Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Unanimus (The Latin word)”

<p> This thesis investigates word order change in infinitival clauses from Object-Verb (OV) to Verb-Object (VO) in the history of Latin and Old French. By applying a variationist approach, I examine a synchronic word order variation in each stage of language change, from which I infer the character, periodization and constraints of diachronic variation. I also show that in discourse-configurational languages, such as Latin and Early Old French, it is possible to identify pragmatically neutral contexts by using information structure annotation. I further argue that by mapping pragmatic categories into a syntactic structure, we can detect how word order change unfolds. For this investigation, the data are extracted from annotated corpora spanning several centuries of Latin and Old French and from additional resources created by using computational linguistic methods. The data are then further codified for various pragmatic, semantic, syntactic and sociolinguistic factors. This study also evaluates previous factors proposed to account for word order alternation and change. I show how information structure and syntactic constraints change over time and propose a method that allows researchers to differentiate a stable word order alternation from alternation indicating a change. Finally, I present a three-stage probabilistic model of word order change, which also conforms to traditional language change patterns.</p>

This thesis deals with the role of the concept of virtus in Roman historiography of the late Republic and early Empire. I shall argue throughout the study that analysing and tracing this concept in the works of the historians of this period take us to the very heart of the question of their appraisal both of political change and Roman identity. Understanding this moral appraisal does not mean just a better comprehension of their concept of virtus, but a new approach to their concept of history as magistra vitae. In the first chapter, I shall introduce some characteristics of the nature of historical writing and the approaches of ancient and modern historians. I shall be challenging some currents views on the complexity of evaluating ancient history by rhetorical and moral standards. In chapter II, I shall consider the concept of virtus in terms of its etymology and usage; I will then attempt to show the particular connection between virtus and Romanness. I will also develop and explain the concepts of virilis-virtus and humana-virtus and place them in their philosophical context. Chapters III, IV, V and VI will form part of what I have called 'Virtus in History', and in these chapters I shall deal with four historians. The first section is dedicated to Sallust and his analysis of political decline in relation to virtus. I shall attempt to assess Sallust's influential creation of moral language in the writing of history. Then, I will consider the connection of virtus as a means to preserve libertas in Livy's work, especially considering the author's time. Chapter V is concerned with Velleius' history and his view that the principate has re-established virtus in Rome. I shall concentrate on Tiberius for my analysis of virtus and challenge some traditional approaches to this author and his prince. Finally, in chapter VI, I will examine Tacitus' perception of the nature of the political change that Rome has undergone. I will show how the transformations in politics have a deep influence on the very idea of Romanness and how the disturbance of this concept leads to a more profound and internal interpretation of it.

In this project, instruction in Latin and Greek-based prefixes, suffixes, and root words was implemented to determine its effects on sixth-grade students' understanding and long-term memory of life science vocabulary, their ability to predict the meaning of new vocabulary, and their attitudes and motivation regarding learning vocabulary, as well as my teaching and attitudes to teaching. Latin and Greek morphemes were taught, recorded, and used in prediction and learning exercises. Pre and postunit and delayed assessments and concept interviews, pre and posttreatment surveys, my observations and journaling, peer observations, and a self-evaluation were analyzed. Results regarding student understanding and long-term memory were inconclusive. The data showed that students' ability to predict new vocabulary meanings improved. Students' attitudes and motivation were not affected and my attitudes were at first positive, but later declined.

Raw text data online has increased the need for designing artificial systems capable of processing raw data efficiently and at a low cost in the field of natural language processing (NLP). A well-developed morphological analysis is an important cornerstone of NLP, in particular when word look-up is an important stage of processing. Morphological analysis has many advantages, including reducing the number of word forms to be stored computationally, as well as being cost-efficient and time-efficient. NLP is relevant in the field of medicine, especially in automatic text analysis, which is a relatively young field in Swedish medical texts. Much of the stored information is highly unstructured and disorganized. Using raw corpora, this paper aims to contribute to automatic morphological segmentation by experimenting with state-of-art-tools for unsupervised and semi-supervised word segmentation of Swedish words in medical texts. The results show that a reasonable segmentation is more dependent on a high number of word types, rather than a special type of corpora. The results also show that semi-supervised word segmentation in the form of annotated training data greatly increases the performance.<br>Rå textdata online har ökat behovet för artificiella system som klarar av att processa rå data effektivt och till en låg kostnad inom språkteknologi (NLP). En välutvecklad morfologisk analys är en viktig hörnsten inom NLP, speciellt när ordprocessning är ett viktigt steg. Morfologisk analys har många fördelar, bland annat reducerar den antalet ordformer som ska lagras teknologiskt, samt så är det kostnadseffektivt och tidseffektivt. NLP är av relevans för det medicinska ämnet, speciellt inom textanalys som är ett relativt ungt område inom svenska medicinska texter. Mycket av den lagrade informationen är väldigt ostrukturerat och oorganiserat. Genom att använda råa korpusar ämnar denna uppsats att bidra till automatisk morfologisk segmentering genom att experimentera med de för närvarande bästa verktygen för oövervakad och semi-övervakad ordsegmentering av svenska ord i medicinska texter. Resultaten visar att en acceptabel segmentering beror mer på ett högt antal ordtyper, och inte en speciell sorts korpus. Resultaten visar också att semi-övervakad ordsegmentering, dvs. annoterad träningsdata, ökar prestandan markant.

L'étude de la création lexicale en latin détermine la fréquence de certaines formations, leur productivité et leur emploi, selon des périodes, des genres ou des auteurs donnés. L’analyse morphologique des néologismes poétiques rend compte des capacités du latin à innover lexicalement en puisant dans ses fonds propres. Notre présente étude s’intéresse au phénomène de la composition nominale, dont la variété des combinaisons possibles, les commodités lexicales et métriques demeurent un élément déterminant dans le renouvellement du vocabulaire poétique latin, répondant aux soucis de varietas et d’originalité des poetae fabricatores. Afin de comprendre les influences lexicales des veteres poetae sur les poètes postérieurs, cette étude part de la poésie cicéronienne (Catulle, Lucrèce et Cicéron) pour s’étendre à la période augustéenne (Virgile, Horace, Properce, Tibulle et Ovide), la plus fertile en composés nouveaux, puis à la julio-claudienne (Sénèque, Perse et Lucain) et enfin à la flavienne (Silius Italicus, Valérius Flaccus, Stace, Martial et Juvénal) en s’autorisant une comparaison avec le latin tardif. La très faible fréquence d’attestation des lexèmes poétiques, dont une grande partie constitue des hapax legomena, permet de considérer ces termes comme des créations poétiques. Ces composés nouveaux contribuent à une poïetique du sens en intensifiant le discours et en créant une enargeia propre à mettre en évidence une pensée unique. Il convient dès lors de souligner l’intérêt stylistique et sémantique que ces néologismes revêtent par la simplicité de leur formation, de leur statut de mots « possibles » et enfin de leur adaptation aux différents mètres latins, et en particulier l’hexamètre dactylique<br>The study of lexical creation in Latin determines the frequency of certain formations, their productivity and their use according to given periods, types or authors. The morphological analysis of poetic neologisms shows the lexical innovative quality of Latin and its ability to feed on itself. Our study focuses on the phenomenon of compounding whose variety of possible combinations and adaptability to lexis and metrics remain crucial factors in the renewal of the Latin poetic vocabulary, thus answering the poetae fabricatores’s concerns about varietas and originality. In order to understand the lexical influences of the veteres poetae on the following poets, this study on lexical creation by nominal compounding starts from the Ciceronian period (Catullus, Lucretius and Cicero) to the Augustan Age (Virgil, Horace, Propertius, Tibullus and Ovid) – when the widest range of new compounds was created – to the Julio-Claudian period (Seneca, Persius and Lucan) to the Flavian Age (Silius Italicus, Valerius Flaccus, Statius, Martial and Juvenal), with a comparison with Late Latin. The very low frequency of the occurrences of poetic words, many of which are hapax legomena, makes it possible to regard these terms as poetic creations. These new compounds contribute to a poietic of the meaning by intensifying the speech and by creating an enargeia that reveals a single thought. We can therefore stress the stylistic and semantic interests of these neologisms due to the simplicity of their formation, their status of “possible” words and eventually their adaptation to the various Latin meters, especially the dactylic hexameter

This dissertation offers two essays on the engendering and the consequences of employee brand behavior. The first essay addresses the impact of employee brand behavior on customer experience in the retail environment. Retailers, with some exceptions, paid relatively little attention to the role that employees play in the experience they provide to their customers. While there seems to be a general consensus regarding both the importance of customer experience and the role of employees in delivering it, there has been no study attempting to measure the impact front-line employees have on the overall customer experience process from the consumer point-of-view. In essay two the antecedents that make up the customer experience construct are explored through the usage of a previously tested model with the addition of two new components: the employee in-role brand-building behavior construct and the expansion of the word-of-mouth construct to include social media word-of-mouth. The second essay complements essay one by focusing on the importance of employee branding behavior and examining its two variants: in-role and extra-role brand-building behavior. Both behaviors are engendered within the firm but companies are still struggling to differentiate between the two. The distinction between the two types is important because when developed correctly these behaviors can help companies build a competitive advantage. Since the differentiation gap between companies nowadays continues to shrink, companies must strive to develop a unique competitive advantage that cannot be easily copied by their rivals. The tailoring of such a specific set of brand oriented behaviors to be performed by employees is one potential solution to this challenge. By directing the behavior of employees that come into direct contact with customers, a firm has a unique opportunity to align all its branding promotional initiatives with those of its representatives in the front lines resulting in a more consistent customer experience.

La Bible anglo-normande est une traduction de la Bible du latin vers l’anglo-normand. Cette traduction est disponible dans deux manuscrits médiévaux du XIVe siècle (manuscrit de Paris et manuscrit de Londres). La thèse propose l’édition critique du livre de l’Exode en utilisant le manuscrit de Londres comme manuscrit principal et celui de Paris comme varia. La thèse est composée d’une introduction générale qui présente les manuscrits, suivie d’une présentation linguistique qui présente les aspects linguistiques propres à la langue anglo-normande d’un point de vue morphologique, morphosyntaxique et syntaxique. Ensuite, les principes d’édition présentent la méthodologie suivie pour l’édition des deux manuscrits, ainsi que des réflexions philologiques générales concernant la graphie, la phonétique et la codicologie. Enfin, l’édition du texte de l’Éxode est accompagnée d’un glossaire qui présente le lexique remarquable (anglo-normand, latin, moyen anglais) et d’une bibliographie. L’édition espère pouvoir augmenter les connaissances concernant la langue anglo-normande et, dans une moindre mesure, moyen anglaise (en particulier les dictionnaires et les manuels), ainsi que le corpus de la Bible anglo-normande<br>The Anglo-Norman Bible is a translation of the Bible from Latin to Anglo-Norman. There are two medieval translations (14th century) available, one is the Paris manuscript and the second is the London manuscript. This critical edition of the book of Exodus is based primarily on the London manuscript and the Paris manuscript is referred to for alternative readings. First, the thesis includes a general introduction presenting the manuscripts. Then, there is a linguistic analysis presenting the grammatical aspects specific to the Anglo-Norman language concerning morphology, morphosyntax and syntax. Additionally, the rules of editing present the methodology used for editing these manuscripts and some insights are provided about philology concerning writing, phonetic and codicology. Finally, the edition of the Exodus text, a glossary (presenting the interesting words in Anglo-Norman, Latin, Middle English), and a bibliography have been included. This critical edition aims to contribute to the understanding of the Anglo-Norman and Middle English languages (particularly existing dictionaries and manuals), making the Anglo-Norman Bible’s Exodus book more accessible

The primary role of this report is to provide an in-depth analysis of all the instances of the word vidua, its meanings and uses in Latin literature from the last two centuries B.C. This close examination of the word vidua in the literary sources of this period has resulted in a number of important modifications to its definition. The word vidua, which is commonly translated by ancient scholars as widow, is not sustained by the contextual evidence of the majority of the passages that do no state explicitly the reason for the women's deprived status. Instead the word is most commonly used to mean a much broader social group of Roman women, all no longer married women, a category which includes various groups of women such as widows, divorcees, abandoned women and women whose husbands have been away for long periods of time. Furthermore the English word unmarried should not be used to translate the Latin word vidua since, as I demonstrate throughout my paper, there is a clear distinction in the Roman minds between women who are no longer married, vidua, and women who are not yet married, virgines an important distinction that gets lost with the more inclusive and broader social category meant by the word unmarried.<br>text

The present work explores the presence of Andean textile imagery in the poetry and the visual art of Jorge Eduardo Eielson and Cecilia Vicuña with the goal of illustrating how these woven aesthetics enrich the content of the written word and other artistic media by supplementing them with non-verbal, visual and tactile planes of meaning. Through the discourse of the thread, Eielson and Vicuña generate an alternative means of expression that dialogues with the conventionality of human language, the creation of cultural memory and the connection between intercultural groups. To prove this thesis, I approach the authors’ poetry and visual art based on theoretical and cultural studies regarding the materiality and the visuality of the text and other media in combination with a comparative analysis of the structural and the design properties of Andean and indigenous cloth products, namely the tejido and the khipu. In addition to close readings of poems that illustrate how the presence of the textile augments the meaning of the written text, I also illustrate how Andean weaving aesthetics provide the metaphorical springboard of comparison upon which a critical analysis of their visual art is based.<br>text

Locus standi is a Latin word for standing. Traditionally, it implies that a litigant must have sufficient interest to apply to the court for the enforcement of the right of another person, challenge the actions of the government, have a court declare a law unconstitutional or even to litigate in the interest of the public otherwise the application will not be successful. The interpretation of locus standi before the courts in most common law jurisdictions is liberal. Nigerian courts, however, interpret the principle of locus standi strictly, in the sense that standing is accorded the person who shows cause of action or sufficient interest. This position denies access to justice to many Nigerians who are poor or have no knowledge of their rights as the courts position on standing prevents NGOs or other individuals from applying to the courts on their behalf or litigating in the interest of the public. Presently, the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009 regulate the practice and procedure for the enforcement of human rights before Nigerian courts. The Rules encourage the courts to ‗welcome public interest litigation in the human rights field‘ and not to dismiss or strike out human right cases for want of locus standi. However, it is doubtful if the courts will accept this invitation. This study looks at the context of the interpretation of the principle of locus standi by Nigerian Courts and its effect on access to justice and public interest litigation by NGOs and individuals. It also examines the impact of the provision for locus standi of the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 2009. Finally, this study provides an analysis of the interpretation of this concept in other common law jurisdictions such as Kenya, India, United Kingdom and South Africa who once interpreted the concept strictly but now interpret it more liberally. This comparison is necessary to show that Nigerian courts are isolated in their position in the interpretation of locus standi and that there is need for the courts to conform to international best practice.<br>Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM<br>Unrestricted

Η αύξηση της διαθέσιμης Πληροφορίας στον Παγκόσμιο Ιστό είναι ραγδαία. Η παρατήρηση αυτή παρότρυνε πολλούς ερευνητές να επικεντρώσουν το έργο τους στην εξαγωγή χρήσιμων γνωρισμάτων από διαδικτυακά έγγραφα, όπως ιστοσελίδες, εικόνες, βίντεο, με σκοπό τη ενίσχυση της διαδικασίας κατηγοριοποίησης ιστοσελίδων. Ένας πόρος που περιέχει πληροφορία και δεν έχει διερευνηθεί διεξοδικά για γλώσσες εκτός της αγγλικής, είναι η διεύθυνση ιστοσελίδας (URL- Uniform Recourse Locator). Το κίνητρο της διπλωματικής αυτής εργασίας είναι το γεγονός ότι ένα σημαντικό υποσύνολο των χρηστών του διαδικτύου δείχνει ενδιαφέρον για δικτυακούς πόρους, των οποίων οι διευθύνσεις URL περιλαμβάνουν όρους προερχόμενους από τη μητρική τους γλώσσα (η οποία δεν είναι η αγγλική), γραμμένους με λατινικούς χαρακτήρες. Προτείνεται μέθοδος η οποία θα αναγνωρίζει και θα εξάγει τις λέξεις-κλειδιά από διευθύνσεις ιστοσελίδων (URLs), εστιάζοντας στο ελληνικό Διαδίκτυο και συγκεκριμένα σε URLs που περιέχουν ελληνικούς όρους. Το κύριο ζήτημα της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου είναι ότι οι ελληνικές λέξεις μπορούν να μεταγλωττίζονται με λατινικούς χαρακτήρες σύμφωνα με πολλούς διαφορετικούς τρόπους, καθώς και το γεγονός ότι τα URLs μπορούν να περιέχουν περισσότερες της μιας λέξεις χωρίς κάποιο διαχωριστικό. Παρόλη την ύπαρξη προηγούμενων προσεγγίσεων για την επεξεργασία ελληνικού διαδικτυακού περιεχομένου, όπως αναζητήσεις στο ελληνικό διαδίκτυο και αναγνώριση οντότητας σε ελληνικές ιστοσελίδες, καμία από τις παραπάνω δεν βασίζεται σε διευθύνσεις URL. Επιπλέον, έχουν αναπτυχθεί πολλές τεχνικές για την κατηγοριοποίηση ιστοσελίδων με βάση κυρίως τις διευθύνσεις URL, αλλά καμία δεν διερευνά την περίπτωση του ελληνικού διαδικτύου. Η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος περιέχει δύο βασικά στοιχεία: το μεταγλωττιστή και τον κατακερματιστή. Ο μεταγλωττιστής, βασισμένος σε ένα ελληνικό λεξικό και ένα σύνολο κανόνων, μετατρέπει τις λέξεις που είναι γραμμένες με λατινικούς χαρακτήρες σε ελληνικούς όρους ενώ παράλληλα ο κατακερματιστής τμηματοποιεί τη διεύθυνση URL σε λέξεις με νόημα, εξάγοντας, έτσι τελικά ελληνικούς όρους που αποτελούν λέξεις κλειδιά. Η πειραματική αξιολόγηση της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου σε δείγμα ελληνικών URLs αποδεικνύει ότι μπορεί να αξιοποιηθεί εποικοδομητικά στην αυτόματη αναγνώριση λέξεων-κλειδιών σε ελληνικά URLs.<br>The available information on the WWW is increasing rapidly. This observation has triggered many researchers to focus their work on extracting useful features from web documents that would enhance the task of web classification. A quite informative resource that has not been thoroughly explored for languages other than English, is the uniform recourse locator (URL). Motivated by the fact that a significant part of the Web users is interested in web resources, whose URLs contain terms from their non English native languages,written using Latin characters, we propose a method that identifies and extracts successfully keywords within URLs focusing on the Greek Web and especially ons URLs, containing Greek terms. The main issue of this approach is that Greek words can be transliterated to Latin characters in many different ways based on how the words are pronounced rather than on how they are written. Although there are previous attempts on similar issues, like Greek web searches and entity recognition in Greek Web Pages, none of them is based on URLs. In addition, there are many techniques on web page categorization based mainly on URLs but noone explores the case of Greek terms. The proposed method uses a three-step approach; firstly, a normalized URL is divided into its basic components, according to URI protocol (scheme :// host / path-elements / document . extension). The domain part is splitted on the apperance of punctuation marks or numbers. Secondly, domain-tokens are segmented into meaningful tokens using a set of transliteration rules and a Greek dictionary. Finally, in order to identify useful keywords, a score is assigned to each extracted keyword based on its length and whether the word is nested in another word. The algorithm is evaluated on a random sample of 1,000 URLs collected manually. We perform a human-based evaluation comparing the keywords extracted automatically with the keywords extracted manually when no other additional information than the URL is available. The results look promising.