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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Xylem flow”

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Data publikacji: 3 czerwca 2025
Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2025

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1

Terada, Yasuhiko, Yusuke Horikawa, Akiyoshi Nagata, Katsumi Kose, and Kenji Fukuda. "Dynamics of xylem and phloem sap flow in an outdoor zelkova tree visualized by magnetic resonance imaging." Tree Physiology 40, no. 3 (2019): 290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz120.

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Abstract Xylem and phloem sap flows in an intact, young Japanese zelkova tree (Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino) growing outdoors were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two propagator-based sequences were developed for q-space imaging: pulse field gradient (PFG) with spin echo (PFG-SE) and stimulated echo (PFG-STE), which were used for xylem and phloem flow measurements, respectively. The data evaluation methods were improved to image fast xylem flow and slow phloem flow. Measurements were taken every 2–3 h for several consecutive days in August 2016, and diurnal changes in xylem
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2

Bouamama-Gzara, Badra, Hassene Zemni, Noomene Sleimi, Abdelwahed Ghorbel, Lassaad Gzara, and Naima Mahfoudhi. "Diversification of Vascular Occlusions and Crystal Deposits in the Xylem Sap Flow of Five Tunisian Grapevines." Plants 11, no. 16 (2022): 2177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11162177.

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Xylem vessels are essential pivotal organs in bulk hydraulic flow through the whole woody plant. However, environmental constraints generate disagreements in xylem structures, which are characterized by air emboli and occlusions formations, compromising water conductivity in grapevines. The aim of this work was to explore xylem morphology dynamics through the xylem sap flow of five Tunisian grapevine cultivars during the natural bleeding sap periods of 2019, 2021, and 2022. In fact, Sakasly, Khamri, Hencha, Razegui1, and Razegui2 rain-fed grapevine cultivars revealed differential responses tow
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3

Winkler, Andreas, and Moritz Knoche. "Xylem, phloem and transpiration flows in developing European plums." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (2021): e0252085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252085.

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Neck shrivel is a quality disorder of European plum (Prunus × domestica L.). It has been suggested that backflow in the xylem (from fruit to tree) could contribute to the incidence of neck shrivel in plum. The objective was to quantify rates of xylem, phloem and of transpiration flow in developing plum fruit. Using linear variable displacement transducers, changes in fruit volume were recorded 1) in un-treated control fruit, 2) in fruit that had their pedicels steam-girdled (phloem interrupted, xylem still functional) and 3) in detached fruit, left in the canopy (xylem and phloem interrupted).
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Sperry, John S. "Xylem Embolism in the Palm Rhapis Excelsa." IAWA Journal 6, no. 4 (1985): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000956.

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Xylem failure via gas embolism (cavitation) was investigated in Rhapis excelsa (Palmae). Embolism was detected using measurements of xylem flow resistance in excised stems and petioles: a decrease in resistance after the removal of flow-impeding embolisms by a pressure treatment indicated their previous presence in the axis. Results suggested that Rhapis avoids serious damage from embolism in at least four ways. 1) Xylem pressure potentials reached embolism-inducing levels (c. -2.90 MPa) only during prolonged drought. 2) When embolism did occur, it was confined to leaf xylem; stem xylem, most
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5

Nordey, Thibault, Mathieu Léchaudel, and Michel Génard. "The decline in xylem flow to mango fruit at the end of its development is related to the appearance of embolism in the fruit pedicel." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 7 (2015): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14306.

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The decline in xylem flow during the late growth stage in most fruits may be due either to a decrease in the water potential gradient between the stem bearing the fruit and the fruit tissues or to a decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels, or both. In this study, we analysed changes in xylem flows to the mango Mangifera indica L. fruit during its development to identify the sources of variation by measuring changes in the water potential gradient and in the hydraulic properties of the fruit pedicel. The variations in xylem and transpiration flows were estimated at several stage
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6

de Araujo, Daniel Somma, Diogo Henrique Morato de Moraes, Marcio Mesquita, et al. "Numerical Modeling of Microfluid Dynamics in Xylem Vessels of Khaya grandifoliola." Water 13, no. 19 (2021): 2723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192723.

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Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) can be used to quantify the internal flow variables of xylem conducting vessels. This study aims to analyze through numerical simulations the xylem water ascent of African mahogany (Khayagrandifoliola) cultivated under different irrigation regimes. We determined a geometric model, defined through the variability of the anatomical structures of the species, observing characteristics of the xylem vessels such as diameter, length, number of pits, and average surface area of the pits. Then we applied numerical simulation through an Eulerian mathematical model with
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7

Pizarro, Alberto, and Carmen Díaz-Sala. "Effect of polar auxin transport and gibberellins on xylem formation in pine cuttings under adventitious rooting conditions." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 67, no. 1-2 (2020): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22238980-20191120.

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Maturation-related decline of adventitious root formation is one of the major factors affecting adventitious rooting in forest tree species. We demonstrate that inhibition of polar auxin transport promoted cambium and xylem differentiation in rooting-competent hypocotyl cuttings from Pinus radiata under conditions of adventitious root formation. Treatments with bioactive gibberellins inhibited rooting while at the same time inducing both the differentiation of a continuous ring of cambium and xylem formation. Treatments with inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis did not affect the rooting res
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8

Tilbrook, Joanne, and Stephen D. Tyerman. "Hydraulic connection of grape berries to the vine: varietal differences in water conductance into and out of berries, and potential for backflow." Functional Plant Biology 36, no. 6 (2009): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09019.

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Weight loss in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz berries occurs in the later stages of ripening from 90–100 days after anthesis (DAA). This rarely occurs in varieties such as Chardonnay and Thompson seedless. Flow rates of water under a constant pressure into berries on detached bunches of these varieties are similar until 90–100 DAA. Shiraz berries then maintain constant flow rates until harvest maturity, and Chardonnay inflow tapers to almost zero. Thompson seedless maintains high xylem inflows. Hydraulic conductance for flow in and out of individual Shiraz and Chardonnay berries was measured usi
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9

Lang, Alexander, and Richard K. Volz. "Spur Leaves Increase Calcium in Young Apples by Promoting Xylem Inflow and Outflow." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 6 (1998): 956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.6.956.

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The effects of spur leaf removal on xylem sap flows and calcium accumulation in fruit of apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh. `Royal Gala') were determined 56 to 61 days after full bloom. Fruit calcium concentrations were reduced but fruit size was not influenced by partial spur defoliation at bloom. Apples exchanged xylem sap with the tree in daily cycles of flow reversal. The presence of local spur leaves promoted this exchange by accentuating the xylem sap drawn out of the fruit during the day, requiring more to flow back into the fruit at night to replace it. Calcium concentrations were lower in
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10

Peuke, Andreas D. "ABA flow modelling in Ricinus communis exposed to salt stress and variable nutrition." Journal of Experimental Botany 67, no. 18 (2016): 5301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw291.

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Abstract In a series of experiments with Ricinus communis, abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations in tissues and transport saps, its de novo biosynthesis, long-distance transport, and metabolism (degradation) were affected by nutritional conditions, nitrogen (N) source, and nutrient limitation, or salt stress. In the present study these data were statistically re-evaluated, and new correlations presented that underpin the importance of this universal phytohormone. The biggest differences in ABA concentration were observed in xylem sap. N source had the strongest effect; however, nutrient limitatio
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11

Hobson, K. R., J. R. Parmeter, and D. L. Wood. "THE ROLE OF FUNGI VECTORED BY DENDROCTONUS BREVICOMIS LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN OCCLUSION OF PONDEROSA PINE XYLEM." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 2 (1994): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126277-2.

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AbstractFollowing attack by Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, ponderosa pines were periodically sampled over 7 weeks. Xylem water conduction was assessed using a dye flow technique. Fungal isolations were made from functioning and occluded xylem. Neither Ophiostoma nigrocarpum (Davids.) de Hoog or other bluestain fungi were commonly found at the interface of the occluded and functioning xylem. Instead, blue-stain fungi appear to colonize already occluded xylem, not cause xylem occlusion by direct hyphal penetration of functioning sapwood. No evidence for a mutualistic association of D. brevicom
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12

Xu, Fang, Jiao Liao Chen, Qin Lin Ai, and Qi Chen. "Modeling Fluid Flow in Angiosperms Xylem Pits." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.577.

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Hydraulic resistance of water flow in the xylem is mainly caused by Pits. Pits between vessels play an important role in the water transport of plant. The pit membrane worked as porous, the water flow through pit is modeled using CFD(Computational fluid dynamics) approach of low k-ε turbulence. Consiedered the deflection of homogeneous membrane affected by pressure difference, the pit hydraulic resistance calculated according to simulation results is consisent with hydraulic resistance value from direct measurements, which indicated that the model can provide reliable estimation the flow of wa
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13

Lu, P., and Elias K. Chacko. "XYLEM SAP FLOW MEASUREMENTS IN MANGO TREES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 455 (August 1997): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.455.44.

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14

Lewis, Ann M., and Emery R. Boose. "Estimating volume flow rates through xylem conduits." American Journal of Botany 82, no. 9 (1995): 1112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11581.x.

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15

De Baerdemaeker, Niels J. F., Keerthika Nirmani Ranathunga Arachchige, Jana Zinkernagel, et al. "The stability enigma of hydraulic vulnerability curves: addressing the link between hydraulic conductivity and drought-induced embolism." Tree Physiology 39, no. 10 (2019): 1646–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz078.

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AbstractMaintaining xylem water transport under drought is vital for plants, but xylem failure does occur when drought-induced embolisms form and progressively spread through the xylem. The hydraulic method is widely considered the gold standard to quantify drought-induced xylem embolism. The method determines hydraulic conductivity (Kh) in cut branch samples, dehydrated to specific drought levels, by pushing water through them. The technique is widely considered for its reliable Kh measurements, but there is some uncertainty in the literature over how to define stable Kh and how that relates
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16

Ellmore, George S., and Frank W. Ewers. "Hydraulic Conductivity in Trunk Xylem of Elm, Ulmus Americana." IAWA Journal 6, no. 4 (1985): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000958.

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The notion that most xylem transport in stems of ring-porous trees occurs in the outermost growth ring requires experimental support. Significance of this ring is challenged by workers who find tracer dyes appearing in 4 to 8 growth rings rather than in only the outermost increment. We test the hypothesis that the outermost growth ring is of overriding significance in fluid transport through stems of Ulmus, a ring-porous tree. Fluid flow through the outermost ring was quantified by removing that ring, calculating gravity flow rates (hydraulic conductivity at 10.13 kPa m-1 ), and by tracing the
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17

Hölttä, Teemu, Timo Vesala, Martti Perämäki, and Eero Nikinmaa. "Refilling of embolised conduits as a consequence of 'Münch water' circulation." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 10 (2006): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06108.

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‘Münch water’ is pushed from the phloem to the xylem at locations of phloem sugar unloading. Consequently, an internal radial water potential imbalance is developed in the plant at these sugar-unloading sites. The phloem is at a higher water potential than the xylem. The magnitude of this radial water potential imbalance is determined by the magnitude of the radial water flux and the hydraulic resistance along the phloem-to-xylem pathway. If, as a result, the water potential in the ray parenchyma cells adjacent to xylem conduits is higher than that in the embolised xylem conduits, then a propo
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18

Камалова, Nina Kamalova, Евсикова, et al. "Thermal polarization mechanism of sap flow during the spring equinox." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 4 (2015): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/8436.

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This article seeks the answer to the question of how the distribution of the concentration of
 dissolved minerals in the sap after the winter period in the xylem is made, if in the fall due to low
 winter temperatures tree tends to reduce the amount of water and sap in its pores. In search of an
 answer it is invited to consider thermal polarization effects in the xylem of tree trunks during the
 spring equinox. The results of monitoring of daily average temperature showed that during the winter
 the temperature of the day varies in the amount of one and a half times g
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19

Claverie, Marion, Pascal Lecomte, Gaël Delorme, Vincent Dumot, Olivier Jacquet, and Herve Cochard. "Xylem water transport is influenced by age and winter pruning characteristics in grapevine (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>)." OENO One 57, no. 3 (2023): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.3.7452.

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In order to investigate the effect of age and pruning characteristics on grapevine hydraulic conduction, a study was carried out between 2017 and 2020. Two pruning regimes (respecting or not sap flow pathways) and two vine age levels (older and younger vine plants) were considered and compared on two different vineyard plots located in French north-east Jura region and in south-west Bordeaux one. The assessment of pruning characteristics in relation to sap flow pathway was based on a visual characterization of the external wood aspect of the trunk and arms and consisted of a set of criteria in
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20

Li, Shan, Jie Wang, Yafang Yin, et al. "Investigating Effects of Bordered Pit Membrane Morphology and Properties on Plant Xylem Hydraulic Functions—A Case Study from 3D Reconstruction and Microflow Modelling of Pit Membranes in Angiosperm Xylem." Plants 9, no. 2 (2020): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020231.

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Pit membranes in between neighboring conduits of xylem play a crucial role in plant water transport. In this review, the morphological characteristics, chemical composition and mechanical properties of bordered pit membranes were summarized and linked with their functional roles in xylem hydraulics. The trade-off between xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety was closely related with morphology and properties of pit membranes, and xylem embolism resistance was also determined by the pit membrane morphology and properties. Besides, to further investigate the effects of bordered pit membranes mor
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21

Li, Hao, Xianbo Zhang, Xuemin Hou, and Taisheng Du. "Developmental and water deficit-induced changes in hydraulic properties and xylem anatomy of tomato fruit and pedicels." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 7 (2021): 2741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab001.

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Abstract Xylem water transport from the parent plant plays a crucial role in fruit growth, development, and the determination of quality. Attempts have been made to partition the hydraulic resistance of the pathway over the course of development, but no consensus has been reached. Furthermore, the issue has not been addressed in the context of changing plant and fruit water status under water deficit conditions. In this study, we have conducted a rigorous investigation into the developmental changes that occur in the hydraulic properties of tomato fruits and their pedicels under well-irrigated
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22

Goldstein, Guillermo H., Linda B. Brubaker, and Thomas M. Hinckley. "Water relations of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) at tree line in north central Alaska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, no. 6 (1985): 1080–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-176.

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Factors affecting xylem pressure potential and stomatal behavior during the growing season were studied on white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) at tree line in the central Brooks Range of northern Alaska. Leaf conductance and xylem pressure potentials were low during days of moderate and high evaporative demand, even though soil moisture was near field capacity. Boundary line diagrams, regression analysis, and laboratory experiments indicate that stomata are sensitive to changes in vapor pressure deficit and xylem pressure potential. A correlation between resistance to water flow through t
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23

Giovannini, Andrea, Melissa Venturi, Saray Gutiérrez-Gordillo, Luigi Manfrini, Luca Corelli-Grappadelli, and Brunella Morandi. "Vascular and Transpiration Flows Affecting Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Fruit Growth." Agronomy 12, no. 5 (2022): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12050989.

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Fruit growth is a biophysical process that depends mainly on the daily balance between vascular (xylem and phloem) and transpiration flows. This work examines the seasonal and daily behaviour of apricot fruit growth as well as their vascular and transpiration flows. Seasonal patterns of the shoot and fruit growth, as well as fruit surface conductance and dry matter accumulation, were monitored at regular times intervals during the season on “Farbela” and “Ladycot” cultivars. In addition, the daily courses of leaf and stem water potentials and leaf gas exchanges were monitored at 66 and 109 DAF
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24

Grishin, Alexander, Andrey Grishin, Vladimir Grishin, and Elena Pavlova. "Direct method of transpiration control in plant production processes." E3S Web of Conferences 548 (2024): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454803001.

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A brief review of devices and methods of functioning of sensors for direct control of transpiration phenomena, their advantages and disadvantages are given. The task of the research is to experimentally confirm the selected calculation dependence for determining the values of xylem flow, i.e. to obtain a formula for determining the rate of xylem mass movement depending on the temperature gradient on the stem surface, which is measured by sensors and given to the system of digital control of production processes based on thermoregulation. And the higher the flow velocity, the faster the tempera
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25

Gibson, A. C., H. W. Calkin, D. O. Raphael, and P. S. Nobel. "Water relations and xylem anatomy of ferns." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 86 (1985): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000007995.

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SynopsisThe entire soil-plant-atmosphere continuum must be analysed to elucidate how xylem anatomy relates to water flow in plants. Measurements of water potential gradients and volume of water flow per unit time are needed to obtain values of hydraulic conductance per unit length. By comparing values of hydraulic conductance per unit length along the plant, the regions where xylem structure restricts water flow can be determined. Previous studies of fern water relations demonstrated that very large water potential gradients occurring in stipes of certain ferns were closely correlated with red
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David, Teresa S., Jorge S. David, Clara A. Pinto, Jan Cermak, Valery Nadezhdin, and Nadezhda Nadezhdina. "Hydraulic connectivity from roots to branches depicted through sap flow: analysis on a Quercus suber tree." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 2 (2012): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11185.

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The topology of the xylem network is likely to affect the transport of water, propagation of embolism and plant survival and growth. Few studies have been conducted on the hydraulics of the entire water pathway in trees. We evaluated the hydraulic connections from roots to branches in a mature Quercus suber L. tree, through sap flow responses upon branch severing. Sap flow was recorded in branches, stem and roots by the heat field deformation (HFD) method. Results showed that roots, except for the taproot, were hydraulically connected to all branches, but the rest of the tree (stem, branches a
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Simione, Júlia Rodrigues, Gláucia Cristina Pavão, and Claudinei Fonseca Souza. "MONITORING XYLEM SAP IN SUGARCANE THROUGH TDR." REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG 28 (February 6, 2020): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v28i.950.

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The TDR can be used to measure water content and nutrients in several media with a potential to monitor the xylem sap flow in plants. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the xylem sap content and water available in the soil for sugarcane cultivation using TDR. The study was conducted in a protected environment with eight boxes (500 L). The boxes were divided into two treatments with different water application rates (1.6 and 3.4 L h-1) through subsurface irrigation. In each box TDR probes were inserted in the medium part of sugarcane stalk, total
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Jeřábek, Jakub, Michael Rinderer, Arthur Gessler, and Markus Weiler. "Xylem sap phosphorus sampling using microdialysis—a non-destructive high sampling frequency method tested under laboratory and field conditions." Tree Physiology 40, no. 11 (2020): 1623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa081.

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Abstract For a better understanding of plant nutrition processes, it is important to study the flux of nutrients within plants. However, existing xylem sap sampling methods are typically destructive and do not allow for repeated, highly frequent measurements of nutrient concentration. In this paper, we present a novel use of microdialysis (MD) for characterizing xylem sap phosphate (PO43−) concentration as a possible alternative to destructive sampling. First, MD probes were tested under laboratory conditions in vitro, in a stirred solution test, and in vivo, using beech tree stem segments. Ex
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Sevanto, Sanna, Eero Nikinmaa, Anu Riikonen, et al. "Linking xylem diameter variations with sap flow measurements." Plant and Soil 305, no. 1-2 (2008): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9566-8.

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Parker, William C., and Stephen G. Pallardy. "Stem vascular anatomy and leaf area in seedlings of six black walnut (Juglans nigra) families." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 7 (1985): 1266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-175.

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The vascular anatomy and the balance between leaf area and biomass and vascular water supply capacity of 2-year-old, half-sib black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) seedlings representing six families were investigated. Vessel radius, vessel density, stem transverse area occupied by vessel lumina, and volume flow rate of stems predicted by the Poiseuille flow equation differed among families. Variation among families in predicted flow was related to differences in vessel radius, vessel density, and transverse xylem area. Variation in the capacity of the vascular system to supply water to leaves was s
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Marcus, Ian M., Daniel White, Elaine A. Backus, Sharon L. Walker, and M. Caroline Roper. "Fluid dynamic simulations at the interface of the blue-green sharpshooter functional foregut and grapevine xylem sap with implications for transmission of Xylella fastidiosa." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (2022): e0265762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265762.

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Xylella fastidiosa is a multi-continental, lethal, plant pathogenic bacterium that is transmitted by sharpshooter leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) and adult spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). The bacterium forms biofilms in plant xylem and the functional foregut of the insect. These biofilms serve as sources of inoculum for insect acquisition and subsequent inoculation to a healthy plant. In this study, 3D fluid dynamic simulations were performed for bidirectional cibarial propulsion of xylem sap through tube-like grapevine xylem and an anatomically accurate mo
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32

Damunupola, Jilushi W., Kamani Ratnayake, Daryl C. Joyce, and Donald E. Irving. "Characterisation of xylem conduits and their possible role in limiting the vase life of cut Acacia holosericea (Mimosaceae) foliage stems." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 7 (2011): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp11068.

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Early desiccation limits the vase life of Acacia cut flowers and foliage and may be attributable to poor hydraulic conductivity (Kh) of the cut stems. Acacia holosericea A.Cunn. ex G.Don has been adopted as the test species to investigate the postharvest water relations of the genus Acacia. To understand potential constraints on Kh, xylem conduits in cut A. holosericea stems were anatomically characterised by light and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Vessels with simple perforation plates and tracheids were the principal water conducting cells. Bordered vestured intervessel pits
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Glenn, D. M., and R. Scorza. "Reciprocal Grafts of Standard and Dwarf Peach Alter Dry-matter Partitioning and Root Physiology." HortScience 27, no. 3 (1992): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.3.241.

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In reciprocal grafts of tall (`Elberta' and `Loring') and dwarf (`Empress' and `Juseito') peach (Prunus persica Batsch.) phenotypes, we measured dry-matter partitioning, resistance to root system water flow, and phytohormone content of xylem exudate. Scion characteristics determined the phenotype and growth characteristics of the tree irrespective of the rootstock. Tall phenotypes had higher dry weight and lower root resistance to water flow than dwarf phenotypes. Cytokinin-like activity and auxin levels in xylem sap were higher in dwarf than in tall phenotypes; whereas gibberellin-like activi
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34

Gonzalez Garcia, M. A., A. Paz Gonzalez, and A. Castelao Gegunde. "Thermal measurement of sap flow applied to the study of the water withdrawal from trees: literature review and method improvement." Forest Systems 4, no. 2 (1995): 205–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/547.

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In this work various thermal methods now available for estimating xylem sap flow are reviewed. A cheap measuring devie involving two thermal sensors (copper-constantan thermocouples), one of which is conected to a constantan heat source, was performed. Sensors are inserted into the xylem to measure temperatura changes into the sap. Subsequent estimation of the volumetric sap flow rate by this method requires no calibration since empirical coefficients are available form the literature. The improved device was tested for estimating the hourly and daily transpiration rate of a birch tree in a fi
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35

Shumway, Durland L., Kim C. Steiner, and Marc D. Abrams. "Effects of drought stress on hydraulic architecture of seedlings from five populations of green ash." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 10 (1991): 2158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-270.

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Two-year-old seedlings of green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., representing five native populations from an east to west precipitation gradient, were grown under contrasting moisture regimes in the greenhouse. At midsummer and the end of the growing season, leaf areas, earlywood and latewood transverse areas, and several structural attributes of the xylem hydraulic system were compared between well-watered and drought-stressed seedlings. Xylem hydraulic capacity was essentially fixed by midsummer. Drought significantly reduced both earlywood and latewood production but had no significant
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36

Xu, Tianyu, Shuteng Zhi, Yanru Su, Zonglei Li, and Ennan Zheng. "Water Transport Characteristics of Multiple Structures of Xylem Vessels in Magnolia." Forests 13, no. 10 (2022): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101617.

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The multiple structures of xylem vessels in Magnolia provide stable and efficient water transport channels. The structural parameters of xylem vessels were studied in wood sections and in macerated materials. The results showed that the xylem vessels of Magnolia contained a helical thickening structure and a pit structure of a secondary wall, and the end walls had a scalariform perforation plate. The helical thickening and scalariform perforation plate increased the flow resistance of the vessel, and the pit structure decreased the flow resistance of the vessel. There was a close positive corr
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37

Hubbard, Mark A., James A. Flore, and Frank W. Ewers. "HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY & EMBOLISMS IN SWEET CHERRY." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 537a—537. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.537a.

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Percent loss of conductivity of sweet cherry (Prunus avium `Emperor Frances') under dry conditions was determined by measuring hydraulic conductivity before and after high pressure perfusion removal of xylem embolisms. Cut stems were allowed to dry for 0 to 8 hours, recut underwater and the rate of flow of solution through the stems measured under positive pressure (∼8.0 kPa). Hydraulic conductivity (Kh)was then calculated, and typical values for well hydrated stems were 6 × 10-9 m4MPa-1s-1. Embolisms were then dissolved by high pressure perfusion (125kPa) and the subsequent flow rate measured
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38

Dodd, Ian C., Chuong Ngo, Colin G. N. Turnbull, and Christine A. Beveridge. "Effects of nitrogen supply on xylem cytokinin delivery, transpiration and leaf expansion of pea genotypes differing in xylem-cytokinin concentration." Functional Plant Biology 31, no. 9 (2004): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04044.

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The rms2 and rms4 pea (Pisum sativum L.) branching mutants have higher and lower xylem-cytokinin concentration, respectively, relative to wild type (WT) plants. These genotypes were grown at two levels of nitrogen (N) supply for 18–20 d to determine whether or not xylem-cytokinin concentration (X-CK) or delivery altered the transpiration and leaf growth responses to N deprivation. Xylem sap was collected by pressurising de-topped root systems. As sap-flow rate increased, X-CK declined in WT and rms2, but did not change in rms4. When grown at 5.0 mm N, X-CKs of rms2 and rms4 were 36% higher and
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39

Belimov, Andrey A., Vera I. Safronova, and Ian C. Dodd. "Water relations responses of the pea (Pisum sativum L.) mutant SGECdt to mercury." BIO Web of Conferences 23 (2020): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202301003.

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Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and has multiple impacts on plant growth and physiology, including disturbances of plant water status. The impact of Hg on water relations was assessed by exposing the unique Hg-sensitive pea (Pisum sativum L.) mutant SGECdt and its wild-type (WT) line SGE in hydroponic culture. When the plants were grown in the presence of 1 or 2 µM HgCl2 for 11 days, the SGECdt mutant had lower whole plant transpiration rate and increased leaf temperature, indicating stomatal closure. Shoot removal of Hg-untreated plants resulted in greater root-pressure ind
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40

Lo Bianco, R., and A. Scalisi. "Phloem and xylem flow contributions to nectarine fruit development." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1314 (June 2021): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2021.1314.57.

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KURODA, Keiko. "How to Detect Xylem Sap Flow in a Tree." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 21, no. 2 (2016): 2_62–2_65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.21.2_62.

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42

Carluccio, Giambattista, Davide Greco, Erika Sabella, Marzia Vergine, Luigi De Bellis, and Andrea Luvisi. "Xylem Embolism and Pathogens: Can the Vessel Anatomy of Woody Plants Contribute to X. fastidiosa Resistance?" Pathogens 12, no. 6 (2023): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12060825.

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The maintenance of an intact water column in the xylem lumen several meters above the ground is essential for woody plant viability. In fact, abiotic and biotic factors can lead to the formation of emboli in the xylem, interrupting sap flow and causing consequences on the health status of the plant. Anyway, the tendency of plants to develop emboli depends on the intrinsic features of the xylem, while the cyto-histological structure of the xylem plays a role in resistance to vascular pathogens, as in the case of the pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Analysis of the scientific literature
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43

Schmitt, J. J., T. E. Nebeker, C. A. Blanche, and J. D. Hodges. "Physical properties and monoterpene composition of xylem oleoresin along the bole of Pinus taeda in relation to southern pine beetle attack distribution." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 1 (1988): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-024.

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Eight trees from each of four different age-classes (5–15, 16–25, 26–35, and 36–45 years) were sampled at 10 equally spaced heights along the bole for xylem oleoresin physical properties (initial flow rate, total flow, and viscosity) and monoterpene composition. Trees in the 36- to 45-year-old age-class had a significantly faster initial resin flow rate and greater total flow than trees from the other age-classes. No significant differences in initial flow rate, total flow, and relative viscosity were observed between sample heights. Unexpected differences in monoterpene composition occurred b
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44

Masafumi, UEDA, and MARUTA Emiko. "Detection of freeze-thaw episodes in xylem of trunks and branches by measuring variations in xylem diameter, xylem water content, and sap flow velocity." Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology 45, no. 1 (2019): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7211/jjsrt.45.74.

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45

Wood, Bruce W. "“Late Winter/Early Spring” Xylem Sap Characteristics Influence Pecan Crop Load." HortScience 49, no. 7 (2014): 886–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.7.886.

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Alternate bearing (AB) by individual trees is a major biological problem faced by pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] nut producers. The linkage between flowering and subsequent cropload with xylem sap characteristics at the time of floral bud swelling and expansion is unknown. Multiyear field studies of mature ‘Cheyenne’ and ‘Moneymaker’ trees, in “on” or “off” phases of AB, were evaluated regarding this linkage. Xylem sap flowing from trunks of ‘Cheyenne’ trees just before, and at the time of, budbreak (i.e., “late winter/early spring”) consisted of a variety of simple sugars. The
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46

Meunier, Félicien, Valentin Couvreur, Xavier Draye, Mohsen Zarebanadkouki, Jan Vanderborght, and Mathieu Javaux. "Water movement through plant roots – exact solutions of the water flow equation in roots with linear or exponential piecewise hydraulic properties." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 12 (2017): 6519–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6519-2017.

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Abstract. In 1978, Landsberg and Fowkes presented a solution of the water flow equation inside a root with uniform hydraulic properties. These properties are root radial conductivity and axial conductance, which control, respectively, the radial water flow between the root surface and xylem and the axial flow within the xylem. From the solution for the xylem water potential, functions that describe the radial and axial flow along the root axis were derived. These solutions can also be used to derive root macroscopic parameters that are potential input parameters of hydrological and crop models
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47

Gibson, Arthur C., Howard W. Calkin, and Park S. Nobel. "Hydraulic Conductance and Xylem Structure in Tracheid-Bearing Plants." IAWA Journal 6, no. 4 (1985): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000957.

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To understand water flow in tracheary elements, hydraulic conductances per unit length were measured and then compared with theoretical values calculated from xylem anatomical measurements using the Hagen -Poiseuille relation for nine species of pteridophytes, including Psilotum and eight species of ferns. In ferns the water potential gradients were essentially constant from the root tips to the distal portion of the leaf rachises, although somewhat larger gradients were found from the petiolule onward. Although tracheid number and diameter apparently controlled water flow in xylem, estimates
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48

Yang, Yonggang, and Bojie Fu. "Soil water migration in the unsaturated zone of semiarid region in China from isotope evidence." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 3 (2017): 1757–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1757-2017.

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Abstract. Soil water is an important driving force of the ecosystems, especially in the semiarid hill and gully region of the northwestern Loess Plateau in China. The mechanism of soil water migration in the reconstruction and restoration of Loess Plateau is a key scientific problem that must be solved. Isotopic tracers can provide valuable information associated with complex hydrological problems, difficult to obtain using other methods. In this study, the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes are used as tracers to investigate the migration processes of soil water in the unsaturated zone in an arid r
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49

Zheng, Chong, Cui Yan Guo, Jing Wei Xue, Shi Bing Liu, and Tao Chen. "Flow Field Analysis for Plant Vessel and Bionic Structural Microfluidic Chip." Key Engineering Materials 645-646 (May 2015): 1345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.645-646.1345.

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Microfluidic chips have been widely used in various of areas, such as biology, chemistry, medical science and so on. As one of the key techniques of microfluidic chips, the technique of micro driven of the water has been studied by experts all around the world for years. Of all kinds of the driven methods, the power costed by bionic driven is lowest. Moreover, as xylem is the main channel to transport the water in a tree, the mechanism of water transportation has been always an important issue in the study of physiological plant ecology. In this paper, the models of a single vessel element wit
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50

Seeger, Stefan, and Markus Weiler. "Temporal dynamics of tree xylem water isotopes: in situ monitoring and modeling." Biogeosciences 18, no. 15 (2021): 4603–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4603-2021.

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Abstract. We developed a setup for a fully automated, high-frequency in situ monitoring system of the stable water isotope deuterium and 18O in soil water and tree xylem. The setup was tested for 12 weeks within an isotopic labeling experiment during a large artificial sprinkling experiment including three mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees. Our setup allowed for one measurement every 12–20 min, enabling us to obtain about seven measurements per day for each of our 15 in situ probes in the soil and tree xylem. While the labeling induced an abrupt step pulse in the soil water isotopi
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