Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Wax deposition thickness

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Wax deposition thickness”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 3 czerwca 2025

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Wax deposition thickness"

Sun, Dongxu, Zuoliang Zhu, Zhiyong Hu, and Ming Wu. "Experimental and theoretical study on wax deposition and the application on a heat insulated crude oil pipeline in Northeast China." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 75 (2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2019064.

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An experimental loop apparatus of heat insulated waxy crude oil pipeline was established to study the wax deposition behaviors. The effects of flow rate and ambient temperature on the thickness and wax content of deposition layer were investigated. A kinetic calculation model for the thickness and wax content of deposition layer in heat insulated crude oil pipeline was established based on the principle of molecular diffusion, aging and shear energy. The results calculated by the model are in good agreement with the experimental values. The wax deposition thickness of a heat insulated crude oi

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Sulaimon, Aliyu Adebayo, Kavinraj Gunasekaran, and Suyash Vatsa. "EVALUATING THE MECHANISMS OF WAX DEPOSITION IN CRUDE OIL PIPELINES." Platform : A Journal of Engineering 4, no. 3 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.61762/pajevol4iss3art6542.

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Flow assurance standstill as a massive issue as it involves ensuring fluid flows in well, flowline and trunk line. One of the major decisive for flow assurance crude oil is its constitution and solid deposits successful management. Wax deposition challenges and its control can be determined with the right prediction from wax deposition modelling. Certain factors like pipeline inclination that influences the rate of wax deposition need to be taken into consideration. For inclined wells, the model is tuned to account for low concentration slurries under inclined angles. Regarding this, a complet

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Leite, Nalber Miranda, Carlos Alberto Brayner de Oliveira Lira, and Abel Gámez Rodriguez. "Computational analysis for wax detection in deepwater pipelines using nuclear techniques." Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences 11, no. 1A (Suppl.) (2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2023.2193.

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Wax deposition along the extensive oilfield pipelines is a problem that affects the flow assurance. To solve it, one must monitor the wax formation in its initial stage. In this light, nuclear techniques are an effective alternative solution, as they can detect characteristics of materials or substances in an indirect and non-invasive manner. The present work shows a computational model using the MCNP6 (Monte Carlo N-Particle 6) code and the gamma radiation transmission profiling technique to detect different wax thickness. This fact is directly related to the attenuation of the gamma radiatio

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Zhao, Xuefeng, Yunchen Wang, Zhongshan Zhao, Dongmei Leng, Qin Liu, and Jionghao Li. "Study on Wax Deposition Law in Daqing Gulong Shale Oil." E3S Web of Conferences 528 (2024): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452801017.

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Daqing Gulong shale oil exhibits elevated wax content, a high wax precipitation point, and a high freezing point. However, its oil density and viscosity are relatively low, making it susceptible to wax crystal precipitation. The risk of pipeline clogging is heightened in lower ambient temperatures, posing a hazard to the safe production of shale oil. This study focuses on testing the fundamental physical properties of crude oil. The wax deposition flow loop was employed to replicate wax deposition in extracted fluids under actual high-flow gas-liquid conditions within a pipeline. The depositio

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Boucetta, Rachid, and Mohand Kessal. "Effect of the Latent Heat on Wax Deposit in Pipelines." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.154.

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Wax deposition continues to be a relevant problem for petroleum production and transportation pipelines. This viscous and waxy flow is theoretically modelled with a simple conservation equation system, by expressing the wax layer thickness as function of time and duct length. The flow parameters are written, depending on these independent variables but also on the Reynolds and the Peclet numbers, where effect of latent heat on the wax layer thickness deposit is investigated. A numerical simulation of the flow, for two practical cases, is performed in order to predict the pipeline obstruction.

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Elganidi, Ibrahim, Basem Elarbe, Norida Ridzuan, and Norhayati Abdullah. "A review on wax deposition issue and its impact on the operational factors in the crude oil pipeline." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 1 (2021): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n1.2166.

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The deposition of wax is a common occurrence affecting the flowability of crude oil, which happens at a temperature beneath the Wax Appearance Temperature. At this threshold, there is a gradual accumulation of crystals wax on the inner surface of pipelines. In this research, the previous studies on the effects of residence time, pressure, flow rate, crude oil composition, and temperature differential were carefully enumerated. On the overall, the differential temperature across the pipeline wall and crude oil inside it were considered as the most critical factor contributing to wax deposition.

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Yao, Bin, Deyin Zhao, Zhi Zhang, and Cheng Huang. "Safety Study on Wax Deposition in Crude Oil Pipeline." Processes 9, no. 9 (2021): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091572.

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The Shunbei crude oil pipeline is prepared to use the unheated transportation process to transport waxy crudes. However, the wax formation in the pipeline is unknown. In order to predict the wax deposition of the pipeline, the physical property experiment of Shunbei crude oil was carried out through field sampling. The density, freezing point, hydrocarbon composition, and viscosity–temperature characteristics of crude oil are obtained. The cloud point and wax precipitation characteristics of the crude oil were obtained using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis method.

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Jin, Wenbo, Qing Quan, Kemin Dai, Zongxiao Ren, and Jing Guan. "Research on the Prediction of Wax Deposition Thickness on Pipe Walls Based on the Optimal Weighted Combination Model." Processes 11, no. 12 (2023): 3363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11123363.

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Wax deposition seriously affects the safe and economic operation of pipelines. Mastering the variation laws of wax deposition thickness is the premise of formulating reasonable pigging schemes. Although the GM (1,1) model (a kind of gray model) is an effective method for predicting wax deposition thickness on pipe walls, its prediction accuracy is easily affected by the smoothness of the original sequence. The improved GM (1,1) was established by introducing the idea of translation transformation, and an optimal weighted combination model based on the traditional gray model and a logarithmic f

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Wei, Jianfei, Dagui Cao, Liang Tao, et al. "Investigation on Wax Deposition Risk in Shale Oil Well During Production Test." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2860, no. 1 (2024): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2860/1/012005.

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Abstract During production test of the shale oil well, the low temperature environment in the wellbore is likely to cause wax precipitation of shale oil, and in turn disrupt the normal production test, increase the operating costs and risks. In view of this problem, by considering the gas-liquid flow, radial heat transfer and temperature gradient etc, a temperature and pressure field model of shale oil wellbore was established, and a prediction method of wax deposition zone in the shale oil wellbore during production test was proposed. Furthermore, by using the production data of a shale oil w

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Liu, Haibo, Chao Yang, Jingjing Qi, Chao Liu, Haijun Luo, and Bingfan Li. "Study on Wax Deposition Process of Crude Oil System under Shear Flow Field Conditions." Processes 12, no. 8 (2024): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12081774.

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This paper adopted numerical simulation based on the MD method to research the effect of different shear rates and wax contents on wax deposition focused on crude oil. The findings indicated that under shear flow conditions, there were primarily four steps during deposition. Diffusion was the initial stage when wax diffused onto the metal surface. In the second stage, wax adsorbed onto a metal surface aligned itself parallel to the surface via Brownian motion, generating two different kinds of deposits. Subsequently, agglomerates were formed between the adsorbed deposits and the wax as a resul

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Części książek na temat "Wax deposition thickness"

Priyamal, M. G. U. K., H. D. Ranasinghe, W. L. Raneesha Fernando, and Asela K. Kulatunga. "Experimental Evaluation of Environmental Sustainability of Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-93891-7_54.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing is an innovative technology across a wide range of industries and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is the most common additive manufacturing method in the world. It is necessary to evaluate the sustainability of the additive manufacturing process due to global trends to move towards sustainable manufacturing. Environmental sustainability analysis of FDM is crucial because it uses a significant amount of electrical energy and resources. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of process parameters on the mechanical properties of the FDM printed produc

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Bihun, Roman, and Bohdan Koman. "NANOSCALE METAL FILM ELECTRONICS." In Traditions and new scientific strategies in the context of global transformation of society. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-406-1-1.

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The purpose of work is the development of technique for the deposition of nanoscale metal condensates of fine-crystalline structure of Au, Ag, Cu and transition (Mn, Hi, Pd and Cr) metals on the surface of amorphous glass or carbon substrate, and such surfaces pre-coated with wetting weakly conductive underlayers of Ge, Sb or Si, with mass thicknesses up to 8 nm.With predicted, controlled structure and electrophysical properties of metal films by use the combination of "quench deposition" technology and wetting underlayers with subsequent thermal stabilization in the interval of the first temp

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Yoshida, Katsumi. "Application of Electrophoretic Deposition for Interfacial Control of High-Performance SiC Fiber-Reinforced SiC Matrix (SiCf/SiC) Composites." In MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.ch018.

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This chapter reviews the novel fabrication process of continuous SiCf/SiC composites based on electrophoretic deposition (EPD). EPD process is very effective for achieving relatively homogeneous carbon coating with the thickness of several tens to hundreds nanometers on SiC fibers. Carbon interface with the thickness of at least 100 nm formed by EPD acts effectively for inducing interfacial debonding and fiber pullout during fracture, and the SiCf/SiC composites show excellent mechanical properties. From these results, it is demonstrated that the fabrication process based on EPD method is expe

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Yadagiri, Karampuri, and Tao Wu. "Spin Pumping in Magnetostrictive Ta/FeGaB/Ta Multilayer Thin Films." In Thin Film Deposition - Fundamentals, Processes, and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106183.

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The magnetostrictive multilayer thin film stack (Ta/FeGaB(t)/Ta) deposited/sputtered, studied the surface morphology, static and dynamic magnetic properties. The static magnetic properties multilayer studied; the coercive field and squareness increased for increasing thickness of FeGaB. The systematic study of damping in Ta/FeGaB/Ta multilayer performed by use of broadband ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy in-plan geometry in the range of temperature from 300 K to 100 K. The data were fitted to obtain the inhomogeneous line width (∆H0) and the damping factor (α). The damping factor is

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Bergh, T. C. V. van den, and James R. Garrison. "The Geometry, Architecture, and Sedimentology of Fluvial and Deltaic Sandstones Within the Upper Ferron Sandstone Last Chance Delta." In Regional to Wellbore Analog for Fluvial-Deltaic Reservoir Modeling. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1306/st50983c18.

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Abstract The Turonian-Coniacian Upper Ferron Sandstone Last Chance Delta was deposited along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway as a wave-modified, river-dominated deltaic system. The Last Chance Delta was deposited during a slow relative sea-level rise whose rate of rise decreased with time. The sedimentation rate progressively decreased throughout the deposition of the Last Chance Delta. Architectural and sedimentological data for deltaic near-marine sandstones indicate that primary deltaic depositional style is directly correlated with degree of wave-modification, which is co

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Tufail Chaudhary, Kashif. "Thin Film Deposition: Solution Based Approach." In Thin Films [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94455.

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The wet chemical processing opens the way to deposit thin film with the versatility and ease for a variety of materials. Liquid film deposition involves the application of a liquid precursor on a substrate which is then converted to the required coating material in a subsequent post-treatment step. Different non-vacuum solution based deposition techniques have been developed to grow thin films with high efficiency and functionality. Spin coating is one of an effective technique for thin film fabrication due to low cost, uniformity, less hazardous, and capability of easy scaling up. The typical

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Muñoz-Rojas, David, Matthieu Weber, Christophe Vallée, et al. "Nanometric 3D Printing of Functional Materials by Atomic Layer Deposition." In Advanced Additive Manufacturing [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101859.

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Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method that allows the layer-by-layer growth of functional materials by exposing a surface to different precursors in an alternative fashion. Thus, thanks to gas-solid reactions that are substrate-limited and self-terminating, precise control over thickness below the nanometer level can be achieved. While ALD was originally developed to deposit uniform coatings over large areas and on high-aspect-ratio features, in recent years the possibility to perform ALD in a selective fashion has gained much attention, in what is known as

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Ahmad, Nafees. "Application of Thin Films in High-Voltage and Power Electronics." In Thin Films - Fundamentals, Deposition Techniques and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1010012.

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Thin films, ranging in thickness from a few nanometers to several micrometers, play a key role in the development of high-voltage and power electronics technologies. Using precise deposition techniques, these ultra-thin layers provide essential properties such as insulation, thermal management, and improved electrical performance. Using thin films, device miniaturization and performance have been significantly improved, allowing them to be integrated into advanced applications such as capacitors, resistors, and transistors. Their role is particularly evident in wide-bandgap semiconductor devic

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Pinchuk, Nataliia. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF PVD COATINGS TIN, TI/TIN AND TIN-MON." In The scientific paradigm in the context of technological development and social change. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-297-5-19.

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Nanocomposite coatings represent a new generation of mate-rials and they consist of at least two phases with a nanocrystalline and/or amorphous structure. They have a lot of unique properties, the appear-ance of which is associated with a high volume fraction of phase boundar-ies, with the strength of these boundaries, with the absence of dislocations inside crystals. The purpose of the paper analysis of the reasons for the observed changes, based on the mechanism of formation of surface lay-ers of vacuum-arc coatings under the condition of implantation processes stimulated by applying a negat

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Dapena E., Román F., and San Salvador J. "Long term settlement of foundations made of 195 x 147 m slabs built on a layer of fluvial sediment." In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-656-9-1033.

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A waste water treatment plant was built on an open space in the North of Spain located on top of recent alluvial deposits ranging in thickness from 10 to 20 m. For the past 40 years blast furnace slag has been depositing on this open space forming a layer which, prior to the start of construction of the treatment plant and precisely coinciding with its siting, was as high as 15 m and this caused consolidation of the alluvial deposits beneath, allowing part of the installations to be built using direct foundations, having taken the precaution of not exceeding the preconsolidation load.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Wax deposition thickness"

Li, Qifu, Jiaxing Zou, Feng Yan, Lei Chen, Chaofei Nie, and Gang Liu. "New method for calculating the wax deposition thickness along crude oil pipeline based on mechanism-data fusion." In 4th International Conference on Automation Control. Algorithm and Intelligent Bionics, edited by Jing Na and Shuping He. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3039560.

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Rossi, Stefano, Luiz G. Ecco, Michele Fedel, and Flavio Deflorian. "Influence of the Deposition Parameters on the Properties of Electrophoretic Acrylic Paints." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07448.

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Abstract Steel is generally coated with the purpose of improved anticorrosive protection and aesthetic properties. In the early 90’s, few strict environmental protection regulations boosted the replacement of the traditional solventborne coatings and consequently development of waterborne paint technologies. In this view, the aim of the present work is the study of the cathodic electrodeposition of a waterborne acrylic binder in presence of different color pigments considering the effect on the aesthetic properties of the coated panels in function of accelerated exposure. Essentially, the acti

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Buzykin, Andrei, Alejandro Ramos-Velazquez, and John Amiaga. "Morphology and Chemical Composition study of Thin Films on Transparent Substrates, deposited with Laser-Induced Backward Transfer (LIBT)." In Frontiers in Optics. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/fio.2024.jtu5a.17.

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Film deposition on glass surface by laser induced backward transfer was investigated. Correlations between energy and characteristics of the film, such as thickness and structural properties, are carried out for the first time.

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Chen, Tao, Frank Chang, Feng Liang, and Steven Hochanadel. "Downhole Sour Corrosion and Scale Deposition in Oil Wells." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-17694.

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Abstract A downhole corrosion and scale monitoring (DCSM) tool was developed and applied in sour oil wells to monitor the corrosion and scale formation under real downhole flow conditions. The cylindrical test coupon was made of T-95 carbon steel, which was identical to the metallurgy of the downhole completion tubing. The corrosion and scale deposited on the surface of the cylindrical test coupon effectively simulated the corrosion and scale deposited on the surface of downhole completion tubing. The DCSM was installed at a desired depth in the downhole and retrieved after three months. The r

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Kunjapur, M. M., W. H. Hartt, and S. W. Smith. "Influence of Temperature on Calcareous Deposit Deposition upon Cathodically Polarized Steel in Seawater." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85316.

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Abstract Experiments have been performed where cylindrical 1018 steel specimens were polarized to -0.900v. (SCE) in natural seawater at 24 and 3°C and with rotation speeds of 0 and 0.83 Hz. The nature of the calcareous deposits which formed was characterized, first, by monitoring current density during the experiments and, second, by post-test SEM investigation of deposit morphology and thickness and by EDDS analysis of deposit composition. Analysis emphasis was placed upon distinctions between deposits formed at each of the two temperatures, and possible explanations for these have been evalu

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Matzain, Ahmadbazlee, Mandar S. Apte, Hong-Quan Zhang, et al. "Multiphase Flow Wax Deposition Modeling." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17114.

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Abstract Results are presented from two-phase flow wax deposition tests using a state-of-the-art, high pressure, multiphase flow test facility. Wax deposition was found to be flow pattern dependent and occurs only along the pipe wall in contact with the waxy crude oil. The deposition buildup trend at low mixture velocities is similar to that observed in laminar single-phase flow tests. The buildup trend at high mixture velocities is similar to that observed in turbulent single-phase flow tests. Thinner and harder deposits at the bottom than at the top of the pipe were observed in horizontal in

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Albert, Jason E., Kelly J. Keefe, and David G. Bogard. "Experimental Simulation of Contaminant Deposition on a Film Cooled Turbine Airfoil Leading Edge." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11582.

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A significant challenge of utilizing coal-derived synthetic fuels for gas turbine engines is mitigating the adverse effects of fuel-born contaminant depositions on film cooled turbine surfaces. A new experimental technique has been developed that simulates the key physical, but not the chemical, aspects of coal ash deposition on film cooled turbine airfoil leading edges in order to better understand the interaction between film cooling and deposition and to produce improved film cooling designs. In this large-scale wind tunnel facility, the depositing contaminants were simulated by atomized mo

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Theyab, Muhammad Ali, and Pedro Diaz. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Spiral Flow on Wax Deposition Thickness." In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/181954-ms.

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Miao, Qing, Jinghua Liang, and Baoliang Jiang. "Optimizing the Pigging Frequency Through Prediction of Wax Deposition of Pipeline." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10265.

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When hot waxy crude oil is pumped into the cold pipeline, the oil temperature will decrease with time and along the pipeline. As soon as the oil temperature near the pipe wall is below the WAP (wax appearance point), the wax contained in the crude will precipitate from the crude and deposit on the inner pipe wall with liquid part entrapped in it. This phenomenon is called wax deposition of the crude oil pipeline. The formation of the wax deposition reduces the throughput of the pipeline but enhances the operation pressure of the pipeline, which brings about more consumption of the power and re

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Miao, Qing, Baoliang Jiang, Jianghua Tao, Sen Hu, and Jianjun Liu. "A Model for Predicting the Average Hydraulic Wax Deposition Thickness of a Long-Term Unpigged Crude Pipeline." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31122.

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A crude oil pipeline transporting Daqing crude in the Northeast of China had not been carried out pigging for four years. The wax deposition in it increased gradually over past four years. In this paper, from the operation data of the pipeline among the four years, the average hydraulic wax deposition thicknesses are calculated and analyzed statistically. Based on the results, the increment of the wax deposition in the long-term unpigged crude oil pipeline is concluded qualitatively and so a mathematical model for predicting the average hydraulic wax deposition thickness of such a pipeline is

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Wax deposition thickness"

Bruce. L52027 External Weld Deposition Repair for Internal Wall Loss in Tees and Elbows - Further Validation. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011189.

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Pipeline repair by direct deposition of weld metal, or weld deposition repair, is an attractive alternative to the installation of full-encirclement sleeves or composite reinforcement, particularly for repair of wall loss defects in bend sections and fittings. Previous work concluded that the static strength of straight sections of pipe, field bends, elbows, and tees can be fully restored when the after-repair minimum wall thickness is equal to or greater than the nominal wall thickness, provided that the weld metal strength is at least equal to the strength of the parent material and that the

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Bruce. L52273 Internal Repair of Pipelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010287.

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External, corrosion-caused loss of wall thickness is the most common cause of repair for gas transmission pipelines. To prevent an area of corrosion damage from causing a pipeline to rupture, the area containing the corrosion damage must be reinforced. Since corrosion is a time dependent process, as pipelines become older, more repairs are required. Repair methods that can be applied from the inside of a gas transmission pipeline (i.e., trenchless methods) are an attractive alternative to conventional repair methods since pipeline excavation is precluded. This is particularly true for pipeline

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Sun, S., F. R. Brunton, T. R. Carter, et al. Porosity and permeability variations in the Silurian Lockport Group and A-1 carbonate unit, southwestern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331902.

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This is the first regional porosity/permeability study to incorporate petroleum industry laboratory core analyses submitted to the Ontario government and managed by Ontario's Oil Gas and Salt Resources Library. This study comprises 11,759 analyses for the Early Silurian Lockport Group of southwestern Ontario from 150 drill cores. The Lockport Group consists of a cyclic succession of dolostones and minor limestones comprising, in ascending order: Gasport, Goat Island, Eramosa, and Guelph formations. This stacked carbonate succession was deposited on an eastward-deepening carbonate ramp, extendi

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L51763 Repair of Pipelines by Direct Deposition of Weld Metal - Further Studies. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010234.

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The objective of this project was to establish the feasibility of repairing defects, especially corrosion-caused wall loss, by direct deposition of weld metal in pressurized pipelines without removing them from service. From experiments conducted to establish limiting parameters, it appears this type of repair technique is feasible for remaining wall thickness as small as 0.125 inches, with internal pressures as high as 900 psig. Heat input limits were established as a function of remaining wall thickness and electrode diameter. This work confirms previous findings by British Gas and others. I

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