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1
Vo, Le Phu. "Urban stormwater management in Vietnam." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envl595.pdf.
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Courtis, Benjamin John. "Water quality chlorine management." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289743.
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Duong, Thi Thuy, Thi Phuong Quynh Le, Tu Cuong Ho, Thi Nguyet Vu, Thi Thu Hang Hoang, Dinh Kim Dang, and Xixi Lu. "Phytoplankton community structure and water quality of Red River, Vietnam." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-176893.
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This study aimed to describe the distribution and relative abundance of the phytoplankton obtained during the two seasons (rainy and dry seasons) from the Red river system. The water and phytoplankton samples were monthly collected during the year 2012 at four sampling stations along the Red River (Yen Bai, Vu Quang Hoa Binh,and Ha Noi) . Environmental variables (e.g. temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, suspended solids, conductivity, TDS, NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, Total Phosphorus; and DOC) and phytoplankton (e.g. cell density and relative abundant species) were analyzed. Six phytoplankton classes were identified with the Bacillariophyceae dominating in the phytoplankton community. A distinct seasonal variation in phytoplankton structure was observed with high cells density in dry season and low values in rainy season. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) showed that suspended solid factor that governed the temporal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton structure in the Red River system<br>Nghiên cứu này trình bày sự phân bố và độ phong phú tương đối của quần xã thực vật nổi vào mùa mưa và mùa khô trong hệ thống sông Hồng. Các mẫu nước và thực vật nổi được thu hàng tháng trong năm 2012 tại 4 điểm trên sông Hồng (Yên Bái, Vụ Quang, Hòa Bình và Hà Nội). Các thông số môi trường (nhiệt độ, lượng oxy hòa tan, pH, chất rắn lơ lửng, độ dẫn, TDS, NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, T-P và DOC) và thực vật phù du (mật độ tế bào,độ phong phú tương đối ) đã được phân tích. Sáu lớph tảo được được xác định với tảo silíc chiếm ưu thế trong quần xã thực vật phù du. Sinh khối thực vật đạt giá trị cao vào mùa khô trong khi thấp vào mùa mưa. Phân tích hợp phần chính cho thấy yếu tố chất rắn lơ lửng đóng vai trò quan trọng việc xác định biến động thời gian và không gian cấu trúc quần xã thực vật nổi trong hệ thống sông Hồng
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Duong, Thi Thuy, Thi Phuong Quynh Le, Tu Cuong Ho, Thi Nguyet Vu, Thi Thu Hang Hoang, Dinh Kim Dang, and Xixi Lu. "Phytoplankton community structure and water quality of Red River, Vietnam." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28881.
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This study aimed to describe the distribution and relative abundance of the phytoplankton obtained during the two seasons (rainy and dry seasons) from the Red river system. The water and phytoplankton samples were monthly collected during the year 2012 at four sampling stations along the Red River (Yen Bai, Vu Quang Hoa Binh,and Ha Noi) . Environmental variables (e.g. temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, suspended solids, conductivity, TDS, NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, Total Phosphorus; and DOC) and phytoplankton (e.g. cell density and relative abundant species) were analyzed. Six phytoplankton classes were identified with the Bacillariophyceae dominating in the phytoplankton community. A distinct seasonal variation in phytoplankton structure was observed with high cells density in dry season and low values in rainy season. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) showed that suspended solid factor that governed the temporal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton structure in the Red River system.<br>Nghiên cứu này trình bày sự phân bố và độ phong phú tương đối của quần xã thực vật nổi vào mùa mưa và mùa khô trong hệ thống sông Hồng. Các mẫu nước và thực vật nổi được thu hàng tháng trong năm 2012 tại 4 điểm trên sông Hồng (Yên Bái, Vụ Quang, Hòa Bình và Hà Nội). Các thông số môi trường (nhiệt độ, lượng oxy hòa tan, pH, chất rắn lơ lửng, độ dẫn, TDS, NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, T-P và DOC) và thực vật phù du (mật độ tế bào,độ phong phú tương đối ) đã được phân tích. Sáu lớph tảo được được xác định với tảo silíc chiếm ưu thế trong quần xã thực vật phù du. Sinh khối thực vật đạt giá trị cao vào mùa khô trong khi thấp vào mùa mưa. Phân tích hợp phần chính cho thấy yếu tố chất rắn lơ lửng đóng vai trò quan trọng việc xác định biến động thời gian và không gian cấu trúc quần xã thực vật nổi trong hệ thống sông Hồng.
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Seager, John. "Environmental standards for water quality management." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302181.
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Tukker, Mary Jean. "Water quality information system for integrated water resource management." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52054.
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Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The processes of monitoring, modelling and managing the water quality of a catchmerit
system including all its unique complexities and interrelationships requires an innovative tool
or set of tools to help water managers with their decision making.
Numerous methods and tools have been developed to analyse and model the real world.
However, many of these tools require a fair degree of technical expertise and training to
operate correctly and their output may have to be translated or converted to meaningful
information for decision-making using a further set of analytical and graphical display tools.
A more appropriate technique for management would be to combine all these functions into a
single system. The objective of this research was to develop one such tool, an integrated water
quality information system (WQIS).
A review of the literature revealed that there has been extensive research and development of
tools for the management of individual aspects of water resource distribution, augmentation
and quality. However, these tools have rarely been integrated into a comprehensive
information system offering decision support to a wide variety of river users and managers.
Many of the literature sources also noted that a process of interactive development and
integration (i.e. including the intended users in the decision of which components to include,
the interface design and the graphical display and output) was vital to ensuring the
information system becomes an integral part of the users routine work and decision-making.
The WQIS was developed using the recommendations from numerous knowledgeable persons
in response to questionnaires, interviews and a prototype demonstration. It includes the results
of hydrodynamic river and reservoir simulations and the ability to perform operational river
scenario testing. However, the development process is continual and always evolving based
on the current or local requirements of water managers. These further developments and
research needs are discussed in more detail in the conclusion.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die proses om die waterkwaliteit van 'n opvanggebied, met al die unieke kompleksiteite en
onderlinge verhoudings van so 'n stelsel te monitor, modelleer en bestuur, vereis 'n
innoverende instrument om waterbestuurders te ondersteun in hul besluitnemings.
Talle instrumente en metodes vir die ontleding en modellering van die werklikheid is reeds
ontwikkel. Die gebruik van hierdie instrumente vereis gewoonlik 'n redelike mate van
tegniese kundigheid en opleiding. Dit mag verder nodig wees om die uitvoer van sulke
instrumente te vertaal en/of om te skakel na betekenisvolle inligting vir besluitneming deur
die gebruik van bykomende analitiese en grafiese vertoon instrumente. 'n Meer toepaslike
bestuurstegniek sou wees om al die funksies in 'n enkele stelsel te kombineer. Die doel van
hierdie navorsing was om een so 'n instrument, naamlik 'n geïntegreerde waterkwaliteit
inligtingstelsel (WQIS), te ontwikkel.
'n Hersiening van bestaande literatuur het getoon dat daar omvattende navorsing en
ontwikkeling van instrumente gedoen is vir die bestuur van individuele aspekte van
waterbronverspreiding, waterbronaanvulling en waterkwaliteit. Integrasie van hierdie
instrumente, in 'n uitgebreide stelsel wat besluitnemingsondersteuning aan 'n verskeidenheid
riviergebruikers en bestuurders bied, kom egter selde voor. Verskeie literatuurbronne het ook
aangedui dat 'n proses van interaktiewe ontwikkeling en integrasie (m.a.w. in agname van die
voorgenome gebruikers se behoeftes in die kense van komponente, die gebruiker raakvlak
ontwerp en grafiese vertoon instrumente en uitvoer) noodsaaklik is om te verseker dat die
inigtingstelsel 'n integrale deel word van die gebruiker se daaglikse roetine en
besluitnemingsproses.
Die WQIS is ontwikkel deur gebruikmaking van die insette en aanbevelings van verskeie
kenners in reaksie op vraelyste, onderhoude en 'n demonstrasie van 'n prototype. Dit sluit in
die resultate van hidro-dinamiese rivier en dam simulasies en die vermoë om operasionele
rivier scenario ontledings uit te voer. Die ontwikkeling is egter 'n deurlopende proses,
gebaseer op huidige of plaaslike behoeftes van waterbestuurders. Hierdie verdere
ontwikkelings- en navorsingsbehoeftes word meer breedvoerig in die gevolgtrekkings
bespreek.
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Hoang, Thi Thu Hang, Trung Kien Nguyen, Thi Phuong Quynh Le, Dinh Kim Dang, and Thi Thuy Duong. "Assessment of the water quality downstream of Red River in 2015 (Vietnam)." Technische Universität Dresden, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32613.
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The Red River is strongly affected by climate and human activities, especially in the downstream area concentrating industrial zones, large urbans and powerful agricultural activities. The surface water is progressively susceptible to anthropogenic pollution. The physicochemical variables of surface water were determined at 5 sampling sites (Quyet Chien, Truc Phuong, Ba Lat, Nam Dinh and
Gian Khau). At each site, water samples were taken monthly during the period from January to December 2015 to assess the effect of human activities on the surface water quality. The actual survey results showed that almost analyzed variables of the Red River water quality at the downstream were under the permitting limit values of the National technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08:2015, column B1). The quality of water downstream of the Red River reaches the permissible value in surface water for the irrigation purposes, waterway and other purposes with low quality water requirements. The results provide dataset for subsequent studies on the annual variation of physical and chemical variables of Red River downstream water, as well as the scientific basis for the effective protection and management of water resources in Vietnam.<br>Sông Hồng bị ảnh hưởng mạnh mẽ bởi khí hậu và các hoạt động của con người, đặc biệt là ở khu vực hạ lưu, nơi tập trung nhiều khu công nghiệp, nhiều đô thị lớn và các hoạt động nông nghiệp. Nước mặt đang dần bị ô nhiễm do con người. Các thông số hóa lý của nước mặt được xác định tại 5 trạm (Quyết Chiến, Trúc Phương, Ba Lạt, Nam Định và Gián Khẩu). Tại mỗi trạm, mẫu nước được lấy hàng tháng trong khoảng thời gian từ tháng 1 đến tháng 12 năm 2015 để đánh giá tác động của các hoạt động của con người đến chất lượng nước mặt. Kết quả khảo sát cho thấy, hầu hết các chỉ tiêu chất lượng nước ở hạ lưu của sông Hồng đều nằm trong giá trị giới hạn cho phép theo quy chuẩn kỹ thuật quốc gia về chất lượng nước mặt (QCVN 08: 2015, cột B1). Chất lượng nước ở hạ lưu của sông Hồng nằm trong giới hạn cho phép đối với mục đích tưới tiêu thủy lợi hoặc các mục đích sử dụng khác có yêu cầu nước chất lượng thấp. Kết quả thu được sẽ là cơ sở dữ liệu cho các nghiên cứu tiếp theo về sự thay đổi hàng năm của chất lượng nước hạ lưu sông Hồng, và cũng sẽ là cơ sở khoa học cho việc bảo vệ và quản lý tài nguyên nước một cách có hiệu quả tại Việt Nam.
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Stefan, Catalin, Lothar Fuchs, Gunda Röstel, and Peter Werner. "Handbook for sustainable development: Integrated Water Resources Management in Hanoi, Vietnam." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-88484.
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The handbook presented in this paper summarises the results of the research initiative “International Water Research Alliance Saxony” (IWAS). The subproject “IWAS Vietnam” (Phase I, October 2008 – December 2010) focuses on the model region “South-East Asia” with emphasis on Vietnam. The project started as a joint research initiative between German and Vietnamese organisations and included contributions from academic, private and public sector in both countries. The handbook was compiled by the Technische Universität Dresden (project coordination), the Institute for Technical and Scientific Hydrology and Dresden Drainage and Sewerage Company, with substantial contributions from Vietnamese partners<br>Sổ tay hướng dẫn trong bài viết này tóm lược các kết quả của sáng kiến nghiên cứu từ “Liên minh Nghiên cứu ngành nước quốc tế bang Saxony” (IWAS). Dự án nhánh “IWAS Việt Nam” (giai đoạn 1, 10/2008 - 12/2010) tập trung vào khu vực Đông Nam Á với trọng tâm là Việt Nam. Dự án khởi động như một sáng kiến liên kết nghiên cứu giữa các tổ chức của CHLB Đức và Việt Nam với sự đóng góp từ các đơn vị tư nhân, nhà nước và trường đại học của cả hai quốc gia. Quyển sổ tay này được biên soạn bởi Đại học Kỹ thuật Dresden (cơ quan điều phối dự án), Viện Công nghệ và Khoa học Thủy văn, và Công ty Thoát nước Dresden, cùng với sự đóng góp quan trọng của các đối tác Việt Nam
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Hamza, Sarah. "State of water quality management in Egypt." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0008/MQ42329.pdf.
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Leung, Wai-shun Wilson. "Ecological water quality indices in environmental management /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3712058X.
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Leung, Wai-shun Wilson, and 梁威信. "Ecological water quality indices in environmental management." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013482.
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Oertlé, Emmanuel, Duc Toan Vu, Dinh Chuc Nguyen, Laurin Näf, and Sandra Regina Müller. "Potential for water reuse in Vietnam." Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70827.
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Southeast Asian countries and Vietnam in particular are facing water security challenges; water reclamation is increasingly being considered as a favorable solution. Despite the availability of suitable technologies, several constraints often prevent stakeholders and especially decision makers exploiting their potential. In this paper we present the results of applying a decision support tool (DST) to evaluate water reclamation, support pre-feasibility studies and build capacity for water reclamation in Vietnam. The DST and its data are open access, providing information related to local and international water and wastewater quality standards. In this research we identified high potential Vietnamese case studies and conducted a systematic PISTLE analysis considering six dimensions (Political, Institutional, Social, Technical, Legal and Economic) at a multiple local stakeholder workshop. Key barriers and drivers for water reclamation implementation were identified. Measures proposed during the workshop could serve as a starting point for the development of water reclamation projects in Vietnam.<br>Các nước Đông Nam Á và đặc biệt là Việt Nam nói riêng hiện đang phải đối mặt với những thách thức về đảm bảo an ninh nguồn nước; cải tạo nguồn nước hiện đang được xem là một giải pháp thuận lợi. Mặc dù các công nghệ phù hợp đã có sẵn, nhưng một số hạn chế đã ngăn cản các bên liên quan và đặc biệt là những nhà làm chính sách có thể khai thác các tiềm năng của những công nghệ này. Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi trình bày các kết quả của việc áp dụng một công cụ hỗ trợ quyết định (DST) để đánh giá việc cải tạo nguồn nước, hỗ trợ các nghiên cứu tiền khả thi và xây dựng các khả năng cải tạo nguồn nước ở Việt Nam. DST và dữ liệu của nó là nguồn truy cập mở, cung cấp thông tin liên quan đến những tiêu chuẩn về chất lượng nước và nước thải của địa phương và quốc tế. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã xác định các tình huống điển hình có tiềm năng cao của Việt Nam và tiến hành phân tích PISTLE có hệ thống xem xét sáu khía cạnh (Chính trị, Thể chế, Xã hội, Kỹ thuật, Pháp lý và Kinh tế) tại một hội thảo của các bên liên quan tại địa phương. Những rào cản chính và yếu tố vận hành của việc thực hiện cải tạo nguồn nước cũng đã được xác định. Các giải pháp được đề xuất trong hội thảo này có thể đóng vai trò là điểm khởi đầu để phát triển các dự án cải tạo nguồn nước ở Việt Nam.
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Nguyen, Thi Phuong Loan. "Legal framework of the water sector in Vietnam: achievements and challenges." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-88472.
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Since 1986 and especially during the early 90s, environmental protection has become a constitutional principle in Vietnam as regulated by Articles 17 and 29 of the 1992 Constitution. The first Law on Environmental Protection, passed by the National Assembly on December 27, 1993 created a foundation for environmental legislation becoming an important field in Vietnam’s legal system. In the following, Vietnam enacted its very first Law on Water Resources (No. 08/1998/QH10) in January 1999 aiming to provide a foundational framework for managing the water sector in Vietnam. In recent years, the legislative framework on water resources management has further developed. Important water-related regulations on the guidance and implementation of the Law on Water Resources have been issued and often amended to meet the requirements of the country’s development, and its international integration. To date, Vietnam’s legislation on the water sector consists of a complex system of legal documents issued by different state agencies. Though legislation of water sector management in Vietnam has greatly improved during the last decade, it has obviously not yet come to full fruition. Hence, the paper intends to provide an overview of achievements as well as problems and conflicting issues within Vietnam’s current water sector management legislation<br>Kể từ năm 1986, đặc biệt là những năm đầu của thập kỷ 90, bảo vệ môi trường đã trở thành nguyên tắc hiến định (được quy định tại Điều 17 và 29 Hiến pháp 1992). Luật Bảo vệ môi trường đầu tiên được Quốc hội thông qua ngày 27 tháng 12 năm 1993 đã đặt nền móng cho việc hình thành hệ thống pháp luật về môi trường ở Việt Nam. Tiếp theo đó, ngày 20 tháng 05 năm 1998, Quốc hội nước Cộng hòa xã hội Việt Nam khóa X, kỳ họp thứ 3 đã thông qua văn bản luật đầu tiên về tài nguyên nước - Luật Tài nguyên nước số 08/1998/QH10 hình thành một nền tảng pháp lý cho hệ thống pháp luật bảo vệ nguồn tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam. Trong những năm gần đây, hầu hết các văn bản dưới luật quan trọng và cần thiết cho việc hướng dẫn thi hành Luật Tài nguyên nước đã được ban hành và không ngừng được sửa đổi, bổ sung nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu phát triển và hội nhập quốc tế của đất nước trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau. Tuy nhiên, khung pháp lý hiện hành về tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam bao gồm một hệ thống các văn bản quy phạm pháp luật khá phức tạp, nhiều tầng nấc, được ban hành bởi nhiều cơ quan có thẩm quyền khác nhau. Mặc dù hệ thống pháp luật về tài nguyên nước đã được liên tục sửa đổi, bổ sung và hoàn thiện trong suốt một thập kỷ qua, nhưng rõ ràng vẫn chưa thực sự đi vào cuộc sống. Bài viết dưới đây đề cập chủ yến đến một số các thành tựu cũng như những vấn đề mâu thuẫn hiện tại của pháp luật bảo vệ nguồn tài nguyên nước ở Việt Nam
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Tilley, Aleceia Marie. "Comparison study of the states of Washington and Oregon's total maximum daily load (TMDL) process." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Tilley_A%20MESThesis%202007.pdf.
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Coltman, Kenna Marie. "Water table management effects on water quality : a soil column study /." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1195165287.
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Coltman, Kenna Maria. "Water table management effects on water quality: a soil column study." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1195165287.
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Shen, Zi-soen Belwin. "Transboundary water pollution and its implications for planning and environmental management : Shenzhen-Hong Kong border region as a case study /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21041775.
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Stefan, Catalin, Hoang Mai Phan, Van Bo Pham, and Peter Werner. "Capacity development platform for promoting efficient urban water management." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-88517.
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The present paper summarizes the results of an application initiated within the framework of 35 years celebration of diplomatic relations between Germany and Vietnam. Within this context, the Technische Universität Dresden (TUD) and the Academy of Managers for Construction and Cities (AMC) jointly organized in 2010 a series of four thematic workshops. The one-day events have had similar structures and focused on main subjects of interest in the water sectors of both countries. In Vietnam, the workshops took place in Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Nha Trang and Vung Tau. Best practice examples about conceptualization, operation and maintenance of municipal water works provided an insight view into the challenges currently faced by the water service providers. TUD and AMC, together with their German and Vietnamese partners, addressed these issues by organizing the consecutive workshops under the umbrella of Vietnamese Water Supply and Sewerage Association (VWSA) and in coordination with the German Water Partnership (GWP)<br>Bài báo trình bày tóm tắt các kết quả của một đề xuất trong khuôn khổ kỷ niệm 35 năm quan hệ ngoại giao giữa CHLB Đức và Việt Nam. Theo đó, Trường Đại học Tổng hợp Kỹ Thuật Dresden (TUD) và Học viện Quản lý Xây dựng và Đô thị (AMC) đã phối hợp tổ chức một chuỗi bốn hội thảo chuyên đề trong năm 2010. Mỗi hội thảo thực hiện trong một ngày chương trình giống nhau và tập trung vào các chủ đề chính mà cả hai quốc gia đều quan tâm trong lĩnh vực nước. Phía Việt Nam, các hội thảo được tổ chức ở các thành phố Hà Nội, Hải Phòng, Nha Trang và Vũng Tàu. Nhiều bài thuyết trình về khái niệm hóa, vận hành và bảo dưỡng các công trình cấp nước đô thị đã thảo luận sâu về những thách thức mà các dịch vụ cấp nước đang gặp phải. TUD và AMC, kết hợp với các đối tác CHLB Đức và Việt Nam, đã ghi nhận các vấn đề phát sinh thông qua việc tổ chức nhiều hội thảo liên tục dưới sự bảo trợ của Hiệp hội Cấp thoát nước Việt Nam (VWSA) và Hiệp hội nước CHLB Đức (GWP)
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Steele, Kelsi Lynne. "Atrazine best management practices : impact on water quality." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/660.
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Lessard, Paul. "Operational water quality management : control of stormwater discharges." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47538.
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Cheung, Sheung-ching. "Transboundary water pollution between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta Region : Dongjiang River as a case study /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25247645.
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Kwong, Pui-ki. "Surface water quality indicators in China and their implications for sustainability." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36618718.
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Penn, Jerrod M. "VALUATION OF RECREATIONAL BEACH QUALITY AND WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN OAHU." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/19.
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Hawaii’s pristine ocean and tropical environment is a keystone of Hawaii tourism and the state economy. Water pollution from stormwater and development threatens the beach quality to both residents and tourists. In order to understand the lost nonmarket value, we assess changes in quality of beach characteristics including water and sand quality, swimming safety conditions, and congestion using a Discrete Choice Experiment of recreational beach users. Further, we study willingness to pay (WTP) for water management strategies in Hawaii using another discrete choice experiment, including structural and nonstructural Best Management Practices, testing, monitoring, and educational efforts.
Using a mixed logit model, beach quality results suggest similar preferences among resident and tourists. Both groups consistently have higher WTP to avoid poor quality levels versus obtaining excellent levels. Additionally, water quality is the single most important attribute. For the policy discrete choice experiment, both parties exhibit similar ranking of WTP to initiate water quality management strategies, with improved testing methods followed by education having the highest WTP. Lastly, we use Benefit-Cost analysis to find that all significant management strategies may be viable, since WTP is greater than the predicted cost of implementation based on expert opinion of Hawaiian policy leaders.
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Pong, Chung-nam. "Water quality of reservoirs in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39604238.
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Ellison, Christopher A. "Water quality of the Muddy Creek basin." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594477291&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Didan, Kamel. "Prototype geographic information system for agricultural water quality management." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=.
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Cheng, Man-shun. "A review of river water quality in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20042176.
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Telci, Ilker Tonguc. "Optimal water quality management in surface water systems and energy recovery in water distribution networks." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45861.
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Two of the most important environmental challenges in the 21st century are to protect the quality of fresh water resources and to utilize renewable energy sources to lower greenhouse gas emissions. This study contributes to the solution of the first challenge by providing methodologies for optimal design of real-time water quality monitoring systems and interpretation of data supplied by the monitoring system to identify potential pollution sources in river networks. In this study, the optimal river water quality monitoring network design aspect of the overall monitoring program is addressed by a novel methodology for the analysis of this problem. In this analysis, the locations of sampling sites are determined such that the contaminant detection time is minimized for the river network while achieving maximum reliability for the monitoring system performance. The data collected from these monitoring stations can be used to identify contamination source locations. This study suggests a methodology that utilizes a classification routine which associates the observations on a contaminant spill with one or more of the candidate spill locations in the river network. This approach consists of a training step followed by a sequential elimination of the candidate spill locations which lead to the identification of potential spill locations. In order to contribute the solution of the second environmental challenge, this study suggests utilizing available excess energy in water distribution systems by providing a methodology for optimal design of energy recovery systems. The energy recovery in water distribution systems is possible by using micro hydroelectric turbines to harvest available excess energy inevitably produced to satisfy consumer demands and to maintain adequate pressures. In this study, an optimization approach for the design of energy recovery systems in water distribution networks is proposed. This methodology is based on finding the best locations for micro hydroelectric plants in the network to recover the excess energy. Due to the unsteady nature of flow in water distribution networks, the proposed methodology also determines optimum operation schedules for the micro turbines.
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Ottman, M. J., and T. A. Doerge. "Durum Quality is Related to Water and Nitrogen Management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201419.
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Maeda, Shigeya. "Optimization of wasteload allocation for river water quality management." Kyoto University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/78139.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第9623号<br>農博第1251号<br>新制||農||843(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H14||N3655(農学部図書室)<br>UT51-2002-G381<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻<br>(主査)教授 河地 利彦, 教授 青山 咸康, 教授 高橋 強<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Kern, James D. "Water Quality Impacts of Cover Crop/Manure Management Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40385.
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Crop production, soil system, water quality, and economic impacts of four corn silage production systems were compared through a field study including 16 plots (4 replications of each treatment). Systems included a rye cover crop and application of liquid dairy manure in the spring and fall.
The four management systems were: 1) traditional, 2) double-crop, 3) roll-down, and 4) undercut. In the fourth system, manure was applied below the soil surface during the undercutting process. In all other systems, manure was surface-applied. In the third system, the rye crop was flattened with a heavy roller after manure application.
Simulated rainfall was applied within 48 h of manure application. Measured constituent concentrations in runoff were compared with water quality criteria. Costs and returns of all systems were compared. The undercut system reduced loadings of all nutrients, but increased total suspended solids (TSS) concentration as compared with all other systems. The mean volume of runoff from the undercut system was less than half that from any other system, which influenced all constituent loadings. Mean TSS concentration in runoff from the undercut system was over three times the mean of any other system. The roll-down system had no significant effect on water quality as compared to the traditional system. The undercut system was reasonably effective in keeping phosphate phosphorus levels below the criterion set for bathing water. None of the systems generally exceeded nitrate nitrogen concentration criteria.
However, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, fecal coliform and e. coli criteria for drinking, bathing, shellfish harvest, and aesthetics were regularly exceeded by all of the systems. There were no differences among the treatments in effects on bacterial concentrations. The double-crop system produced significantly higher net returns than all other systems only if the value of the rye crop was $92.31/Mg or more. There were no significant differences in net returns of the traditional, roll-down, or undercut systems.<br>Ph. D.
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Andrish, Sean David, and Sean David Andrish. "Water quality management in the Quinnipiac River Basin, Connecticut." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626903.
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The Quinnipiac River Basin, located in South-Central Connecticut, flows 38 miles
from its headwaters in New Britain and Plainville, Connecticut to its mouth in New
Haven Harbor. The basin is heavily developed, with the majority of the land in the basin
classified as residential and urban. The five municipal water pollution control facilities
and one large privately-owned water pollution control facility operating in the Quinnipiac
Basin are responsible for maintaining acceptable levels of water quality in the
Quinnipiac River.
While the current water quality management practices within the Quinnipiac
River basin are capable of meeting the various water quality standards, changes in the
water quality management system may require an adjustment or alteration of the current
management practices. The focus of this study is the identification of possible
improvements to the current water resources management practices in the Quinnipiac
Basin and a discussion of the feasibility of the proposed improvements.
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Le, Thi Phuong Quynh, Tu Cuong Ho, Thi Thuy Duong, Thi Bich Ngoc Nguyen, Duy An Vu, Quoc Long Pham, and Christina Seidler. "Water quality of the Red River system in the period 2012 - 2013." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-190649.
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Few data are available on the quality of Red river water that is used for multi-purposes, including for domestic water demand in some rural areas. This paper presents the observation results of the Red River water quality in two years 2012 and 2013. The monitoring results showed that the average concentrations of nutrients (N, P) were still far lower than the allowed value of the Vietnamese standard limits for surface water quality (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT, column A2). Due to the impoundment of two big dams in the Da tributary, the suspended solids contents in river water decreased remarkably. The dissolved heavy metal (DHM) concentrations varied in a high range: Cu: 10 – 80 μg.l-1; Zn: 2 – 88 μg.l-1; Cr: 0.2 – 5.1 μg.l-1; Pb: 2 - 107 μg.l-1; Cd: 2 – 12 μg.l-1; Mn: 2 - 35 μg.l-1; and Fe: 160 – 2370 μg.l-1. Most of the mean values of DHM were lower than the allowed values of the QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT, but at several points of time, several DHM (e.g. Fe, Cd, Pb) contents exceeded the allowed values. The Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC) densities varied in a high range: TC: 23 to 13,000MPN.100ml-1 and FC: 0 to 1,600MPN.100ml-1 and they exceeded the allowed values QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT at several points observed. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents were in low level and the particulate organic carbon (POC) content mainly derived from soil organic leaching and erosion in the basin. The results underlined the need for regularly monitoring the river water quality, and there should be some effective solutions to manage and treat the waste sources in order to provide safe water for different actual purposes use in the Red River basin<br>Rất ít số liệu sẵn có về chất lượng nước sông Hồng, dòng sông được sử dụng cho nhiều mục đích, bao gồm cả cung cấp nước sinh hoạt ở một số vùng nông thôn. Bài báo trình bày các kết quả quan trắc chất lượng nước sông Hồng trong hai năm 2012 và 2013. Kết quả quan trắc cho thấy chất dinh dưỡng (N, P) thấp xa so với giới hạn cho phép của tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam về chất lượng nước mặt (QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT cột A2). Do có hai hồ chứa trên sông Đà, hàm lượng chất rắn lơ lửng trong nước sông giảm đáng kể. Các kim loại nặng hòa tan (DHM) có hàm lượng dao động trong khoảng rộng: Cu: 10-80 μg.l-1; Zn: 2-88 μg.l-1; Cr: 0,2-5,1 μg.l-1; Pb: 2-107 μg.l-1; Cd: 2-12 μg.l-1; Mn: 2-35 μg.l-1; và Fe: 160 - 2370 μg.l-1. Hầu hết các giá trị trung bình của DHM thấp hơn giá trị cho phép của quy chuẩn QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT, tuy nhiên, tại một số thời điểm, một số DHM (ví dụ Fe, Cd, Pb) có hàm lượng vượt quá giới hạn cho phép. Mật độ tổng coliform (TC) và coliform phân (FC) dao động trong khoảng rộng: TC: 23 đến 13,000MPN.100ml-1 và FC: 0 đến 1,600MPN.100ml-1 và tại một số thời điểm mật độ TC và FC vượt giá trị cho phép của Quy chuẩn QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. Hàm lượng cabon hữu cơ hòa tan (DOC) ở mức thấp, và hàm lượng cacbon hữu cơ dạng không tan (POC) chủ yếu có nguồn gốc từ đất rửa trôi và xói mòn trong lưu vực. Kết quả quan trắc nhấn mạnh nhu cầu giám sát thường xuyên chất lượng nước sông, và nên có các giải pháp hiệu quả để quản lý và xử lý các nguồn gây ô nhiễm trong lưu vực nhằm cung cấp nước sạch cho các mục đích sử dụng nước sông Hồng như hiện nay
34
Shao, Wanyun. "An analysis of water quality policy and management in China an examination of water planning at the national and local level /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1939339341&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Sherwood, Julia M. "Modelling minewater flow and quality changes after coalfield closure." Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.363536.
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Goodhue, Nigel David. "Hydrodynamic and water quality modelling of the lower Kaituna River and Maketu Estuary /." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2375.
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The Maketu Estuary is a shallow intertidal estuary (2.3 km2) located in the Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand. The Kaituna River contributes the largest freshwater flow into the estuary through control gates. Lake Rotoiti and indirectly Lake Rotorua supply the base flow to the Kaituna River, with tributaries along the 50 km reach also significantly contributing to the flow. Water quality within the river is affected by elevated nutrients, faecal coliforms, high oxygen demand and algae concentrations derived from the lakes as well as contributions from tributaries and industrial and urban discharge. Through the use of a coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical numerical model ELCOM-CAEDYM, this study aims to examine the nutrient, phytoplankton and hydrodynamics of the Maketu Estuary and lower Kaituna River. Water quality and hydrodynamic measurements were sourced from Environment Bay of Plenty's data archives as well as a number of instrument deployments to collect water velocity, tidal elevation and salinity and temperature measurements during the course of this study. Included in the field work was a survey of the lower river and estuary bathymetry. Model simulations predicted that the maximum residence time in the Maketu Estuary is 1.5 days, occurring in the inner western region. Residence time in the lower river (mouth to 8.5 km upstream) is in the order of hours although some variations were predicted near the river mouth. Growth rates of four phytoplankton groups where assessed over a 15 day period in January 2004. In the Kaituna River ELCOM-CAEDYM predicted that the community growth rates were small with the exception of a slight increase in biomass of the two freshwater groups in a semi-detached river bend. The increase in the loop was correlated with an increase of residence time. In the estuary, marine diatoms showed the highest growth rates in the western region which is expected to relate to retention time and available nutrients. Dinoflagellates showed the smallest variation in predicted growth rates, most likely due to their broad salinity tolerance. The two freshwater species showed a reduction in abundance when mixed with marine water. A principle limiting factor to phytoplankton growth in both the river and estuary is the low residence time. A number of scenarios were simulated in the river and estuary by altering the forcing conditions in the model. A simulation of the increased nutrient load associated with the Rotoiti diversion wall revealed that phytoplankton growth in the river and estuary will not be significantly affected. Because of the close proximity of the control gates to the river mouth, a proportion of water drawn through the structure can be marine. By opening the old river channel, model simulations predicted that a reduction in salinity would be possible, however the outcome of complete freshwater is probably not achievable. Increasing the discharge volume from the river into the estuary was also simulated. The results indicated that increasing the freshwater inflow at Fords Cut would reduce the salinity in the estuary while increasing the net (residual) flow towards the estuary mouth. Increasing the flow would also result in a greater range of salinity in regions of the estuary. Changing the inflow location to the historic Papahikahawai Channel also affected the salinity in the estuary. The most significant effect of an inflow at this location was a reduction of the residual currents in the western region of the estuary.
37
Chang, Lydia. "Transport of dinoflagellate cysts through ballast water and its implications for marine water monitoring in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13813481.
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Morillo, Sebastian. "Engineering solutions to water quality problems in lakes." University of Western Australia. Centre for Water Research, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0153.
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Lake restoration and management strategies focus on reducing the negative impacts of enriched or polluted inflows. These strategies become of paramount importance when lakes are used for recreational and/or drinking water purposes. Long term control of eutrophication and turbidity problems associated with large inflow loads is usually oriented to catchment management. Although it has been suggested that this is the correct long term approach, public concerns usually require a short term solution. In addition, due to political and economic costs related to changes in catchment management, in-lake restoration technologies have been emerging as a viable pretreatment option, complementary to water treatment plants, both reducing the operational costs of the water treatment plant and ameliorating the water residing in the lakes. This research investigates the effects of two in-lake technologies on the dynamics of inflowing rivers, where basin shape plays a significant role. The three lakes in this study suffer from eutrophication combined with a distinctive water quality problem: from turbidity in Silvan Reservoir (Australia), to heavy metal loads in Coeur d'Alene Lake (USA) and industrial wastes in Lake Como (Italy). Firstly, the influence of basin morphology, wind speed, and wind direction on the fate and transport of two rivers flowing into the L-shaped Coeur d'Alene Lake was examined, and it was shown that transport and mixing patterns in a lake can be greatly influenced by the shape of the lake, leading to important consequences for the plankton ecology in the lake. Secondly, in Silvan Reservoir we investigated the potential to modify the basin shape using vertical barriers, increasing the retention time and hence the barrier capacity to microbial pollution. A final in-lake technology was tested for Lake Como, using a downward pointing impeller to remove polluted water from the coastal margin. Lessons from these three examples indicate that there is significant potential for in-lake remediation at relatively low cost, over relatively short timescales.
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Mejía, Manuel. "Effects of water table management on water quality and strip cropped corn-soybean yields." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27378.
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A two-year field study was carried out in eastern Ontario to investigate the effects of water table management (WTM) on water quality and crop yields. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) were planted in alternate strips across the three treatments of 50 cm controlled water table (CWT), 75 cm CWT and free drainage (FD). Drainflow volume and nitrate-N concentration of the drainage water were measured. Soil samples were collected and analysed for total N, P, K, available N, soil moisture and organic matter levels. Chlorophyll-meter readings and plant harvest parameters were also measured. Rainfall, soil and air temperatures were recorded throughout the growing seasons.<br>The obtained data show that in 1995, the CWT plots significantly increased total drainflow, as compared to FD. In 1996, overall drainflow and nitrate concentrations were significantly reduced. Both the corn and soybean yields were higher with WTM than with FD for both years. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Mejia, Manuel Armando. "Effects of water table management on water quality and strip-cropped corn-soybean yields." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29753.pdf.
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Tillman, Dorothy Hamlin. "Coupling of ecological and water quality models for improved water resource and fish management." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2334.
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Wu, Shaoming. "Multiobjective water quality management planning for the Lake Erhai Watershed." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq30573.pdf.
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Coulibaly, Housseini. "Drinking water quality and management strategies in small Quebec utilities." Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21382/21382.pdf.
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La présente thèse porte sur une étude des petits systèmes municipaux du Québec (en l’occurrence, ceux desservant 10 000 personnes ou moins) et comporte trois volets. Le premier volet se focalise sur un portrait historique de la qualité de l’eau distribuée et sur les stratégies de gestion. Parallèlement, il met l'historique de la qualité et les stratégies de gestion en relation avec certains paramètres importants de la qualité de l’eau. Les résultats de ce volet montrent que pour les systèmes s’approvisionnant en eau de surface et pratiquant uniquement une chloration, la différence entre le nombre annuel moyen de rinçages des systèmes ayant connu des problèmes de qualité et ceux n’ayant pas connu de tels problèmes s’est avérée statistiquement significative. En plus, certains indicateurs de la pression agricole sur le territoire des municipalités concernées apparurent significativement corrélés avec les épisodes de coliformes. Le deuxième volet porte sur une étude de la variation spatio-temporelle de la qualité de l’eau dans dix petits systèmes. Ces systèmes furent répartis en deux groupes : quatre systèmes qui n’ont jamais ou ont rarement distribué de l’eau dérogeant aux normes microbiologiques provinciales relatives à l’eau potable et six systèmes qui ont très souvent dérogé auxdites normes. Les résultats montrent que les différences entre les deux groupes de systèmes sont essentiellement imputables aux teneurs en chlore résiduel libre et au nombre de colonies de bactéries hétérotrophes aérobies et anaérobies facultatives (BHAA) dans les réseaux de distribution correspondants et, dans une moindre mesure, aux doses de chlore appliquées. Le troisième volet inclut trois parties : la première est un portait des caractéristiques d’opération, de l’infrastructure et de la maintenance ; la deuxième est consacrée au développement d’indicateurs de performance pour les petits systèmes ; alors que la troisième traite des facteurs humains et organisationnels. Le portrait a révélé des tendances intéressantes qui ont presque toutes été confirmées par les indicateurs de performance des systèmes de distribution. Les facteurs humains et organisationnels dégagèrent des aspects tels que les antécédents scolaires, la formation complémentaire, l’expérience, la bonne conscience des nouveaux défis, le niveau de préparation pour y faire face, et l’appui des autorités locales. Dans son ensemble, cette recherche aura permis de procéder à une étude exhaustive des stratégies de gestion de la qualité de l’eau potable généralement mises de l’avant par les gestionnaires de petits systèmes et de développer des outils explicatifs pouvant guider utilement leur action, de même que celle des gestionnaires relevant des divers paliers gouvernementaux.<br>This thesis presents a study of small Quebec municipal utilities (i.e., serving 10,000 people or fewer) and includes three chapters. The first chapter focuses on a portrait of historical quality of distributed water and on management strategies. Concurrently, it puts historical quality and management strategies in relation to certain important water quality parameters. Results show that for surface water utilities using chlorination alone, the mean difference of annual system flushings between utilities that have experienced difficulties with historical quality and those not having experienced such difficulties proved statistically significant. In addition, some agricultural land-use indicators within the municipal territory appeared significantly correlated with coliform occurrences. The second chapter studies the spatial and temporal variation of drinking water quality in ten small utilities. These utilities were divided into two groups: four utilities that had never or rarely served water violating the provincial drinking water microbiological standards and six utilities that very often infringed upon said standards. Results show that the differences between the two groups of utilities are associated essentially with maintained chlorine residuals and heterotrophic plate count bacteria populations in corresponding distribution systems and, to a lesser extent, to the applied chlorine doses. The study includes three distinctive parts: the first one is a portrait of studied utilities’ operational, infrastructure, and maintenance characteristics; the second part is devoted to development of indicators of performance for the same utilities, whereas the last part deals with human and organisational factors. The portrait revealed interesting trends, most of which had been confirmed by utility performance indicators. As for human and organizational factors, they allowed highlighting such issues like educational background, supplementary training, experience, awareness of and preparedness to take up new challenges, and support from local authorities. Overall, this research enabled a thorough investigation of management strategies the most popular with small drinking water utilities and the development of explanatory tools that may usefully guide action from local managers and government bodies.
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Momoh, Jinnah Samuel. "Decision support system for river water quality forecasting and management." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246651.
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Norreys, Richard. "Water quality river impact model (RIM) for river basin management." Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305863.
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Ali, Md Kamar. "Stream water quality management a stochastic mixed-integer programming model /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2450.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 158 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-132).
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Bernotas, Scott. "Water quality management of bilge wastes at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii." Thesis, Honolulu, Hawaii : University of Hawaii, 1992. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA257636.
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Thesis (M.S. in Civil Engineering)--University of Hawaii, 1992.<br>"December 1992." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 8, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 140). Also available in print.
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Basahi, Ilham A. "Management of water quality of the Marib Lake in Yemen." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2003. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289214.
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Coulibaly, Housseini Diadié. "Drinking water quality and management strategies in small Quebec utilities." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17867.
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La présente thèse porte sur une étude des petits systèmes municipaux du Québec (en l’occurrence, ceux desservant 10 000 personnes ou moins) et comporte trois volets. Le premier volet se focalise sur un portrait historique de la qualité de l’eau distribuée et sur les stratégies de gestion. Parallèlement, il met l'historique de la qualité et les stratégies de gestion en relation avec certains paramètres importants de la qualité de l’eau. Les résultats de ce volet montrent que pour les systèmes s’approvisionnant en eau de surface et pratiquant uniquement une chloration, la différence entre le nombre annuel moyen de rinçages des systèmes ayant connu des problèmes de qualité et ceux n’ayant pas connu de tels problèmes s’est avérée statistiquement significative. En plus, certains indicateurs de la pression agricole sur le territoire des municipalités concernées apparurent significativement corrélés avec les épisodes de coliformes. Le deuxième volet porte sur une étude de la variation spatio-temporelle de la qualité de l’eau dans dix petits systèmes. Ces systèmes furent répartis en deux groupes : quatre systèmes qui n’ont jamais ou ont rarement distribué de l’eau dérogeant aux normes microbiologiques provinciales relatives à l’eau potable et six systèmes qui ont très souvent dérogé auxdites normes. Les résultats montrent que les différences entre les deux groupes de systèmes sont essentiellement imputables aux teneurs en chlore résiduel libre et au nombre de colonies de bactéries hétérotrophes aérobies et anaérobies facultatives (BHAA) dans les réseaux de distribution correspondants et, dans une moindre mesure, aux doses de chlore appliquées. Le troisième volet inclut trois parties : la première est un portait des caractéristiques d’opération, de l’infrastructure et de la maintenance ; la deuxième est consacrée au développement d’indicateurs de performance pour les petits systèmes ; alors que la troisième traite des facteurs humains et organisationnels. Le portrait a révélé des tendances intéressantes qui ont presque toutes été confirmées par les indicateurs de performance des systèmes de distribution. Les facteurs humains et organisationnels dégagèrent des aspects tels que les antécédents scolaires, la formation complémentaire, l’expérience, la bonne conscience des nouveaux défis, le niveau de préparation pour y faire face, et l’appui des autorités locales. Dans son ensemble, cette recherche aura permis de procéder à une étude exhaustive des stratégies de gestion de la qualité de l’eau potable généralement mises de l’avant par les gestionnaires de petits systèmes et de développer des outils explicatifs pouvant guider utilement leur action, de même que celle des gestionnaires relevant des divers paliers gouvernementaux.<br>This thesis presents a study of small Quebec municipal utilities (i.e., serving 10,000 people or fewer) and includes three chapters. The first chapter focuses on a portrait of historical quality of distributed water and on management strategies. Concurrently, it puts historical quality and management strategies in relation to certain important water quality parameters. Results show that for surface water utilities using chlorination alone, the mean difference of annual system flushings between utilities that have experienced difficulties with historical quality and those not having experienced such difficulties proved statistically significant. In addition, some agricultural land-use indicators within the municipal territory appeared significantly correlated with coliform occurrences. The second chapter studies the spatial and temporal variation of drinking water quality in ten small utilities. These utilities were divided into two groups: four utilities that had never or rarely served water violating the provincial drinking water microbiological standards and six utilities that very often infringed upon said standards. Results show that the differences between the two groups of utilities are associated essentially with maintained chlorine residuals and heterotrophic plate count bacteria populations in corresponding distribution systems and, to a lesser extent, to the applied chlorine doses. The study includes three distinctive parts: the first one is a portrait of studied utilities’ operational, infrastructure, and maintenance characteristics; the second part is devoted to development of indicators of performance for the same utilities, whereas the last part deals with human and organisational factors. The portrait revealed interesting trends, most of which had been confirmed by utility performance indicators. As for human and organizational factors, they allowed highlighting such issues like educational background, supplementary training, experience, awareness of and preparedness to take up new challenges, and support from local authorities. Overall, this research enabled a thorough investigation of management strategies the most popular with small drinking water utilities and the development of explanatory tools that may usefully guide action from local managers and government bodies.
50
Xu, Yuelu. "Essays on Water Quality Management for the Chesapeake Bay Watershed." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96943.
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Water quality management for agricultural production is a complicated and interesting problem. Hydrological and economic factors must be considered when designing strategies to reduce nutrient runoff from agricultural activities. This dissertation is composed of three chapters that investigate cost-effective ways to mitigate water pollution from agricultural nonpoint pollution sources and explore farmers' incentives when participating in water quality trading programs.
Chapter 1 investigates landscape targeting of best management practices (BMPs) based on topographic index (TI) to determine how targeting would affect costs of meeting nitrogen (N) loading goals for Mahantango watershed, Pennsylvania. We use the results from two climate models and the mean of the ensemble of seven climate models to estimate expected climate changes and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool-Variable Source Area (SWAT-VSA) model to predict crop yields and N export. Costs of targeting and uniform placement of BMPs across the entire study area (4.23 km2) are compared under historical and future climate scenarios. We find that with a goal of reducing N loadings by 25%, spatial targeting methods could reduce costs by an average of 30% compared with uniform BMP placement under three historical climate scenarios. Cost savings from targeting are 38% under three future climate scenarios. Chapter 2 scales up the study area to the Susquehanna watershed (71,000 km2). We examine the effects of targeting the required reductions in N runoff within counties, across counties, and both within and across counties for the Susquehanna watershed. We set the required N reduction to 35%. Using the uniform strategy to meet the required N reduction as the baseline, results show that costs of achieving a regional 35% N reduction goal can be reduced by 13%, 31% and 36% with cross-county targeting, within-county targeting and within and across county targeting, respectively.
Results from Chapters 1 and 2 suggest that cost effectiveness of government subsidy programs for water quality improvement in agriculture can be increased by targeting them to areas with lower N abatement costs. In addition, targeting benefits are likely to be even larger under climate change.
Chapter 3 investigates the landowner's nutrient credit trading behavior when facing the price uncertainty given the credits are allowed to be banked for future use. A two-step decision model is used in this study. For the first step, we determine the landowner's application level of a BMP on working land in the initial time period. The nutrient credits awarded to the landowner depend on the nutrient reduction level at the edge of field generated by the BMP application. For the second step, we use an intertemporal model to examine the landowner's credit trading behavior with stochastic price fluctuations over time and with transaction costs. The theoretical framework is applied with a numerical simulation incorporated with a hydro-economic model and dynamic programming. Nutrient Management (NM) is selected as the BMP on working land to generate N credits. We find that gains to the landowner from credit banking increase with higher price volatility and with higher price drift, but that gains are larger with price volatility. However, for a landowner holding a small amount of nutrient credits, the gains from credit banking are small due to transaction costs.<br>Doctor of Philosophy<br>Two considerations are critical for efforts to mitigate nutrient runoff from nonpoint sources: cost effectiveness of strategies to reduce nutrient runoff and landowners' incentives to participate in these programs. This dissertation is composed of three manuscripts, aiming to evaluate the cost effectiveness of government subsidy programs for water quality management in agriculture and investigate the landowner's incentives to participate in water quality trading programs for the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Chapter 1 investigates gains from targeting Best Management Practices (BMPs) under current and future climate conditions based on the soil characteristics relative to uniform BMP application for a small experimental watershed (4.23km2). Chapter 2 scales up the study area to a 71,000 km2 watershed and treats each county within the watershed as a representative farm to explore economic gains from targeting within county and across county based on counties' physical conditions and agricultural patterns. Both Chapters show that cost-effectiveness of government subsidy programs can be improved by spatial targeting BMPs to areas with lower abatement costs. Gains from targeting increase under climate change. In Chapter 3 we shows how a landowner's revenues from nutrient credit selling will be affected if the credits are allowed to be banked for future use when she faces price uncertainty. We find that gains to the landowner from credit banking increase more with higher price volatility than with higher price drift. Gains from banking are largely reduced by transaction costs associated with trading.