Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Urbanisme – Antiquité”

ABSTRACT:This essay surveys major themes and developments in the recent study of late antique urbanism. First, re-evaluations of the late phase of classical urbanism are discussed, whereby a simple narrative of ‘decline’ has been replaced by a much more chronologically and geographically nuanced picture. The importance of regional, indeed local, specificity is stressed, with different areas of the ancient world experiencing often radically different urban trajectories. Key aspects of late antique urbanism are considered, including the relationship between town and country, economic urban life, political versus social and religious urban history, before concluding with consideration of areas where future research is particularly needed.

The clarification of when and in what circumstances the various Hellenistic cities of Pisidia were founded is an important undertaking. Through the microcosm of Pisidia, such study throws valuable light upon the way in which Anatolia became hellenized. Pisidia is especially important because at the beginning of the Hellenistic period the Pisidians were hardly touched by either hellenism or urbanism. They were bellicose raiders who constituted a threat to their more urbanised neighbours. Many of the cities of Hellenistic Pisidia seem to have been established with the deliberate intention of pacifying the region.In a recent issue of Anatolian Studies Stephen Mitchell dealt with, among others, the Pisidian city of Cretopolis. Cretopolis is of interest for several reasons, in particular because it seems to be one of the earliest military foundations of the Hellenistic period, and because the name informs us that the city was settled by Cretans. Cretans were frequently employed as mercenaries throughout the Hellenistic period, but in antiquity, as in more recent periods, Cretans made very reluctant colonists. There are very few individual Cretans attested as colonists in Egypt or elsewhere, and very few attested Cretan colonies indeed.

Erosion was a real problem for damage edifice in long term, and Roman people knew this fact, as Vitruve and Frontin ilustrated. There is not much investigation about erosion, due to the difficulties concerning the identification of the relationship between the erosion process and reparation acts during an emergency archaeological excavation. However, Cordoba presents particular interest within the investigation of its City Wall during the Antiquity. Certain aspects have not been considered yet by investigation, reason by which Cordoba offers some interesting clues to understand how Roman citizens protected their urbanism against erosion.

Studies of Middle Eastern urbanism have traditionally been guided by a limited repertoire of tropes, many of which emphasize antiquity, confinement, and religiosity. Notions of the old city, the walled city, the casbah, the native quarter, and the medina, sometimes subsumed in the quintessential “Islamic city,” have all been part of Western scholarship's long-standing fascination with the region. Etched in emblematic “holy cities” like Jerusalem, Mecca, or Najaf, Middle Eastern urban space is heavily associated with the “sacred,” complete with mystical visions and assumptions of violent eschatologies and redemption.

Abstract The last half century has seen an explosion in the study of late antiquity, largely prompted by the influence of the works of Peter Brown. This new scholarship has characterised the period between the third and seventh centuries not as one of catastrophic collapse, but rather as one of dynamic and positive transformation. Where observers formerly had seen only a bleak picture of decline and fall, a new generation of scholars preferred to emphasise how the Roman Empire evolved into the new polities, societies, and cultures of the medieval West, Byzantium, and Islam. Yet research on the fortunes of cities in this period has provoked challenges to this increasingly accepted positive picture of late antiquity and has prompted historians to speak once more in terms that evoke Edward Gibbon’s History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. This study surveys the nature of the current debate, examining problems associated with the sources historians use to examine late-antique urbanism, as well as the discourses and methodological approaches they have constructed from them. It aims to set out the difficulties and opportunities presented by the study of cities in late antiquity, how understanding the processes affecting them has issued challenges to the scholarly orthodoxy on late antiquity, and how the evidence suggests that this transitional period witnessed real upheaval and dislocation alongside continuity and innovation in cities around the Mediterranean.

This article reviews the nature of fora and agorai during the late 3rd–5th c. A.D., and investigates the material appearance and everyday functions of these spaces. It revises the thesis of T. Potter’s Towns in Late Antiquity, through drawing upon a wider range of archaeological evidence and literary sources, which provide vivid details about everyday activities. It is argued that in many cities, especially in the East, fora/agorai were still monumental public squares with familiar public functions, and that the definitive eclipse of civic plazas, departing from earlier models of Mediterranean urbanism, comes later than has often been thought, in the 6th and 7th c.

Os Jogos Olímpicos de 2004 marcaram o coroamento de uma nova era iniciada na capital grega há mais de um quarto de século. O retorno a uma democracia reforçada, a vinculação à Europa política, a consciência da responsabilidade internacional assumida no Mediterrâneo oriental, nos Bálcãs e no vasto mundo através da marinha grega, confirmam Atenas em seu destino de “cidade global”. Para além da funcionalidade com relação à natureza das provas esportivas ou o desenrolar das festividades, a escolha dos sítios olímpicos respondeu a uma vontade estratégica afirmada sobre a totalidade do espaço da região urbana e a um desejo de reconversão geral das infra-estruturas após os Jogos. O presente texto mostra que, mais do que em Barcelona, onde o direcionamento da cidade para seu porto foi o grande evento dos anos 90, a mutação aqui engajada é mais fundamental, posto que Atenas, capital continental, não foi jamais uma cidade litorânea: desde a Antiguidade, o Pireu e suas bacias contribuintes constituem uma entrada marítima descentrada e a vocação da costa foi sempre mais balneária do que verdadeiramente urbana.Palavras-chave: Atenas; olimpíadas; urbanismo. Abstract: The 2004 Olympic Games marked the top of a new era opened at the Greek capital twenty five years ago. The reestablishment of a reinforced democracy, the attachment to Europe, the consciousness of its international responsibility at the East Mediterranean region, at the Balkans and around the world through its merchant marine, affirm Athens in its route to a “global city”. Besides the issue of functionality regarding the competitions and celebrations, the choice of the Olympic sites responded to a strategic will of reconverting the infra-structures after the Games in the benefit of the whole urban region. This article shows that, more than in Barcelona, where the city’s move towards the harbor was the main event of the 90s‘, the change in Athens has been more fundamental, since this continental capital has never been a coastal city: since the Antiquity, the Pireu and its basins constituted a maritime entry and the vocation of the coast has ever been more balneary than truly urban.Keywords: Athens; olympic games; urbanism.

Archaeological evidence demonstrates that funerary spoil (e.g. sarcophagus lids, funerary altars, epitaphs, reliefs, and statues) were frequently reused to decorate the interiors of public and private buildings from the third to the sixth century. Therefore, the marble revetments of high imperial tombs must have been spoliated. Imperial edicts, which tried to stamp part the overly common practice of tomb plundering, confirm that the social practice of tomb plundering must have been far more frequent in late antiquity than in previous periods. This paper discusses the reuse of funerary spoil in privet and public buildings from Latium and Campania and contextualizes them by examining legal sources addressing tomb violation. Furthermore, this study considers the extent to which the social practice of tomb plundering and the reuse of funerary material in late antiquity can be connected with larger urbanist, sociohistorical, and political transformations of Italian cityscapes from the third to the sixth century.

This paper presents the results of the geophysical prospection conducted at the site of Meninx (Jerba) in 2015. This was the first step in a Tunisian-German project (a cooperation between the Institut National du Patrimoine, Tunis, and the Institut für Klassische Archäologie der Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München), the aim of which is to shed light on the urban history of the most important city on the island of Jerba in antiquity.Meninx, situated on the SE shore of the island (fig. 1), was the largest city on Jerba during the Roman Empire and eponymous for the island's name in antiquity. The outstanding importance of this seaport derived from the fact that it was one of the main production centers of purple dye in the Mediterranean. With the earliest secure evidence dating to at least the Hellenistic period, Meninx saw a magnificent expansion in the 2nd and 3rd c. A.D. It was inhabited until the 7th c. when the city was finally abandoned.

Ce doctorat tente d'apprehender, sur les trois premiers siecles de l'empire, les disparites que l'on peut noter entre les differentes "monumentalisations de l'eau" dans les villes de l'empire romain, et d'en chercher les explications. Cette analyse historique se fonde sur les donnees litteraires, epigraphiques, numismatiques et archeologiques a notre disposition. Au fil des siecles, nous avons ete particulierement sensible a l'usage du vocabulaire employe pour designer les monuments des eaux, en particulier les "fontaines monumentales", dispositifs de distribution urbaine de l'eau dont l'architecture ou la decoration ne sauraient se justifier par la simple fonctionalite de l'edifice. Ainsi, les fontaines que l'on appelle couramment "nymphees" ayant souvent le statut de veritables monuments, notre etude se propose d'approcher les enjeux esthetiques, urbanistiques mais aussi ideologiques, de l'insertion de ces installations dans les grandes agglomerations de l'italie et des provinces. Ce doctorat accorde donc une attention particuliere aux deux facteurs qui nous semblent les plus importants dans l'evolution et la diffusion des differentes types de fontaines monumentales : la place de l'eau, et de sa monumentalisation, dans les conceptions urbaines qui commanderent le developpement des centres urbains sous l'empire et le role que leur accorderent les empereurs dans leurs programmes edilitaires, dans la diffusion des valeurs de la "romanite" et dans l'exaltation de leur pouvoir et de la legitimite de leur dynastie.

Le premier grand cycle d'urbanisation a débuté dans cette région du monde avec le processus de néolithisation lors du 8ème millénaire av. J. -C. Avant de prendre fin au début du 2ème millénaire av. J. -C. Par la déprise de l'occupation sédentaire dans toute la partie orientale du plateau iranien ainsi que dans d'autres zones du Proche-Orient. Le dernier quart de cette période (ca. 35OO-1800 av. J. -C. ) apparaît en termes de démographie et de complexité sociale comme un apogée, correspondant à l'émergence de grandes agglomérations (Tal-i Malyan, Shahr-i Sokhta, Shahdad, Konar Sandal et Suse notamment) ainsi qu'à l'apparition d'une nouvelle technique promise à un grand avenir : l'écriture. La présence sur le plateau d'importantes formations étatiques, telles Marhasi ou Simaski, est enfin attestée à partir de la 2ème moitié du 3ème millénaire av. J. -C. Dans les textes mésopotamiens contemporains. Le travail présenté ici, envisagé tout d'abord comme une synthèse des informations disponibles à l'heure actuelle sur l'archéologie et l'histoire du plateau iranien, cherche plus particulièrement à croiser nos connaissances des divers assemblages matériels produits par les populations étudiées (artisanats céramique, métallurgique et lithique) avec les données issues de l'étude de leur architecture, de leurs systèmes d'écriture et de leurs représentations.

Le site iranien de Tchoga-Zanbil abrite le plus bel exemple d'une ville élamite et sa ziggurat est restée une des tours les mieux conservées du Proche-Orient ancien : Dûr-Untas̆ est une des villes nouvelles de l'époque de la Pax Mesopotamia fondée par la volonté de Untas-Napirisa (1345-1305 av. J. -C. ), roi d'Ansan et de Suse, dans le cadre d'un nouveau programme de réformes au plan politique, religieux, linguistique, social, économique, artistique et architectural. En dehors de l'étude sur l'architecture urbaine qui est le reflet de l'organisation de la société, le but est aussi de réviser, à l'aide des dernières recherches archéologiques, les incipales constatations antérieures concernant les cirons tances de la fondation et l'histoire de l'occupation de ce site

Basé sur l’analyse de plusieurs ensembles archéologiques, ce travail propose une étude de l’habitat urbain d’Alexandrie, en Égypte, depuis sa fondation par Alexandre le Grand (331 av. J. -C.) jusqu'à la fin du Haut Empire. La thématique de l'architecture domestique dans la cité antique est à replacer dans un contexte méditerranéen plus étendu, cette ville étant enracinée dans la tradition grecque et romaine. Il est également essentiel de comprendre quelle a été l'influence de la civilisation égyptienne sur les modèles importés. Ces dernières années, des avancées considérables, grâce aux fouilles effectuées au cœur d'Alexandrie, ont élargi de manière substantielle la documentation archéologique disponible pour l'étude de l'architecture domestique de la cité. Une étude globale visant à proposer une définition de l'espace privé dans l'Alexandrie gréco-romaine nécessite l'analyse de la structuration de l'espace privé et de l’espace public, qui sont des entités complémentaires et indissociables formant une unité : « la ville ». Les questions de mise en œuvre, d'organisation fonctionnelle et symbolique de l'espace privé, en relation directe avec l'organisation, tout autant fonctionnelle et symbolique, de l'espace urbain seront abordées afin de mettre en évidence d'éventuelles affinités avec les schémas d'habitat domestique connus ailleurs en Méditerranée. L'objectif visé est la réalisation d'une étude du cas alexandrin incluant l'analyse des transformations et de l'évolution d'espaces d'habitat ainsi que l'explicitation des démarches de projets architecturaux et urbains qui ont régi, dans le temps, à travers de multiples ajustements, les évolutions de la ville antique d'Alexandrie
Developed through the analysis of several archaeological sites, this research project focuses on the urban housing of the city of Alexandria in Egypt, from its foundation by Alexander the Great (331 B.C.) until the end of the High Empire. The theme of domestic architecture in ancient Alexandria has to be seen in a wider Mediterranean context, this city being rooted in the Greek and Roman tradition. It is also important to understand what the influence of Egyptian civilization was on imported models. In recent years, considerable progress achieved thanks to the excavations performed in the heart of Alexandria, has led to a substantial increase of the archaeological documentation available for the study of the domestic architecture of the city. A comprehensive study proposing a definition of private space in the Greco-Roman Alexandria requires the analysis of the structuring of private and public spaces, which are complementary and inseparable components of a single entity: "the city". Issues of implementation, functional and symbolic organization of private space in direct contact with the urban space organization, also functional and symbolic, will be discussed to highlight possible affinities with domestic housing schemes known elsewhere in the Mediterranean. The objective is to achieve a study of the Alexandrian case including the analysis of transformations and evolutions of habitat areas as well as the explanation of architectural and urban projects that have governed in time, through multiple adjustments, changes in the ancient city of Alexandria

L'organisation de l'espace urbain dans le monde Syro-Mésopotamien au IIIe millénaire reflète clairement l'intervention d'un pouvoir central dans la conception, la fondation et le développement des villes. L'urbanisme du Proche-Orient, un domaine peu exploité jusqu'ici, témoigne d'une certaine diversité de choix. Deux grandes conceptions s'affrontent- la ville orthogonale sud-mésopotamienne, adoptée dans le nord, et la ville ronde radioconcentrique (Kranzhügeln), proprement syrienne - qui peuvent à l'occasion se combiner pour donner naissance à un modèle hybride. Ces deux modèles, différents dans le détail de leur forme, peuvent néanmoins partager certains principes de planification. L' organisation circulaire des Kranzhügeln, en particulier, montre la grande compétence des urbanistes et atteste de l'emprise acquise au IIIe millénaire par les pouvoirs politiques. Ceux-ci s'investissent massivement dans l' aménagement des villes et de leur territoire, selon des plans parfaitement rigoureux.

Proche du centre monumental et s'inscrivant dans le schéma urbain du site, le quartier à vocation artisanale et commerciale de « Sala » n'est donc pas isolé ou implanté à la périphérie de la ville. Ce quartier est composé de trois pressoirs, d'éléments de boulangerie, de boutiques ainsi que d'espaces qui semblent avoir servi à l'usage privé des artisans ou des commerçants. Le présent travail a pour bit, d'une part, de présenter de façon détaillée ces diverses composantes du quartier à vocation artisanale et commerciale et de retracer leur histoire à travers une série de sondages que nous y avons implantés et d'autre part, d'évaluer l'insertion de « Sala », à la fois cité productrice et exportatrice, dans la sphère commerciale tingitane puis méditerranéenne pendant l'Antiquité. Dans notre travail, nous accordons également une place aux comparaisons de quartier à vocation artisanale et commerciale de « Sala » et de ses installations avec ceux du même genre aussi bien en Tingitane qu'ailleurs. Cette thèse doit donc être intégrée aux recherches sur un des aspects de l'artisanat romain, mais voudrait aussi servir à améliorer notre vision de « Sala » durant l'Antiquité.

Au sein de cette thèse de doctorat, l’auteur a cherché à appréhender les suburbia d'Ostie (Rome, Latium Italie) au travers d’analyses menées sur différentes échelles, depuis l’étude globale des quartiers de Porta Marina et du Trastevere Ostiense jusqu’à des fouilles stratigraphiques. Les structures qui forment ces deux quartiers ont d’abord été analysés et classés comme « unités topographiques », puis incluses dans un SIG. Les données relatives à chaque structure ont été récoltées aussi bien durant les investigations menées au sein des archives du Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica qu’au cours de prospections sur le terrain, de l’analyse de photographies aériennes, de relevés, d’observations in situ et des fouilles.Au cours de cette enquête, plusieurs objets mis au jour lors d’anciennes fouilles ont été pris en compte et insérés dans des fiches de catalogues créées ad hoc, intégrées au SIG. Ainsi, le recensement des structures archéologiques du Trastevere Ostiense ont permis de mettre en évidence un territoire densément construit, au moins depuis le Ier siècle ap. J.-C. et ce, jusqu’au Ve siècle ap. J.-C. L'étude globale de l'évolution urbaine du quartier de Porta Marina a permis d'identifier pas moins de 13 phases principales, qui s’étendent du Ier siècle av. J.-C. jusqu'au VIe siècle, en plus de deux phases de spoliations et d’une phase d'érosion marine datée du Moyen Age. Parmi les principales découvertes, il faut d’abord signaler la découverte d'une importante activité de construction entre l'époque Julio-Claudienne et l'époque Flavienne. Cette phase, qui était restée presque inconnue jusqu’à présent, est en partie liée à l’édification de bâtiments funéraires. Si l’on se fie à ces nouveaux éléments, il est très probable qu’une nécropole ait vu le jour à cette époque, au-delà de la Porta Marina. Cette nécropole fut ensuite complètement démantelée lors du développement du quartier maritime voulu par l'empereur Hadrien en personne.L'approche analytique menée à l’échelle d’un quartier, couplée aux bornes chronologiques apportées par les fouilles conduites dans le cadre du projet Ostia Marina, a permis de donner une vision totalement renouvelée du front de mer de la ville. Les recherches menées sur les bâtiments construits contre et par-dessus l’enceinte tardo-républicaine ont permis de mettre en évidence l’abandon rapide de sa fonction défensive, quoique cette structure ait été respectée jusqu'au début du IIe siècle ap. J.-C. Par la suite, le bras oriental a fonctionné comme un aqueduc, tandis que le bras occidental fut rasé pour construire de nouveaux édifices. A la place de la Porta Marina, un arc fut élevé à la place de l’ancienne porte afin de délimiter la ville intra-muros et la ville extra-muros. Le plan d'un grand bâtiment a pu être complétée à partir de photos aériennes. Celui-ci est situé dans la partie orientale du suburbium situé au-delà de Porta Marina, qui n’a pas encore été fouillée.Les phases relatives à l’Antiquité tardive témoignent de la vitalité de ce quartier tout au long du IVe siècle ap. J.-C. et ce, jusqu'au début du Ve siècle. En revanche, des signes importants d'abandon apparaissent au cours de la première moitié du Ve siècle. Cette phase d’abandon trouve probablement son origine dans le tremblement de terre daté au 443 ap. J.-C.Un autre acquis majeur de cette étude a trait aux relations entre ville et mer, ainsi qu’aux changements du littoral au cours des siècles. L'étude des traces d'érosion sur les bâtiments qui se trouvaient près de l'ancienne plage ont permis de confirmer l'hypothèse d'une érosion marine postérieure à la fin de l’Antiquité, datable au XIe siècle, qui a détruit certains bâtiments, conditionnant ainsi notre vision de la ville antique sur le front de mer
In this thesis the study of the suburbs of Ostia (Rome, Italy) took place at different levels of study, from the macro scale of the entire neighborhoods to the micro scale of the single stratigraphic trench. The archaeological evidence of the porta Marina area and of the “Trastevere Ostiense” have been analyzed and filed as Topographical Units and recorded in a GIS. For each structure data were collected either through the consultation of archives, through field surveys, aerial photography, direct examinations and excavation essays. 148 artifacts from the old excavations were recorded and inserted in a data base created ad hoc. Where possible, spatial data was associated with the objects, with the positioning in the place of discovery within the GIS. The survey of the archaeological evidences of the “Trastevere Ostiense” allowed to recognize a densely built territory, with a chronology that goes from first to at least the fifth century AD. Among the types of buildings identified, the “horreum” seems to be the prevailing. The precise positioning of some excavation trenches of 1957 at the loop of the Tiber has allowed to identify a flood zone of second-third century AD reclaimed and built. At the same time, on the other side, the Via Ostiense was rebuilt further south due to erosion.The overall study of the urbanistic evolution of the suburban area of porta Marina has allowed to identify 13 main phases of life, from the first century BC until the 6th century AD, in addition to two phases of spoliation and a phase of sea erosion of the Middle Age. Among the main novelties there is the discovery of a notable construction activity dating back to the Julio-Claudian age to the Flavia age, previously almost unknown, which can be partially connected to funerary buildings. It is very probable, in the light of the new data, that there was a necropolis outside porta Marina, which was completely dismantled during the Hadrianic urban renovation and the thermal development of the maritime district. The large-scale analytical approach, also thanks to the chronological extremes derived from the excavations carried out with the Ostia Marina Project, has led to a completely renewed vision of the city's maritime sector. The presumed preservation of late Republican funerary monuments in the imperial era turned out to be a not entirely exact theory, the result of the distorted vision created with the E-42 restorations and demolitions. The stratigraphic analysis shows a partial obliteration of the funerary monuments already occurred by the end of the first century. A.D. due to the raising of the walking surfaces. The research on buildings built close to and above the Late-Republic walls made it possible to highlight that they quickly lost the defensive functions, but continued to be respected until the beginning of the second century AD. Subsequently, the eastern part functioned as an aqueduct, while the western part was demolished to build new buildings. An arch was built in place of the porta Marina door, to set the limit between town and suburb. Starting from some aerial photos, the plan of a large building, located in the eastern unexcavated portion of the porta Marina suburban area, was completed. The particular form of the complex allows to hypothesize a link to the “foro ad mare” built by Aureliano, mentioned in the Historia Augusta. The study of the late-antique phases revealed a remarkable vitality of the district throughout the IV until the beginning of the fifth century AD, while during the first half of the 5th century AD strong signs of abandonment appear. The probable effects of the earthquake of 443 AD were found, starting from the traces of collapse found in at least four buildings. Another important acquisition concerns the relationship between the city and the sea and changes in the coastline over the centuries

Nous étudions le «quartier» selon la double perspective de l'ethnographie historique et l'archéologie dans les sociétés postclassiques des hautes terres mayas (1225-1524 après J. -C. ). L'ethnohistoire de la parcialidad et l'ethnologie du barrio nous invitent aàexaminer les modalités de l'alliance dans la «communauté ». Le modèle épiclassique de l'altepetl du Mexique central montre que la communauté est instable, dans un contexte de forte militarisation qui ressemble en bien des aspects à celui du Postclassique. Les sites tardifs présentent une configuration selon le « rassemblement séparé». L'analyse du Vocabulario compile par fray T. De Coto donne accès aux conceptions vernaculaires autour des unités sociales et territoriales du type chinamit qui illustrent certaines formes de regroupement observées dans la société kaqchikel du 17e siecle, comme la maisonnée désignée par les membres qui l'occupent (al qahol) ou le groupe de voisinage (ama3). Ils suggèrent un faisceau de relations sociales basées sur les principes de la parenté au sens emic du terme, de la co-résidence et du contrôle social. Ces aspects permettent d'approcher le contenu social des unités de regroupement visibles dans la structure de l 'habitat articulant dans un continuum le groupe à patio, le groupe de voisinage, le district et ses environs dépassant la dichotomie urbain/rural. Le modèle établi remet en question les notions de centre, de subdivision, de segmentation, d'organisation concentrique communément admises dans notre définition du « quartier ».

Centrée sur le grand nymphée de Leptis Magna la recherche met en évidence l'évolution et la signification de ce monument des eaux dans l'une des plus importantes cités africaines de l’époque romaine en mettant en lumière trois thèmes principaux. L'étude historiographique permet tout d'abord d'appréhender, à l'aide des témoignages littéraires des siècles derniers et d'une abondante documentation d'archive, l'histoire de l'édifice de son ensablement à sa remise au jour, puis de suivre les différentes étapes de son dégagement et de sa restauration, mettant ainsi en relief la perception des divers observateurs à l'encontre du monument. L'étude urbanistique permet ensuite de dégager la signification de l'édifice dans la cité par rapport aux autres monuments du secteur aux différentes périodes de son histoire, ainsi que de reconstituer l'approvisionnement en eau de Leptis Magna. Enfin, l'étude architecturale s'intéresse à l'analyse détaillée des structures, permettant la mise en évidence de la conception initiale, du fonctionnement et des transformations du nymphée. Cette dernière approche, qui s'accompagne d'un catalogue circonstancié des éléments du décor, fait intervenir des considérations sur les techniques de constructions, le traitement des blocs d'ornementation et, d'une manière plus générale, sur l'économie du chantier. Cette recherche permet non seulement de reconstituer l'aspect, le rôle et l'histoire du monument et de le replacer dans la série des nymphées romains, mais aussi de percevoir son impact sur les habitants du lieu aux différents moments de son histoire, cherchant ainsi à rejoindre par l'archéologie des considérations sociologiques
Based on the great nymphaeum of Leptis Magna, the research considers the development and significance of this water monument in one of the most important African cities of the Roman period, through three principal aspects. The historiographical study aboards the subject through literary testimony from the last centuries and an abundance of documentary archives, the history of the edifice from its burial to its reconstruction, studying the different stages of its unearthing and its restoration, thus pinpointing perspectives from various observers of the monument. The urban study divulges the significance of the edifice in the city, in comparison with other monuments in the region over different periods of its history, as well as reconstituting Leptis Magna's water supply. Finally, the architectural study undertakes a detailed analysis of the structures, which highlights the conception and the transformations of the nymphaeum, as well as its hydraulic functions. This architectural approach, which is accompanied by a detailed catalogue of the decorative elements, juxtaposes the technical considerations of construction with the ornamental treatment of the marble blocks, accounting for the economical aspects of the site of the nymphaeum. This research proposes not only a consideration of the appearance, the role and the history of the monument and situates it within the series of Roman nymphaea, but also the perception of its impact on the local inhabitants at different moments in its history, looking for accomplish by archaeology some sociological considerations

A Roman city was a bounded space. Defined by borders both physical and conceptual, the city stood apart as a concentration of life and activity that was divided from its rural surroundings not only physically, but also legally, economically, and ritually. Death was a key area of control, and tombs were relegated outside city walls from the Republican period through Late Antiquity. Given this separation, an unexpected phenomenon marked the Augustan and early Imperial periods: Roman cities developed suburbs, built-up areas beyond their boundaries, where the living and the dead came together in environments that could become densely urban. Life and Death in the Roman Suburb examines these districts, drawing on the archaeological remains of cities across Italy to understand their character and to illuminate the factors that led to their rise and decline, with a particular focus on the tombs of the dead. Work on Roman cities still tends to pass over funerary material, while research on death has concentrated on issues seen as separate from urbanism. This book aims to reconnect those threads, considering tombs within their suburban landscapes of shops, houses, workshops, garbage dumps, extramural sanctuaries, and major entertainment buildings to trace the many roles they played within living cities. It argues that tombs were not passive memorials, but active spaces that both facilitated and furthered the social and economic life of the city, where relationships between the living and the dead were an enduring aspect of urban life.

In recent years, there has been a revival of interest in Late Antiquity and especially in observing — and trying to account for — the changes and evolutions which separate the Roman world from the early medieval successor states in the West, and the Byzantine Empire in the East. Most historians, once mistrustful of archaeology's potential role, now accept that this relatively new discipline can contribute substantially to the study of the ancient past. However, archaeology, like history, is constrained by its own limitations: excavation can provide no answers to questions not rooted in the data it extracts from the ground. This chapter, and the chapters which follow, cover a wide spectrum of issues, going beyond the problem of continuity or collapse on the lower Danube. Modern research programmes operating within the region and further afield, both in the northern Balkans and in Asia Minor, are analyzed. Cities and urbanism in the Roman Empire are discussed.

The narrative halts temporarily, for some analysis of structures. The steep decline of urbanism documented later in the Roman successor state (Byzantium) had not yet set in, but a first stage in the centralization of government functions was already discernible. The costs of the war bore heavily on both belligerents, but there was more strain on Roman finances. The Sasanians were able to draw on the resources of the occupied Roman provinces, but were careful not to increase the rate of taxation. They also showed sensitivity in handling local elites and minimizing changes to administrative practices. At home confidence grew in ultimate victory and preparations were made for its commemoration in monumental rock reliefs.

“Life and Death, City and Suburb: The Transformations of Late Antiquity” is a brief epilogue considering urbanism of the fifth century CE and beyond. As Rome’s population shrank, the city reoriented itself into a constellation of small settlements, scattered within the Aurelian Wall and surrounded by cultivated land. The residents of these settlements buried their dead within the wall, a development that has been seen to represent a sea change in mentality, but which is better read as a result of the city’s new topography and demography. Suburbs, furthermore, did not disappear in this period. Late Antique suburbs grew up around the suburban shrines of Christian martyrs, not only at Rome, but also in other Italian cities like Mediolanum and Nola. This period was marked by both continuity and change, but through it the dead remained present in urban life, continuing relationships carried through all stages in the history of Italy’s cities.

The excavation work carried out on the ground of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia in Braga between 1999 and 2000, helped to uncover a set of structures that would prove to be important for the study of the urbanism and the domestic architecture of the Roman era, as it is located in a sector of the city with a great archeological potential and little constructive overlap, in territories abandoned after the Late Antiquity, In this article we inted to make know some of the excaveted stuctures that formalize a domestic unit inserted in a block of the Roman city of Bracara Augusta, built in the High Empire and remodeled in the tetrarchic period. To this end, the traces identified in the intervention in Tabuleiro A of the ground of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia in Braga will be assessed.

“City and Suburb in Roman Italy” introduces the book’s approach to Roman suburbs. It discusses the laws and practices that surrounded various urban boundaries, and highlights the concept of “death pollution,” the idea that Romans feared a contagious of uncleanliness that radiated from the dead. A long tradition has attributed the Roman ban on interment within the city to concerns with death pollution, and today most work on Roman urbanism begins from the assumption that tombs stood outside the religious boundary of the pomerium in order to preserve a city’s ritual purity. Nevertheless, no source prior to Late Antiquity mentioned death pollution. This chapter argues that the concept has unnecessarily separated tombs from suburban neighborhoods, and that reintegrating the dead into their urban contexts is necessary for understanding how an ancient city worked, both inside and outside its official boundaries.

Caričin Grad (Justiniana Prima) is an ideal site for studying urbanism in the early Byzantine period. Amongst the numerous early Byzantine sites in the central Balkans, Caričin Grad is one of the very few that was a city and was founded in the sixth century. Its fortifications include three separate walled areas (the Acropolis, the Upper City, and the Lower City). Contrary to the traditional view, this chapter argues that the walls of the Acropolis were not part of the original plan and that the Upper and Lower Cities were established at the same time. The Church and the army occupied more than two-thirds of the Upper City and the Lower Town contained mainly public buildings. The only known intramural residential area lies in the south-west corner of the Lower City. Houses here were built of stone bonded with clay at ground-floor level, and the upper floor was constructed with a timber frame and cob walls and had tile roofs. It is also very likely that there was an extramural population, protected by a ditch and palisades.