks, and from the other, open novel ways for a neuro-mimetic treatment of information. The work presented in this PhD thesis was realized in this perspective. In this dissertation we will consider systems based on semiconductor lasers both for modelling excitable systems or coupled neuromorphic networks and for controlling (in an optogenetic outlook) ionic channels that are involved in the emission of action potentials of neurons in mammals. During the first chapter, we will briefly present the dynamical concepts on which we will build our understanding for the rest of the manuscript. Thereafter, we will describe the context of this work from the point of view of synchronized systems, in particular excitable cells. Finally, we will discuss in this context the applications potential of this work, namely the possibility of using “neuromimetic” photonic systems as a was to treat information. In chapter 2 we will firstly analyse from a theoretical and bibliographical standpoint the excitable character of a laser with coherent injection. Later, we will firstly detail our results, firstly experimental and subsequently numerical and theoretical, on the response of this “neuromimetic” system to perturbations repeated in time. Whereas the simplified mathematical model envisions an integrator behaviour in response to repeated perturbations, we will show that the system often acts as a resonator, thus imparting the remarkable property of being able to emit a single pulse only if it receives two perturbations that are separated by a specific time interval. We will also illustrate how this system can convert perturbations of different intensity in a series of all identical pulses whose number depends on the intensity of the incoming perturbation. In the third chapter we will analyse, first experimentally and later numerically and theoretically, the dynamical behaviour of a network of coupled semiconductor lasers in a slow-fast chaotic regime. We will rely on a previous study documenting that a single such element can present a neuromimetic dynamics (in particular, the emission of chaotic pulses originating from a canard phenomenon). Surprisingly for a system having such a large number of degrees of freedom, we observe a dynamics which seems low dimensional chaotic. We will examine the impact of statistical properties of the selected population on the dynamics, and we will link our experimental and numerical observations to the existence of a slow manifold for the mean field, computable analytically, and towards whom the dynamics converges thanks to the slow-fact nature of the system. Finally, in chapter 4 we will present a short experimental study on the response of biological cells to light perturbations. Indeed, optogenetic techniques enables to render the cells (in particular neurons) sensitive to light due to the optical control of the opening and closing of ionic channels. Hence, after having studied in the previous chapters optical systems on the basis of observations derived from biological systems, we will physically transfer an optical system towards a biological one. Here we lay the groundwork of a photonic system which allows, with a moderate complexity, to realize cell measurements in response to spatially localized optical perturbations
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Schön, Anna. "Utopia Trek : utopibegreppets resa genom Star Trek." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2539.
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<p>Humanity has always dreamed about a better world. These dreams has manifested themselves in the vision of Utopia - the good place, but also the non-existing place. Up until World War II man still wrote optimistic descriptions of this ideal world, and spread the idea through literature. In the aftermath of the atomic bomb and under the influence of the cold war, these publications seized to surface in literary surroundings. Despite this utopia did not die - it has only changed. Today you can find utopia, not primarily in books, but in Science Fiction. TV’s biggest Science Fiction-series, Star Trek, is perhaps the best example of this. The Master's thesis "Utopia Trek - a travel through Star Trek with the concept of utopia" takes you through the history of utopia and into its new habitat, Star Trek, where the essence of a utopia for the 21th century is found, discussed and reevaluated.</p><br><p>Mänskligheten har alltid drömt om en bättre värld. Dessa drömmar har manifesterats i visionen om Utopia - den goda platsen, men också platsen som inte existerar. Fram till andra världskriget skrev man fortfarande optimistiska beskrivningar av denna idealvärld, och spred idén via litteraturen. Efter hotet från atombomben och under påverkan av det kalla kriget, slutade dessa publikationer att dyka uppi litterära sammanhang. Trots detta dog inte drömmen utopia - det har bara förändrats. Idag kan man finna utopia, inte företrädesvis i böcker, utan i science fiction. Tv:s största science fiction-serie, Star Trek, är kanske det bästa exemplet på detta. Magisteruppsatsen "Utopia Trek - utopibegreppets resa genom Star Trek" tar dig genom utopias historia och in i dess nya hemvist, Star Trek, där essensen av ett utopia för 2000-talet upptäcks, diskuteras och omvärderas. </p>
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Geraghty, Lincoln. "Living with Star Trek : utopia, community, self-improvement and the Star Trek universe." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10982/.
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Living with Star Trek investigates the connections between Star Trek fandom and the Star Trek text. This study identifies and examines the American themes of utopia, community and self-improvement inherent within the fictional text which also form the thematic framework for letters written by fans to express their affection for the series. These letters represent a `network of support', whereby a community of fans is able to communicate with each other through written correspondence sent to producers, edited collections, and fan magazines. In talking about the series, fans confess and share intimate stories, often based around trauma or bereavement, and at the same time describe how Star Trek has played an important and inspirational part in their daily lives; Star Trek's utopian vision and communal spirit has given them the impetus to enact positive change. Drawing together the themes identified in the text and fan letters, the first half of the thesis examines Star Trek's use of history, narrative and myth to tell its futuristic stories. In particular, I examine how Star Trek has used the distinctive literary tradition of the Puritan American Jeremiad to create a didactic narrative that emphasises the attainment of utopia through communal effort and personal change. The second half of the thesis continues this inquiry by examining a range of letters that describe how fans are able to tap into the open nature of the Star Trek text and use it to fulfil needs and desires in their own daily lives. In particular, I stress how the letters are not just examples of fan affection but also represent a reciprocal relationship where fans can criticise and engage with the programme as well as use it as a form of motivation.
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Valverde, Estrella Lorena. "TREX1 and SAMHD1, and Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/291940.
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Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome (AGS) is a rare encephalopathy which mimics a viral intrauterine infection and is characterized by calcifications of the basal ganglia, cerebral atrophy and IFN-a in the cerebrospinal fluid. AGS is a heterogenic disease associated with mutations in the gene of the exonuclease TREX1, in any of the genes codifying for the ribonuclease H2, in the phosphohydrolase SAMHD1, in the deaminase ADAR1 or in the cytoplasmic sensor MDA5. The knowledge of these functions is basic for the comprehension of the beginning of the pathogenesis of AGS. In this thesis we focused in the mechanism of Samhd1 transcription. We have seen that Samhd1 is induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli but neither by anti-inflammatory stimuli nor TNF-a, and that the induction of Samhd1 is through STAT1 pathway. We wanted to know a bit more about Samhd1 induction so we focused on the study of its promoter. We did a construct in a luciferase-reporter vector with 1500bp of Samhd1 promoter, and we saw that this region of the promoter is enough to induce luciferase expression. From this construct, we did new plasmids and when deleting a specific region, the luciferase expression was abolished, indicating that in Samhd1 promoter, 161bp are critical for Samhd1 induction. EMSA assays showed that Samhd1 expression is repressed in basal conditions by an unknown protein, and ChIP assays also showed that IRF1 is involved in Samhd1 induction by IFN-.. We hypothesized that the regulation mechanism is depending in an STAT1-depending pathway, through IRF1, and also in an STAT1-independing pathway, through an unknown mechanism up to date. We checked with proteomics analysis the protein which might be involved in Samhd1 repression but the results were not significant. We also constructed a conditional KO mouse for TREX1, and now we are crossing it with different CRESocs2 expressing strands. Homozygous KO expressing CRElitter, show a similar phenotype to TREX1 total KO. We are in the process to obtain homozygous KO expressing CRELysM, but due to problems with the penetrance of this CRE allele we have some difficulties. All together, the results of this thesis will shed light in the inner operation of AGS.<br>La síndrome d'Aicardi-Goutières (AGS), és una malaltia autoimmunitària recessiva que mimetitza una infecció vírica intrauterina, i la qual és caracteritzada per calcificacions intracranials, atròfia cerebral i augment d'IFN-alfa al líquid cefaloraquidi. L'AGS és una malaltia genètica heterogènia associada amb mutacions al gen que codifica per a l'exonucleasa TREX1, a qualsevol dels gens codificants per a les components de la ribonucleasa RNASE H2, a la fosfohidrolasa SAMHD1, a la deaminasa ADAR1 o al sensor citoplasmàtic MDA5. El coneixement d'aquestes funcions és fonamental per tal d'entendre la patogènesi de l'AGS. En aquesta tesi s'ha aprofundit en el coneixement del mecanisme regulador de la transcripció de Samhd1. Hem vist que Samhd1 es troba expressat en diferents òrgans sense necessitat de cap estímul previ, com el pàncrees, l’intestí prim i els macròfags derivats de moll d’os, i en diferents quantitats en altres òrgans de ratolí. Donada la important afectació que té l’AGS al cervell, també es va analitzar la seva expressió en neurones i cèl·lules de la micròglia. També hem vist que Samhd1 es troba induït en presència de citocines proinflamatòries, però no es troba afectada la seva expressió en presència de citocines antiinflamatòries així com tampoc en presència de TNF-gamma. Utilitzant macròfags derivats de ratolins deficients en STAT1, hem pogut demostrar que l’expressió de Samhd1 per IFN-alfa és a través d’STAT1, ja que la seva expressió es troba completament reprimida en aquestes cèl·lules. Ens vam centrar en la inducció de Samhd1 i per la seva comprensió vam focalitzar en l’estudi del seu promotor. Es van clonar 1500 parells de bases del promotor de Samhd1 en un plasmidi reporter de luciferasa, i es va veure que aquest fragment era suficient per induir l’expressió de luciferasa. A partir d’aquest constructe, es van realitzar llavors noves construccions delecionant cada vegada una regió del promotor. Es va veure que en delecionar una regió específica de 161pb, l’expressió de luciferasa es trobava completament reprimida, indicant que aquesta regió del promotor és crítica per a la inducció de Samhd1. Experiments de retard en gel (EMSA) van mostrar que Samhd1 es troba reprimit en condicions basals per una proteïna que no hem arribat a caracteritzar, i experiments de precipitació de cromatina (ChIP) van mostrar que IRF1 es troba involucrada en la inducció de Samhd1 per IFN-alfa. La nostra hipòtesi doncs, és que l’expressió de Samhd1 té un mecanisme de regulació doble: en condicions basals es troba reprimit i en presència d’IFN-alfa s’indueix una via de senyalització independent d’STAT1 que fa saltar el complex repressor del promotor, i també s’indueix una via de senyalització dependent d’STAT1, que indueix l’expressió d’IRF1 i que activa la transducció de Samhd1. Fins ara no hem caracteritzat la proteïna o complex de proteïnes que reprimeix l’expressió de Samhd1 en condicions basals, però s’està investigant mitjançant anàlisis proteòmics. En aquesta tesi també s’ha fet la construcció d’un ratolí KO condicional per a TREX1. Una vegada aconseguit aquest animal condicional, el qual conté el gen de Trex1 flanquejat per dues dianes LoxP, aquest s’està encreuant amb diferents soques que expressen CRE sota regulació de diferents Socs2 promotors. Els ratolins homozigots KO i que expressen CRE, tenen un fenotip similar al fenotip que mostren els ratolins KO totals de TREX1. Estem en el procés d’obtenció de ratolins homozigots KO i que expressen CRELysM però, donat a problemes amb la penetrància d’aquest al·lel, hem tingut algunes dificultats. Els resultats d’aquesta tesi en conjunt poden ajudar a entendre una mica més el funcionament de l'AGS.
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Roy, André 1963. "Une lecture politique de Star trek /." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61800.
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Hawkey, Kate. "Beginning and becoming : a narrative trek." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.684911.
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In chapter one I present a history and critique of the articles which comprise my PhD looking at each article in turn. There are two main sets of articles included and I set out how one area of interest developed into the next. The work focuses on the theme of mentoring and then history education. Together they represent my concern with a community of.practice within the history teaching profession. In chapter one I explain the contextual history in the development of my ideas and thinking between the articles and demonstrate how together they form a coherent whole. The chapter is presented as a story, something of a personal narrative, placing my own development over the years of my PhD at the centre. The chapter also includes a critical update on the themes raised in the articles along with my ongoing critical reflections. In chapter two I examine the ontology, epistemology and methodology which underpin my PhD articles. Again I present the story of my own introduction to educational research to assist in explaining the approaches adopted. The shift from history graduate and history teacher to researcher in education is examined and the place of story and narrative in educational research is also examined.
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Lyons, Reneé C. "Trips and Treks: Teaching Endangered Species Through Literature." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2367.
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Innamaa, Anni. "Expression and function of the two pore potassium (K2P) channels TREK-1, TREK-2 and TASK-3 in ovarian cancer." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606812.
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Aberrant expression of potassium (K+) channels contributes to cancer cell proliferation and in certain circumstances channel blockade has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation. Two pore potassium (K2P) channels are the most recently identified group of K+ channels. K2P channels have been found to play a role in several cancers including prostate and breast cancer. We investigated the K2P channels TREK-1, TREK-2 and TASK-3, in ovarian cancer and normal ovaries and described the effect of channel blockade on cell proliferation, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Immunofluorescence confirmed expression in the cell lines (n=3) normal ovaries (n=4) and ovarian cancer (n=4). Western blotting quantified channel expression in normal ovaries (n=6) and cancer (n=22). There appeared to be a significant increase in expression of TREK-1 (P=O.0019) and TASK-3 (P=O.0047) in cancer when compared to normal ovaries. Immunohistochemistry further established expression in ovarian cancer (TREK-1 and -2, n=69) and normal ovaries (n=9) and in the TMA (TASK-3 n=230). Increased TASK-3 immunostaining conferred a significant survival advantage (P=O.001). There was a significant (P<O.001) reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis in SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cells with several TREK-1 and TASK-3 modulating agents. We have for the first time described TREK-1, TREK-2 and TASK-3 channels in epithelial ovarian cancer, demonstrated that K2P channel modulation has an effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis in ovarian cancer and shown a significant survival advantage in ovarian cancer patients with increased TASK-3 staining. These results confirm that K2P channels play a role in ovarian cancer prognosis and channel modulation may play a significant role in ovarian carcinogenesis which suggests that these channels should be explored further as new therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer.
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Karlsson, Torbjörn, and Gustav Ekholm. "Genusframställningen i Star Trek - en utopi eller dystopi?" Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-528.
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<p>Titel: Genusframställningen i Star Trek – en utopi eller dystopi</p><p>Författare: Gustav Ekholm och Torbjörn Karlsson</p><p>Handledare: Malin Nilsson</p><p>Examinator: Veronica Stoehrel</p><p>Typ av arbete: C-uppsats i Medie och Kommunikationsvetenskap, 10p HT-06</p><p>Plats: Högskolan i Halmstad</p><p>Syfte: Uppsatsen syfte är att fastställa huruvida åtta olika avsnitt ur tv-serien Star Trek belyser genusfrågor och utmanar avsnitten i så fall de rådande genusdiskurserna.</p><p>Metod: Den här uppsatsen fokuserar på åtta Star Trek avsnitt som producerades mellan 1960-talet och 2000-talet.</p><p> Metoden för analysen är en kritisk diskursanalys med utgång från Norman Fairclougs diskurskritiska modell.</p><p>Resultat: Uppsatsens slutsats är att Star Trek-serierna berör genusfrågor i olika utsträckning beroende på vilket årtal avsnitten är från. Det konstateras också att viktiga genusämnen, likt homosexualitet, tas upp men beroende på olika omständigheter saknas ofta ett djup i framställningen.</p><p>Nyckelord: Star Trek, Gene Roddenberry, science fiction, genus, diskurs, diskursanalys, textanalys, makt, tv-serier, dominansförhållanden.</p>
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Baker, Djoymi Anne. "Broadcast space : TV culture, myth and Star Trek /." Online version, 2005. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/21135.
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Haaren, April. "Power through gender in the star trek future /." Title page and introduction only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arh1119.pdf.
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Laukkanen, Antti. "Volkswagen V-Trek : The Rise of Mental Transportation." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149717.
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I started this project with a mindset that I want to design something for younger generations living in the future megacities. After a while, trying to figure out their urban mobility needs, I came to this conclusion: Already today we have so many different options for urban com- muting as well as several different car sharing services. I couldn’t find a way to create some- thing new. I changed my approach and I started thinking; what is it that they don’t have? I pret- ty soon understood it. They have no nature. By the year 2040, 70% of world’s population is expected to live in urban areas. This, in turn, is diminishing the natural environments around the globe. Needless to say, that people are becoming more and more disconnected from nature. In my research I quoted George Monbiot from The Guardian: “If Children lose contact with nature, they won’t fight for it.” This de- scribes the problem to the core. Coming gen- erations need to know where all that we have comes from. This is why I decided to create a way, people in megacities can connect to nature instantly. Volkswagen V-Trek offers an instant escape to nature from megacities to conservation areas around the world. With an immersive full-body experience, V-Trek engages people with nature, as well as with Volkswagen as a brand. The concept is demonstrated in a visual story. The scenario of the events was created based on predictions and possible events in the future. Most of the time in my process I used for research about VR and other technologies related to the topic. As the physical movement is an important part of the concept, and because I wanted to enhance it on the platform, I spent time trying to figure it out. When things started to get together, I began to shape quick mockups in 3D for development of the form and archi- tecture. Later on in the process, it was easy to transform those mockups into sketch models and for testing in VR. The most important part of the project was the story and scenario, which justifies and ex- plains the whole concept. I started planning the scenario and the details early on which made it easier for me to visualize it in finalization phase. This project also raises a question: What comes next in the field of transportation and mobil- ity? For years’ cars and transportation have remained the same. We move from place A to B, this is what I call: Physical transportation. Right now we are living times of change as autono- mous technology is finally breaking through. However, cars have always been about the driv- ing experience and in autonomous future; trav- eling experience. Because of the changing atti- tudes towards cars amongst youth, cars are not seen as a pleasant experience anymore. Rather as a necessity. Experiences engage users with brands, whether it is a smartphone or a car, and this is what young users appreciate. When Physical transportation is no longer delivering that experience, car brands need to figure out a way to engage the users. This is where Mental Transportation changes the game. Mental Transportation is a term I came up with along the process and as the name suggests, it enables users to travel in their mind. With the idea of mental transportation, I want to chal- lenge everyone to think differently and with an open mind about the future of mobility and transportation.
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Villanueva, Mansilla Eduardo. "Star Trek: de lo transgeneracional al mundo multipolar." La Mirada de Telemo, 2009. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index//handle/123456789/20347.
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En mayo de este año se estrenó Star Trek, la más reciente película que tiene como tema las
aventuras de la ficticia tripulación de la nave estelar Enterprise, situada en un futuro lejano e
improbable pasado el año 2250; ejercicio de revitalización de una narrativa veterana. El éxito fue
tanto en taquilla como en crítica, la que consideró como un logro que tras casi cuarenta y cinco años
de su primera encarnación, se pudiera hacer una película entretenida que replanteaba por completo
un conocido grupo de personajes y situaciones, sin por ello abandonar ni las formas ni el fondo de
lo que hicieron, originalmente, exitosa a la narrativa.
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Stoppe, Sebastian. "Zukunft im Spiel: Utopische Spielwelten bei Star Trek." Springer, 2020. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74214.
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Bei Star Trek mag man zunächst an die Fernsehserien und Kinofilme denken, jedoch nehmen auch Computerspiele einen nicht unerheblichen Raum in diesem Medienfranchise ein. Der Beitrag möchte anhand von drei Fallbeispielen kurz aufzeigen, wie sich das Serienuniversum von Star Trek mit seiner utopischen Idee im Medium Computerspiel fortsetzt und ob und inwiefern ein utopischer Text wie Star Trek in diesem Medium durch den Rezipienten nicht nur passiv-schauend, sondern auch aktiv-handelnd erfahrbar werden kann. Während das Spiel Birth of the Federation ein Globalstrategiespiel in den Stilen von Civilization oder Master of Orion ist, findet sich der Spieler bei Star Trek Voyager Elite Force oder dem Fangame Stage 9 in einer First-Person-Shooter-Perspektive wieder.<br>When speaking of Star Trek, one may first think of the television series and movies, but computer games also occupy a significant space in this media franchise. Using three case studies, this article would like to show briefly how the series universe of Star Trek with its utopian idea is continued in the medium of computer games and whether and to what extent a utopian text like Star Trek can be experienced in this medium by the recipient not only through passive viewing, but also through active action. While the game Birth of the Federation is a global strategy game in the manner of Civilization or Master of Orion, the player finds himself in a first-person shooter perspective in Star Trek Voyager Elite Force or the fangame Stage 9.
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Elgenstierna, Saga. "Shakespeare bland stjärnorna : Litteraturens funktion i Star Trek." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447389.
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The television phenomenon called Star Trek has captured audiences for 55 years since the first episode was aired in 1966. In this essay, I study one aspect which has not been explored in detail before: How Star Trek uses literature in the five completed live action-series: Star Trek: The Original Series, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Enterprise. I explore this through adaptation studies, mainly as described and defined by Linda Hutcheon, and canon theory, as presented by Harold Bloom. In this essay, I answer my questions by watching every episode in the series mentioned above and categorize the ones where literature is present by strong literary reference and weak literary reference. After this, I give examples of how literature can function in different ways in 8 episodes from the series.
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Pereira, Lopes Selma Patrícia. "Trex1 and Nbs1 as Regulators of the Macrophage Inflammatory Response." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/133008.
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Trex1 is an exonuclease that was first identified in mammal cells and due to its role in DNA metabolism was conjectured to have a role in DNA damage repair and cancer. It was unexpected to find that Trex1-/- mice generated a few years later did not present increased cancer incidence but an inflammatory myocarditis that lead to premature death. Furthermore, TREX1 mutations were later associated to a number of different diseases that presented deregulation of the immune system, such as, SLE but also neurological defects in AGS.
Nbs1 is a 95kDa protein and was first identified to it its interaction with Mre11 and Rad50 (MRE11 complex). This complex is important for DSB detection and repair and has been conserved overall the species. The genomic region encoding Nbs1 was previous noted to be mutated in NBS patients. These patients are characterised with immunodeficiency, neural defects and increased cancer incidence.
This Thesis comprises three main parts. The first part characterises Trex1 as promoter and describes its induction upon IFN-γ stimulation. The second part describes how and to what extent the lack of Trex1 in macrophages affects its function upon TLR stimulation and further explains molecular mechanisms behind autoimmunity in the absence of Trex1 function. Finally, the last part, focuses primarily on Nbs1, assesses the importance of a fully functional Nbs1 in macrophage function and on immune response in vivo.
Taking the previous stated into account it can be concluded that Trex1 and Nbs1 are cornerstone proteins of macrophage pro-inflammatory function and although the roles of these proteins in macrophages are different, in essence, they both are indispensably crucial for DNA metabolism. This further suggests that the tight regulation of the amounts of free DNA in macrophages is important in the pro-inflammatory but not in anti-inflammatory response and that both Nbs1 and Trex1 are indispensable for macrophage inflammatory regulation.<br>TREX1 es una exonucleasa que se identificó inicialmente en células de mamífero y debido a su papel en el metabolismo del ADN, se supuso que estaría involucrada en la reparación del daño en el ADN y en el cáncer. Sorprendentemente, cuando años más tarde se generaron los ratones TREX1-/-, éstos no presentaban una mayor incidencia de cáncer, y sin embargo presentan una miocarditis inflamatoria que conlleva la muerte prematura. Posteriormente, las mutaciones de TREX1 en humanos han sido asociadas a diversas enfermedades que presentan en común una desregulación del sistema inmunitario, como puede ser el Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico, pero también a otras que implican afectaciones neurológicas como el AGS.
Nbs1 es una proteína de 95 kDa y fue identificado por primera vez a causa de su interacción con Mre11 y Rad50 (complejo MRE11). Este complejo es esencial para la detección y reparación de las roturas de tipo DSB y se halla presente en toda la escala evolutiva. Nbs1 se encuentra mutado en pacientes que sufren el síndrome de NBS. Estos pacientes padecen inmunodeficiencia, defectos en el sistema nervioso y además tienen incremento de la incidencia de cáncer.
Esta tesis se compone de tres partes donde se caracteriza la función de estas dos proteínas en macrofagos activados de manera pro-inflammatoria.
En la primera parte caracterizamos la región promotora de TREX1 y se describe su inducción tras la estimulación con IFN-γ. La segunda parte describe cómo y en qué medida la falta de TREX1 en macrófagos afecta a su función tras la estimulación de receptores TLR, y además explica los mecanismos moleculares que pueden subyacer en los procesos de autoinmunidad en ausencia de TREX1. Finalmente, la última parte, se centra en Nbs1, donde se analiza la importancia de esta proteína en las funciones de los macrófagos y en la respuesta inmunitaria in vivo.
Los datos en su conjunto concluyen que TREX1 y Nbs1 son proteínas esenciales en la función pro-inflamatoria de los macrófagos y aunque las funciones de estas proteínas en los macrófagos son diferentes, en esencia, ambas son indispensables y cruciales para el metabolismo del ADN. Esto sugiere que la regulación estricta de las cantidades de ADN libre en los macrófagos es importante en su acción pro-inflamatoria, pero no en la respuesta anti- inflamatoria y que tanto Nbs1 como TREX1 son indispensables para la regulación inflamatoria de los macrófagos.
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Lyons, Reneé C. "Trips & Treks: Life Sustaining Expeditions Portrayed in Children’s Nonfiction." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2385.
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Discover the stories of major natural science expeditions, as depicted in award-winning children's non-fiction. Examples include Robert Siebert award winner, Parrots over Puerto Rico, and Orbis Pictus winner, Quest for the Tree Kangaroo. While sharing Common Core correlations and reading promotion activities, participants explore how literature encurages children to care for and consider the natural world of which they are part.
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Wolf, Christine. "Dysregulierte DNA-Schadensantwort als Ursache von Autoinflammation und Autoimmunität bei TREX1-Defizienz." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-203730.
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Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse belegen eine essentielle Rolle der Beseitigung von intrazellulären DNA-Metaboliten aus der DNA-Reparatur für die Aufrechterhaltung von Immuntoleranz. So führt eine unangemessene Akkumulation körpereigener DNA im Zytosol, über die Erkennung durch Nukleinsäuresensoren, zu einer Aktivierung des angeborenen Immunsystems. Dies weist auf einen bisher unbekannten Zusammenhang zwischen DNA-Schäden, der DNA-Schadensantwort und einer Typ 1-IFN-vermittelten Aktivierung des angeborenen Immunsystems bei der Pathogenese von Autoimmunität hin.
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Porter, Chaya. "‘Engaging’ in Gender, Race, Sexuality and (dis)Ability in Science Fiction Television through Star Trek: the Next Generation and Star Trek: Voyager." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24209.
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As Richard Thomas writes, “there is nothing like Star Trek…Of all the universes of science fiction, the Star Trek universe is the most varied and extensive, and by all accounts the series is the most popular science fiction ever” (1). Ever growing (the latest Star Trek film will be released in Spring 2013) and embodied in hundreds of novels and slash fanfiction, decades of television and film, conventions, replicas, toys, and a complete Klingon language Star Trek is nothing short of a cultural phenomenon. As Harrison et al argue in Enterprise Zones: Critical Positions on Star Trek, the economic and cultural link embodied in the production of the Star Trek phenomena “more than anything else, perhaps, makes Star Trek a cultural production worth criticizing” (3). A utopian universe, Star Trek invites its audience to imagine a future of amicable human and alien life, often pictured without the ravages of racism, sexism, capitalism and poverty. However, beyond the pleasure of watching, I would ask what do the representations within Star Trek reveal about our popular culture? In essence, what are the values, meaning and beliefs about gender, race, sexuality and disability being communicated in the text? I will explore the ways that the Star Trek universe simultaneously encourages and discourages us from thinking about race, gender, sexuality and disability and their intersections. In other words, this work will examine the ways that representations of identity are challenged and reinforced by Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Voyager. This work will situate Star Trek specifically within the science fiction genre and explore the importance of its utopian standpoint as a frame for representational politics. Following Inness, (1999), I argue that science fiction is particularly rich textual space to explore ideas of women and gender (104). As Sharona Ben-Tov suggests in The Artificial Paradise: Science Fiction and American Reality (1995) science fiction’s “position at a unique intersection of science and technology, mass media, popular culture, literature, and secular ritual” offers critical insight into social change (ctd. in Inness 104). I extend Inness and Ben-Tov here to assert that the ways in which science fiction’s rich and “synthetic language of metaphor” illustrate and re-envision contemporary gender roles also offers a re-imagination of assumptions regarding race, sexuality and disability (Inness 104).
Extending current scholarship (Roberts 1999, Richards 1997, Gregory 2000, Bernardi 1998, Adare 2005, Greven 2009, Wagner and Lundeen 1998, Relke 2006, and Harrison et all 1996), I intend to break from traditions of dichotomous views of The Next Generation and Voyager as either essentially progressive or conservative. In this sense, I hope to complicate and question simplistic conclusions about Star Trek’s ideological centre. Moreover, as feminist media theorist Mia Consalvo notes, previous analyses of Star Trek have explored how the show constructs and comments on conceptions of gender and race as well as commenting on economic systems and political ideologies (2004). As such, my analysis intends to apply an intersectional approach as well as offer a ‘cripped’ (McRuer 2006) reading of Star Trek in order to provide a deeper understanding of how identities are represented both in science fiction and in popular culture. Both critical approaches – especially the emphasis on disability, sexuality and intersectional identities are largely ignored by past Trek readings. That is to say, while there is critical research on representations in Star Trek (Roberts 1999, Bernardi 1998) much of it is somewhat uni-dimensional in its analysis, focusing exclusively on gender or racialized representation and notably excluding dimensions of sexuality and ability. Moreover, as much of the writing on the Star Trek phenomena has focused on The Original Series (TOS) and The Next Generation this work will bring the same critical analysis to the Voyager series. To perform this research a feminist discourse analysis will be employed. While all seven seasons and 178 episodes of The Next Generation series as well as all seven seasons and 172 episodes of Voyager have been viewed particular episodes will be selected for their illustrative value.
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Grönberg, Anders, and Emanuel Lundberg. "Röda eller blå stjärnor : Politiska budskap i Star Trek." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK. Medie- och kommunikationsforskning, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-14407.
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Denna uppsats undersöker TV-serien Star Treks värderingar ur ett politiskt ideologiskt perspektiv. Star Trek är en amerikansk science fiction-serie som skapades av Gene Roddenberry i mitten av 1960-talet. Frågeställningarna behandlar om det finns politiskt relaterade värderingar framställda i Star Trek, vilken politisk ideologi som mest liknar värderingarna i serien, och om det går att tolka det som om Star Trek har en ideologisk värdegrund. Med hjälp av dagordningsteori, kritisk medieteori och teorier om budskap diskuteras TV-bolagens makt över seriens innehåll. De politiska ideologierna konservatism, liberalism och socialism har valts för att kunna jämföras med analysmaterialet. Sex avsnitt från originalserien analyserades med hjälp av en hermeneutik och kvalitativ metod för att bäst kunna få insikt i materialet. Den faktiska analysen har skett med den narratologiska aktantmodellen samt närläsning baserad på kritisk medieteori, där citat bryts ut och tolkas. Resultaten har delats in i tre kategorier, nämligen ekonomi, människosyn och samhällsstruktur för att underlätta sammanställandet. Undersökningen visar att det finns både positivt och negativt framställda värderingar i Star Trek.Ingen politisk ideologi framställs som denenda rätta, men tendensen är att konservatism är minst propagerat för, medan den demokratiska varianten av socialism verkar förespråkas mest. Att resultatet blev splittrat kan härledas till att medieföretagen har stort inflytande över innehållet och att det är svårt att konsekvent framhäva en politisk ideologi i en TV-serie som Star Trek. Detta till följd av formatet på serierna och att de amerikanska TV-bolagen sätter speciella kommersiella krav på produktionen. Det reflekteras också över att politiska värderingar i ett underhållningmedium kan vara effektiva eftersom de politiska budskapen inte har fokus utan intas indirekt.<br>This thesis examines the values in the TV-series called Star Trek from a political perspective. Star Trek is an American science fiction-series that was created byGene Roddenberry during the mid-1960s. The queries are about whether or not political values are expressed in Star Trek, what political ideology is coherent with those, and if it is possible to interpret this as if Star Trek has an actual politically ideological fundament. Media power over content has been discussed, and because of this there has been made use of critical media theories together with theory of agenda setting and message. The political ideologies of conservatism, liberalism and socialism have been chosen to be compared with the material of analysis.Seven episodes of the original series have been chosen to get a good view of the material by the use of hermeneutic and qualitative research methodology.The analysis was done with the narratological actant model plus a method based on critical media theory, where quotes are being extracted and interpreted. The results have been categorised as either relating to economics, view of mankind or structure of society. The examination shows that there are both positively and negatively described values in Star Trek. No distinct political ideology is being clearly advocated, but there are tendencies for negative views of conservative values aswell as a positive coherence with democratic socialism. The results were difficult to conclude, and this could point towards that the media companies have big influence over their transmitted contents, and that it is difficult to consistently highlight politically ideological values in a television series like Star Trek. This is because the format of TV-series set by american commercial interests puts certain demands on productions. There are reflections about that political values in a medium of entertainment could be effective since the political messages are not in focus but received indirectly.
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Bomark, David. "Den interplanetära rasismen : Star Trek Enterprise möte med världsrymden." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16822.
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Denna studie vill undersöka om koloniala strukturer genomsyrar den senaste i raden av Star Trek-serierna, Enterprise. Med utgångspunkt i äldre forskning om just koloniala strukturer i Star Trek kommer en jämförelse göras om Enterprise först och främst har dessa strukturer och om så är fallet, göra en jämförelse med de andra serierna. Det postkoloniala forskningsfältet tillsammans med ett strukturalistiskt och post-strukturalistiskt tillvägagångssätt som innefattar semiotik och diskursanalys används för att kunna peka på hur de koloniala strukturerna genomsyrar serien. Analysen, som bland annat innefattar besättningens inbördes hierarki, hur andra främmande raser ser ut och vilka egenskaper de har och hur mötet går till med andra kulturer, visar att de koloniala strukturerna fortfarande genomsyrar Star Trek. Enterprise skiljer sig dock från de äldre serierna på ett sådant sätt att det koloniala tar mindre plats, bland annat seriens handling och även hur alla besättningsmedlemmar är med och skapar seriens handling.
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Stoppe, Sebastian. "„Tee, Earl Grey, heiß“: Star Trek und die technisierte Gesellschaft." LIT, 2008. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20899.
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Der Schöpfer der Science-Fiction-Serie Babylon 5 J. Michael Straczynski musste sich in einem Interview die Frage gefallen lassen, warum in seiner Serie die alltägliche Kommunikation noch über Handgeräte abgewickelt würde. Schließlich sei es doch heute allgemein akzeptiert, dass so genannte Kommunikatoren, die an die Brust geheftet werden, die vorherrschende Technologie der Zukunft sein werden. Diese Art von Technik, Kommunikatoren, tauchten zum ersten Mal 1987 in der Fernsehserie Star Trek: The Next Generation auf. In der Tat lösten sie in der Star Trek-Zeitlinie jene Handgeräte ab, die 1966 erstmals von Captain James T. Kirk und seiner Crew in Star Trek: The Original Series verwendet wurden und die eine frappierende Ähnlichkeit mit den kleinen Mobiltelefonen der Gegenwart besitzen.
Diese kleine Anekdote macht deutlich, wie sehr Star Trek im gesellschaftlichen Diskurs mit alltäglich benutzter Technik assoziiert wird und welche mächtige Position diese Science-Fiction-Serie in unserer Populärkultur einnimmt, dass sich sogar andere Science-Fiction-Serien, die in völlig anderen zukünftigen Parallelwelten spielen, nach ihr richten sollen. Ist Star Trek tatsächlich so von Technik dominiert, dass sich andere Serien danach richten sollen? Wie wird die Technisierung der Gesellschaft in Star Trek thematisiert? Welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich daraus? Und auf welche Weise reflektiert das Star Trek-Universum die technische Fortentwicklung der Gegenwart?
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Bernardi, Daniel. "Star trek and history : race-ing toward a white future /." New Brunswick, NJ [u.a.] : Rutgers University Press, 1999. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018615232&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Roche, Christopher James. "Ornaments of the Desert : Springbok Treks in the Cape Colony, 1774-1908." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6040.
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Kemp, John J. "Trek : a real time multi-player game for Xerox networked workstations /." Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10586.
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Musinszki, Marianne [Verfasser]. "Zellfreie Synthese und elektrophysiologische Charakterisierung von TREK K2P Kanälen / Marianne Musinszki." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190086646/34.
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Bay, Katja [Verfasser], and Barbara [Akademischer Betreuer] Korte. "Im Spiegel der Zukunft: Wissenskultur und -ethik in Star Trek: Voyager." Freiburg : Universität, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1119327237/34.
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McKagen, Elizabeth Leigh. "Visions of Possibilities: (De)Constructing Imperial Narratives in Star Trek: Voyager." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99063.
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In this dissertation, I argue that contemporary cultural narratives are infused with ongoing ideologies of Euro-American imperialism that prioritizes Western bodies and ways of engaging with living and nonliving beings. This restriction severely hinders possible responses to the present environmental crisis of the era often called the 'Anthropocene' through constant creation and recreation of imperial power relations and the presumed superiority of Western approaches to living. Taking inspiration from postcolonial theorist Edward Said and theories of cultural studies and empire, I use interdisciplinary methods of narrative analysis to examine threads of imperial ideologies that are (re)told and glorified in popular American science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager (1995-2001). Voyager follows the Star Trek tradition of exploring the far reaches of space to advance human knowledge, and in doing so writes Western imperial practices of difference into an idealized future. In chapters 2 through 5, I explore how the series highlights American exceptionalism, Manifest Destiny, a belief in endless linear progress, and the creation of a safe 'home' space amidst the 'wild' spaces of the Delta Quadrant. Each of these narrative features, as presented, rely on Western difference and superiority that were fundamental to past and present Euro-American imperial encounters and endeavors. Through the recreation of these ideologies of empire, Voyager normalizes, legitimizes, and universalizes imperial approaches to engagement with other lifeforms. In order to move away from this intertwined thread of past/present/future imperialism, in my final chapter I propose alternatives for ecofeminist-inspired narrative approaches that offer possibilities for non-imperial futures. As my analysis will demonstrate, Voyager is unable to provide new worlds free of imperial ideas, but the possibility exists through the loss of their entire world, and their need to constantly make and remake their world(s). World making provides opportunity for endless possibilities, and science fiction television has the potential to aid in bringing non-imperial worlds to life. These stories push beyond individual and anthropocentric attitudes toward life on earth, and although such stories will not likely be the immediate cause of change in this era of precarity, stories can prime us for thinking in non-imperial ways.<br>Doctor of Philosophy<br>In this dissertation, I argue that contemporary cultural narratives feature continuing Euro-American imperialism that prioritizes Western bodies and ideas. These embedded narratives recreate centuries of Western imperial encounters and attitudes, and severely hinder possible responses to the present environmental crisis of the 'modern' era. Taking inspiration from postcolonial theorist Edward Said, I use interdisciplinary methods of narrative analysis to examine threads of imperialism written into popular American science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager (1995-2001). Voyager follows the Star Trek tradition of exploring the far reaches of space to advance human knowledge, and in doing so inscribes Western imperial practices of difference and power into an idealized future through features of exploration, modernity, and progress. In order to move away from these imperial modes of thinking, I then propose alternatives for new narrative approaches that offer possibilities for non-imperial futures. As my analysis will demonstrate, Voyager is unable to provide new worlds free of imperial ideas, but the possibility exists through the loss of their entire world, and their need to constantly make and remake their world(s). World making provides opportunity for endless possibility, and science fiction television has the potential to aid in bringing non-imperial worlds to life. These stories push beyond individual and human centered attitudes toward life on earth, and although such stories will not likely be the immediate cause of change in this era of environmental crisis, stories can prime us for thinking in non-imperial ways.
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Stoppe, Sebastian. "Ein perfekter Ort?: das utopische Element des Raumschiffs bei Star Trek." Meidenbauer, 2011. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20900.
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Ein wesentliches Charakteristikum der klassischen Utopieerzählungen der Renaissance ist, dass sie vor allem Raumutopien darstellen. Die Utopie ist an einem Wunschort angesiedelt, einer Imagination, die sich in zeitlicher Entfernung zum Betrachter befinden kann, die in jedem Fall aber eine beträchtliche räumliche Entfernung aufweist.
Es scheint also eine Art Notwendigkeit zu bestehen, eine ideale Gesellschafts- respektive Staatsform in die topografische Peripherie zu verlegen, weitab von der real existierenden Gesellschaft, innerhalb derer die Utopie entstand. Nur so kann sich das Ideale frei von gegenwärtigen omnipräsenten Einflüssen entfalten, kann ein idealer Gesellschaftsentwurf mit der realen Gesellschaft kontrastieren und sie widerlegen.
Worin kann man bei dieser Charakterisierung des utopischen (Nicht-)Ortes Gemeinsamkeiten mit dem (Nicht-)Ort Raumschiff sehen? Kann ein Raumschiff die Basis einer Utopie darstellen, quasi ein paradigmatisches Anderswo, abgekoppelt von unserer Welt und doch mit ihr geistig verbunden? Insbesondere, wenn es sich hier um das US-amerikanische Franchise Star Trek handelt, das gemeinhin eher unter dem Genre Science-Fiction denn als Utopie behandelt wird? Im Folgenden will ich anhand der Fernsehserie „Star Trek: The Next Generation“ versuchen aufzuzeigen, welche Rolle das Raumschiff als Handlungsort innerhalb der Serie spielt und welche utopische Bedeutung es für die Serie erlangt.
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Stoppe, Sebastian. "Borg, Trills und weibliche Captains: Geschlechterkonzepte und Gender bei Star Trek." Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A38209.
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Über Jahrzehnte hinweg hat Star Trek weltweit einen nicht mehr wegzudenkenden Platz in der Populärkultur gefunden. Millionen von Menschen sind in den über 50 Jahren der Existenz Star Treks mit dem Franchise in der einen oder anderen Form in Berührung gekommen und haben ihrerseits die Rezeption der Serie geprägt.
Man kann Star Trek über die gesamte Entwicklung hinweg als groß angelegte utopische Erzählung auffassen, die mit ihrem Bestehen die politische und soziale Entwicklung auf der Erde gespiegelt und als Ausgangspunkt ihrer Erzählungen genommen hat. Doch wie verhält es sich mit der Behandlung von Genderaspekten in Star Trek? Wenn Star Trek eine zukünftige Idealvorstellung einer Gesellschaft zeigt, müsste dann nicht auch die Gleichbehandlung von Geschlechtern eine zentrale Rolle spielen? Da Star Trek sich über einen derart langen Zeitraum hinweg in der Populärkultur etabliert hat, stellt sich zudem die Frage, ob hier auch der zeitliche Kontext zum jeweiligen Publikum eine Rolle spielt. Dieser Beitrag möchte daher einen Überblick geben, inwiefern Star Trek sich in der Darstellung und dem Umgang mit genderbezogenen Kontexten verhalten und entwickelt hat.
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Van, Heerden Peter. "Trek : hitchhiking on the ox-wagon of destiny : voortrekker, draadtrekker, saamtrekker." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15431.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-64).<br>As a South African artist I am in power to influence some manner of change, through my art, to the structure of national thought and hence national identity. Through my live art installation TOTANDERKUNTUlT, I offered South Africans the opportunity to engage in the cathartic process of resolution and reconciliation through dialogue. The aim of this dialogue is to engender a new method of practice for a non-racialised approach to the development of an integrated cultural identity that South Africans can work towards. I am not proclaiming to have this identity defined. I am positing saamtrekking as a method of practice for an identity that can be practiced by all race, colours and creeds of South Africans. Saamtrekking is a coming together, it is the acknowledged acceptance of some manner of change towards transformation. It requires acknowledgement in order to be practiced, the subject must practice acts of transformative behaviour in order to transform.
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Moreno, Sébastien. "Le récepteur 3 de la neurotensine/Sortiline dans la régulation de l’état dépressif." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4136/document.
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Le trouble dépressif majeur est une pathologie qui atteint 20% de la population et qui représente le premier facteur de morbidité et d’incapacité au niveau mondial. Récemment, le canal potassique TREK-1 est une cible potentielle avérée dans le traitement de la dépression. La délétion de ce canal ou son blocage par un peptide dérivé résultant de la maturation de la sortiline, le propeptide (PE) ou son analogue synthétique la Spadine, résulte en un phénotype de résistance à la dépression. La sortiline est une protéine capable de s’associer à TREK-1 mais également au facteur neurotrophique BDNF important pour la viabilité neuronale et la régulation de l’état dépressif. La sortiline est donc impliquée dans la régulation de l’adressage intracellulaire de TREK-1 et du BDNF. Mes travaux se sont d’abords focalisés sur les conséquences de la délétion du gène codant pour la sortiline (Sort1-/-) sur l’adressage de TREK-1 et du BDNF, et également sur le système neurotensinergique. Les résultats révèlent au niveau cérébral une diminution de l’expression membranaire de TREK-1 et une augmentation de BDNF. L’ensemble de ces modifications conduisent les souris Sort1-/- à développer un phénotype de résistance à la dépression. De plus, ces souris présentent une augmentation de la concentration en neurotensine cérébrale ainsi que de son récepteur 2, ce qui entraine une résistance à la douleur. Par la suite, nous avons montré une diminution de la concentration sérique du PE chez les personnes dépressives, un niveau restauré après traitement avec des antidépresseurs. En conclusion, la sortiline joue un rôle prépondérant dans la régulation du trouble dépressif et aussi dans la nociception<br>Major depressive disorder is a condition that affects 20% of the population and is the leading cause of morbidity and disability worldwide. Recently, the TREK-1 potassium channel has been shown to be a potential target in the treatment of depression. The deletion of this channel or its blocking by a derived peptide resulting from the maturation of Sortilin, propeptide (PE), or its synthetic analogue Spadin, results in a phenotype of resistance to depression in mice. Sortilin is a protein able to bind with TREK-1 but also with the neurotrophic factor BDNF, an important factor for neuronal viability and depressive state regulation. Sortilin is therefore involved in regulating the intracellular addressing of TREK-1 and BDNF. Initially, my work focused on the consequences of the deletion of the Sortilin gene (sort1-/-) on the TREK-1 and BDNF addressing, and the neurotensinergic system. The results showed a decrease in TREK-1 membrane expression at the cerebral level and an increase in BDNF. All of these changes lead the Sort1-/- mice to develop a phenotype of resistance to depression. In addition, these mice show an increase in brain neurotensin concentration and its receptor 2, leading to increased resistance to pain perception. In a second phase, I was interested in whether PE, a potential antidepressant, showed serum variations in depressed patients and could be an indicator of depressive syndrome. We showed that the serum PE level is significantly reduced in depressed people, a level restored after treatment with antidepressants. In conclusion, Sortilin plays a major key in the regulation of depressive disorder and also in nociception
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Yuan, Fenghua, Tanmay Dutta, Ling Wang, et al. "Human DNA Exonuclease TREX1 Is Also an Exoribonuclease That Acts on Single-stranded RNA." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6537.
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3′ repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is a known DNA exonuclease involved in autoimmune disorders and the antiviral response. In this work, we show that TREX1 is also a RNA exonuclease. Purified TREX1 displays robust exoribonuclease activity that degrades single-stranded, but not double-stranded, RNA. TREX1-D200N, an Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome disease-causing mutant, is defective in degrading RNA. TREX1 activity is strongly inhibited by a stretch of pyrimidine residues as is a bacterial homolog, RNase T. Kinetic measurements indicate that the apparent Km of TREX1 for RNA is higher than that for DNA. Like RNase T, human TREX1 is active in degrading native tRNA substrates. Previously reported TREX1 crystal structures have revealed that the substrate binding sites are open enough to accommodate the extra hydroxyl group in RNA, further supporting our conclusion that TREX1 acts on RNA. These findings indicate that its RNase activity needs to be taken into account when evaluating the physiological role of TREX1.
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Merzbach, Sven. "Voortrekking Utopia geistesgeschichtliche Bezüge, soziokulturelle Phänomene, pädagogische Aspekte der Fernsehserie STAR TREK /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=975169203.
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McClenaghan, Conor. "Investigations into the structure, function and pharmacology of TREK K2P potassium channels." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a4c57ac0-7710-40ba-bd07-77c8bd6bd831.
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TREK channels are polymodal potassium channels which act as integrators of diverse chemical and physical stimuli to dynamically control the cellular membrane potential. How the channels sense different stimuli, and how this is transduced to channel gating is not fully understood. Here I report the results of electrophysiological investigations into the structure-function relationship and pharmacology of TREK channels. Firstly, the mechanism of action of plant derived alkylamides at TREK-1 was found to be complex and assay-context dependent. Subsequent studies of TREK-2, guided by recent X-ray crystal structures, provide novel insights into the mechanisms of gating in mechano-, temperature-, arachidonic acid- and pH-modulation. Studying the effect of these different gating stimuli, and the effects of different gating mutations on the potency of state-dependent inhibitors reveals the existence of multiple, distinct open conformations. The results of these studies are consolidated into a structural model for polymodal gating in TREK channels.
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Belk, Fred Richard. "The great trek of the Russian mennonites to Central Asia, 1880-1884 /." Eugene (Or.) : Wipf and Stock publ, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39075227v.
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Rodrigues, Nuno. "Recherche et évaluation d'antalgiques originaux : les activateurs des canaux potassiques TREK-1." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF22181.
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Les antalgiques utilisés aujourd’hui sont des produits anciens et plusieurs d’entre eux datent du 19ème siècle. La morphine demeure l’antalgique de référence pour les douleurs dites par excès de nociception, mais elle est à l’origine d’effets indésirables gênants et graves. Il a été démontré que l’effet antalgique de la morphine passait par l’activation des canaux potassiques TREK-1. Les travaux de recherche ont donc comme objectif la recherche d’antalgiques originaux activateurs de TREK-1. Nous avons synthétisé des activateurs de TREK-1 décrits dans la littérature puis nous avons évalué leur activité antalgique in vivo (writhing test) ce qui nous a permis d’identifier le CDC comme molécule « lead ». Nous avons ensuite synthétisé 43 analogues du CDC que nous avons évalué pour leur effet antalgique ainsi que leur capacité à activer les canaux TREK-1 (électrophysiologie). Ces molécules ont été préparées en 3 à 12 étapes avec des rendements de 3 à 72 % en utilisant des réactions telles que : aldolisation, oléfination de Watsworth et Horner, Peterson, estérification …Des résultats très prometteurs ont émergé de cette étude de relation structure-activité avec 8 molécules qui se démarquent avec un très bon effet antalgique (>50% inhibition de la douleur) ainsi qu’une bonne activation des canaux TREK-1 (R>2). Enfin nous avons analysé les résultats de cette étude par modélisation moléculaire (QSAR) ce qui nous a permis d’identifier les caractéristiques structurales essentielles de ces molécules<br>Analgesics used today are old products and several of them date from the 19th century. Morphine remains the analgesics of reference for pains called by excess of nociception, but it is at the origin of awkward and serious side effects. It was shown that the analgesic effect of morphine passed by the activation of potassium channels TREK-1. The objective of this work is thus to develop original analgesics, activators of TREK-1. We synthesized activators of TREK-1 described in the literature and we evaluated their analgesic activity in vivo (writhing test) which enabled us to identify CDC as a lead molecule. We then synthesized 43 analogues of CDC which we evaluated for their analgesic effect and their ability to activate TREK-1 channels (electrophysiology). These molecules were prepared in 3 to 12 steps with yields ranging from 3 to 72 % by using reactions such as : aldol reaction, Watsworth and Horner’s olefination, Peterson’s olefination, esterification … Very promising results emerged from this structure-activity relationship study with 8 molecules which display a very good analgesic effect (>50% inhibition of pain) as well as a good activation of TREK-1 channels (R> 2). Finally we analyzed the results of this study by molecular modeling (QSAR) which enabled us to identify the essential structural characteristics of these molecules
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Hivelin, Céline. "Étude des mécanismes de libération du propeptide de la sortiline et de ses effets sur l’homéostasie glucidique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4109/document.
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En France, l’obésité touche 15% de la population et est en perpétuelle augmentation. Elle est une cause majeure du diabète de type 2. Elle se traduit par un accroissement du nombre de cellules de stockage du gras (adipocytes) et une résistance périphérique à l’insuline. Chez des individus obèses, l’augmentation du nombre d’adipocytes est associée à une diminution de l’expression de la sortiline, protéine transmembranaire dont le clivage entraine la formation du propeptide (PE) et sa libération dans la circulation sanguine. L’analogue synthétique du PE, la spadine, est connu pour moduler l’activité du canal potassique TREK-1. Ce canal étant exprimé dans la cellule bêta pancréatique qui sécrète l’insuline, une hormone participant à la régulation du taux de glucose dans le sang, il est possible que la spadine joue un rôle dans l’homéostasie du glucose. Mes résultats confirment cette hypothèse. En effet, la spadine améliore la tolérance au glucose des souris, en favorisant la libération d’insuline. La spadine est également connue pour interagir avec sortiline, indispensable au trafic du transporteur de glucose Glut4 vers la membrane des adipocytes. Cette interaction spadine-sortiline suggère que la spadine pourrait moduler l’entrée du glucose dans les adipocytes via la sortiline. Mes résultats montrent que la spadine ne modifie pas les capacités de stockage du glucose des adipocytes. En conclusion, la spadine joue un rôle dans la sécrétion de l’insuline et dans la régulation de la glycémie, ce qui peut présenter un intérêt pharmaceutique<br>In France, approximately 15% of the population is obese and this number keeps rising up every year. Obesity is a major cause of diabetes, inducing an increase of the number of fat-filled cells, called the adipocytes, and a peripheral insulin resistance. This increase of the number of adipocytes is associated with a decrease of sortilin expression, a transmembrane protein which is involved in the release of a propeptide (PE) in the blood circulation. Spadin, a synthetic PE analog, is known to modulate the potassium TREK-1 channel activity. Since, this channel is expressed in pancreatic beta cells which secrete insulin, a hormone involved in blood glucose regulation, spadin may play a role in glucose homeostasis. Consistent with this hypothesis, spadin improves glucose tolerance in mice, by stimulating insulin release. Spadin is a natural peptide derived from sortilin, which is known to control the glucose transporter Glut4 trafficking to the plasma membrane of adipocytes. This suggests that spadin may regulate glucose storage in adipocytes by affecting the sortilin function. However, my results show that spadin has no effect on glucose storage. In summary, spadin is involved in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis and may be an alternative treatment against obesity and diabetes
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Recht, Marcus. "Homo artificialis eine Androiden & Cyborg Analyse mit dem Fokus auf Star Trek." Saarbrücken VDM, Müller, 2002. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2870182&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Houllou, Jean Raphael Zimmermann. "A multidão nos seriados Star Trek e Heroes: dissensos do imperialismo ao império." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNISUL, 2016. http://www.riuni.unisul.br/handle/12345/2063.
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This thesis aims a critical reading of two American series also aired in Brazil: Star Trek and Heroes. The survey proposes to observe dissensus from the multitude present on both TV series. The multitude (HARDT; NEGRI, 2000) is a social force capable of challenging the sovereign power and to establish new forms of social organization, their presence may present dissensus (RANCIÈRE, 2010), new elements to what is conventionally considered and sense, the sensitive system already established. This movement is associated with materialistic conception of history that suggests seeking tensions against the dominant social order (BENJAMIN, 1987). The Star Trek series debuted in 1966 and its last episode was broadcast in 1969. The series was produced by Desilu Productions and broadcast by NBC, and your transmission took place at a time when American foreign policy has to tend less to an imperialist activity than to a policing action to a supranational order service. The hypothesis is that his narrative shows the will of the multitude to prevent the exercise of the former European sovereignty and to overcome the nationalist struggles. The Heroes series was produced in partnership by Tailwind Productions, NBC, Universal Television and Universal Media Studios. Four seasons were exhibited from 2006 to 2009. The series covers the history of characters who, because of genetic mutations, discover powers that make them special. Although they appear in different parts of the world, there is some force that, in many ways, remains interconnection between the characters. The hypothesis is that the special abilities of Heroes characters may be attached to faculties of the multitude able to oppose the order of global capitalism. The overall objective of this research is, as stated initially, to look for dissensus from multitude inside the series. It is possible to see that these cultural objects do not carry a single system of presentation attached to commercial logic, but let see, within their respective contexts of production, transformative capacities against the established order. It can be said that the tensions in the series denote trouble for tradition defended by the dominator, presenting challenging ways to read the story doing justice to the dominated.<br>Submitted by Carolini da Rocha (carolini.rocha@unisul.br) on 2017-05-09T12:50:52Z
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Previous issue date: 2016<br>A presente tese pretende uma leitura crítica de dois seriados norte-americanos, também veiculados no Brasil: Star Trek e Heroes. O exame propõe observar dissensos da multidão presentes em ambos os seriados de TV. A multidão (HARDT; NEGRI, 2000) é como uma força social capaz de desafiar o poder soberano e instituir novas formas de organização social; sua presença pode apresentar dissensos (RANCIÈRE, 2010), ou seja, novos elementos para aquilo que convencionalmente é considerado e sentido, o regime do sensível já estabelecido. Esse movimento se associa a concepção de história materialista que sugere a procura de tensões contra a ordem social dominante (BENJAMIN, 1987). O seriado Star Trek estreou em 1966 e seu último episódio foi transmitido em 1969. A série foi produzida pela Desilu Productions e exibida pela NBC, e sua transmissão se deu num momento em que a política externa americana passou a tender menos para uma atividade imperialista do que para uma ação de policiamento a serviço de uma ordem supranacional. A hipótese é a de que sua narrativa apresenta a vontade da multidão em impedir o exercício da antiga soberania europeia e em superar as lutas nacionalistas. O seriado Heroes foi produzido em parceria pela Tailwind Productions, NBC,Universal Television e Universal Media Studios. Foram exibidas quatro temporadas de 2006 a 2009. A série aborda a história de personagens que, em razão de mutações genéticas, se descobrem portadores de poderes que os tornam especiais. Embora apareçam em diferentes partes do mundo, existe alguma força que, de variadas formas, mantém os personagens interconectados. A hipótese em Heroes é a de que as habilidades especiais dos personagens podem ser associadas às faculdades da multidão capazes de se opor à ordem do capitalismo global. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa consiste, como afirmado inicialmente, em averiguar dissensos da multidão dentro dos seriados. É possível observar que estes objetos da cultura não carregam um regime único de apresentação ligado à lógica mercantil, mas permitem constatar, dentro de seus respectivos contextos de produção, capacidades transformadoras contra a ordem constituída. Pode-se afirmar que as tensões observadas nos seriados denotam problemas para a tradição defendida pelo dominador apresentando formas desafiadoras à leitura da história e fazendo justiça aos dominados.
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Stoppe, Sebastian. "Getting Immersed in Star Trek: Storytelling Between “True” and “False” on the Holodeck." Science Fiction Research Association, 2016. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20883.
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The holodeck in Star Trek is a device that creates a virtual, fictional reality that is virtually indistinguishable from actual reality. The user experiences an extremely high degree of immersion. The article explains what consequences arise when the boundaries between reality and fiction become blurred and the user can no longer distinguish between the two worlds.
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Vivier, Delphine. "Vers de nouveaux antalgiques : optimisation de molécules activatrices des canaux potassiques TREK-1." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22518/document.
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La morphine demeure l'antalgique de référence pour le traitement de la douleur (nociception), mais elle est également responsable d‘effets secondaires importants. Des études ont montré que les animaux privés de canaux potassiques TREK-1 (TWIK-related K+channels) étaient plus sensibles à la douleur. Plus récemment, il a été démontré que le canal potassique TREK-1 joue un rôle crucial dans l'analgésie induite par la morphine chez les souris, alors qu'il n'est pas impliqué dans les effets secondaires (constipation, dépression respiratoire et dépendance). Ces résultats suggèrent que les canaux TREK-1 constituent des cibles d‘intérêt pour la conception de nouveaux antalgiques sans effets indésirables liés aux opioïdes. Des études antérieures au sein de notre laboratoire ont permis l'identification de quatre structures chefs de file, activatrices des canaux TREK-1, présentant une activité antalgique in vivo. La structure 3D du canal TREK-1 n‘étant pas élucidée au moment de nos travaux, nous avons décidé d'effectuer une optimisation basée sur une étude de relation structure-activité (RSA). Trente-six analogues ont été synthétisés par condensation de Knoevenagel et évalués pour leur effet antalgique (test de l‘acide acétique, test de la plaque chaude) et leur capacité à activer le canal TREK-1 (électrophysiologie). La capacité des substituants du noyau aromatique à établir des interactions de type liaison hydrogène ainsi que le volume de ces substituants ont une influence déterminante sur l'activité. Des résultats prometteurs ont émergé de cette étude RSA: 5 molécules présentent une très bonne activité antalgique (> 50% d'inhibition de la douleur, test de la plaque chaude) ainsi que d'une bonne activation de TREK-1 canaux (R ≥ 2 à 10 μM ou R ≥ 4 au-dessus de 20 μM)<br>Morphine remains the analgesic of reference for the treatment of pain (nociception), but it is also responsible for serious adverse effects. Research studies have shown that animals deprived of potassium channels TREK-1 (TWIK-related K+ channels) were over-sensitive to pain. More recently, it has been demonstrated that the TREK-1 potassium channel is a crucial contributor of morphine-induced analgesia in mice, while it is not involved in morphine-induced constipation, respiratory depression and dependence. These results suggest that the TREK-1 channels constitute targets of interest for the design of novel analgesics without opioid-like adverse effects. Previous studies within our consortium led to the identification of four lead structures as TREK-1 activators exhibiting analgesic activity in vivo.Since the 3D structure of TREK-1 was not available at the time, we decided to perform hit optimization by conventional structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Thirty six analogs were synthesized via Knoevenagel condensation and evaluated for their analgesic effect (writhing test, hot plate assay) and their ability to activate TREK-1 channel (electrophysiology). It turned out that the possibility to form hydrogen bonding interaction (aryl moiety) and the volume of substituents of the amide or ester has a crucial influence on activity. Promising results emerged from this SAR study: 5 molecules display a very good analgesic activity (> 50% inhibition of pain, hot plate assay) as well as a good activation of TREK-1 channels (R ≥ 2 at 10μM or R ≥ 4 above 20μM)
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Pulliainen, M. (Mikael). "The character of Data and his humanity in Star Trek: The Next Generation." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201811103021.
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This study will aim to analyze the character Data, an android, in the television series Star Trek: The Next Generation. More specifically, this study will focus on Data’s humanity and sentience in the episode “The Measure of a Man”. Is Data sentient? Is he just a machine? Does he resemble humans based on his actions and interaction with the other characters? The methodology applied in this study is functional semiotic approach. I discovered that while Data is a machine and an artificial lifeform, he has many human-like characteristics and he learns them by observing humans and their actions, as well as manners and traditions.
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Günther, Claudia, Michael Meurer, Annette Stein, Antje Viehweg, and Min-Ae Lee-Kirsch. "Familial Chilblain Lupus – A Monogenic Form of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus due to a Heterozygous Mutation in TREX1." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-135462.
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Chilblain lupus erythematosus is a rare form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus characterized by bluish red infiltrates in acral locations of the body mostly affecting middle-aged women. We recently described a familial form of chilblain lupus manifesting in early childhood caused by a heterozygous mutation in the TREX1 gene, which encodes a 3′-5′ DNA exonuclease. Thus, familial chilblain lupus represents the first monogenic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Here we describe the unusual clinical course of this newly defined genodermatosis in an 18-year-old female member of the family in which familial chilblain lupus was originally described<br>Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich
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Chen, Ming-Jiu. "Functional study to determine the role of TREX2 and TREX1 in maintaining genome integrity : a dissertation /." San Antonio : UTHSC, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251820381&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=70986&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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O'Kane, Neil D. "TREK-1 investigation of a physiological role and identification of novel binding partner proteins /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1472969.
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Ricks, McKenzie. "The measureable religious influence of participation in the Pioneer Trek Reenactment on young adults." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1528032.
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<p> This study examined the measurable religious influence of participating in the Pioneer Trek Reenactment as an adolescent on young adults. A sample of 73 former Pioneer Trek Reenactment participants were surveyed. Both males and females were surveyed, and all respondents were between the ages of 18 and 35.</p><p> The results of this study may bring understanding to the impact of historical reenactment activities, such as the Pioneer Trek Reenactment, on their participants. The study showed how the participants' perception of the Pioneer Trek Reenactment from a religious, recreational, and physical perspective correlated with their current religious activity. This information would be helpful to those who plan and direct outdoor recreation activities, giving insight into how these activities can have a lasting positive impact on youth. The results of this study may help recreation professionals, teachers, and religious leaders build meaningful and effective curriculum for similar experiential learning activities. </p><p> <i>Keywords:</i> Pioneer Trek Reenactment, young adults, religion, recreation</p>
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Simkin, Dina. "Genetic variations of TREK-2, Nav1. 4 and Kir2. 1 channels and associated disorders." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4056.
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Les canaux ioniques présents à la surface ou à l’intérieur des cellules sont responsables de plusieurs processus biologiques, de l’excitation et la signalisation à la sécrétion et l’absorption. Parmi tous les canaux ioniques, les canaux potassium (K+) sont les plus abondants, jouant un rôle important dans le maintien de la repolarisation cellulaire et dans la durée du potentiel d’action. Dans le génome humain, environ 80 gènes codent pour des sous-unités de canaux K+ rendant compte d’une grande diversité de cette classe de canaux. Les gènes codant pour les canaux Na+ et K+ sont porteurs de mutations naturelles associées à des pathologies comme les myotonies, les paralysies périodiques, le syndrome d’Andersen, et le syndrome des QT longs. Dans cette thèse, trois types de canaux ont été étudiés : le canal TREK-2, canal de fond, le Nav1. 4 du muscle squelettique associé à plusieurs pathologies musculaires, et le canal K+ à rectification entrante Kir2. 1 associé au syndrome d’Andersen. L’objectif global de cette thèse est l’étude du rôle physiologique des canaux K+ et Na+ ainsi que l’impact des modifications structurales (dues à la formation des différents isoformes mutants) sur la fonction cellulaire et les états pathologiques. Cette étude commence par l’analyse de la synthèse des canaux TREK-2 montrant que l’initiation alternative de la traduction est responsable de la production d’isoformes TREK-2 avec différents phénotypes de conductances unitaires. Ensuite, nous avons déterminé, à travers la caractérisation électrophysiologique d’une mutation du canal Nav1. 4, qu’une activité anormalement élevée de ce canal était à l’origine du phénotype clinique observé. A la fin de la thèse, nous avons évalué le rôle des canaux Kir2. 1 dans la physiopathologie du muscle squelettique à travers des mutations associées au syndrome d’Andersen<br>Ion channels present in the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles of all cells underlie a broad range of biological processes, from excitation and signaling to secretion and absorption. Among the ion channels, potassium channels are the most abundant, playing an important role in maintaining cellular repolarization and the action potential duration whereas sodium channels are responsible for the generation of the action potential. In excess of 80 genes in the human genome encode pore-forming K+ channel subunits making them the most diverse of all ion channels. Genes coding K+ and Na+ channels are subject to spontaneous mutations and are associated with disorders like myotonia, periodic paralysis, Andersen’s syndrome and long QT syndrome. In the present thesis three types of channels were investigated : the TREK-2 channel which is a background leak K+ channel, the Nav1. 4 skeletal muscle sodium channel associated with Andersen’s syndrome. The overall goal of the work in this thesis is to study the physiological role of K+ and Na+ channels and also the impact of structural modifications (due to mutation or different isoform formation) on cellular function and in pathological states. The dissertation research commences with the analysis of TREK-2 channels synthesis showing that alternative translation initiation is responsible for producing TREK-2 isoforms with different single channel conductance phenotypes. Further, through electrophysiological characterization of a novel Nav1. 4 mutation, it was determined that this mutation results in severe neonatal episodic laryngospasm by producing an overactive sodium channel. This thesis concludes with evaluation of KIR2. 1 channels in skeletal muscle with regards to periodic paralysis pathophysiology in Andersen’s syndrome using KIR2. 1 channel mutations associated with this disorder