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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "World politics 20th century"
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Pipes, Daniel. "The dictionary of 20th-century world politics". Orbis 38, nr 2 (marzec 1994): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4387(94)90057-4.
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Simic, Predrag. "World politics, globalization and the crisis". Medjunarodni problemi 65, nr 1 (2013): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1301024s.
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In the early 21st century, globalization and the world economic crisis changed the balance of powers between the old (declining) and new (emerging) industrial states replacing the unilateral with a multilateral system of international relations and changing the way in which world politics was functioning. Globalization has increased the number of transnational problems (protection of human environment, international traffic and communications, flows of capital, energy, migrations, etc.) that require global governance. However, these trends also indicate that in the 21st century, international relations and world politics will function in a significantly different manner than they did within the bipolar and unipolar order, which characterized the second half of the 20th century.
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Mair, Peter. "Representation and participation in the changing world of party politics". European Review 6, nr 2 (maj 1998): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700003203.
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The 20th-century has been the century of mass politics, and the mass parties that emerged at the beginning of this century became deeply rooted within wider society. The passing of this golden age of the party has now been marked by two distinct processes of change. On the one hand, parties have become more distant from society and more closely linked to government and the state. On the other hand, there has been a decline in the political identities of the parties, such that voters now find it increasingly difficult to distinguish between them. These changes, and the related transformation of politics into administration, have led to a growth in popular indifference to parties and to politics in general, as well as to a declining sense of engagement. Should this trend continue, it is mass spectacle rather than mass involvement that is likely to characterize the future of mass politics.
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Roane, J. T. "Queering Growth in Mid-20th Century Philadelphia". Review of Black Political Economy 47, nr 2 (4.05.2020): 194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034644620916909.
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In this essay, I highlight a critical, if under-examined, dialectic between dominant urbanism and Black queer urbanism. First, I demonstrate the ways that dominant urbanists drew on a sedimented historical imaginary of the slum as a racialized site of debilitation and death in their articulation of and support for new urban infrastructures designed to support long-term stability through capitalist growth. Anti-blackness formed a fundamental aspect of the syntax and grammar of urban renewal and redevelopment. Next, I examine the efforts of the adherents of Father Divine’s Peace Mission Movement to build a world centered in spiritually appropriated, communal architectures wherein their disruptive forms of social-geographic life challenged heteronormative futurity and segregation through the haptic politics of touch and what I term ecstatic consecration.
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Cerny, Philip G. "Capitalism, Democracy and World Politics in the 21st Century". European Review of International Studies 10, nr 2 (20.10.2023): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21967415-10020016.
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Abstract World Politics is undergoing a range of crucial structural changes in the 21st century. The relationship between the states system that evolved since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and became predominant in the 19th and 20th centuries is being increasingly challenged in a number of complex ways. The core problématique, as addressed in different ways in these books, is whether states are still predominant hierarchical structures in an anarchical world system – “nodes” or building blocks – as argued in particular by realist and neo-realist theorists exemplified by Kenneth Waltz, or whether they are increasingly criss-crossed and undercut by what are sometimes called “heterarchical” structure and processes. These include macro-, meso-, and mini-hierarchies that are turning states from “proactive” institutions and processes to “reactive” or even or even “residual” ones. The core of these analyses is whether and how states are still the main independent variables in what has been called International Relations or whether and how far they are increasingly dependent variables in a changing World Politics. These books all make interesting and useful contributions to this question.
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Navdaeva, M. E. "Conceptualisation of Sea Power in Global Politics". Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Political Science and Religion Studies 47 (2024): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3380.2024.47.80.
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The article studies the formation of the sea power theory and its influence on world politics. Although seas influenced the rise and fall of states since ancient times, they acquired strategic importance only after the beginning of the Age of Discovery. From that moment, sea turned into a global transport network and also became a political instrument for transforming the balance of power in the world. After that the formation of the sea power of states began, which led to the rise of the British colonial empire. The research of the success of Great Britain formed the theory of sea power, which developed in the works of Western geopoliticians A. Mahan, F. Colomb, J. Corbett, and others, including Russian theorists N. L. Klado, S. G. Gorshkov, etc. Despite the fact that initially the founder of the theory, American Admiral Mahan, studied the experience of Great Britain to apply it to American politics for the rise of the United States on the world stage, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries the theory quickly gained popularity among many other countries. According to some researchers, this was one of the reasons for the beginning of the “naval arms race” in Europe that rose contradictions in the distribution of the balance of power, which subsequently led to the First World War. It is indicated that the theory of sea power determined the global politics throughout the 20th century, and also led to the emergence of the United States not only as a great sea power, but also a superpower. Therefore, the main purpose of the article is to study the influence of sea power on the world politics of the 20th century. The theory also remains relevant today, because the relevance of using the World Ocean in achieving economic and political goals does not decrease, and therefore the study of the theory can be useful for the development of the maritime and naval strategies of countries.
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Moghadam, Valentine M. "What is Revolution in the 21st Century? Towards a Socialist-Feminist World Revolution". Millennium: Journal of International Studies 47, nr 3 (30.05.2019): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829819838607.
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I consider prospects for revolution in the 21st century, defined here as a thorough-going world revolution that replaces the capitalist world-system with a feminist-inflected democratic socialism. An overview of 20th century revolutions and more recent uprisings suggests distinctive contemporary features, including women’s participation and the diffusion of feminist agendas, but also constraints. In the face of reactionary social movements, and given the limits of ‘horizontalist’ politics, activists could learn from past revolutionary strategies to build a powerful global alliance of progressive forces.
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Twose, Nigel. "World in crisis: the politics of survival at the end of the 20th century". International Affairs 73, nr 3 (lipiec 1997): 576–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624304.
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Hansen, James T. "The Relevance of Postmodernism to Counselors and Counseling Practice". Journal of Mental Health Counseling 37, nr 4 (1.10.2015): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.37.4.06.
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Postmodernism is a broad intellectual movement that has been changing the way people approach art, music, literature, politics, and philosophy since the late 20th century. This article addresses the impact of postmodern thinking on the practice of counseling and its relevance to counselors' approach to understanding clients and their world.
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Guslin, Guslin, i Amarulla Octavian. "The impact of the Bolsheviks Revolution on the political development and system of government of the new state of the 20th century". Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review 6, nr 2 (20.08.2021): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v6i3.31484.
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The Bolshevik Revolution forced the end of Tsar Nicholas II's imperial rule in Russia. Furthermore, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, Russia formed a new government in the form of the Republic. The main power of this government is entirely under the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. Subsequent changes in the form of government in Russia, especially after World War I, inspired newly independent countries in the mid-20th century to follow the same system of government. Through theories about the state, politics, and government system, this study will analyze the influence of the Bolshevik revolution on the new system of government for new countries in the world in the 20th century. To analyze the effect of changes in the form of government, the authors use an exploratory qualitative research method with a historical approach through a literature study. After the Revolution, based on a common view of colonialism, human rights, ideology, and the strong understanding of Marxism-Leninism, several countries in the world that were newly independent in the mid-20th century were inspired by the Bolshevik Revolution by forming countries with a Republican system of government, including Indonesia.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "World politics 20th century"
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Hojdyssek, Gunter Art College of Fine Arts UNSW. "From laughing at the world to living in the world". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Art, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43091.
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Born in 1938 in Poland, I epxperienced wartime Berlin and post-war Stalinism. My first job, at sixteen, was with the East Berlin States Opera and the Bertold Brecht's Berliner Ensemble. The play writes Betrtold Brecht and Buechner had the strongest influence on me. Brecht's play 'Mutter Courage and her children' and Georg Buechner's 'Woyzech' encapsulated the harsh realities of post-war Europe, and confirmed my desire for social justice and reform. Yet, the main influence on my work comes from my own life experience. My life in Australia has become a kind of exile-a deprivation of the origin of my culture and my cradle. After nearly forty years in Australia I feel a little displaced. Yet I left Europe voluntarily to escape from the very culture and history I now miss. I am experiencing a common dilemma of migration. I belong neither here nor there-a kind of dislocation. There exists a twilight zone in the in-between time-a discontinuity of my Berliner development. Artists such as Kaethe Kollwitz, John Heartfield, George Grosz, Otto Dix, and Max Beckman influenced my teenage years. Later, Joseph Beuys, Anselm Kiefer and Georg Baselitz. I work with found objects, such as toys crafted by human hand. I am giving them a new meaning, a new being. They are meditations on the conflict of war, where women and children are the primary victims of political fragmentation. My sculptures evoke memories of a childhood stolen. They take on a menacing character reminding the viewer of the effects war has on humanity. But Art is the reflector and searcher; it is our way to enlightenment. Joseph Beuys introduced the concept of an expanded notion of art ("der erweiterte Kunstbegriff???) to surpass the boundaries of modernism with in art, science, spirituality, humanism and economics. He drew attention to the potential of human creativity. Art, against all odds, is poetry to life.
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Askew, Joseph Benjamin. "The status of Tibet in the diplomacy of China, Britain, the United States and India, 1911-1959". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha8356.pdf.
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"June 2002" Bibliography: leaves 229-270. This thesis examines the changes in diplomacy of China, the West, Tibet and India from 1911 to 1951, while Tibet functioned as an independent country, and during 1951 to 1959 while under Chinese control. Tibet maintained its own currency, government, armed forces and way of life until 1959. The thesis also examines the cultural shifts in the political, social and military spheres in these countries. It assumes that the general world trend in political life has been towards increasingly intolerant and extreme politics. If Tibet remains part of China with little chance of resuming independence, it is because the Chinese government and people were quicker to adopt radical Western philosophies than the Tibetans were.
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Castle, Allan. "Collusion and challenge : major wars, domestic coalitions and revisionist states". Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41997.
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This dissertation examines the emergence of revisionism in the foreign policies of the great powers: it is concerned with the rise of 'challenger' states. Current approaches to the rise of challengers (arguments from 'structure', 'prudence', and 'historical sociology') are if generally useful also incomplete, leaving the emergence of several great power challengers not fully explained. This dissertation offers a new explanation, not as a replacement but as a complement to these theories, and in doing so accomplishes two tasks: first, it explains cases previously unaccounted-for; and second, it does so in a fashion that acknowledges the co-determination of domestic and international politics. The new model suggests that the seeds of challenges to international orders are often found in the wartime experience itself, in social pacts between elites and societal groups struck to achieve mobilization requirements. Violation of these pacts in the postwar period can in turn generate powerful political movements for the overthrow of both the domestic and international postwar orders. The explanation offered by this model is then applied to five cases of great power behaviour after major wars. While imperfect in its ability to account for great power behaviour in all these cases and thus requiring refinement, the model obtains sufficient support to warrant further exploration of these and other cases in future studies.
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Milner, Wesley T. "Progress or Decline: International Political Economy and Basic Human Rights". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2180/.
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This dissertation is a cross-national, empirical study of human rights conditions in a dynamic international political economy. The scope of the examination covers 176 developed and developing countries from 1980 through 1993. Through evaluating the numerous theoretical aspects of human rights conceptualization, I draw upon Shue's framework and consider whether there are indeed "basic rights" and which rights should fit into this category. Further, I address the debate between those who claim that these rights are truly universal (applying to all nations and individuals) and those who argue that the validity of a moral right is relative to indigenous cultures. In a similar vein, I empirically investigate whether various human rights are interdependent and indivisible, as some scholars argue, or whether there are inherent trade-offs between various rights provisions. In going beyond the fixation on a single aspect of human rights, I broadly investigate subsistence rights, security rights and political and economic freedom. While these have previously been addressed separately, there are virtually no studies that consider them together and the subsequent linkages between them. Ultimately, a pooled time-series cross-section model is developed that moves beyond the traditional concentration on security rights (also know as integrity of the person rights) and focuses on the more controversial subsistence rights (also known as basic human needs). By addressing both subsistence and security rights, I consider whether certain aspects of the changing international political economy affect these two groups of rights in different ways. A further delineation is made between OECD and non-OECD countries. The primary international focus is on the effects of global integration and the end of the Cold War. Domestic explanations that are connected with globalization include economic freedom, income inequality and democratization. These variables are subjected to bivariate and multivariate hypothesis testing including bivariate correlations, analysis of variance, and multiple OLS regression with robust standard errors.
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Wasim, Naz. "Reconceptualising panregions at the end of the 20th century : a Pakistani perspective of world politics at the turn of the millennium". Thesis, University of Hull, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402501.
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Wernitznig, Dagmar. "No documents, no history : a political biography of Rosika Schwimmer (1877-1948)". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711810.
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Kinder, John Oliver. "Power in stalinist states: the personality cult of Nicolae Ceausescu". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91168.
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This study examines the Socialist Republic of Romania as a Stalinist state which employs a personality cult. The leader of a state is the focus of a personality cult, but he does not enjoy the status it gives without consent from elsewhere within the government. In order to determine where this power comes from, three possible sources are discussed. These are: Nicolae Ceausescu, president of Romania; the state bureaucracy; and the people. The Soviet Union, during the time of Stalin, is used as a comparative element. When Nicolae Ceausescu came to power he did so with the consent of the elite. As the Romanian elite are less inclined to support his policies, Ceausescu has had to continually take steps to stay ahead of the opposition. The Romanian people also lent their support to Ceausescu earlier, and have since become discontented with the regime. This study concludes that a leader with a personality cult must have some form of consent to come into power, but his personal characteristics will determine how he leads and whether or not he will be able to remain in power if that consent is withdrawn.M.A.
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Bruneau, Quentin. "Knowing sovereigns : forms of knowledge and the changing practice of sovereign lending". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:127b0026-030f-417d-9cb8-f871936d6227.
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This thesis examines how sovereign lending, i.e. the practice of lending capital to sovereigns, has changed since the early nineteenth century. It tackles this question by investigating how lenders have thought about sovereigns for the past two centuries, focusing on the tools they have used to know and represent them. I argue that there was a critical shift in the early twentieth century in terms of the kinds of knowledge lenders deployed to know sovereigns. This shift differentiates the old sovereign lending from the new. In the old sovereign lending, merchant banking families such as the Rothschilds knew sovereigns through intensely personal relations based on gentility, whereas in the new sovereign lending, joint stock banks, credit rating agencies and international institutions largely came to know sovereigns through statistics. Though difficult to imagine nowadays, the description of sovereigns through quantifiable facts (the original definition of 'statistics') was revolutionary for early twentieth century lenders. Despite constituting the origins of sovereign credit ratings, this key shift has been overlooked in all major studies about sovereign debt. The new sovereign lending rose to prominence from the interwar period to the 1970s and now defines our world. The identification of this crucial shift is based on the development and application of the concept of forms of knowledge. Forms of knowledge refer to enduring ways of knowing and representing the constituent units of the international system used by international practitioners (e.g. diplomats, military strategists, financiers, and international lawyers). Examples of forms of knowledge include, but are not limited to, modern cartography, international treaties, statistics, gentility, and heraldry. The use of this concept is that it leads to a better understanding of how international practitioners and their practices undergo radical changes. In so doing, it provides a firmer empirical grasp on the question of how fundamental discontinuities arise in international relations.
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Pendegraft, Gregory. "Third World Decolonization: The Pan Africanist Movement in the Age of Nasserism". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984267/.
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In the mid-twentieth century Egyptian President Gamal Abdel-Nasser, along with President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana rose to international prominence as leaders and visionaries who were able to achieve political independence in their respective home countries while attempting to shape a destiny for Africa that did not involve Western imperialism. For Nasser's part, he first secured independence for Egypt, then turned his attention to the Middle East, but soon became as active in the politics of Sub Saharan Africa, also known as black Africa, as he was in the Arab world. This thesis explores Nasser's forays into Sub Saharan Africa during the period of decolonization on the continent and how his aspirations for Africa were equally a part of his political agenda that came to be known as Nasserism. Considering Nasser was the leader of the Third bloc, Egypt's fate was tied to Africa just as much as it was to the Middle East. Beyond the aspects of Nasser's involvement in Africa, this work also explores the active role Africans played in their quest for independence from European colonizers. Many African leaders during this time were as prominent and as shrewd as Nasser and were committed to establishing an anti-imperialist continent while developing modern African states based on the principles of Pan Africanism. While this occurred, new countries began to enter Africa and it became up to the African heads of state to determine how much involvement they wanted from these outsiders and at what cost. As these many dynamics played out in Africa, Pan Africanism was simultaneously occurring in the United States that linked black America's fate with Africa in movements that emphasized black nationalism and Third World political ideology.
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Mecum, Mark M. "Solving Alliance Cohesion: NATO Cohesion After the Cold War". Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1180549294.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "World politics 20th century"
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1948-, Williams Phil, i Calinger Ronald, red. The dictionary of 20th-century world politics. New York: H. Holt, 1993.
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Rothney, John Alexander Murray, 1935-, red. Twentieth-century world. Wyd. 7. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011.
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1923-, Kudri͡a︡vt͡s︡ev V. N., red. Wars and peace in the 20th century. Moscow: "Social Sciences Today" Editorial Board, Nauka Publishers, 1990.
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1947-, White Brian, Little Richard 1944- i Smith Michael 1947-, red. Issues in world politics. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.
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Liska, George. In search of poetry in the politics of power: Perspectives on expanding realism. Lanham: Lexington Books, 1998.
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Gunn, Geoffrey C. New world hegemony in the Malay world. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2000.
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Mayberry, Jodine. Leaders who changed the 20th century. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1994.
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Eberhardt, Piotr. Studia nad geopolityką XX wieku: Studies on the 20th century geopolitics. Warszawa: PAN IGiPZ, 2013.
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Keylor, William R. The Twentieth-century world: An international history. Wyd. 2. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
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Frans Alphons Maria Alting von Geusau. Beyond containment and division: Western cooperation from a post-totalitarian perspective. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1992.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "World politics 20th century"
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O’Brien, Robert, i Marc Williams. "The 20th Century: World Wars and the Post-1945 Order". W Global Political Economy, 116–44. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36614-5_6.
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Bowen, Brian. "20th Century to World War II". W The American Construction Industry, 145–62. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003130000-11.
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Jancsák, Csaba. "Három MEFESZ a 20. századi magyar történelemben". W Fontes et Libri, 113–24. Szeged, Hungary: Szegedi Tudományegyetem, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/btk.2023.sje.10.
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The Association of Hungarian University and College Students (AHUCS, MEFESZ) was founded on 16 October 1956 at the University of Szeged. In the Hungarian history of the second half of the 20th century, the acronym ‘MEFESZ’ appeared three times (1945: Alliance of Hungarian University and College Associations AHUCA, MEFESZ; 1948: Unified Organization of Hungarian University and College Students, AOHUCS, MEFESZ and 1956: AHUCS, MEFESZ). In all three cases, the organisations were actors in the field of youth and education. The short history and existence of the three MEFESZ has many lessons to teach us. Although the three organisations’ names were identically abbreviated, the full form of their names differed, and so did their aims and roles. In this paper, we show that the 1956 MEFESZ is not a successor of the two earlier organisations, MEFESZ in the period of ‘tentative democracy’ (1945–1948) and in the first period of communist dictatorship (1948–1950). The 1956 MEFESZ – the focus of our study – was a new grassroot initiative and became the precursor of the revolution in the same year. In its aims, organisational structure and political programme, it was grounded in democratic principles. The political demands of the programme of the MEFESZ that had been adopted on 20th October 1956 became the demands of the revolution on 23rd October. An analysis of the basic and operational principles of the 1956 MEFESZ and the elements of its political programme show that its ‘organisational personality’ and its world of values represented the trans-historical social democratic values of universities: freedom of opinion, thought and expression, autonomy, solidarity, subsidiarity, self-government and the participation of young people in decision-making.
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Tenold, Stig. "The Second World War". W Norwegian Shipping in the 20th Century, 133–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95639-8_5.
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Blaauw, Adriaan. "Earlier 20th Century Developments; World War I". W History of the IAU, 15–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0978-9_2.
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Tenold, Stig. "The First World War: The Neutral Ally". W Norwegian Shipping in the 20th Century, 63–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95639-8_3.
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Oliver, Michael F. "Atherosclerosis Research after the Second World War". W British Cardiology in the 20th Century, 323–42. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0773-6_27.
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Rady, Martyn. "7. World war and dissolution". W The Habsburg Empire: A Very Short Introduction, 94–108. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198792963.003.0007.
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International politics in the later 19th and early 20th centuries was dominated by the ‘Eastern Question’: the legacy of the failing Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. ‘World war and dissolution: 20th century’ considers issues that led to the First World War, including the murder of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, June 1914. To withstand the Russians, the Habsburg armies increasingly depended on German reinforcements. By passing strategic command of its forces to Wilhelm II in 1916, the Habsburg Empire’s fate was sealed. Franz Joseph’s nephew Karl was to be the last emperor. A final section gives a historical overview, asking whether the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire was inevitable.
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Kaledin, Nikolai V., i Aleksej B. Elatskov. "The Origin and Formation of Political Geography in Russia". W DIGEST OF WORLD POLITICS. ANNUAL REVIEW. VOLUME 10, 614–26. St. Petersburg State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/26868318.39.
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The article considers such little-studied issues as the emergence and formation of political geography as a scientific and educational direction in Russia. The features of the genesis and development of political geography in Russia are shown in the framework of two scientific and educational paradigms — the state-describing (the end of the 1730s — the end of the 19th century) and the anthropogeographic (the end of the 19th century — the first third of the 20th century). The main ideas and scientists in each stage are outlined. A comparative analysis of the genesis of the term “political geography” in Russia and European countries is carried out.
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Hill, Christopher, Michael Smith i Sophie Vanhoonacker. "2. The European Union in World Politics: An Historical Overview". W International Relations and the European Union, 22–44. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780192897343.003.0002.
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This chapter provides a structured treatment of the historical context for the mutual entanglement of European integration and the broader development of international relations, bearing in mind the threefold framework set out in the first chapter, namely, European integration as a sub-system of international relations, as part of the general processes of international relations, and as a potential or actual ‘power’ in international relations. The chapter looks at developments up to the end of the 20th century and provides some background to the topics covered in the following chapters. It shows how the European Union’s (EU’s) international role has continuously been shaped by both by the changing international environment and the continuous interaction between politics, economics, and security.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "World politics 20th century"
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Pirjevec, Jože. "“The sole catholic church allied with nazism”: the Ljubljana diocese during World War II". W International conference Religious Conversions and Atheization in 20th Century Central and Eastern Europe. Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Annales ZRS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/978-961-7195-39-2_02.
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With the words quoted in the title of the presentation, Friedrich Rainer, the Carinthian Gauleiter, characterized the conduct of Bishop Gregorij Rožman and his Catholic clergy during the Second World War in the Province of Ljubljana. This paper endeavours to fathom the underlying motivations behind this political alignment, which triggered a violent civil war in occupied Slovenia in 1941 that tragically tore the Slovenian nation apart – a legacy that can still be felt today. To comprehend the mindset of the Slovenian clergy, it is essential to look at the historical role of the Catholic Church in shaping Slovenian national and cultural identity throughout the 19th and first half of the 20th century. In a predominantly agrarian society, the Catholic clergy assumed multifaceted roles, encompassing spiritual, educational, political and economic functions, underpinned by the conviction that they were the sole interpreters of the nation. To be a true Slovenian was equated with being Catholic. With the beginning of the occupation and the partitioning of Slovenia among the aggressors – Germany, Italy and Hungary – in 1941, the emergence of a Liberation Front, led by the Communists was perceived by the Church in the Province of Ljubljana as a direct challenge to the established social order. Deeming this emerging movement as the paramount adversary of both God and the nation, Bishop Rožman opted to fight it, even if it entailed forging an alliance with fascist Italy and later the Third Reich. This paper will delve into the intricacies of this dynamic process, including the role of the Vatican in its evolution.
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Hajdinac, Sara. "Religious identity as the state’s tool in modification of public space and its identity: the Yugoslav concept of the two squares in Maribor". W International conference Religious Conversions and Atheization in 20th Century Central and Eastern Europe. Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Annales ZRS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/978-961-7195-39-2_05.
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In 1934, after several years of struggle, the Orthodox community of Maribor was awarded a lot to construct a new sacral object on General Maister Square (then Yugoslavia Square) in Maribor, at the site of the recently removed monument dedicated to vice-admiral Wilhelm Tegetthoff. The square boasts a rich symbolic history, wherein the very names of the square have clearly indicated the identity of the city through time. The new government sought to modify public space in accordance with the new state – these spaces had to be given not only a Slovenian but also a Yugoslav outlook. The first modification was changing the square’s name to Yugoslavia Square, after which a Serbian Orthodox church was built in Serbian national architectural style by the architect Momir Korunović (1883–1969), who designed all three Serbian sacral objects in the province of Dravska Banovina (in Maribor, Ljubljana, and Celje). The Church of St. Lasarus was to be ideologically connected to the monument dedicated to King Aleksandar Karađorđević on Liberty Square, which would provide a clear Yugoslav identity to the city district. However, the construction of said monument was disabled by the beginning of the Second World War, while the church was destroyed by the Nazis in April 1941 and thus erased from local collective memory. Maribor was the northernmost city of Dravska Banovina and indeed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, yet its public space still failed to reflect a “Yugoslav identity” in the 1930s. Local residents primarily identified as Roman Catholic, while the city was politically predominantly ruled by the Slovenian People’s Party which imposed additional difficulties on the process of selecting the new church’s location. This paper will, accounting for the city’s religious and political climate, present Maribor as a place that obtained one of the biggest and most prominently representative Orthodox sacral objects, despite the fact the Orthodox religion was not dominant in the area. The focus will be on the question of the role and reflection of the unitarian-centralist politics of Belgrade through religion (Orthodox faith) on public space modification, what factors and agents design such space (and memory of such space) and in what way, by analysing commissions and art styles within the context of public spaces of Maister Square and Liberty Square in Maribor.
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Fuentes, Gabriel. "The Politics of Memory: Constructing Heritage and Globalization in Havana, Cuba". W 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.60.
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Since granted world heritage status by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1982, Old Havana has been the site of contested heritage practices. Critics consider UNESCO’s definition of the 143 hectare walled city center a discriminatory delineation strategy that primes the colonial core for tourist consumption at the expense of other parts of the city. To neatly bound Havana’s collective memory/history within its “old” core, they say, is to museumize the city as ”frozen in time,” sharply distinguishing the “historic” from the “vernacular.”While many consider heritage practices to resist globalization, in Havana they embody a complex entanglement of global and local forces. The Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991 triggered a crippling recession during what Fidel Castro called a“Special Period in a Time of Peace.” In response, Castro redeveloped international tourism—long demonized by the Revolution as associated with capitalist “evils”—in order to capture the foreign currency needed to maintain the state’s centralized economy. Paradoxically, the re-emergence of international tourism in socialist Cuba triggered similar inequalities found in pre-Revolutionary Havana: a dual-currency economy, government-owned retail (capturing U.S. dollars at the expense of Cuban Pesos), and zoning mechanisms to “protect” Cubanos from the “evils” of the tourism, hospitality, and leisure industries. Using the tropes of “heritage”and “identity,” preservation practices fueled tourism while allocating the proceeds toward urban development, using capitalism to sustain socialism. This paper briefly traces the geopolitics of 20th century development in Havana, particularly in relation to tourism. It then analyzes tourism in relation to preservation / restoration practices in Old Havana using the Plaza Vieja (Old Square)—Old Havana’ssecond oldest and most restored urban space—as a case study. In doing so, it exposes preservation/ restoration as a dynamic and politically complex practice that operates across scales and ideologies, institutionalizing history and memory as an urban design and identity construction strategy. The paper ends with a discussion on the implications of such practices for a rapidly changing Cuba.
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Kovaleva, M. V., i O. V. Mikhailov. "Search for Ways to overcome the Crisis by Representatives of Russian Religious Thought". W General question of world science. Наука России, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gq-31-03-2021-61.
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The crisis at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries affected different countries and different aspects of social life, which was inevitable both due to geographical proximity and cultural, economic, political and other intersections. Addressing the topic of the sociocultural crisis was characteristic of both Russian and Western European philosophers of the early 20th century. The author in the article refers to the understanding of its features and ways to overcome it in the context of the ideas of Russian religious philosophers. An integral feature of Russian philosophical thought in the context of assessing the ongoing social changes and the search for ways out of a crisis situation is an understanding of the special purpose of Russia and an awareness of its role in human history. The works of Russian philosophers are full of anxiety about the future of mankind, about the fate of Russia, a premonition of possible death, therefore it is no coincidence that the appeal to the theme of the Apocalypse, the impending catastrophe, the end of history is perceived as a real threat to the existence of mankind. With all the diversity of approaches to assessing the sociocultural crisis, Russian thinkers are united by common philosophical roots, religion, national and cultural traditions. In the context of understanding the crisis processes of the early twentieth century, Russian religious thinkers raise the question of the role and significance of a person in the transformation of life, thereby actualizing the moral and anthropological problems.
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Znaesheva, Irina V. "STUDY OF COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY: USSR AND USA". W 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.10.
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The article analyzes two prominent researches of the 1920–30th (World revolutionary propaganda by H. D. Lasswell and D. Blumenstock and The Language of the Red Army Soldier by I. N. Shpil’rein et al.) and proposes an attempt to look at certain aspects of Soviet science, particularly at the study of linguistic mechanisms of propaganda, not within the framework of a revisionist approach, but including it in the broader scientific and cultural and historical context. The analysis focuses on basically linguistic approaches used by the psychologists, sociologists, and political scientists of the USSR and the USA. The choice of these researches is conditioned, on the one hand, by the mutual interest of the two countries, on the other hand, by the fact that the problem of studying propaganda as a way of spreading communist ideas was equally acute for both countries, albeit with mirror-opposite goals underlying this interest. The analysis of the selected studies demonstrates similarities in study design and methodology. Refs 22.
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Mithans, Gašper. "Conversions in interwar Slovenia and the question of (dis)loyalty". W International conference Religious Conversions and Atheization in 20th Century Central and Eastern Europe. Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Annales ZRS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/978-961-7195-39-2_01.
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Conversions, particularly those deemed as apostasies, were scrutinized by the dominant majority religions and often characterized as “aberrant” phenomena posing threats to national unity. This discourse had also spread to politics and manifested itself in oppressive measures, particularly against proselytization by religious minorities, and fuelled mistrust of converts within religious communities. However, the rhetoric of national/ethnic loyalty was also exploited by the propaganda of liberal politicians who favoured conversions from Catholicism to Serbian Orthodoxy as a means of adopting an imagined Yugoslav national identity. Similarly, some Slovenian Catholics from the border region of Venezia Giulia (slo. Julijska Krajina), annexed by Italy in 1920, turned to Orthodoxy to protest against the Holy See’s perceived indifference to the fascist policy of forced assimilation, which culminated in the forced resignation of bishops who sympathized with the Slovenian and Croatian minorities. The main ideologue of Slovenian political Catholicism, Anton Mahnič, claimed in the late 19th century that “only a convinced Catholic can be a true Slovenian”, thus marginalizing followers of non-Catholic religions, liberals and non-religious alike. Conversely, the Lutherans of the German minority on Slovenian territory contended that “to be a German means to be a Lutheran” and actively recruited German Catholics to strengthen their ranks and consolidate themselves as a singular national and religious entity. Another facet of the perceived foreignness of faiths other than Roman Catholicism among Slovenians is reflected in reconversions to Catholicism. While Catholic critics viewed “apostates” who left Catholicism as unsatisfactory adherents who would not necessarily become exemplary members of their newly adopted religion, Orthodox priests claimed that many Slovenian converts were not truly dedicated to the cause, only reluctantly embracing Orthodox customs and remaining Catholics “at heart”. This entrenched view emphasizes the inhospitable environment surrounding the exercise of a religious choice. In addition, compounded by pragmatic conversions of Catholics to Serbian Orthodoxy and Islam, which often lacked sincere commitment or integration into the newfound faith.
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LIAO, QINSI, i RONG HU. "ON THE TEACHING DESIGN AND TEACHING PRACTICE OF IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL EDUCATION IN COLLEGE ENGLISH COURSE BASED ON “STUDENT-CENTERED”". W 2021 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED EDUCATION AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (AEIM 2021). Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/aeim2021/35962.
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Abstract. Education is a human activity and a social activity with human as its object. This “People-oriented” educational philosophy is a trend of thought that has influenced the world since modern times, especially since the middle and late 20th century. Students are the foundation of university, but also the object of university education and the center of university development. The paper, adhering to the “Student-centered learning” approach, designs and practices the ideological and political education in College English curriculum from a multi-dimensional perspective, and discusses how to promote the ideological and political education in College English course.
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Pavlović, Jovana, Biljana Vitošević i Milica Filipović. "Political factors of the spread of Sokol movement in Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries". W Antropološki i teoantropološki pogled na fizičke aktivnosti (10). University of Priština – Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Leposavić, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/atavpa24030p.
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This study examines the historical development of the Sokol movement, employing heuristic, critical, synthetic, and dispositive analyses across various contexts of East and Central Europe. Spanning from its inception in the 19th century to World War II, the research aims to unearth new sociopolitical, economic, and cultural insights that directly influenced the Sokol movement's evolution among various Slavic groups. Through this lens, the study not only addresses the identities of the Sokols, their contributions, and reasons for their decline but also the intricate interplay between the Sokol organization as a Slavic national movement and other philosophical, political, and social ideologies, such as liberalism, enlightenment, rationalism, empiricism, and gender equality.
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Kovaleva, M. V. "The Theme of Cultural Crisis by Representatives of Russian Religious Thought of the Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries (on the Example of the Works of S.N. Bulgakov and N.A. Berdyaev)". W General question of world science. General question of world science, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gqws-15-10-2022-05.
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Dynamic changes in Russian social life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the elimination of its rigid ideological framework influenced the development of our society. The turning points were not limited to economic and political changes. There was a radical change in the worldview paradigm, which, accordingly, influenced the content of ideals, values, life-sense attitudes, and rules of social interaction. The rearrangement of the components of the spiritual and semantic core of culture at the end of the 1990s testified to a crisis in this area. It was the crisis processes in culture that predetermined the further search for its adequate interpretation and, in this regard, aroused tremendous research interest in its genesis, structure, driving forces and internal potential. Undoubtedly, attention to this phenomenon is also connected with the fact that culture in modern conditions is becoming the dominant social force. No social phenomenon can take place outside of culture and independently of it. This means that cardinal changes in society entail changes in the system of its norms and values, i.e. cultural change, and conversely, change in culture is necessarily accompanied by a shift in the social field. Regulating interpersonal interactions, cultural systems, first of all, semantic complexes (ideas, norms, values) constitute any social phenomenon. Accordingly, in modern philosophy, interest in culture as a factor in creative life and social development is becoming more acute. At the beginning of the 20th century, in the extremely specific conditions of “Russian life”, representatives of Russian religious philosophy directed their creative search to comprehending the essence of culture and determining ways out of the crisis. In this regard, it seems relevant to appeal to the ideas of such philosophers as S.N. Bulgakov, N.A. Berdyaev, who comprehend the fate of Russian culture and put forward a number of provisions that determine the understanding of this phenomenon. In line with the assessment of culture as a factor in social life order, the topic is relevant, which highlights the problematic field of analysis outlined by representatives of Russian religious philosophy of the late XIX - early XX centuries. This is the understanding of culture as a specific holistic organism, as a way of familiarizing a person with the spiritual essence of the world, as a value space oriented towards ideals. This is a deep faith in culture, its interpretation as a means of spiritual life, in which the personal beginning of a person is revealed. At the beginning of the 20th century, the selfdetermination of Russian religious philosophy took place in the context of an appeal to the spiritual heritage, including the religious one. And already self-determined as such, Russian religious thought reflects on the state of national culture. One of the most popular problems of the beginning of the 20th century is the problem of the cultural crisis. The religious concept of culture is inherent in the desire to comprehend the essence of culture in order to open the way from a crisis state to renewal and cultural revival. The Russian thought of this period is distinguished by the breadth of its consideration of the theme of the crisis: from theoretical and historical-cultural analysis to sharp socio-philosophical journalism. The concept of the crisis of culture, developed by Russian religious philosophers, is the basis of their own philosophy of culture. Representatives of this trend focus their creative search on determining ways out of the crisis, therefore, addressing this issue in the presence of a tendency to overcome the cultural crisis that began in Russian society at the end of the 19th century is also relevant. It should be noted that the identified problems, the topics developed by Russian religious philosophers of the late XIX - early XX century are polemical both in theoretical terms and in the context of the realities of modern Russian culture. Is culture a space of absolute values? Is it possible to truly understand culture in detachment from social pragmatics? Why should human activity necessarily be associated with ideals and values? Should a philosophical approach to understanding culture be based on historical realities? Is it possible to identify the concept of culture as a whole with spiritual culture? What is a crisis - cultural exhaustion or being without cultural orientation? The answers to these and many other questions, one way or another touched upon by representatives of this trend, no doubt introduce new aspects into the philosophical vision of culture, enrich modern cultural and philosophical knowledge and, which is very important, contribute to an in-depth understanding of Russian cultural processes of the new millennium.
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Moy, James S. "SOVEREIGN GEOGRAPHIES, ERRANT PARTS & EVERYTHING IN ITS PLACE". W 2024 SoRes Dubai –International Conference on Interdisciplinary Research in Social Sciences, 19-20 February. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2024.128149.
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We exist in a significant geo-political nexus in the history of global development. African nations of the Sahel and indigenous peoples around the world have begun to kinetically resist neo-colonial initiatives to reimpose past suppressions. This paper surveys developments from 15th and 16th Century Papal Bulls through, government legislation and policy developments including the American Indian removal act of 1830, Berlin Conference of 1884-85, the Morgenthau Plan, late 20th Century Neo-Colonial exploitation and continuing early 21st century attempts at re-inscription of emergent rentier oppressions and trajectories. Within this context, this piece concludes with a pointed discussion of social media and its place in subverting the governmental attempts to control the narrative of the global order in light of recent geo-political developments and the global history of suppression.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "World politics 20th century"
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Pinheiro, Armando Castelar, Indermit S. Gill, Luis Servén i Mark Roland Thomas. Brazilian Economic Growth, 1900-2000: Lessons and Policy Implications. Inter-American Development Bank, maj 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008731.
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This paper examines Brazilian economic growth as part of the project "Explaining Economic Growth Performance" launched by the Global Development Network (GDN), the purpose of which is to explain economic growth performances across seven regions of the world. According to the author of this study, a better understanding of Brazil's paradoxical growth pattern during the 20th century may not only improve policy formulation but also help generate political support for its implementation. Any proposal for deepening the reform process in Brazil will not win wide acceptance if it is not perceived to respond to a credible account of how policies that are "wrong" in 2001 appeared "right," for half of the last century. With this context in mind, this paper addresses three overarching questions. First, how did Brazil manage to grow so rapidly from 1930 to 1980 while following so many "wrong" policies? Second, why did Brazil then perform so poorly in the final two decades of the century? And third, considering developments in both the domestic and international arenas, how should current public policy priorities be set to maximize Brazil's potential sustainable growth rate? Analysis will look at the aggregate performance of the Brazilian economy in 1930-2000, it will examine micro evidence from firms and households, respectively, and determine whether these patterns are consistent with the macroeconomic observations noted in our initial analysis. The study also provides an evaluation on how should current public policy priorities be set to maximize Brazil's potential sustainable growth rate.
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Rajan, Raghuram, i Luigi Zingales. The Great Reversals: The Politics of Financial Development in the 20th Century. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzec 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8178.
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Kholoshyn, I., T. Nazarenko, O. Bondarenko, O. Hanchuk i I. Varfolomyeyeva. The application of geographic information systems in schools around the world: a retrospective analysis. IOP Publishing, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4560.
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The article is devoted to the problem of incorporation geographic information systems (GIS) in world school practice. The authors single out the stages of GIS application in school geographical education based on the retrospective analysis of the scientific literature. The first stage (late 70 s – early 90s of the 20th century) is the beginning of the first educational GIS programs and partnership agreements between schools and universities. The second stage (mid-90s of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century) comprises the distribution of GIS-educational programs in European and Australian schools with the involvement of leading developers of GIS-packages (ESRI, Intergraph, MapInfo Corp., etc.). The third stage (2005–2012) marks the spread of the GIS school education in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America; on the fourth stage (from 2012 to the present) geographic information systems emerge in school curricula in most countries. The characteristics of the GIS-technologies development stages are given considering the GIS didactic possibilities for the study of school geography, as well as highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.
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Einarsson, Rasmus. Nitrogen in the food system. TABLE, luty 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/2fa45626.
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Nitrogen (N) plays a dual role in the agri-food system: it is an essential nutrient for all life forms, yet also an environmental pollutant causing a range of environmental and human health impacts. As the plant nutrient needed in greatest quantities, and as a building block of proteins and other biomolecules, N is a necessary part of all life. In the last century, an enormous increase of N turnover in the agri-food system has enabled increasing per-capita food supply for a growing world population, but as an unintended side effect, N pollution has increased to levels widely agreed in science and policy to be far beyond sustainable limits. There is no such thing as perfectly circular N supply. Losses of N to the environment inevitably arise as N is transformed and used in the food system, for example in soil processes, in manure storage, and in fertilizer application. This lost N must be replaced by ‘new’ N, which is N converted to bioavailable forms from the vast atmospheric pool of unreactive dinitrogen (N2). New N comes mainly as synthetic N fertilizer and through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). In addition, there is a large internal flow of recycled N in the food system, mainly in the form of livestock excreta. This recirculated N, however, is internal to the food system and cannot make up for the inevitable losses of N. The introduction of synthetic N fertilizer during the 20th century revolutionized the entire food system. The industrial production of synthetic N fertilizer was a revolution for agricultural systems because it removed the natural constraint of N scarcity. Given sufficient energy, synthetic N fertilizer can be produced in limitless quantities from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). This has far-reaching consequences for the whole agri-food system. The annual input of synthetic N fertilizer today is more than twice the annual input of new N in pre-industrial agriculture. Since 1961, increased N input has enabled global output of both crop and livestock products to roughly triple. During the same time period, total food-system N emissions to the environment have also more than tripled. Livestock production is responsible for a large majority of agricultural N emissions. Livestock consume about three-quarters of global cropland N output and are thereby responsible for a similar share of cropland N emissions to air and water. In addition, N emissions from livestock housing and manure management systems contribute a substantial share of global N emissions to air. There is broad political agreement that global N emissions from agriculture should be reduced by about 50%. High-level policy targets of the EU and of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity are for a 50% reduction in N emissions. These targets are in line with a large body of research assessing what would be needed to stay within acceptable limits as regards ecosystem change and human health impacts. In the absence of dietary change towards less N-intensive diets, N emissions from food systems could be reduced by about 30%, compared to business-as-usual scenarios. This could be achieved by implementing a combination of technical measures, improved management practices, improved recycling of wasted N (including N from human excreta), and spatial optimization of agriculture. Human dietary change, especially in the most affluent countries, offers a huge potential for reducing N emissions from food systems. While many of the world’s poor would benefit nutritionally from increasing their consumption of nutrient-rich animal-source foods, many other people consume far more nutrients than is necessary and could reduce consumption of animal-source food by half without any nutritional issues. Research shows that global adoption of healthy but less N-polluting diets might plausibly cut future food-system N losses by 10–40% compared to business-as-usual scenarios. There is no single solution for solving the N challenge. Research shows that efficiency improvements and food waste reductions will almost certainly be insufficient to reach agreed environmental targets. To reach agreed targets, it seems necessary to also shift global average food consumption onto a trajectory with less animal-source food.
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Blyde, Juan S., Armando Castelar Pinheiro, Eduardo Fernández-Arias i Christian Daude. Competitiveness and Growth in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, marzec 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008992.
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In the first eight decades of the 20th century, Brazil ranked among the countries with highest growth rates in the world. During the period 1930-80, in particular, it managed to reduce its per capita income gap vis-à-vis industrialized economies and seemed poised to escape underdevelopment early in this century. However, this dream never materialized; Brazil's growth performance deteriorated sharply over the following quarter century, never fully recovering from the second oil shock and the foreign debt crisis. In this period Brazil experienced much lower and more volatile growth, with its long-term annual growth rate (ten-year moving average) fluctuating in the 2% to 3% range, well below the 6% to 10% range that prevailed in 1950-80. Brazil reacted by embarking on reforms, from trade liberalization to changes in fiscal and social policies. Policies improved, especially after price stabilization, in 1994, and, if anything, have been better than through most the high growth period, but apparently to no avail. Something happened in this later period that prevented Brazil from regaining the rapid growth that it had exhibited previously. What might it have been?
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Melnyk, Andriy. «Ареопагітика» Джона Мілтона і теорія вільного ринку ідей. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, marzec 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11732.
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The article is dedicated to one of the most famous rationales for the right to free expression of views and opinions, the marketplace of ideas theory, as well as John Milton’s pamphlet “Areopagitica” which is considered the first example of systematic protection of freedom of speech and the primary source for the theory. The combination of the author of the 17th century and the thinking that was finally formed in the 20th century should not be surprising, because Milton is considered the forerunner of marketplace arguments. Given the fact that freedom of speech is threatened today by authoritarianism amplified by modern technologies, as well as identity politics and political correctness, the actualization of arguments in its favor seems more relevant than ever. When covering the main topics of “Areopagitica”, emphasis is placed on the historical conditioning of Milton’s arguments. His position on freedom is based on ancient Greek models and seems rather elitist today, and his perception of heresy is pagan rather than Christian. It’s also worth remembering that Milton opposed pre-publication censorship but did not object to the persecution of dangerous ideas and books after publication, and also definitely excluded Roman Catholicism from the free circulation of ideas. Today, this kind of restriction is considered unacceptable. A fundamentalist interpretation of the free market of ideas which excludes any regulation is obviously not conducive to such a discussion. Utopian ideas about absolute freedom of speech rather harm it, give rise to inflated expectations and, as a result, disappointment in its capabilities or demonization. In this context, reading John Milton’s “Areopagitica” can be extremely instructive today. Key words: freedom of speech; marketplace of ideas; “Areopagitica”; censorship; identity politics; political correctness.
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Siebert, Rudolf J., i Michael R. Ott. Catholicism and the Frankfurt School. Association Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53099/ntkd4301.
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The paper traces the development from the medieval, traditional union, through the modern disunion, toward a possible post-modern reunion of the sacred and the profane. It concentrates on the modern disunion and conflict between the religious and the secular, revelation and enlightenment, faith and autonomous reason in the Western world and beyond. It deals specifically with Christianity and the modern age, particularly liberalism, socialism and fascism of the 2Oth and the 21st centuries. The problematic inclination of Western Catholicism toward fascism, motivated by the fear of and hate against socialism and communism in the 20th century, and toward exclusive, authoritarian, and totalitarian populism and identitarianism in the 21st. century, is analyzed, compared and critiqued. Solutions to the problem are suggested on the basis of the Critical Theory of Religion and Society, derived from the Critical Theory of Society of the Frankfurt School. The critical theory and praxis should help to reconcile the culture wars which are continually produced by the modern antagonism between the religious and the secular, and to prepare the way toward post-modern, alternative Future III - the freedom of All on the basis of the collective appropriation of collective surplus value. Distribution and recognition problems are equally taken seriously.
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Delaney, Kathleen, Mark Mendelsohn, Sarah Wenner, Adam Backlin, Elizabeth Gallegos, Robert Fisher i Seth Riley. Protocol for the reintroduction of California red-legged frogs to Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. National Park Service, kwiecień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2297287.
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Once common and widespread in Southern California, California red-legged frogs (Rana draytonii) began declining sometime in the middle of the 20th century. They were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1996. Three small and isolated populations remained in Los Angeles and Ventura Counties by the start of the 21st century. The nearest population of California red-legged frogs to Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is critically small, located 15 km to the north, yet there is evidence of persistence, including successful reproduction each year it has been measured. A potential solution to alleviate small population size and isolation is to reintroduce a species back to habitable historical locations nearby. In 2011, we initiated a project to reintroduce California red-legged frogs back to the Santa Monica Mountains, where historical records showed they were once widespread. We developed a procedure to transfer partial egg masses into tadpole rearing pens located within streams determined to be suitable for the species. This translocation protocol outlines our procedure and results for the first five years of the project. It is our hope that this protocol will guide and inform similar conservation efforts for California red-legged frogs in other parts of their range as well as other amphibian conservation efforts throughout the world.
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Cachalia, Firoz, i Jonathan Klaaren. A South African Public Law Perspective on Digitalisation in the Health Sector. Digital Pathways at Oxford, lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2021/05.
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We explored some of the questions posed by digitalisation in an accompanying working paper focused on constitutional theory: Digitalisation, the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and the Constitutional Law of Privacy in South Africa. In that paper, we asked what legal resources are available in the South African legal system to respond to the risk and benefits posed by digitalisation. We argued that this question would be best answered by developing what we have termed a 'South African public law perspective'. In our view, while any particular legal system may often lag behind, the law constitutes an adaptive resource that can and should respond to disruptive technological change by re-examining existing concepts and creating new, more adequate conceptions. Our public law perspective reframes privacy law as both a private and a public good essential to the functioning of a constitutional democracy in the era of digitalisation. In this working paper, we take the analysis one practical step further: we use our public law perspective on digitalisation in the South African health sector. We do so because this sector is significant in its own right – public health is necessary for a healthy society – and also to further explore how and to what extent the South African constitutional framework provides resources at least roughly adequate for the challenges posed by the current 'digitalisation plus' era. The theoretical perspective we have developed is certainly relevant to digitalisation’s impact in the health sector. The social, economic and political progress that took place in the 20th century was strongly correlated with technological change of the first three industrial revolutions. The technological innovations associated with what many are terming ‘the fourth industrial revolution’ are also of undoubted utility in the form of new possibilities for enhanced productivity, business formation and wealth creation, as well as the enhanced efficacy of public action to address basic needs such as education and public health.
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F. Al-Sanea, Hamad. Evaluation of Recent Surgical Updates Regarding Diagnosis and Management of Diverticulitis. Science Repository, kwiecień 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31487/j.jsr.2024.01.01.
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Diverticulosis occurs when small, bulging pouches (diverticula) develop in your digestive tract. When one or more of these pouches become inflamed or infected, the condition is called diverticulitis. Diverticula are small, bulging pouches that can form in the lining of your digestive system, although it was rare before the 20th century, diverticular disease is now one of the most common health problems in the western world. It’s a group of conditions that can affect your digestive tract. The most serious type of diverticular disease is diverticulitis. It can cause uncomfortable symptoms and, in some cases, serious complications. If left untreated, these complications can cause long-term health problems. Read on to learn more about diverticulitis, including its causes, symptoms, treatment options, and how your diet might affect your risk of developing it. Objective: In this paper, our main focus was on diverticulitis and surgical intervention, and only relevant studies were discussed. Methodology: PubMed database was used for articles selection, and papers on diverticulitis were obtained and reviewed. Conclusion: Colonoscopy is best avoided in acute and uncomplicated diverticulitis. Classically, it is a surgical disease but uncomplicated cases can often be managed conservatively. Follow up of treated diverticulitis occurs after four weeks via colonoscopy, in selected cases assessing the risk of developing colonic cancer. Novel therapies are under-studied and are probable replacements for surgical intervention.