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Lee, Ju-Young, i Jeong-Yoon Choi. "Anatomic and Physiologic Properties and Clinical Manifestations ofVestibulo-Autonomic Reflexes". Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 40, nr 4 (1.11.2022): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2022.4.1.
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The vestibular nervous system senses linear and angular acceleration upon the head during postural change and generates vestibular nerve activity changes. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary physiologic processes throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems. The vestibular and autonomic systems interplay throughout several brain regions to maintain homeostasis during the postural changes, called vestibulo-autonomic reflex. In this review, we first contemplated the anatomic and physiologic properties of vestibulo-autonomic reflex, focusing on the relationship between vestibular and cardiovascular systems and between the vestibular and respiratory systems and the role of the brainstem and cerebellum on the vestibulo-autonomic reflex. Then, we summarized the autonomic dysfunction reported in patients with various vestibular disorders, such as acute unilateral vestibulopathy, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere’s disease, and persistent perceptual postural dizziness. Finally, we described the mechanism of autonomic manifestation in vestibular disorders in detail using the recently proposed mechanism of vestibular syncope integrating the vestibular system, brainstem and cerebellum, and autonomic system functions.
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Abe, Chikara, Kunihiko Tanaka, Chihiro Awazu i Hironobu Morita. "Galvanic vestibular stimulation counteracts hypergravity-induced plastic alteration of vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex in rats". Journal of Applied Physiology 107, nr 4 (październik 2009): 1089–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00400.2009.
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Recent data from our laboratory demonstrated that, when rats are raised in a hypergravity environment, the sensitivity of the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex decreases. In a hypergravity environment, static input to the vestibular system is increased; however, because of decreased daily activity, phasic input to the vestibular system may decrease. This decrease may induce use-dependent plasticity of the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex. Accordingly, we hypothesized that galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) may compensate the decrease in phasic input to the vestibular system, thereby preserving the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex. To examine this hypothesis, we measured horizontal and vertical movements of rats under 1-G or 3-G environments as an index of the phasic input to the vestibular system. We then raised rats in a 3-G environment with or without GVS for 6 days and measured the pressor response to linear acceleration to examine the sensitivity of the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex. The horizontal and vertical movement of 3-G rats was significantly less than that of 1-G rats. The pressor response to forward acceleration was also significantly lower in 3-G rats (23 ± 1 mmHg in 1-G rats vs. 12 ± 1 mmHg in 3-G rats). The pressor response was preserved in 3-G rats with GVS (20 ± 1 mmHg). GVS stimulated Fos expression in the medial vestibular nucleus. These results suggest that GVS stimulated vestibular primary neurons and prevent hypergravity-induced decrease in sensitivity of the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex.
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Cullen, Kathleen, i Soroush Sadeghi. "Vestibular system". Scholarpedia 3, nr 1 (2008): 3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.3013.
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Calder, Jaynee H., i Gary P. Jacobson. "Acquired Bilateral Peripheral Vestibular System Impairment: Rehabilitative Options and Potential Outcomes". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 11, nr 09 (październik 2000): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1748142.
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AbstractAcquired bilateral vestibular impairment can be a devastating disorder that is most frequently the result of aminoglycoside-induced toxicity. The presenting complaints are typically oscillopsia and gait and balance disturbances. These patients can be excellent candidates for vestibular rehabilitation therapy that focuses on facilitating maximal use of any remaining vestibular function, improving gaze and postural stability through the use of visual and somatosensory cues, and improving home and workplace safety. The prognosis for recovery is determined by the extent of the loss and the presence of other progressive disorders that may affect vision or somatosensation, coexisting illnesses, and the patient's compliance with the therapy program. Two cases are presented to illustrate the salient aspects of vestibular rehabilitation for patients with acquired bilateral vestibular system loss, including factors affecting patient progress and final outcome. Abbreviations: COR = cervico-ocular reflex, DHI = Dizziness Handicap Inventory, ENG = electronystagmography, IV = intravenous, VOR = vestibulo-ocular reflex
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Choi, Jeong-Yoon, Eek-Sung Lee i Ji-Soo Kim. "Vestibular syncope". Current Opinion in Neurology 37, nr 1 (19.10.2023): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wco.0000000000001226.
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Purpose of review This review considers recent observations on vestibular syncope in terms of clinical features, laboratory findings, and potential mechanisms. Recent findings Vestibular syncope, potentially associated with severe fall-related injuries, may develop multiple times in about one-third of patients. Meniere's disease and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo are the most common causes of vestibular syncope, but the underlying disorders remain elusive in 62% of cases with vestibular syncope. The postictal orthostatic blood pressure test exhibits a lower diagnostic yield. Vestibular function tests, such as cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials and video head impulse tests, can reveal one or more abnormal findings, suggesting compensated or ongoing minor vestibular dysfunctions. The pathomechanism of syncope is assumed to be the erroneous interaction between the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex and the baroreflex that have different operating mechanisms and action latencies. The central vestibular system, which estimates gravity orientation and inertia motion may also play an important role in abnormal vestibulo-sympathetic reflex. Summary Vestibular disorders elicit erroneous cardiovascular responses by providing false vestibular information. The results include vertigo-induced hypertension or hypotension, which can ultimately lead to syncope in susceptible patients.
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Demer, Joseph L. "Evaluation of Vestibular and Visual Oculomotor Function". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 112, nr 1 (styczeń 1995): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989570301-2.
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The visual system interacts synergistically with the vestibular system. A normally functioning vestibulo-ocular reflex is necessary but not sufficient for optimum visual acuity during head motion. Studies of dynamic visual acuity, the acuity achieved during relative motion of visual targets or of the observer, indicate that motion of images on the retina markedly compromises vision. The vestibulo-ocular reflex normally provides a substantial measure of stabilization of the retina during head movements, but purely vestibular compensatory eye movements are not sufficiently precise for optimal vision under all circumstances. Other mechanisms, including visual tracking, motor preprogramming, prediction, and mental set, interact synergistically to optimize the gain (eye velocity divided by head velocity) of compensatory head movements. All of these mechanisms are limited in their capacity to produce effective visual-vestibular interaction at higher rotational frequencies and velocities. It is under these conditions that vestibular deficits give rise to symptoms of oscillopsia. Patients having vestibular lesions exploit mechanisms of visual-vestibular interaction to compensate by substitution for deficient vestibular function. Thus, for accurate topographic clinical diagnosis of vestibular lesions, testing conditions should isolate purely vestibular responses. This may be done by testing reflex eye movements during passively generated rotations in darkness, or perhaps by testing during other types of motion under conditions of extreme frequency and velocity sufficient to attenuate the effects of visual-vestibular interaction. This article reviews clinical tests of vestibular function in relation to synergistic interactions with vision.
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Baker, Robert. "From Genes to Behavior in the Vestibular System". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 119, nr 3 (wrzesień 1998): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(98)70061-0.
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The central nervous system of all vertebrate embryos is derived from a series of conspicuous segments, called neuromeres, that are particularly visible in the midbrain and hindbrain areas, giving rise to the brain stem sensory and motor nuclei. This article focuses on a series of eight embryonic rhombomeric segments whose progeny can be identified in adults by the locations of iteratively homologous reticulospinal neurons and cranial motor nuclei IV through XII. Evidence shows that these rhombomeric units represent domains of gene expression, lineage restriction, and accordingly, individual vestibular neuronal phenotypes with unique oculomotor and spinal projections. Preliminary electrophysiologic and behavioral correlates of a few vestibulo-oculomotor subgroups are used as examples to illustrate the hypothesis that homologous vestibular phenotypes likely exist in all taxa because the genetic prepattern is already well established in primitive vertebrates. Finally, the segmented hindbrain arrangement responsible for the longitudinally arranged column of vestibular subnuclei is placed in perspective with genetic and molecular approaches that will eventually permit a causal reconstruction of the signaling mechanisms responsible for the development of unique vestibular subgroups.
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Yates, Bill J., i Adolfo M. Bronstein. "The effects of vestibular system lesions on autonomic regulation: Observations, mechanisms, and clinical implications". Journal of Vestibular Research 15, nr 3 (1.06.2005): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2005-15301.
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The loss of labyrinthine inputs in patients or animal models has been demonstrated to affect autonomic regulation. Considerable evidence suggests that vestibular-autonomic responses serve to adjust blood pressure and respiratory activity during movement and postural alterations. However, following peripheral vestibular lesions, compensation rapidly occurs, such that autonomic disturbances are not readily evident in patients with chronic labyrinthine dysfunction. This manuscript summarizes the evidence suggesting that vestibular inputs influence autonomic regulation, but that cardiovascular and respiratory responses linked to movement recover quickly subsequent to the loss of labyrinthine signals. In addition, the clinical implications of dysfunction of vestibulo-autonomic reflexes are described. Furthermore, the mechanisms potentially responsible for the return of the ability to produce posturally-related adjustments in blood pressure and respiration following vestibular lesions are discussed. In particular, evidence that somatosensory signals can replace labyrinthine inputs to vestibular nucleus neurons that participate in autonomic regulation is provided.
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Schubert, Michael C., i Lloyd B. Minor. "Vestibulo-ocular Physiology Underlying Vestibular Hypofunction". Physical Therapy 84, nr 4 (1.04.2004): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/84.4.373.
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AbstractThe vestibular system detects motion of the head and maintains stability of images on the fovea of the retina as well as postural control during head motion. Signals representing angular and translational motion of the head as well as the tilt of the head relative to gravity are transduced by the vestibular end organs in the inner ear. This sensory information is then used to control reflexes responsible for maintaining the stability of images on the fovea (the central area of the retina where visual acuity is best) during head movements. Information from the vestibular receptors also is important for posture and gait. When vestibular function is normal, these reflexes operate with exquisite accuracy and, in the case of eye movements, at very short latencies. Knowledge of vestibular anatomy and physiology is important for physical therapists to effectively diagnose and manage people with vestibular dysfunction. The purposes of this article are to review the anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system and to describe the neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for the vestibulo-ocular abnormalities in patients with vestibular hypofunction.
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Saadat, Daryoush, Dennis P. O'Leary, Jack L. Pulec i Hiroya Kitano. "Comparison of Vestibular Autorotation and Caloric Testing". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 113, nr 3 (wrzesień 1995): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(95)70109-5.
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The two most common stimuli of the vestibular system for diagnostic purposes are caloric and rotational head movements. Caloric stimulation, by delivering thermal energy to the lateral semicircular canal, is a well-studied method of vestibular testing, and its clinical usefulness has been established. Vestibular autorotation testing uses high-frequency (2 to 6 Hz), active head movements to stimulate the horizontal and vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex to produce measurable eye movements that can be used to calculate gain and phase. We compared the alternate bilateral bithermal caloric results with the vestibular autorotation test results obtained from 39 patients with peripheral vestibular disorders and from 10 patients with acoustic neuroma. In the peripheral disorder group, only 2 of 14 patients with equal caloric response (<20% reduced vestibular response) had a normal vestibular autorotation test result. No patients with a reduced vestibular response greater than 21% had a normal vestibular autorotation test result. In the acoustic neuroma group, four patients had a normal reduced vestibular response, but all patients had an abnormal vestibular autorotation test result. We conclude that testing both the horizontal and vertical vestibulo-ocular reflexes in their physiologic frequency range with the vestibular autorotation test provides additional information that could be missed by conventional caloric testing. Therefore high-frequency rotational testing is a valuable addition to the vestibular test battery.
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Obermann, Mark, Sebastian Wurthmann, Benedict Schulte Steinberg, Nina Theysohn, Hans-Christoph Diener i Steffen Naegel. "Central vestibular system modulation in vestibular migraine". Cephalalgia 34, nr 13 (24.03.2014): 1053–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102414527650.
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Background Vestibular migraine affects 1% of the general population, and 30%–50% of all migraine patients describe occasionally associated vertigo or dizziness. We aimed to identify brain regions altered in vestibular migraine in order to evaluate the connection between migraine and the vestibular system. Methods Seventeen patients with definite vestibular migraine were compared to 17 controls using magnetic resonance imaging-based voxel-based morphometry. Results We found grey matter (GM) volume reduction in the superior, inferior and middle (MT/V5) temporal gyrus as well as in the mid. cingulate, dorsolateral prefontal, insula, parietal and occipital cortex. A negative correlation of disease duration and GM volume was observed in areas associated with pain and vestibular processing. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between headache severity and prefrontal cortex volume. Conclusion Alterations identified in vestibular migraine resemble those previously described for migraine, but also extend to areas involved in multisensory vestibular control and central vestibular compensation possibly representing the pathoanatomic connection between migraine and the vestibular system.
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Møller, Martin Nue, Søren Hansen i Per Caye-Thomasen. "Peripheral Vestibular System Disease in Vestibular Schwannomas". Otology & Neurotology 36, nr 9 (wrzesień 2015): 1547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000000846.
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Kitahara, Tadashi. "Vestibular Compensation in the Central Vestibular System." Equilibrium Research 59, nr 2 (2000): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.59.103.
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Clark, David L. "The Vestibular System:". Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 5, nr 2-3 (styczeń 1985): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j006v05n02_02.
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Clark, David. "The Vestibular System:". Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 5, nr 2 (30.07.1985): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j006v05n02_02.
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Lopez, Christophe. "The vestibular system". Current Opinion in Neurology 29, nr 1 (luty 2016): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wco.0000000000000286.
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Day, Brian L., i Richard C. Fitzpatrick. "The vestibular system". Current Biology 15, nr 15 (sierpień 2005): R583—R586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.053.
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Graham, Malcolm D., i John L. Kemink. "The Vestibular System". Ear and Hearing 9, nr 4 (sierpień 1988): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003446-198808000-00028.
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Roberts, Richard A. "The Vestibular System". Ear and Hearing 25, nr 6 (grudzień 2004): 625–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003446-200412000-00012.
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Fetter, Michael, Hans-Christoph Diener i Johannes Dichgans. "Recovery of Postural Control After an Acute Unilateral Vestibular Lesion in Humans". Journal of Vestibular Research 1, nr 4 (1.10.1991): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1991-1405.
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Postural control during stance was investigated using the EQUITEST® system in 10 patients during recovery after an acute unilateral vestibular lesion and was compared to the time course of recovery of the static and dynamic vestibulo-ocular imbalance. During the acute phase the patients showed a characteristic pattern with normal upright stance as long as at least one accurate sensory input (visual or somatosensory) was provided and severe postural disturbances when they had to rely primarily on vestibular afferences. Both static vestibulo-ocular and vestibulo-spinal balance recovered very fast, showing basically normal results on postural testing within about 2 weeks after the lesion. Thereafter, no pathological pattern was detectable during postural testing even in patients with persistent complete unilateral vestibular lesions. Reflexive postural responses to unexpected rapid displacements of the support surface seemed not to be influenced by vestibular imbalance even in the acute phase of the lesion.
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Maheu, Maxime, François Champoux i Adrian Fuente. "Acute Vertigo in a Patient with Long-Term Organic Solvent Exposure: Importance of a Comprehensive Audio-Vestibular Test Battery". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 31, nr 05 (maj 2020): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.19034.
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Abstract Background Ototoxicity induced by organic solvents has been identified in several groups of workers. Little is known, however, about the effects of organic solvents on the vestibular system. Purpose The aim of the study was to comprehensively assess the vestibular system and auditory functions in a worker exposed to organic solvents. Research Design Both behavioral and physiological auditory and vestibular evaluations were performed. Results No auditory-related findings associated with solvent exposure were found. The vestibulo-ocular reflex gain was abnormal for all semicircular canals with significant catch-up saccades, as measured by the video head impulse test. The cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials was absent in the right ear and small but replicable in the left ear. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential were bilaterally absent. Conclusions The results suggest a case of vestibulotoxicity induced by a long history of organic solvent exposure. We suggest that solvent-exposed individuals should be evaluated with a comprehensive battery of auditory and vestibular tests.
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Yates, Bill J. "Autonomic reaction to vestibular damage". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 119, nr 1 (lipiec 1998): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(98)70179-2.
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The vestibular system provides inputs to many neurons in the brain stem that participate in autonomic control. This multiplicity of vestibular-autonomic connections plays a variety of roles. Whereas it has been known for decades that unilateral vestibular lesions can result in motion sickness, recent data suggest that the vestibular system participates in making adjustments in blood pressure and respiration that are necessary to maintain homeostasis during movement and changes in posture. Animals with bilateral vestibular lesions are more susceptible to posturally related hypotension than vestibularly intact animals, and it is also possible that orthostatic hypotension after space flight is caused in part by microgravity-related changes in otolith function. Patients with vestibular lesions could also be more vulnerable to respiratory disturbances related to posture, such as obstructive apnea. Vestibular dysfunction has additionally been linked with anxiety disorders, such as agoraphobia, which may result from alteration of vestibular inputs to brain stem monoaminergic neurons (which are known to process these signals). Even sleep disturbances might be connected with vestibular disorders because neurons in the pontine reticular formation that are critical in switching between sleep states may be influenced by labyrinthine inputs. Thus it is likely that vestibular damage will result in a number of parallel disturbances in autonomic function. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:106-12.)
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Matsumura, Masashi, i Toshihisa Murofushi. "Vestibular Rehabilitation after Vestibulopathy Focusing on the Application of Virtual Reality". Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine 2, nr 2 (17.05.2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ohbm2020005.
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Human postural control is regulated by the vestibular, somatosensory, and visual systems. These types of sensory information are integrated in the central nervous system to ascertain the body’s position in space. Proper functioning of the vestibular, somatosensory, and visual senses is necessary for the body to maintain equilibrium. Bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) is a condition in which bilateral peripheral vestibular function is reduced. Its treatment includes vestibular rehabilitation (VeR), balance training, counseling, treating the underlying cause, and avoiding further damage to the vestibular system. As VeR is often tedious for patients, patient motivation is required or patients may drop out of the program. To solve this problem, in recent years, there have been increasing reports of VeR using virtual reality, which increases vestibulo-ocular reflex gain and decreased dizziness by inducing adaptation. In this review, we discuss VeR, particularly for BVP, and VeR using virtual reality.
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Nikolaeva, Elena I., Victoria L. Efimova i Eugeny G. Vergunov. "Integration of Vestibular and Auditory Information in Ontogenesis". Children 9, nr 3 (11.03.2022): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9030401.
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Background: We analyzed the hypothesis that the vestibular and auditory systems are integrative functions. Methods: The study involved 383 children (5.5 ± 2.4 years old). We assessed the conduct of auditory information by recording the auditory brain stem response (ABR), post-rotational nystagmus (PRN), and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP), and calculated the integration of the parameters. All procedures were carried out using the JACOBI 4 software package. Results: We have found out that PRN, ABR, and cVEMP represent three different groups of integrative functions, each of which is conditioned by its own integrative mechanism. We have proven that PRN and ABR are associated with age, but no relationship was found between cVEMP and age. Conclusion: According to our data, the severity of ABR and PRN depended on age, while cVEMP was not associated with age. The functional immaturity of the child’s vestibular system, which probably arose in utero, often becomes apparent only at school when reading and writing must be mastered. These skills require maturity of both the vestibule ocular and vestibule spinal functions of the vestibular system.
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Naryshkin, A. G., I. V. Galanin, A. L. Gorelik, R. Yu Seliverstov i T. A. Skoromets. "Conceptual Aspects of Vestibular Neuromodulation". Физиология человека 49, nr 4 (1.07.2023): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0131164623700297.
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The review highlights the development of the vestibular system in phylo- and ontogenesis, also its influence on the forming and mature brain. Based on recent studies, neuronal networks formed under the influence of the vestibular apparatus (VA) have been described. The basic function of the VA is gravitational sensitivity, which is detected by the otolithic apparatus of the vestibule. Because of this peculiarity of the vestibular apparatus, according to the authors, the main property of the vestibular apparatus is its dominant participation in multimodal synthetic processes. Different methods of vestibular neuromodulation (VNM) and its possibilities in the treatment of various brain diseases are considered. The authors believe that the “point of application” of VNM is its effect on the macular vestibular apparatus, which explains its effectiveness in various diseases of the brain.
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Barmack, Neal H. "Central vestibular system: vestibular nuclei and posterior cerebellum". Brain Research Bulletin 60, nr 5-6 (czerwiec 2003): 511–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00055-8.
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Abe, Chikara, Kunihiko Tanaka, Chihiro Awazu i Hironobu Morita. "Impairment of vestibular-mediated cardiovascular response and motor coordination in rats born and reared under hypergravity". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, nr 1 (lipiec 2008): R173—R180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00120.2008.
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It is well known that environmental stimulation is important for the proper development of sensory function. The vestibular system senses gravitational acceleration and then alters cardiovascular and motor functions through reflex pathways. The development of vestibular-mediated cardiovascular and motor functions may depend on the gravitational environment present at birth and during subsequent growth. To examine this hypothesis, arterial pressure (AP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were monitored during horizontal linear acceleration and performance in a motor coordination task in rats born and reared in 1-G or 2-G environments. Linear acceleration of ±1 G increased AP and RSNA. These responses were attenuated in rats with a vestibular lesion, suggesting that the vestibular system mediated AP and RSNA responses. These responses were also attenuated in rats born in a 2-G environment. AP and RSNA responses were partially restored in these rats when the hypergravity load was removed, and the rats were maintained in a 1-G environment for 1 wk. The AP response to compressed air, which is mediated independently of the vestibular system, did not change in the 2-G environment. Motor coordination was also impaired in the 2-G environment and remained impaired even after 1 wk of unloading. These results indicate that hypergravity impaired both the vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex and motor coordination. The vestibulo-cardiovascular reflex was only impaired temporarily and partially recovered following 1 wk of unloading. In contrast, motor coordination did not return to normal in response to unloading.
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Piker, Erin G., i Daniel J. Romero. "Diabetes and the Vestibular System". Seminars in Hearing 40, nr 04 (9.10.2019): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697032.
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AbstractFalls are among the most injurious, costly, and feared conditions affecting older adults. Patients with diabetes have a significantly greater risk for falling due to complications affecting the sensory systems required for balance: vision, proprioception, and vestibular. The effects of diabetes mellitus on the vestibular system are perhaps the least understood of these systems. The vestibular system is complex, includes multiple structures, and is difficult and expensive to thoroughly assess. There is pathophysiologic evidence suggesting a direct effect of diabetes mellitus complications on the vestibular system, but there is limited clinical evidence regarding which specific vestibular structures are most adversely affected. Nevertheless, large population-based studies show that patients with diabetes are more likely to have vestibular loss, have a high prevalence of a specific vestibular disorder called benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, and are at a greater risk for falling. Based on the available evidence, a balance screening and an evaluation of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, a common but easy to treat pathology, in patients with diabetes is recommended as well as counseling on falls risk and home modifications.
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Minor, Lloyd B. "Physiological Principles of Vestibular Function on Earth and in Space". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 118, nr 3_suppl (marzec 1998): s5—s15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989870002-6.
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Physiological mechanisms underlying vestibular function have important implications for our ability to understand, predict, and modify balance processes during and after spaceflight. The microgravity environment of space provides many unique opportunities for studying the effects of changes in gravitoinertial force on structure and function of the vestibular system. Investigations of basic vestibular physiology and of changes in reflexes occurring as a consequence of exposure to microgravity have important implications for diagnosis and treatment of vestibular disorders in human beings. This report reviews physiological principles underlying control of vestibular processes on earth and in space. Information is presented from a functional perspective with emphasis on signals arising from labyrinthine receptors. Changes induced by microgravity in linear acceleration detected by the vestibulo-ocular reflexes. Alterations of the functional requirements for postural control in space are described. Areas of direct correlation between studies of vestibular reflexes in microgravity and vestibular disorders in human beings are discussed. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:S5-S15.)
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Lee, Sun-Uk, Hyo-Jung Kim i Ji-Soo Kim. "Bilateral Vestibular Dysfunction". Seminars in Neurology 40, nr 01 (14.01.2020): 040–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3402066.
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AbstractBilateral vestibular dysfunction (BVD) refers to hypofunction of the vestibular nerves or labyrinths on both sides. Patients with BVD present with dizziness, oscillopsia, and unsteadiness, mostly during locomotion, which worsen in darkness or on uneven ground. Although aminoglycoside ototoxicity, Meniere's disease, infection, and genetic disorders frequently cause BVD, the etiology remains undetermined in up to 50% of the patients. The diagnosis of BVD requires both symptoms and documentation of deficient vestibulo-ocular reflex function using head-impulse, bithermal caloric, and rotatory chair tests. Since various neurologic and systemic disorders may present with BVD, clinicians should be cautious not to overlook the symptoms and signs of central nervous system and systemic involvements. Vestibular rehabilitation, application of vibrotactile and auditory feedbacks, and vestibular prosthesis can aid the patients with BVD along with the correction of the underlying causes.
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Guyot, Jean-philippe, i Georges Psillas. "Test-Retest Reliability of Vestibular Autorotation Testing in Healthy Subjects". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 117, nr 6 (grudzień 1997): 704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989770057-3.
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Vestibulo-ocular reflex rotational chair testing in the high-frequency range is seldom performed because it requires specialized and powerful systems. But today a new method of sweep-frequency vestibulo-ocular reflex testing, the Vestibular Autorotation Test system (Western Systems Research, Inc., Pasadena, Calif.), based on active head movements increasing from 2 to 6 Hz, is available on the market. The goal of this study was to evaluate the test-retest variability of this test in healthy subjects. Twelve young adults (22 to 42 years old) without any history of auditory or vestibular dysfunction were included in the study. Subjects underwent five tests under standardized conditions with a 1 -week interval. Each test consisted of three measurements of the gain and phase of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in the horizontal and vertical planes. Statistical analysis shows that the test-retest reliability of the Vestibular Autorotation Test is poor. Therefore this method cannot be used routinely to evaluate precise vestibulo-ocular reflex anomalies.
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Kornilova, L. N., V. Grigorova i G. Bodo. "Vestibular Function and Sensory Interaction in Space Flight". Journal of Vestibular Research 3, nr 3 (1.09.1993): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1993-3303.
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The vestibular system and vestibulo-visual interaction were examined in 11 astronauts by the electrooculographic (EOG) method during short- and long-term flights on days 2, 3, 5, 9, 22, 50, 164, and 169 (experiments OPTOKINES and LABYRINTH). In space (flight days 2 and 3), they showed enhanced spontaneous vertical nystagmus, and disorders of tracking of vertical and diagonal movements of the stimulus which improved after active head movements. Early increasing of the reactivity of the cupulo-endolymphatic system (flight days 2–3) was replaced after 5 days of flight with a reduction of the vestibular function and an increase of the significance of the visual input in the formation of oculomotor responses to combined vestibulo-optokinetic stimulation. The type of spontaneous ocular reaction and vestibular stimulation of oculomotor activity under the conditions of weightlessness represented, on one band, the general responses of sensory systems to weightlessness and, on the other hand, specificity of integrating and adaptive processes.
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Talkowski, M. E., M. S. Redfern, J. R. Jennings i J. M. Furman. "Cognitive Requirements for Vestibular and Ocular Motor Processing in Healthy Adults and Patients with Unilateral Vestibular Lesions". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, nr 9 (wrzesień 2005): 1432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054985419.
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This study investigated the role of cognition in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and ocular pursuit using a dual-task paradigm in patients with unilateral peripheral vestibular loss and healthy adults. We hypothesized that cognitive resources are involved in successful processing and integration of vestibular and ocular motor sensory information, and this requirement would be greater in patients with vestibular dys-function. Sixteen well-compensated patients with surgically confirmed absent unilateral peripheral vestibular function and 16 healthy age-and sex-matched controls underwent seven combinations of vestibular-only, visual-only, and visual-vestibular stimuli while performing three different information processing tasks. Visual-vestibular stimuli included a semi-circular canal and an otolith stimulus provided through seated chair rotations; fixation on a laser target and sinusoidal smooth pursuit while still; and fixation on a head-fixed laser target during chair rotations. The information processing tasks were three different auditory reaction time (RT) tasks: (1) simple RT (2) disjunctive RT, and (3) choice RT. Our results showed increases in RTs in both patients and controls under all vestibular-only stimulation conditions and during ocular pursuit. Patients showed greater increases in RTs during vestibular stimulation and the more complex disjunctive and choice RT tasks. No differences between the groups were found during the visual-only or visual-vestibular interaction conditions. These results reveal interference between vestibulo-ocular processing and a concurrent RT task, suggesting that the VOR and the ocular motor system are dependent upon cognitive resources to some extent, and thus, are not fully automatic systems. We speculate that this interference with cognition occurs as a result of the sensory integration required for resolving inputs from multiple sensory streams. The particularly large decrement in information processing task performance of the patients compared with controls during vestibular stimulation suggests that compensation for unilateral vestibular loss requires continued cognitive resources.
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Rastoldo, Guillaume, i Brahim Tighilet. "Thyroid Axis and Vestibular Physiopathology: From Animal Model to Pathology". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, nr 12 (6.06.2023): 9826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129826.
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A recent work of our group has shown the significant effects of thyroxine treatment on the restoration of postural balance function in a rodent model of acute peripheral vestibulopathy. Based on these findings, we attempt to shed light in this review on the interaction between the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis and the vestibular system in normal and pathological situations. Pubmed database and relevant websites were searched from inception through to 4 February 2023. All studies relevant to each subsection of this review have been included. After describing the role of thyroid hormones in the development of the inner ear, we investigated the possible link between the thyroid axis and the vestibular system in normal and pathological conditions. The mechanisms and cellular sites of action of thyroid hormones on animal models of vestibulopathy are postulated and therapeutic options are proposed. In view of their pleiotropic action, thyroid hormones represent a target of choice to promote vestibular compensation at different levels. However, very few studies have investigated the relationship between thyroid hormones and the vestibular system. It seems then important to more extensively investigate the link between the endocrine system and the vestibule in order to better understand the vestibular physiopathology and to find new therapeutic leads.
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Monsell, Edwin M., Derald E. Brackmann i Fred H. Linthicum. "Why Do Vestibular Destructive Procedures Sometimes Fail?" Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 99, nr 5 (listopad 1988): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988809900505.
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Vestibular nerve specimens and one temporal bone, from patients with vestibular symptoms after destructive surgery on the vestibular system, were studied by light microscopy. Surviving nerve axons in three specimens that followed retrolabyrinthine vestibular nerve section (RLVNS) were counted and compared to normative data. Results are consistent with persistence of the central processes of primary vestibular neurons in three specimens from patients who had persistent symptoms and ice-water caloric responses after RLVNS. Incomplete neurectomy probably results from anatomic variations in the plane of separation of the vestibular and cochlear portions of the eighth nerve in the posterior fossa. Regeneration neuromas were found in the vestibule after a complete transmastoid labyrinthectomy and a Fick sacculotomy; this indicates that wide degrees of injury to the labyrinth may provoke this response. Disabling unsteadiness after labyrinthectomy may or may not respond to revision surgery (translabyrinthine vestibular nerve section). The indications for revision surgery are discussed. The excision of Scarpa's ganglion by the translabyrinthine route offers the best chance to ensure complete removal of peripheral vestibular tissue, minimize postoperative unsteadiness, and prevent neuroma formation.
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Kambari, *Yasaman, Jianmeng Song, Aron Amaev, Ali Abdolizadeh, Edgardo Torres-Carmona, Fumihiko Ueno, Teruki Koizumi i in. "IS THERE A DIFFERENCE IN VESTIBULAR SYSTEM REACTIVITY BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA AND HEALTHY CONTROL PARTICIPANTS?" International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 28, Supplement_1 (luty 2025): i360. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyae059.639.
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Abstract Background Conventional caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS), which involves the irrigation of cold or warm water into the external ear canal induces a temperature gradient across the semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus stimulating the vestibular nerve and eliciting the vestibulo-ocular reflex. It is commonly used in both otolaryngology to assess vestibular function and neurology to test brain stem function. In schizophrenia, there is no conclusive link between psychopathology and vestibular dysfunction. Initial data from another CVS study by our group suggests that individuals with schizophrenia may have greater reactivity to body temperature (37° C) CVS, as measured by the peak slow phase velocity of the resulting nystagmus (PSPV), than would be expected for healthy participants1. However, we are unaware of any studies that have investigated the differential effects of CVS temperature gradients on individuals with schizophrenia versus healthy control participants. Aim & Objective In the current study we aimed to examine if individuals with schizophrenia have greater reactivity to caloric vestibular stimulation than healthy control (HC) participants. Methods Patients with schizophrenia and HC participants received three conditions bilaterally: (1) body temperature (37° C) CVS; (2) warm CVS (44° C), and (3) cold CVS (30° C). All conditions were performed by an audiologist. The physiological response of vestibular stimulation was assessed with videonystagmography, which provides a measure of the intensity of the nystagmus via PSPV. Independent sample t-tests were conducted to compare vestibular reactivity (i.e., nystagmus) between patients and HC participants for each CVS condition. Results A total of 20 patients (mean age 39.2, SD=12.6, 25% female) and 20 HC participants (mean age 37.9, SD=13.1; 25% female) completed the study. There was no statistically significant difference between patients and HC participants in body temperature, warm or cold CVS (p>0.05). Discussion & Conclusion In schizophrenia, there is no conclusive link between psychopathology and vestibular dysfunction, and we are not aware of any data that exists on the range of responses to CVS in persons with schizophrenia. We did not find any differences in vestibular reactivity between patients with schizophrenia and HC participants in response to CVS. References Gerretsen, P.et al.(2017) ‘Vestibular stimulation improves insight into illness in schizophrenia spectrum disorders’, Psychiatry Research, 251, pp. 333–341. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.020.
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Efimova, Victoria L., i Irina P. Volkova. "Vestibular system and human cognitive functions". Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 14, nr 6 (7.05.2024): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped626401.
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The article is a review of scientific research on the influence of the vestibular system on human cognitive functions. The vestibular apparatus is well studied. Research in recent decades using functional tomography techniques has shown that it has extensive connections with the subcortical and cortical structures of the brain that provide cognitive activity. Hypotheses are put forward that the conduction and processing of bioelectric impulses by the brain, which are recorded by the vestibular apparatus, creates the necessary background for the course of all cognitive processes. The vestibular apparatus has connections with the limbic system, hippocampus, striatum and neocortex. Therefore, vestibular dysfunctions can reduce the ability to learn, cause impaired attention, memory, executive functions, cause disorientation, and affect stress levels. An urgent area of research is the study of the influence of vestibular sensory reactivity on children’s learning ability. This influence has long been underestimated, since it was generally assumed that motor and cognitive development occur independently of each other. The mechanisms linking vestibular dysfunction with cognitive impairment have not yet been sufficiently studied. Further studies are needed to assess the possible impact of vestibular dysfunctions on attention, memory, and speech. Such studies are already underway. Their results are most relevant for patients with neurodegenerative disorders and for children with special needs.
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Boutros, Peter J., Nicolas S. Valentin, Kristin N. Hageman, Chenkai Dai, Dale Roberts i Charles C. Della Santina. "Nonhuman primate vestibuloocular reflex responses to prosthetic vestibular stimulation are robust to pulse timing errors caused by temporal discretization". Journal of Neurophysiology 121, nr 6 (1.06.2019): 2256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00887.2018.
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Electrical stimulation of vestibular afferent neurons to partially restore semicircular canal sensation of head rotation and the stabilizing reflexes that sensation supports has potential to effectively treat individuals disabled by bilateral vestibular hypofunction. Ideally, a vestibular implant system using this approach would be integrated with a cochlear implant, which would provide clinicians with a means to simultaneously treat loss of both vestibular and auditory sensation. Despite obvious similarities, merging these technologies poses several challenges, including stimulus pulse timing errors that arise when a system must implement a pulse frequency modulation-encoding scheme (as is used in vestibular implants to mimic normal vestibular nerve encoding of head movement) within fixed-rate continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) strategies used in cochlear implants. Pulse timing errors caused by temporal discretization inherent to CIS create stair step discontinuities of the vestibular implant’s smooth mapping of head velocity to stimulus pulse frequency. In this study, we assayed electrically evoked vestibuloocular reflex responses in two rhesus macaques using both a smooth pulse frequency modulation map and a discretized map corrupted by temporal errors typical of those arising in a combined cochlear-vestibular implant. Responses were measured using three-dimensional scleral coil oculography for prosthetic electrical stimuli representing sinusoidal head velocity waveforms that varied over 50–400°/s and 0.1–5 Hz. Pulse timing errors produced negligible effects on responses across all canals in both animals, indicating that temporal discretization inherent to implementing a pulse frequency modulation-coding scheme within a cochlear implant’s CIS fixed pulse timing framework need not sacrifice performance of the combined system’s vestibular implant portion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Merging a vestibular implant system with existing cochlear implant technology can provide clinicians with a means to restore both vestibular and auditory sensation. Pulse timing errors inherent to integration of pulse frequency modulation vestibular stimulation with fixed-rate, continuous interleaved sampling cochlear implant stimulation would discretize the smooth head velocity encoding of a combined device. In this study, we show these pulse timing errors produce negligible effects on electrically evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex responses in two rhesus macaques.
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Rybak, Leonard P. "Metabolic Disorders of the Vestibular System". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 112, nr 1 (styczeń 1995): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-59989570312-8.
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This article reviews the impact of metabolic disorders on vestibular function. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose metabolism that can be associated with vestibular dysfunction. Vertigo can be alleviated by diet management in many cases. Elevated levels of blood lipids have been implicated in cochleovestibular disorders. Treatment with a lipid-lowering drug has resulted in improved auditory and vestibular function in a placebo-controlled trial. Hypothyroidism may affect different parts of the vestibular system depending on the severity and duration of thyroid deficiency. Severe congenital hypothyroidism can cause central vestibular disorders affecting the cerebellum, whereas mild hypothyroidism may result in peripheral vestibulopathy. Endogenous alterations in concentrations of estrogen and progesterone in the premenstrual syndrome or with the use of exogenous hormones such as oral contraceptives may trigger vertigo. Metabolic evaluations for unexplained vertigo should include a lipoprotein profile, with cholesterol and triglyceride levels, glucose tolerance test, and thyroid hormone measurements. Nutritional and drug therapy may be useful to reverse the vestibular dysfunction.
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Hübner, Patrick P., Serajul I. Khan i Americo A. Migliaccio. "The mammalian efferent vestibular system plays a crucial role in vestibulo-ocular reflex compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy". Journal of Neurophysiology 117, nr 4 (1.04.2017): 1553–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01049.2015.
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The α9-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α9-nAChR) subunit is expressed in the vestibular and auditory periphery, and its loss of function could compromise peripheral input from the predominantly cholinergic efferent vestibular system (EVS). A recent study has shown that α9-nAChRs play an important role in short-term vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) adaptation. We hypothesize that α9-nAChRs could also be important for other forms of vestibular plasticity, such as that needed for VOR recovery after vestibular organ injury. We measured the efficacy of VOR compensation in α9 knockout mice. These mice have deletion of most of the gene ( chrna9) encoding the nAChR and thereby lack α9-nAChRs. We measured the VOR gain (eye velocity/head velocity) in 20 α9 knockout mice and 16 cba129 controls. We measured the sinusoidal (0.2–10 Hz, 20–100°/s) and transient (1,500–6,000°/s2) VOR in complete darkness before (baseline) unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) and then 1, 5, and 28 days after UL. On day 1 after UL, cba129 mice retained ~50% of their initial function for contralesional rotations, whereas α9 knockout mice only retained ~20%. After 28 days, α9 knockout mice had ~50% lower gain for both ipsilesional and contralesional rotations compared with cba129 mice. Cba129 mice regained ~75% of their baseline function for ipsilesional and ~90% for contralesional rotations. In contrast, α9 knockout mice only regained ~30% and ~50% function, respectively, leaving the VOR severely impaired for rotations in both directions. Our results show that loss of α9-nAChRs severely affects VOR compensation, suggesting that complimentary central and peripheral EVS-mediated adaptive mechanisms might be affected by this loss. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Loss of the α9-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α9-nAChR) subunit utilized by the efferent vestibular system (EVS) has been shown to significantly affect vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) adaptation. In our present study we have shown that loss of α9-nAChRs also affects VOR compensation, suggesting that the mammalian EVS plays an important role in vestibular plasticity, in general, and that VOR compensation is a more distributed process than previously thought, relying on both central and peripheral changes.
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Volf, Petr, Patrik Kutílek, Jiří Hozman, Rudolf Černý, Tomáš Koukolík i Jan Hejda. "SYSTEM FOR MEASURING KINEMATICS OF VESTIBULAR SYSTEM MOVEMENTS IN NEUROLOGICAL PRACTICE". Acta Polytechnica 56, nr 4 (31.08.2016): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2016.56.0336.
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The article deals with the design of a system for studying kinematics of movement of the vestibular system. Up to now there has not existed a system which would enable to measure the kinematic quantities of movement of the individual parts of the vestibular system within its coordinate system. The proposed system removes these deficiencies by suitable positioning of five gyro-accelerometric units on the helmet. The testing of the system took place under two conditions, during Unilateral Rotation on Barany Chair and Head Impulse Test. During the testing, the system justified its application because the results show that the kinematic quantities of the movement of the left and right labyrinths of the vestibular system differ. The introduced device is mainly intended for application in clinical neurology with the aim to enable the physician to measure all linear and angular accelerations of the vestibular system during medical examinations.
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Haxby, Felix, Mohammad Akrami i Reza Zamani. "Finding a Balance: A Systematic Review of the Biomechanical Effects of Vestibular Prostheses on Stability in Humans". Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 5, nr 2 (30.03.2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020023.
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The vestibular system is located in the inner ear and is responsible for maintaining balance in humans. Bilateral vestibular dysfunction (BVD) is a disorder that adversely affects vestibular function. This results in symptoms such as postural imbalance and vertigo, increasing the incidence of falls and worsening quality of life. Current therapeutic options are often ineffective, with a focus on symptom management. Artificial stimulation of the vestibular system, via a vestibular prosthesis, is a technique being explored to restore vestibular function. This review systematically searched for literature that reported the effect of artificial vestibular stimulation on human behaviours related to balance, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) technique. A total of 21 papers matched the inclusion criteria of the literature search conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases (February 2019). The populations for these studies included both healthy adults and patients with BVD. In every paper, artificial vestibular stimulation caused an improvement in certain behaviours related to balance, although the extent of the effect varied greatly. Various behaviours were measured such as the vestibulo-ocular reflex, postural sway and certain gait characteristics. Two classes of prosthesis were evaluated and both showed a significant improvement in at least one aspect of balance-related behaviour in every paper included. No adverse effects were reported for prostheses using noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation, however, prosthetic implantation sometimes caused hearing or vestibular loss. Significant heterogeneity in methodology, study population and disease aetiology were observed. The present study confirms the feasibility of vestibular implants in humans for restoring balance in controlled conditions, but more research needs to be conducted to determine their effects on balance in non-clinical settings.
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Jacobson, Gary P., Devin L. McCaslin, Sarah L. Grantham i Erin G. Piker. "Significant Vestibular System Impairment Is Common in a Cohort of Elderly Patients Referred for Assessment of Falls Risk". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 19, nr 10 (listopad 2008): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.19.10.7.
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Background: Falls in elderly patients are associated with morbidity, mortality, and cost to the health-care system. The development of falls risk assessment programs have represented a method of responding to what is known about injurious falls. The multidimensional assessments involve the comparison against normative data of a patient's performance on metrics known to influence the likelihood of future falls. The factors assessed usually include falls and medication history, measures of mentation, depression, orthostatic hypotension, simple or choice reaction time, gait stability, postural stability, and the integrity of the patient's vision, somesthetic, and vestibular senses. Purpose: This investigation was conducted to measure the proportion of patients referred for falls risk assessment who have evidence of vestibular system impairment. Research Design: Qualitative, retrospective review of data collected from 2003 to 2007. Study Sample: The cohort was 185 consecutive patients referred for multidimensional assessments of falls risk. Data Collection and Analysis: Patients underwent quantitative assessments of peripheral and central vestibular system function consisting of electro- or videonystagmography (i.e., ENG/VNG), and sinusoidal harmonic acceleration testing. Results of these tests were compared to normative data. Results: We found that 73% of the sample who underwent vestibular system assessment had quantitative evidence of either peripheral or central vestibular system impairment. Conclusions: Our results suggest that quantitative assessments of the vestibulo-ocular reflex should be conducted on patients who are evaluated for falls risk. These examinations should include at least caloric testing and, where available, rotational testing.
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Jones, Sherri M. "Functional and Structural Aging of the Vestibular System". Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, nr 5 (23.10.2020): 1166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-20-00164.
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Purpose Aging is ubiquitous and the elderly population (aged 65 years and older) will continue to grow, reaching an estimated 25% of the U.S. population by 2060. Symptoms of dizziness and imbalance as well as risk of falling are more common in older adults, but it is often unclear whether these symptoms are due to disease or a consequence of aging. Indeed, age-related changes in the vestibular periphery are not well understood. This invited review describes age-related changes in peripheral vestibular function, comparisons between aging of auditory and vestibular function, structural correlates for vestibular aging, and the role of genetics in vestibular aging. Conclusion The data from animal models will show that gravity receptor function declines with age but at different rates for different inbred mouse strains. Gravity receptor aging includes loss of postsynaptic elements and loss of hair cells, which is observed at advanced ages. Loss of hair cells may contribute to some extent at advanced ages. Age-related changes in hearing do not predict age-related changes in vestibular function. Genes likely influence the rate of decline in vestibular function. Further research is needed to fully understand the fundamental mechanisms of vestibular aging and to begin to develop potential therapeutic approaches.
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Özaltın, Gülfem Ezgi, Burcu Talu i Tuba Bayındır. "The effect of proprioceptive vestibular rehabilitation on sensory-motor symptoms and quality of life". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 82, nr 11 (24.09.2024): 001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1790568.
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Abstract Background Peripheral vestibular hypofunction (PVH) is characterized by balance and gait disorders and vestibulo-autonomic findings. The vestibular system and proprioceptive system work together to regulate sensorimotor functions. Vestibular exercises are effective in PVH, but their superiority over each other is still unclear. Objective This study aims to examine the effect of proprioceptive vestibular exercises on patients with PVH. Methods 30 individuals with unilateral PVH were assigned to 3 groups. Group 1 received proprioceptive vestibular rehabilitation, group 2 received standard vestibular rehabilitation. Both groups were given standard vestibular exercises as home exercises. No exercise was applied to the group 3. Patients were evaluated in terms of balance, functional mobility, posture, sensory profile, and quality of life. Results Although there was a significant intra-group difference in balance, functional mobility, and quality of life results in all groups (p < 0.05), the difference between groups was generally in favor of group 1 (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the groups in the posture analysis results (p < 0.05), while there was a significant difference in the 1st group (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the groups in the results of sensory sensitivity, sensory avoidance, and low recording (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in sensory-seeking results (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference in quality of life between and within groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion Proprioceptive vestibular rehabilitation is an effective method in PVH. We think that our study will guide clinicians and contribute to the literature. Trial registration NCT04687371.
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Miller, A. D., T. Yamaguchi, M. S. Siniaia i B. J. Yates. "Ventral respiratory group bulbospinal inspiratory neurons participate in vestibular-respiratory reflexes". Journal of Neurophysiology 73, nr 3 (1.03.1995): 1303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.3.1303.
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1. The vestibular system responds to accelerations of the head and produces reflex responses that serve a variety of compensatory functions. The neuronal circuitry that mediates vestibulo-respiratory reflexes is largely unknown. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible role of bulbospinal inspiratory neurons located in the para-ambigual region of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in mediating these reflexes. Experiments were carried out in cats that were decerebrated, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. 2. Activation of the vestibular nerve by electrical stimulation produced prominent bilateral reflex responses recorded from the phrenic nerve, which supplies the diaphragm. The responses could be complex and consisted of a decrease and/or increase in nerve discharge. 3. Extracellular recordings were made from 35 VRG inspiratory neurons that were antidromically activated from the upper cervical spinal cord. Almost one-half of these neurons (15/35, 43%) responded to vestibular stimulation. The neuronal response patterns were consistent with VRG inspiratory neurons contributing to the vestibular reflex response simultaneously recorded from the phrenic nerve. 4. The present results indicate that approximately one-half of VRG bulbospinal inspiratory neurons contribute to vestibulo-respiratory reflexes. These findings are in contrast to our recent neuroanatomic and electrophysiological studies which revealed a paucity of vestibular inputs to the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) located in the ventrolateral nucleus of the solitary tract. Thus there appears to be a difference between inspiratory neurons in the DRG and VRG in regard to participating in vestibulo-respiratory reflexes.
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Paplou, Vasiliki Georgia, Nick M. A. Schubert, Marcel van Tuinen, Sarath Vijayakumar i Sonja J. Pyott. "Functional, Morphological and Molecular Changes Reveal the Mechanisms Associated with Age-Related Vestibular Loss". Biomolecules 13, nr 9 (21.09.2023): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13091429.
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Age-related loss of vestibular function and hearing are common disorders that arise from the loss of function of the inner ear and significantly decrease quality of life. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood and difficult to investigate in humans. Therefore, our study examined young (1.5-month-old) and old (24-month-old) C57BL/6 mice, utilizing physiological, histological, and transcriptomic methods. Vestibular sensory-evoked potentials revealed that older mice had reduced wave I amplitudes and delayed wave I latencies, indicating reduced vestibular function. Immunofluorescence and image analysis revealed that older mice exhibited a significant decline in type I sensory hair cell density, particularly in hair cells connected to dimorphic vestibular afferents. An analysis of gene expression in the isolated vestibule revealed the upregulation of immune-related genes and the downregulation of genes associated with ossification and nervous system development. A comparison with the isolated cochlear sensorineural structures showed similar changes in genes related to immune response, chondrocyte differentiation, and myelin formation. These findings suggest that age-related vestibular hypofunction is linked to diminished peripheral vestibular responses, likely due to the loss of a specific subpopulation of hair cells and calyceal afferents. The upregulation of immune- and inflammation-related genes implies that inflammation contributes to these functional and structural changes. Furthermore, the comparison of gene expression between the vestibule and cochlea indicates both shared and distinct mechanisms contributing to age-related vestibular and hearing impairments. Further research is necessary to understand the mechanistic connection between inflammation and age-related balance and hearing disorders and to translate these findings into clinical treatment strategies.
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Pricilia, Sela, i Shahdevi Nandar Kurniawan. "CENTRAL VERTIGO". JPHV (Journal of Pain, Vertigo and Headache) 2, nr 2 (1.09.2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jphv.2021.002.02.4.
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Central vertigo is a symptom characterized by a feeling of changes in body position or environment as a result of diseases originating from the central nervous system. Central vertigo is caused by a disease that extend from vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata to ocular motor nuclei and integration system in mesencephalon to vestibulocerebellum, thalamus and vestibular cortex in temporoparietal and the neuronal pathway which mediate VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex). The diseases can be vestibular migrain, TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack), Vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, tumor in cerebelopontine angle and congenital malformation like Dandy Walker Syndrome. Central vertigo can be diagnosed by performing several special tests. This examination can also distinguish central vertigo from its differential diagnosis, namely peripheral vertigo. Management of central vertigo can be in the form of acute attack management and specific management according to the cause.
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Aitken, Phillip, Yiwen Zheng i Paul F. Smith. "The modulation of hippocampal theta rhythm by the vestibular system". Journal of Neurophysiology 119, nr 2 (1.02.2018): 548–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00548.2017.
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The vestibular system is a sensory system that has evolved over millions of years to detect acceleration of the head, both rotational and translational, in three dimensions. One of its most important functions is to stabilize gaze during unexpected head movement; however, it is also important in the control of posture and autonomic reflexes. Theta rhythm is a 3- to 12-Hz oscillating EEG signal that is intimately linked to self-motion and is also known to be important in learning and memory. Many studies over the last two decades have shown that selective activation of the vestibular system, using either natural rotational or translational stimulation, or electrical stimulation of the peripheral vestibular system, can induce and modulate theta activity. Furthermore, inactivation of the vestibular system has been shown to significantly reduce theta in freely moving animals, which may be linked to its impairment of place cell function as well as spatial learning and memory. The pathways through which vestibular information modulate theta rhythm remain debatable. However, vestibular responses have been found in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) and activation of the vestibular system causes an increase in acetylcholine release into the hippocampus, probably from the medial septum. Therefore, a pathway from the vestibular nucleus complex and/or cerebellum to the PPTg, supramammillary nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, and septum to the hippocampus is likely. The modulation of theta by the vestibular system may have implications for vestibular effects on cognitive function and the contribution of vestibular impairment to the risk of dementia.
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Pompeiano, Ottavio. "Noradrenergic influences on the cerebellar cortex: Effects on vestibular reflexes under basic and adaptive conditions". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 119, nr 1 (lipiec 1998): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(98)70178-0.
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Experiments performed either in decerebrate cats or in intact rabbits have shown that functional inactivation of the cerebellar anterior vermis or the flocculus decreased the basic gain of the vestibulospinal or the vestibulo-ocular reflex, respectively. These findings were attributed to the fact that a proportion of the vermal or floccular Purkinje cells, which are inhibitory in function, discharge out of phase with respect to the vestibulospinal or the vestibulo-ocular neurons during sinusoidal animal rotation, thus exerting a facilitatory influence on the gain of the vestibular reflexes. Intravermal injection of a β-noradrenergic agonist slightly increased the gain of the vestibulospinal reflex, whereas the opposite result was obtained after injection of β-antagonists. Similarly, intrafloccular injection of a β-noradrenergic agonist slightly facilitated the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in darkness (but not in light), whereas a small decrease of the reflex occurred after injection of a β-antagonist. It was postulated that the noradrenergic system acts on Purkinje cells by enhancing their amplitude of modulation to a given labyrinth signal, thus increasing the basic gain of the vestibular reflexes. The Purkinje cells of the cerebellar anterior vermis and the flocculus also exert a prominent role on the adaptation of vestibulospinal and vestibulo-ocular reflexes, respectively. In particular, intravermal or intrafloccular injection of β-noradrenergic antagonists decreased or suppressed the adaptive capacity of the vestibulospinal and vestibulo-ocular reflexes that always occurred during sustained out-of-phase neck-vestibular or visual-vestibular stimulation, whereas the opposite result was obtained after local injection of a β-noradrenergic agonist. The noradrenergic innervation of the cere-bellar cortex originates from the locus coeruleus complex, whose neurons respond to vestibular, neck, and visual signals. It was postulated that this structure acts through β-adrenoceptors to increase the expression of immediate-early genes, such as c- fos and Jun-B, in the Purkinje cells during vestibular adaptation. Induction of immediate-early genes could then represent a mechanism by which impulses elicited by sustained neck-vestibular or visuovestibular stimulation are transduced into long-term biochemical changes that are required for cerebellar long-term plasticity. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;119:93-105.)