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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „X and Y chromosomes”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 2 lutego 2022

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1

McAllister, Bryant F. "Sequence Differentiation Associated With an Inversion on the Neo-X Chromosome of Drosophila americana." Genetics 165, no. 3 (November 1, 2003): 1317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.3.1317.

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Abstract Sex chromosomes originate from pairs of autosomes that acquire controlling genes in the sex-determining cascade. Universal mechanisms apparently influence the evolution of sex chromosomes, because this chromosomal pair is characteristically heteromorphic in a broad range of organisms. To examine the pattern of initial differentiation between sex chromosomes, sequence analyses were performed on a pair of newly formed sex chromosomes in Drosophila americana. This species has neo-sex chromosomes as a result of a centromeric fusion between the X chromosome and an autosome. Sequences were

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Gillings, M. R., R. Frankham, J. Speirs, and M. Whalley. "X-Y Exchange and the Coevolution of the X and Y rDNA Arrays in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 116, no. 2 (June 1, 1987): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/116.2.241.

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ABSTRACT The nucleolus organizers on the X and Y chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster are the sites of 200-250 tandemly repeated genes for ribosomal RNA. As there is no meiotic crossing over in male Drosophila, the X and Y chromosomal rDNA arrays should be evolutionarily independent, and therefore divergent. The rRNAs produced by X and Y are, however, very similar, if not identical. Molecular, genetic and cytological analyses of a series of X chromosome rDNA deletions (bb alleles) showed that they arose by unequal exchange through the nucleolus organizers of the X and Y chromosomes. Three se

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3

Uno, Yoshinobu, Chizuko Nishida, Chiyo Takagi, Takeshi Igawa, Naoto Ueno, Masayuki Sumida, and Yoichi Matsuda. "Extraordinary Diversity in the Origins of Sex Chromosomes in Anurans Inferred from Comparative Gene Mapping." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 145, no. 3-4 (2015): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000431211.

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Sex determination in frogs (anurans) is genetic and includes both male and female heterogamety. However, the origins of the sex chromosomes and their differentiation processes are poorly known. To investigate diversity in the origins of anuran sex chromosomes, we compared the chromosomal locations of sex-linked genes in 4 species: the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), the Western clawed frog (Silurana/X. tropicalis), the Japanese bell-ring frog (Buergeria buergeri), and the Japanese wrinkled frog (Rana rugosa). Comparative mapping data revealed that the sex chromosomes of X. laevis, X. tro

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Röpke, Albrecht, and Frank Tüttelmann. "MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Aberrations of the X chromosome as cause of male infertility." European Journal of Endocrinology 177, no. 5 (November 2017): R249—R259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-17-0246.

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Male infertility is most commonly caused by spermatogenetic failure, clinically noted as oligo- or a-zoospermia. Today, in approximately 20% of azoospermic patients, a causal genetic defect can be identified. The most frequent genetic causes of azoospermia (or severe oligozoospermia) are Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), structural chromosomal abnormalities and Y-chromosomal microdeletions. Consistent with Ohno’s law, the human X chromosome is the most stable of all the chromosomes, but contrary to Ohno’s law, the X chromosome is loaded with regions of acquired, rapidly evolving genes, which are

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5

Willhoeft, Ute, Jutta Mueller-Navia, and Gerald Franz. "Analysis of the sex chromosomes of the Mediterranean fruit fly by microdissected DNA probes." Genome 41, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-102.

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In the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, the sex-determining region maps to the long arm of the Y chromosome. DNA from this region of the Y chromosome and, for comparison, from the tip of the long arm of the X chromosome, was isolated by microdissection and amplified by degenerate oligonucleotide primer PCR (DOP-PCR). FISH of the Y-chromosomal microdissection products medY1-medY5 to mitotic chromosomes revealed hybridization signals on most of the long arm of the Y chromosome, including the male-determining region, and on the long arm of the X chromosome, as well as weaker signals o

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Mahesh, G., N. B. Ramachandra, and H. A. Ranganath. "Autoradiographic study of transcription and dosage compensation in the sex and neo-sex chromosome of Drosophila nasuta nasuta and Drosophila nasuta albomicans." Genome 44, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g00-100.

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Cellular autoradiography is used to study the transcription patterns of the polytene X chromosomes in Drosophila nasuta nasuta and D. n. albomicans. D. n. nasuta, with 2n = 8, includes a pair of complete heteromorphic sex chromosomes, whereas D. n. albomicans, with 2n = 6, has a pair of metacentric neo-sex chromosomes representing incomplete heteromorphic sex chromosomes. The neo-X chromosome has two euchromatic arms, one representing the ancestral X while the other represents the ancestral autosome 3 chromosomes. The metacentric neo-Y chromosome has one arm with a complete heterochromatic anc

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7

England, P. R., H. W. Stokes, and R. Frankham. "Clustering of rDNA containing type 1 insertion sequence in the distal nucleolus organiser of Drosophila melanogaster: implications for the evolution of X and Y rDNA arrays." Genetical Research 51, no. 3 (June 1988): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300024307.

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SummaryThe ribosomal RNAs produced by the multigene families on the X and Y chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster are very similar despite the apparent evolutionary isolation of the X and Y chromosomal rDNA. X–Y exchange through the rDNA is one mechanism that may promote co-evolution of the two gene clusters by transferring Y rDNA copies to the X chromosome. This hypothesis predicts that the proximal rDNA of X chromosomes will be Y-like. Consequently, rDNA variants found only on the X chromosome (such as those interrupted by type 1 insertions) should be significantly clustered in the distal X

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8

Manicardi, G. C., D. C. Gautam, D. Bizzaro, E. Guicciardi, A. M. Bonvicini Pagliai, and U. Bianchi. "Chromosome banding in aphids: G, C, AluI, and HaeIII banding patterns in Megoura viciae (Homoptera, Aphididae)." Genome 34, no. 4 (August 1, 1991): 661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-101.

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The holocentric mitotic chromosomes of Megoura viciae, a species that has been little studied cytogenetically to date, have been characterized by applying G, C, AluI, and HaeIII banding techniques. C bands have shown the best defined patterns, particularly on the X chromosome. This chromosome, on the other hand, behaved as the most reactive to the various treatments. Uncondensed, prometaphase X chromosomes showed a number of heterochromatic bands, interspersed among the euchromatin, which fused together during metaphase condensation. AluI and HaeIII treatments also produced reproducible bandin

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9

McAllister, Bryant F., and Brian Charlesworth. "Reduced Sequence Variability on the NeoY Chromosome of Drosophila americana americana." Genetics 153, no. 1 (September 1, 1999): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.1.221.

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Abstract Sex chromosomes are generally morphologically and functionally distinct, but the evolutionary forces that cause this differentiation are poorly understood. Drosophila americana americana was used in this study to examine one aspect of sex chromosome evolution, the degeneration of nonrecombining Y chromosomes. The primary X chromosome of D. a. americana is fused with a chromosomal element that was ancestrally an autosome, causing this homologous chromosomal pair to segregate with the sex chromosomes. Sequence variation at the Alcohol Dehydrogenase (Adh) gene was used to determine the p

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Panova, A. V., E. D. Nekrasov, M. A. Lagarkova, S. L. Kiselev, and A. N. Bogomazova. "Late Replication of the Inactive X Chromosome Is Independent of the Compactness of Chromosome Territory in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells." Acta Naturae 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2013-5-2-54-61.

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Dosage compensation of the X chromosomes in mammals is performed via the formation of facultative heterochromatin on extra X chromosomes in female somatic cells. Facultative heterochromatin of the inactivated X (Xi), as well as constitutive heterochromatin, replicates late during the S-phase. It is generally accepted that Xi is always more compact in the interphase nucleus. The dense chromosomal folding has been proposed to define the late replication of Xi. In contrast to mouse pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), the status of X chromosome inactivation in human PSCs may vary significantly. Fluores

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11

Scutt, Charles P., Yasuko Kamisugi, Philip M. Gilmartin, and Fukumi Sakai. "Laser isolation of plant sex chromosomes: studies on the DNA composition of the X and Y sex chromosomes of Silene latifolia." Genome 40, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-793.

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X and Y sex chromosomes from the dioecious plant Silene latifolia (white campion) were isolated from mitotic metaphase chromosome preparations on polyester membranes. Autosomes were ablated using an argon ion laser microbeam and isolated sex chromosomes were then recovered on excised fragments of polyester membrane. Sex chromosome associated DNA sequences were amplified using the degenerate oligonucleotide primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP–PCR) and pools of DOP–PCR products were used to investigate the genomic organization of the S. latifolia sex chromosomes. The chromosomal locations of c

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12

Cattanach, Bruce M., and Colin V. Beechey. "Autosomal and X-chromosome imprinting." Development 108, Supplement (April 1, 1990): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.108.supplement.63.

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Mouse genetic studies using Robertsonian and reciprocal translations have shown that certain autosomal regions of loci are subject to a parental germ line imprint, which renders maternal and paternal copies functionally inequivalent in the embryo or later stages of development. Duplication of maternal or paternal copies with corresponding paternal/maternal deficiencies in chromosomally balanced zygotes causes various effects. These range from early embryonic lethalities through to mid-fetal and neonatal lethalities, and in some instances viable young with phenotypic effects are obtained. Eight

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13

Arnold, Arthur P., Karen Reue, Mansoureh Eghbali, Eric Vilain, Xuqi Chen, Negar Ghahramani, Yuichiro Itoh, et al. "The importance of having two X chromosomes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1688 (February 19, 2016): 20150113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0113.

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Historically, it was thought that the number of X chromosomes plays little role in causing sex differences in traits. Recently, selected mouse models have been used increasingly to compare mice with the same type of gonad but with one versus two copies of the X chromosome. Study of these models demonstrates that mice with one X chromosome can be strikingly different from those with two X chromosomes, when the differences are not attributable to confounding group differences in gonadal hormones. The number of X chromosomes affects adiposity and metabolic disease, cardiovascular ischaemia/reperf

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14

Jesionek, Wojciech, Markéta Bodláková, Zdeněk Kubát, Radim Čegan, Boris Vyskot, Jan Vrána, Jan Šafář, Janka Puterova, and Roman Hobza. "Fundamentally different repetitive element composition of sex chromosomes in Rumex acetosa." Annals of Botany 127, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa160.

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Abstract Background and Aims Dioecious species with well-established sex chromosomes are rare in the plant kingdom. Most sex chromosomes increase in size but no comprehensive analysis of the kind of sequences that drive this expansion has been presented. Here we analyse sex chromosome structure in common sorrel (Rumex acetosa), a dioecious plant with XY1Y2 sex determination, and we provide the first chromosome-specific repeatome analysis for a plant species possessing sex chromosomes. Methods We flow-sorted and separately sequenced sex chromosomes and autosomes in R. acetosa using the two-dime

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15

Morrison, R. J., J. D. Raymond, J. R. Zunt, J. K. Lim, and M. J. Simmons. "Spontaneous formation of compound X chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 119, no. 1 (May 1, 1988): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.1.95.

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Abstract Males carrying different X chromosomes were tested for the ability to produce daughters with attached-X chromosomes. This ability is characteristic of males carrying an X chromosome derived from 59b-z, a multiply marked X chromosome, and is especially pronounced in males carrying the unstable 59b-z chromosomes Uc and Uc-lr. Recombination experiments with one of the Uc-lr chromosomes showed that the formation of compound chromosomes depends on two widely separated segments. One of these is proximal to the forked locus and is probably proximal to the carnation locus. This segment may co

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Rovatsos, Michail T., Juan A. Marchal, Ismael Romero-Fernández, Maria Arroyo, Eva B. Athanasopoulou, and Antonio Sánchez. "Extensive Sex Chromosome Polymorphism of Microtus thomasi/Microtus atticus Species Complex Associated with Cryptic Chromosomal Rearrangements and Independent Accumulation of Heterochromatin." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 151, no. 4 (2017): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477114.

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The sibling species Microtus thomasi and M. atticus represent probably the highest karyotypic diversity within the genus Microtus and are an interesting model for chromosomal evolution studies. In addition to variation in autosomes, they show a high intraspecific variation in the size and morphology of both sex chromosomes. We analyzed individuals with different sex chromosome constitutions using 3 painting probes, 2 from Y chromosome variants and 1 from the small arm of the submetacentric X chromosome. Our comparative painting approach uncovered 12 variants of Y and 14 variants of X chromosom

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Gonzalez de la Rosa, Pablo Manuel, Marian Thomson, Urmi Trivedi, Alan Tracey, Sophie Tandonnet, and Mark Blaxter. "A telomere-to-telomere assembly ofOscheius tipulaeand the evolution of rhabditid nematode chromosomes." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 11, no. 1 (December 8, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkaa020.

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AbstractEukaryotic chromosomes have phylogenetic persistence. In many taxa, each chromosome has a single functional centromere with essential roles in spindle attachment and segregation. Fusion and fission can generate chromosomes with no or multiple centromeres, leading to genome instability. Groups with holocentric chromosomes (where centromeric function is distributed along each chromosome) might be expected to show karyotypic instability. This is generally not the case, and in Caenorhabditis elegans, it has been proposed that the role of maintenance of a stable karyotype has been transferr

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Milani, Diogo, Vanessa Bardella, Ana Ferretti, Octavio Palacios-Gimenez, Adriana Melo, Rita Moura, Vilma Loreto, Hojun Song, and Diogo Cabral-de-Mello. "Satellite DNAs Unveil Clues about the Ancestry and Composition of B Chromosomes in Three Grasshopper Species." Genes 9, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9110523.

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Supernumerary (B) chromosomes are dispensable genomic elements occurring frequently among grasshoppers. Most B chromosomes are enriched with repetitive DNAs, including satellite DNAs (satDNAs) that could be implicated in their evolution. Although studied in some species, the specific ancestry of B chromosomes is difficult to ascertain and it was determined in only a few examples. Here we used bioinformatics and cytogenetics to characterize the composition and putative ancestry of B chromosomes in three grasshopper species, Rhammatocerus brasiliensis, Schistocerca rubiginosa, and Xyleus discoid

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Vieira, Cristina P., Paula A. Coelho, and Jorge Vieira. "Inferences on the Evolutionary History of theDrosophila americanaPolymorphicX/4Fusion From Patterns of Polymorphism at theX-LinkedparalyticandelavGenes." Genetics 164, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 1459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.4.1459.

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AbstractIn Drosophila there is limited evidence on the nature of evolutionary forces affecting chromosomal arrangements other than inversions. The study of the X/4 fusion polymorphism of Drosophila americana is thus of interest. Polymorphism patterns at the paralytic (para) gene, located at the base of the X chromosome, suggest that there is suppressed crossing over in this region between fusion and nonfusion chromosomes but not within fusion and nonfusion chromosomes. These data are thus compatible with previous claims that within fusion chromosomes the amino acid clines found at fused1 (also

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VIEIRA, CRISTINA P., ANDRÉ ALMEIDA, JOÃO DANIEL DIAS, and JORGE VIEIRA. "On the location of the gene(s) harbouring the advantageous variant that maintains the X/4 fusion of Drosophila americana." Genetical Research 87, no. 3 (June 2006): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672306008147.

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Weak selection is maintaining the Drosophila americana X/4 fusion chromosomal frequency cline. The gene(s) harbouring the advantageous variant(s) that is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of this chromosomal frequency gradient must be located in a region of the X and/or 4th chromosome that is genetically isolated between the X/4 fusion and non-fusion forms. The limits of these regions must thus be determined before an attempt is made to identify these genes. For this purpose, the correspondence between the D. virilis X and 4th chromosome genome scaffolds sequence and the D. ame

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Ayoub Bhatti, Arshad, and Manvi Khajuria. "Karyotypic and Morphometric Analysis of A Predatory Rove Beetle, Paederus littoralis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from Jammu Region of Outer Himalayas, India." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2654.

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In the present study, the chromosomes of a predatory rove beetle Paederus littoralis were studied from Jammu region of outer Himalayas. These beetles are also potential bio-control agents in suppressing the populations of cereal aphids. The diploid chromosome number was found to be 2n=32 including 22 metacentric, 3 submetacentric, 6 subtelocentric and 1 telocentric chromosomes. The sex chromosomes (Xyp) included submetacentric X and telocentric y chromosome. Meiotic observations comprised diplotene, diakinesis and metaphase-I. The study is helpful in solving taxonomic problems with in the fami

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Meneely, Philip M., Anna F. Farago, and Tate M. Kauffman. "Crossover Distribution and High Interference for Both the X Chromosome and an Autosome During Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans." Genetics 162, no. 3 (November 1, 2002): 1169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.3.1169.

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Abstract Regulation of both the number and the location of crossovers during meiosis is important for normal chromosome segregation. We used sequence-tagged site polymorphisms to examine the distribution of all crossovers on the X chromosome during oogenesis and on one autosome during both oogenesis and spermatogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. The X chromosome has essentially one crossover during oogenesis, with only three possible double crossover exceptions among 220 recombinant X chromosomes. All three had one of the two crossovers in the same chromosomal interval, suggesting that crossov

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Rastan, Sohaila, and Elizabeth J. Robertson. "X-chromosome deletions in embryo-derived (EK) cell lines associated with lack of X-chromosome inactivation." Development 90, no. 1 (December 1, 1985): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.90.1.379.

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The predictions of a model for the initiation of X-chromosome inactivation based on a single inactivation centre were tested in a cytogenetic study using six different embryo-derived (EK) stem cell lines, each with a different-sized deletion of the distal part of one of the X-chromosomes. Metaphase chromosomes were prepared by the Kanda method from each cell line in the undifferentiated state and after induction of differentiation, and cytogenetic evidence sought for a dark-staining inactive X-chromosome. The results confirm the predictions of the model in that when the inactivation centre is

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Meyer, Barbara J. "Sex and death: from cell fate specification to dynamic control of X-chromosome structure and gene expression." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 22 (November 2018): 2616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0397.

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Determining sex is a binary developmental decision that most metazoans must make. Like many organisms, Caenorhabditis elegans specifies sex (XO male or XX hermaphrodite) by tallying X-chromosome number. We dissected this precise counting mechanism to determine how tiny differences in concentrations of signals are translated into dramatically different developmental fates. Determining sex by counting chromosomes solved one problem but created another—an imbalance in X gene products. We found that nematodes compensate for the difference in X-chromosome dose between sexes by reducing transcriptio

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Rovatsos, Michail, Juan Alberto Marchal, Eva Giagia-Athanasopoulou, and Antonio Sánchez. "Molecular Composition of Heterochromatin and Its Contribution to Chromosome Variation in the Microtus thomasi/Microtus atticus Species Complex." Genes 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060807.

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The voles of the Microtus thomasi/M. atticus species complex demonstrate a remarkable variability in diploid chromosomal number (2n = 38–44 chromosomes) and sex chromosome morphology. In the current study, we examined by in situ hybridization the topology of four satellite DNA motifs (Msat-160, Mth-Alu900, Mth-Alu2.2, TTAGGG telomeric sequences) and two transposons (LINE, SINE) on the karyotypes of nine chromosome races (i.e., populations with unique cytogenetic traits) of Microtus thomasi, and two chromosomal races of M. atticus. According to the topology of the repetitive DNA motifs, we were

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Gschwend, Andrea R., Qingyi Yu, Paul Moore, Christopher Saski, Cuixia Chen, Jianping Wang, Jong-Kuk Na, and Ray Ming. "Construction of Papaya Male and Female BAC Libraries and Application in Physical Mapping of the Sex Chromosomes." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/929472.

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Papaya is a major fruit crop in the tropics and has recently evolved sex chromosomes. Towards sequencing the papaya sex chromosomes, two bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries were constructed from papaya male and female genomic DNA. The female BAC library was constructed using restriction enzymeBstY I and consists of 36,864 clones with an average insert size of 104 kb, providing 10.3x genome equivalents. The male BAC library was constructed using restriction enzymeEcoR I and consists of 55,296 clones with an average insert size of 101 kb, providing 15.0x genome equivalents. The male

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McLaren, Anne, Elizabeth Simpson, Colin E. Bishop, Michael J. Mitchell, and Susan M. Darling. "Recombination between the X and Y chromosomes and the Sxr region of the mouse." Genetical Research 60, no. 3 (December 1992): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300030925.

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SummaryThe Sxr (sex-reversed) region that carries a copy of the mouse Y chromosomal testis-determining gene can be attached to the distal end of either the Y or the X chromosome. During male meiosis, Sxr recombined freely between the X and Y chromosomes, with an estimated recombination frequency not significantly different from 50% in either direction. During female meiosis, Sxr recombined freely between the X chromosome to which it was attached and an X-autosome translocation. A male mouse carrying the original Sxra region on its Y chromosome, and the shorter Sxrb variant on the X, also showe

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Takeda, Masaharu, and Takahito Okushiba. "Reciprocal Chromosome Translocation Between the Left-End 220kb of Chromosome II and the Right-End 270kb of Chromosome X in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." International Journal of Biology 10, no. 4 (July 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v10n4p1.

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Southern hybridization of chromosomes and the physical mapping of the genes used as several probes on the respective chromosomes II and X showed that the left-end ca. 220kb of chromosome II including ATP1 was exchanged the right-end ca. 270kb of chromosome X including ATP2 resulting the reciprocal chromosome translocation in the yeast strain YNN290, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. YTO290, the mutated strain by the reciprocal chromosome translocation as above described, was changed from red to white of the colony-color, and sizes of chromosome II lengthened from ca. 830kb to ca. 900kb and chromosome

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Ocalewicz, K., and S. Dobosz. "Karyotype variation in the albino rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum))." Genome 52, no. 4 (April 2009): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g09-009.

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A Robertsonian polymorphism resulting in diploid chromosome number ranging from 59 to 61 and constant chromosome arm number (fundamental number = 104) was observed in the albino rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)) from the yellow color strain. In one individual, 90 mitotic chromosomes and 156 chromosome arms were counted, indicating the fish as a triploid. Morphology of the chromosomes, DAPI staining, and the cytogenetic location of 5S rDNA sequences showed sex-related chromosomal heteromorphism in the specimens. Additionally, length polymorphism of the X chromosome was detected in

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Luykx, Peter. "Variation in sex-linked interchange heterozygosity in the termite Incisitermes schwarzi Banks (Insecta: Isoptera) on the island of Jamaica." Genome 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-052.

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Collections of colonies of the termite Incisitermes schwarzi from mangroves around the coast of Jamaica revealed six chromosomal types, all involving variations or rearrangements of the sex chromosomes. One of the types had a heteromorphic sex bivalent in which the Y chromosome was larger than the X. The other five races had complex interchange multiples: a chain of 11, a chain of 12, a ring of 12, a ring of 14, and a ring of 18 chromosomes. The situation is similar to that described previously for Kalotermes approximatus, another member of the family Kalotermitidae, in the southeastern United

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Borodin, P. M., M. B. Rogatcheva, K. Koyasu, K. Fukuta, K. Mekada, and S. I. Oda. "Pattern of X–Y chromosome pairing in the Japanese field vole, Microtus montebelli." Genome 40, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-807.

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Pairing of X and Y chromosomes at meiotic prophase in males of Microtus montebelli was analyzed. The sex chromosomes form a synaptonemal complex at pachytene and end-to-end association at diakinesis – metaphase I in two species of the genus Microtus (M. montebelli and M. oeconomus) only, while they do not pair at all in the other species of this genus that have been studied so far. These data confirm that M. montebelli and M. oeconomus are very closely related in their origin. It is suggested that the sex chromosomes of M. montebelli and M. oeconomus display the ancestral type of X–Y pairing.

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Shetty, Nirmalchandra K. "Inheritance of Chromosomes, Sex Determination, and the Human Genome." Gender and the Genome 2, no. 1 (January 2018): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470289718787131.

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Who is the determining factor for the sex of the offspring—mother, father, or both parents? This fundamental hypothesis proposes a new model of sex determination, challenging the existing dogma that the male Y chromosome of the father is the sole determinant of the sex of the offspring. According to modern science, the 3 X chromosomes (male XY and female XX) are assumed to be similar, and the sex of the offspring is determined after the zygote is formed. In contrast to this, the new hypothesis based on theoretical research proposes that the 3 X chromosomes can be differentiated, based on the p

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Gooding, R. H. "Genetic basis of sterility in hybrids from crosses of Glossina morsitans submorsitans and Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae)." Genome 32, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-472.

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Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood carrying two marker genes on the X chromosome, two in linkage group II, and one in linkage group III were hybridized. About 17% of the F1 and from 33 to 56% of the backcross males fertilized G. m. submorsitans, but only one F1 and two backcross males fertilized G. m. morsitans. Similarly, F1 and backcross females were fertilized by G. m. submorsitans but rarely by G. m. morsitans. Chromosomal composition of F1 and backcross males indicated that hybrid male sterility is due to incompatibility of the X chromosome

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34

Tez, C., Y. Özkul, and O. İbiş. "Karyological comparisons of the European hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) from the Asian part of Turkey, with morphological contributions." Archives of Biological Sciences 64, no. 3 (2012): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1203935t.

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We focused on a comparison of karyological data for the European brown hare Lepus europaeus, from the Asian part of Turkey. In Turkish L. europaeus, the diploid number (2n), the fundamental number of chromosomal arms (FN) and the number of autosomal arms (FNa) were determined to be 2n=48, 84 and 80, respectively. The autosomes are composed of three pairs of metacentric chromosomes, four pairs of submetacentric chromosomes, ten pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes and six pairs of acrocentric chromosomes. The X chromosome was a medium-large submetacentric and the Y chromosome was a very small ac

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35

Adler, I. D., R. Johannisson, and H. Winking. "The influence of the Robertsonian translocation Rb(X.2)2Ad on anaphase I non-disjunction in male laboratory mice." Genetical Research 53, no. 2 (April 1989): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300027944.

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SummaryA Robertsonian translocation in the mouse between theXchromosome and chromosome 2 is described. The male and female carriers of the Rb(X.2)2Ad were fertile. A homozygous/hemizygous line was maintained. The influence of theX-autosomal Robertsonian translocation on anaphase I non-disjunction in male mice was studied by chromosome counts in cells at metaphase II of meoisis and by assessment of aneuploid progeny. The results conclusively show that the inclusion of Rb2Ad in the male genome induces non-disjunction at the first meoitic division. In second metaphase cells the frequency of sex-c

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Murray, A. W., and J. W. Szostak. "Construction and behavior of circularly permuted and telocentric chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 9 (September 1986): 3166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.9.3166.

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We developed techniques that allow us to construct novel variants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes. These modified chromosomes have precisely determined structures. A metacentric derivative of chromosome III which lacks the telomere-associated X and Y' elements, which are found at the telomeres of most yeast chromosomes, behaves normally in both mitosis and meiosis. We made a circularly permuted telocentric version of yeast chromosome III whose closest telomere was 33 kilobases from the centromere. This telocentric chromosome was lost at a frequency of 1.6 X 10(-5) per cell compared wit

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Murray, A. W., and J. W. Szostak. "Construction and behavior of circularly permuted and telocentric chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 6, no. 9 (September 1986): 3166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.6.9.3166-3172.1986.

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We developed techniques that allow us to construct novel variants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes. These modified chromosomes have precisely determined structures. A metacentric derivative of chromosome III which lacks the telomere-associated X and Y' elements, which are found at the telomeres of most yeast chromosomes, behaves normally in both mitosis and meiosis. We made a circularly permuted telocentric version of yeast chromosome III whose closest telomere was 33 kilobases from the centromere. This telocentric chromosome was lost at a frequency of 1.6 X 10(-5) per cell compared wit

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38

Borodin, Pavel M., Margarita B. Rogatcheva, Antonina I. Zhelezova, and Sen-ichi Oda. "Chromosome pairing in inter-racial hybrids of the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora, Soricidae)." Genome 41, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-103.

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Two chromosome races of the house shrew Suncus murinus that differ from each other for five Robertsonian translocations (8.17, 9.13, 10.12, 11.16, and 14.15), heterochromatic insertions in chromosomes 7 and X, and multiple rearrangements in the Y chromosome were crossed and then intercrossed in captivity to produce a hybrid stock. Electron-microscopic analysis of synaptonemal complexes in fertile and sterile hybrid males was carried out. Meiosis in sterile males did not progress beyond pachytene and was severely disrupted. Meiotic arrest was not determined by structural heterozygosity: heteroz

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Kus, Arita, Joanna Szymanowska-Pułka, Jolanta Kwasniewska, and Robert Hasterok. "Detecting Brachypodium distachyon Chromosomes Bd4 and Bd5 in MH- and X-Ray-Induced Micronuclei Using mcFISH." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (June 11, 2019): 2848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112848.

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Micronuclei are biomarkers of genotoxic effects and chromosomal instability. They are formed when chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes fail to disjoin into daughter nuclei. We present qualitative and quantitative analyses of the involvement of specific chromosome regions of chromosomes Bd4 and Bd5 in the formation of micronuclei of Brachypodium distachyon root tip cells following maleic hydrazide (MH) treatment and X-radiation. This is visualised by cytomolecular approaches using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (mcFISH) in combina

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40

Rudd, M. Katharine, Robert W. Mays, Stuart Schwartz, and Huntington F. Willard. "Human Artificial Chromosomes with Alpha Satellite-Based De Novo Centromeres Show Increased Frequency of Nondisjunction and Anaphase Lag." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 21 (November 1, 2003): 7689–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.21.7689-7697.2003.

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ABSTRACT Human artificial chromosomes have been used to model requirements for human chromosome segregation and to explore the nature of sequences competent for centromere function. Normal human centromeres require specialized chromatin that consists of alpha satellite DNA complexed with epigenetically modified histones and centromere-specific proteins. While several types of alpha satellite DNA have been used to assemble de novo centromeres in artificial chromosome assays, the extent to which they fully recapitulate normal centromere function has not been explored. Here, we have used two kind

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41

Schartl, M. "A sex chromosomal restriction-fragment-length marker linked to melanoma-determining Tu loci in Xiphophorus." Genetics 119, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.3.679.

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Abstract In Xiphophorus, the causative genetic information for melanoma formation has been assigned by classical genetics to chromosomal loci, which are located on the sex chromosomes. In our attempts to molecularly clone these melanoma-determining loci, named Tu, we have looked for restriction-fragment-length markers (RFLMs) linked to the Tu loci. These RFLMs should be useful in obtaining a physical map of a Tu locus, which will aid in the cloning of the corresponding sequences. DNA samples from various Xiphophorus strains and hybrids including those bearing different Tu wild-type, deletion a

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KULKARNI, ARPITA, ANNA DYKA, LINDA NEMETSCHKE, WARWICK N. GRANT, and ADRIAN STREIT. "Parastrongyloides trichosuri suggests that XX/XO sex determination is ancestral in Strongyloididae (Nematoda)." Parasitology 140, no. 14 (August 19, 2013): 1822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001315.

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SUMMARYThe parasitic roundworms Strongyloides stercoralis (in man) and Strongyloides ratti (in rats) employ environmentally controlled XX/XO sex determination with a pair of X chromosomes and two pairs of autosomes. Strongyloides papillosus (in sheep) has only two pairs of chromosomes, one of which combines the genetic material homologous to the S. ratti chromosomes X and I. This species creates males through the elimination of one copy of the portion related to the X chromosome (chromatin diminution). It is not clear which one of these two sex-determining mechanisms is ancestral. We demonstra

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43

de Saint Phalle, B., and W. Sullivan. "Incomplete sister chromatid separation is the mechanism of programmed chromosome elimination during early Sciara coprophila embryogenesis." Development 122, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 3775–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.12.3775.

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Sex in Sciara coprophila is determined by maternally supplied factors that control the number of paternal X chromosomes eliminated during the syncytial embryonic divisions. Confocal microscopy and FISH demonstrate that the centromeres of the X chromosomes separate at anaphase and remain functional during the cycle in which the X chromosomes are eliminated. However, a region of the sister chromatids fails to separate and the X chromosomes remain at the metaphase plate. This indicates that failure of sister chromatid separation is the mechanism of chromosome elimination. Elimination of the X chr

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44

Ikawa, T., A. Kakegawa, T. Nagano, H. Ando, Y. Yamakoshi, T. Tanabe, J. P. Simmer, C. C. Hu, M. Fukae, and S. Oida. "Porcine Amelogenin is Expressed from the X and Y Chromosomes." Journal of Dental Research 84, no. 2 (February 2005): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400207.

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Amelogenin is the major enamel matrix component in developing teeth. In eutherian mammals, amelogenin is expressed from the X chromosome only, or from both the X and Y chromosomes. Two classes of porcine amelogenin cDNA clones have been characterized, but the chromosomal localization of the gene(s) encoding them is unknown. To determine if there are sex-based differences in the expression of porcine amelogenin, we paired PCR primers for exons 1a, 1b, 7a, and 7b, and amplified enamel organ-derived cDNA separately from porcine males and females. The results show that exons 1a/2a and 7a are alway

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Semeshin, V. F., I. F. Zhimulev, D. Kritikou, and A. Zacharopoulou. "Electron microscope investigation of polytene chromosomes in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata." Genome 38, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 652–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-083.

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Ultrastructural analyses of polytene chromosomes from male pupal orbital bristle cells and from larval salivary glands of Ceratitis capitata were carried out. It was shown that chromatin complexes corresponding to the X chromosome heterochromatic network are surrounded by material containing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules 250–300 Å (1 Å = 0.1 nm) in diameter. RNP granules of similar size surround the spherical Y chromosome. These data point out the presence of transcriptional activity in both of these chromosomes. The absence of clear structure in chromosomal regions situated between large b

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46

FRANTZ, ADRIEN, MANUEL PLANTEGENEST, JOËL BONHOMME, NATHALIE PRUNIER-LETERME, and JEAN-CHRISTOPHE SIMON. "Strong biases in the transmission of sex chromosomes in the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi." Genetical Research 85, no. 2 (April 2005): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672305007482.

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The typical life cycle of aphids involves several parthenogenetic generations followed by a single sexual one in autumn, i.e. cyclical parthenogenesis. Sexual females are genetically identical to their parthenogenetic mothers and carry two sex chromosomes (XX). Male production involves the elimination of one sex chromosome (to produce X0) that could give rise to genetic conflicts between X-chromosomes. In addition, deleterious recessive mutations could accumulate on sex chromosomes during the parthenogenetic phase and affect males differentially depending on the X-chromosome they inherit. Gene

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Voskuhl, Rhonda R., Amr H. Sawalha, and Yuichiro Itoh. "Sex chromosome contributions to sex differences in multiple sclerosis susceptibility and progression." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 24, no. 1 (January 2018): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458517737394.

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Background: Why are women more susceptible to multiple sclerosis, but men have worse disability progression? Sex differences in disease may be due to sex hormones, sex chromosomes, or both. Objective: Determine whether differences in sex chromosomes can contribute to sex differences in multiple sclerosis using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Methods: Sex chromosome transgenic mice, which permit the study of sex chromosomes not confounded by differences in sex hormones, were used to examine an effect of sex chromosomes on autoimmunity and neurodegeneration, focusing on X chromosome g

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Frankham, R. "Adding the heterochromatic YL arm to an X chromosome reduces reproductive fitnesses in Drosophila melanogaster: implications for the evolution of rDNA, heterochromatin, and reproductive isolation." Genome 33, no. 3 (June 1, 1990): 340–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-053.

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For X–Y exchange to be of importance in the coevolution of X and Y rDNA, there must be a mechanism to maintain cytologically normal X chromosomes in the face of continual infusions of X.YL chromosomes produced by X–Y exchanges. Replicated populations were founded with different frequencies of isogenic X and X.YL chromosomes. The X.YL chromosome declined in frequency over time in all lines. Relative fitnesses, estimated from chromosome frequency trajectories, were 0.40, 1.01, and 1.0 for X.YL/X.YL, X.YL/X, and X/X females and 0.75 and 1.0 for X.YL/Y and X/Y males, respectively. The equilibrium

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Hirai, H., I. Tada, H. Takahashi, B. E. B. Nwoke, and G. O. Ufomadu. "Chromosomes of Onchocerca volvulus (Spirurida:Onchocercidae): A comparative study between Nigeria and Guatemala." Journal of Helminthology 61, no. 1 (March 1987): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x0000969x.

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ABSTRACTChromosomes of Nigerian Onchocerca volvulus were compared with those of Guatemalan O. volvulus. Both parasites had basically the same chromosomal construct (2n=8, XY type). Autosomes consisted of a pair of large and two smaller pairs. Sex chromosomes were made up of medium sized X chromosome and very small Y chromosome. It was not possible to infer the position of the centromeres.

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Eanes, Walter F., Jody Hey, and David Houle. "HOMOZYGOUS AND HEMIZYGOUS VIABILITY VARIATION ON THE X CHROMOSOME OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER." Genetics 111, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 831–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/111.4.831.

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ABSTRACT We report here a study of viability inbreeding depression associated with the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Fifty wild chromosomes from Mt. Sinai, New York, and 90 wild chromosomes from Death Valley, California, were extracted using the marked FM6 balancer chromosome and viabilities measured for homozygous and heterozygous females, and for hemizygous males, relative to FM6 males as a standard genotype. No statistically significant female genetic load was observed for either chromosome set, although a 95% confidence limit estimated the total load &lt;0.046 for the sample

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