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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Afferent pathways"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 1 de agosto de 2024

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1

Sun, Shu-Yu, Wei Wang, and Harold D. Schultz. "Activation of cardiac afferents by arachidonic acid: relative contributions of metabolic pathways." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 281, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): H93—H104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.1.h93.

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Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized via cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P-450 (CP450) pathways to a variety of bioactive products. The sensitivity of cardiac afferent endings to AA and its metabolites, especially those derived from LOX and CP450 pathways, is currently unclear. We examined AA-induced activation of cardiac vagal chemosensitive afferents in non- and postischemic hearts in rats and evaluated the relative contributions of the three metabolic pathways to the effects. Epicardial application of AA activated the cardiac afferents dose dependently in both nonis

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2

Nelson, David W., James W. Sharp, Mark S. Brownfield, Helen E. Raybould, and Denise M. Ney. "Localization and Activation of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptors on Vagal Afferents in the Rat." Endocrinology 148, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1232.

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Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a nutrient-dependent proglucagon-derived hormone that stimulates intestinal growth through poorly understood paracrine and/or neural pathways. The relationship between GLP-2 action and a vagal pathway is unclear. Our aims were to determine whether 1) the GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) is expressed on vagal afferents by localizing it to the nodose ganglia; 2) exogenous GLP-2 stimulates the vagal afferent pathway by determining immunoreactivity for c-fos protein in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS); and 3) functional ablation of vagal afferents attenuates GLP-2-

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3

Xu, Linjing, and G. F. Gebhart. "Characterization of Mouse Lumbar Splanchnic and Pelvic Nerve Urinary Bladder Mechanosensory Afferents." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 1 (January 2008): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01049.2007.

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Sensory information from the urinary bladder is conveyed via lumbar splanchnic (LSN) and sacral pelvic (PN) nerves to the spinal cord. In the present report we compared the mechanosensitive properties of single afferent fibers in these two pathways using an in vitro mouse bladder preparation. Mechanosensitive primary afferents were recorded from the LSN or PN and distinguished based on their response to receptive field stimulation with different mechanical stimuli: probing (160 mg to 2 g), stretch (1–25 g), and stroking of the urothelium (10–1,000 mg). Four different classes of afferent were r

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4

Kirk, M. D. "Presynaptic inhibition in the crayfish CNS: pathways and synaptic mechanisms." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): 1305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.5.1305.

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I studied the pathways that produce primary afferent depolarization (PAD) and presynaptic inhibition during crayfish escape behavior. Simultaneous intracellular recordings were obtained from interneurons and primary afferent axons in the neuropil of the sixth abdominal ganglion. In several experiments, a sucrose-gap recording of PAD accompanied the intracellular impalements. I have identified PAD-producing inhibitory interneurons (PADIs) that are fired by a single impulse in the lateral (LG) or medial (MG) giant, escape-command axons; the PADIs appear to be directly responsible for presynaptic

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5

Friemert, B., S. Franke, A. Gollhofer, L. Claes, and M. Faist. "Group I Afferent Pathway Contributes to Functional Knee Stability." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 2 (February 2010): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00172.2009.

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The hamstring reflex response has been suggested to play a substantial role in knee joint stabilization during anterior tibial translation. The present study was performed to determine which afferent pathways contribute to the hamstring reflex as well as the potential effects of specific afferent pathways on functional knee stability. Short- and medium-latency hamstring reflexes (SLR and MLR) were evoked by anterior tibial translation in 35 healthy subjects during standing with 30° knee flexion. Nerve cooling, tizanidine, and ischemia were employed to differentiate afferent pathways. Two hours

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6

Liu, C. Y., M. H. Mueller, D. Grundy, and M. E. Kreis. "Vagal modulation of intestinal afferent sensitivity to systemic LPS in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 292, no. 5 (May 2007): G1213—G1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00267.2006.

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The central nervous system modulates inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract via efferent vagal pathways. We hypothesized that these vagal efferents receive synaptic input from vagal afferents, representing an autonomic feedback mechanism. The consequence of this vagovagal reflex for afferent signal generation in response to LPS was examined in the present study. Different modifications of the vagal innervation or sham procedures were performed in anesthetized rats. Extracellular mesenteric afferent nerve discharge and systemic blood pressure were recorded in vivo before and after systemic

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7

Mazzone, Stuart B., and Bradley J. Undem. "Vagal Afferent Innervation of the Airways in Health and Disease." Physiological Reviews 96, no. 3 (July 2016): 975–1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00039.2015.

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Vagal sensory neurons constitute the major afferent supply to the airways and lungs. Subsets of afferents are defined by their embryological origin, molecular profile, neurochemistry, functionality, and anatomical organization, and collectively these nerves are essential for the regulation of respiratory physiology and pulmonary defense through local responses and centrally mediated neural pathways. Mechanical and chemical activation of airway afferents depends on a myriad of ionic and receptor-mediated signaling, much of which has yet to be fully explored. Alterations in the sensitivity and n

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8

Webster, W. Andrew, and Michael J. Beyak. "The long chain fatty acid oleate activates mouse intestinal afferent nerves in vitro." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 91, no. 5 (May 2013): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2012-0138.

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Vagal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract serve an important nutrient-sensing function, and these signals contribute to satiety. Detection of nutrients occurs largely through the release of mediators from specialized enteroendocrine cells within the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. The signaling pathways leading to vagal afferent activation are not clear; however, previous in-vivo studies have implicated a role for cholecystokinin (CCK). We used an in vitro intestinal afferent extracellular recording preparation to study the effect of luminal perfusion of the long chain fatty

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9

Joris, Philip X., and Tom C. T. Yin. "Envelope Coding in the Lateral Superior Olive. III. Comparison With Afferent Pathways." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.1.253.

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Joris, Philip X. and Tom C. T. Yin. Envelope coding in the lateral superior olive. III. Comparison with afferent pathways. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 253–269, 1998. Binaural cues for spatial localization of complex high-frequency sounds are interaural level and time differences (ILDs and ITDs). We previously showed that cells in the lateral superior olive (LSO) are sensitive to ITDs in the envelope of sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (AM) signals up to a modulation frequency of only ∼800 Hz. To understand the limitations in this ITD-sensitivity, we here compare responses to monaural modulation in LS

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10

Ryan, Stephen, and Philip Nolan. "Superior laryngeal and hypoglossal afferents tonically influence upper airway motor excitability in anesthetized rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 3 (September 2005): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00776.2004.

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Upper airway (UA) muscle activity is stimulated by changes in UA transmural pressure and by asphyxia. These responses are reduced by muscle relaxation. We hypothesized that this is due to a change in afferent feedback in the ansa hypoglossi and/or superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). We examined 1) the glossopharyngeal motor responses to UA transmural pressure and asphyxia and 2) how these responses were changed by muscle relaxation in animals where one or both of these afferent pathways had been sectioned bilaterally. Experiments were performed in 24 anesthetized, thoracotomized, artificially vent

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11

Montgomery, J., D. Bodznick, and M. Halstead. "Hindbrain signal processing in the lateral line system of the dwarf scorpionfish Scopeana papillosus." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.4.893.

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Recordings were made from primary afferent fibres and secondary projection neurones (crest cells) in the mechanosensory lateral line system of the dwarf scorpionfish. Crest cells were identified by antidromic stimulation from the contralateral midbrain. Differences between primary afferent fibre and crest cell response characteristics are indicative of signal processing by the neuronal circuitry of the medial octavolateralis nucleus. There are a number of differences between primary afferent fibres and crest cells. Primary afferents have relatively high levels of spontaneous activity (mean clo

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12

Loening-Baucke, V., N. W. Read, and T. Yamada. "Further evaluation of the afferent nervous pathways from the rectum." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 262, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): G927—G933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1992.262.5.g927.

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To evaluate the visceral afferents from the rectum, we recorded cerebral evoked potentials (EPs) in 26 healthy subjects after electrical stimulation of the rectum, pudendal nerve, and posterior tibialis nerve. We found two distinctly different EPs after rectal stimulation, with differences in latencies and pattern. In 13 subjects (group 1), the EP after rectal stimulation had multiple prominent peaks with early onset latencies ranging from 22 to 29 ms (mean 26 ms). In 13 subjects (group 2), the EP after rectal stimulation had a trifid configuration due to a very prominent negative peak between

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13

BLATTEIS, CLARK M., ELMIR SEHIC, and SHUXIN LI. "Afferent Pathways of Pyrogen Signalinga." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 856, no. 1 MOLECULAR MEC (September 1998): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08318.x.

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de Groat, W. C. "Neuropeptides in pelvic afferent pathways." Experientia 43, no. 7 (July 1987): 801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01945358.

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Harrington, Andrea M., Sonia Garcia Caraballo, Jessica E. Maddern, Luke Grundy, Joel Castro, and Stuart M. Brierley. "Colonic afferent input and dorsal horn neuron activation differs between the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): G285—G303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00013.2019.

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The distal colon is innervated by the splanchnic and pelvic nerves, which relay into the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord, respectively. Although the peripheral properties of the colonic afferent nerves within these pathways are well studied, their input into the spinal cord remain ill defined. The use of dual retrograde tracing from the colon wall and lumen, in conjunction with in vivo colorectal distension and spinal neuronal activation labeling with phosphorylated MAPK ERK 1/2 (pERK), allowed us to identify thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal cord circuits processing colonic affer

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Zhao, Weiying, A. Daniel Martin, and Paul W. Davenport. "Detection of inspiratory resistive loads in double-lung transplant recipients." Journal of Applied Physiology 93, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 1779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00210.2002.

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The afferent pathways mediating respiratory load perception are still largely unknown. To assess the role of lung vagal afferents in respiratory sensation, detection of inspiratory resistive loads was compared between 10 double-lung transplant (DLT) recipients with normal lung function and 12 healthy control (Nor) subjects. Despite a similar unloaded and loaded breathing pattern, the DLT group had a significantly higher detection threshold (2.91 ± 0.5 vs. 1.55 ± 0.3 cmH2O · l−1 · s) and Weber fraction (0.50 ± 0.1 vs. 0.30 ± 0.1) compared with the Nor group. These results suggest that inspirato

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17

Smid, Scott D., Richard L. Young, Nicole J. Cooper, and L. Ashley Blackshaw. "GABABR expressed on vagal afferent neurones inhibit gastric mechanosensitivity in ferret proximal stomach." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 281, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): G1494—G1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.6.g1494.

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GABAB-receptor (GABABR) agonists reduce transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) and reflux episodes through an action on vagal pathways. In this study, we determined whether GABABR are expressed on vagal afferent neurones and whether they modulate distension-evoked discharge of vagal afferents in the isolated stomach. Vagal mehanoreceptor activity was recorded following distensions of the isolated ferret proximal stomach before and after perfusion with the GABABR-selective agonists baclofen and 3-aminopropylphosphinic acid (3-APPiA). Retrograde labeling and immunohistochemistry

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18

Karlsson, J. A., G. Sant'Ambrogio, and J. Widdicombe. "Afferent neural pathways in cough and reflex bronchoconstriction." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 1007–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.3.1007.

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Cough and bronchoconstriction are airway reflexes that protect the lung from inspired noxious agents. These two reflexes can be evoked both from the larynx and tracheobronchial tree and also from some extrarespiratory sites. Within the airways, certain sites are particularly sensitive to stimulation of cough (larynx and points of proximal airway branching), whereas bronchoconstriction can be triggered from the whole of the tracheobronchial tree. In the larynx, "irritant" receptors with myelinated afferents mediate cough and bronchoconstriction. Little seems to be known about laryngeal nonmyeli

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19

PAUL, D. H., and B. L. ROBERTS. "Spinal Neuronal activity During the Pectoral Fin Reflex of the Dogfish: Pathways For Reflex Generation and Cerebellar Control." Journal of Experimental Biology 148, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.148.1.403.

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ingle units were recorded from the spinal cord of decerebrate dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) during pectoral fin reflexes (PFR) evoked by electrical pulse trains to the fin. The units were classified as primary afferent neurones, motoneurones or interneurones. Motoneurones discharged for limited (and various) periods during the reflex at latencies of 20 ms or more. There was no evidence for monosynaptic activation by primary afferents. Short-latency (S) units received monosynaptic input from fast-conducting afferents at latencies (&lt;20 ms) appropriate for pre-motor interneurones. Howeve

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20

Dellon, A. Lee, and Amin S. Herati. "Review of Bladder Pain and Referred T12–L2 Input as One Etiology for Interstitial Cystitis." Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery Open 04, no. 02 (July 2019): e58-e63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1696954.

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Abstract Background The etiology of interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS) remains a mystery. Based on two patients, whose IC/BPS was relieved by resection of injured iliohypogastric (IH) and ilioinguinal (II) nerves, injured by endoscopic prostatectomy in the first patient and a stretch/traction injury in the second patient, a referred pain pathway is hypothesized that can be applied to patients with IC/BPS and previous abdominal wall surgery/injury. Methods The known neurophysiology of bladder function was reviewed as were the pathways for accepted referred pain syndromes. Re

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Urch, Catherine. "Normal Pain Transmission." Reviews in Pain 1, no. 1 (August 2007): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/204946370700100102.

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• Acute (normal) pain transmission is part of a survival response to prevent tissue damage and attend to and protect damaged tissue. • A cycle of afferent transmission, response to stimuli, followed by temporary hypersensitivity, then attenuation and resolution occurs. • Primary afferent, spinal cord ascending and descending pathways are fixed; however the response elicited is highly dynamic and not a linear relationship with input intensity. • Somatic inputs are topographically accurate, in contrast to diffuse visceral inputs. • Primary afferents code differentially for stimuli (heat, acid, p

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Partosoedarso, Elita R., Richard L. Young, and L. Ashley Blackshaw. "GABAB receptors on vagal afferent pathways: peripheral and central inhibition." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 280, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): G658—G668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.4.g658.

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To investigate GABAB receptors along vagal afferent pathways, we recorded from vagal afferents, medullary neurons, and vagal efferents in ferrets. Baclofen (7–14 μmol/kg iv) reduced gastric tension receptor and nucleus tractus solitarii neuronal responses to gastric distension but not gastroduodenal mucosal receptor responses to cholecystokinin (CCK). GABAB antagonists CGP-35348 or CGP-62349 reversed effects of baclofen. Vagal efferents showed excitatory and inhibitory responses to distension and CCK. Baclofen (3 nmol icv or 7–14 μmol/kg iv) reduced both distension response types but reduced o

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Zhang, Weirong, and Paul W. Davenport. "Activation of thalamic ventroposteriolateral neurons by phrenic nerve afferents in cats and rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00334.2002.

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It has been demonstrated that phrenic nerve afferents project to somatosensory cortex, yet the sensory pathways are still poorly understood. This study investigated the neural responses in the thalamic ventroposteriolateral (VPL) nucleus after phrenic afferent stimulation in cats and rats. Activation of VPL neurons was observed after electrical stimulation of the contralateral phrenic nerve. Direct mechanical stimulation of the diaphragm also elicited increased activity in the same VPL neurons that were activated by electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Some VPL neurons responded to bot

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Young, Richard L., Amanda J. Page, Tracey A. O'Donnell, Nicole J. Cooper, and L. Ashley Blackshaw. "Peripheral versus central modulation of gastric vagal pathways by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 292, no. 2 (February 2007): G501—G511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00353.2006.

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Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are classified into group I, II, and III mGluR. Group I (mGluR1, mGluR5) are excitatory, whereas group II and III are inhibitory. mGluR5 antagonism potently reduces triggering of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and gastroesophageal reflux. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations are mediated via a vagal pathway and initiated by distension of the proximal stomach. Here, we determined the site of action of mGluR5 in gastric vagal pathways by investigating peripheral responses of ferret gastroesophageal vagal afferents to graded m

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Ramachandran, Ramnarayan, and Stephen G. Lisberger. "Transformation of Vestibular Signals Into Motor Commands in the Vestibuloocular Reflex Pathways of Monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 3 (September 2006): 1061–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00281.2006.

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Parallel pathways mediate the rotatory vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). If the VOR undergoes adaptive modification with spectacles that change the magnification of the visual scene, signals in one neural pathway are modified, whereas those in another are not. By recording the responses of vestibular afferents and abducens neurons for vestibular oscillations at frequencies from 0.5 to 50 Hz, we have elucidated how vestibular signals are processed in the modified versus unmodified VOR pathways. For the small stimuli we used (±15°/s), the afferents with the most regular spontaneous discharge fired t

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Burgard, Edward C., Mathew O. Fraser, and Karl B. Thor. "Serotonergic modulation of bladder afferent pathways." Urology 62, no. 4 (October 2003): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(03)00590-9.

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Almeida, Tatiana F., Suely Roizenblatt, and Sergio Tufik. "Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review." Brain Research 1000, no. 1-2 (March 2004): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.073.

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Imig, J. D., and P. C. Deichmann. "Afferent arteriolar responses to ANG II involve activation of PLA2 and modulation by lipoxygenase and P-450 pathways." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 273, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): F274—F282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1997.273.2.f274.

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Activation of angiotensin receptors activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in various tissues, resulting in the release of arachidonic acid and formation of vasoactive metabolites. The present study examined the role of the lipoxygenase and cytochrome P-450 pathways by evaluating the effects of PLA2, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and epoxygenase inhibition on the afferent arteriolar responses to angiotensin II (ANG II) and norepinephrine in the vitro perfused rat juxtamedullary nephron preparation. ANG II (0.01-100 nM) resulted in a dose-dependent afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction ranging from 3

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Ménard, Ariane, Hugues Leblond, and Jean-Pierre Gossard. "Sensory Integration in Presynaptic Inhibitory Pathways During Fictive Locomotion in the Cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.1.163.

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The aim of this study is to understand how sensory inputs of different modalities are integrated into spinal cord pathways controlling presynaptic inhibition during locomotion. Primary afferent depolarization (PAD), an estimate of presynaptic inhibition, was recorded intra-axonally in group I afferents ( n = 31) from seven hindlimb muscles in L6–S1 segments during fictive locomotion in the decerebrate cat. PADs were evoked by stimulating alternatively low-threshold afferents from a flexor nerve, a cutaneous nerve and a combination of both. The fictive step cycle was divided in five bins and PA

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Wang, Yu, and Li Ye. "The Afferent Function of Adipose Innervation." Diabetes 73, no. 3 (February 20, 2024): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dbi23-0002.

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Adipose tissue innervation is critical for regulating metabolic and energy homeostasis. While the sympathetic efferent innervation of fat is well characterized, the role of sensory or afferent innervation remains less explored. This article reviews previous work on adipose innervation and recent advances in the study of sensory innervation of adipose tissues. We discuss key open questions, including the physiological implications of adipose afferents in homeostasis as well as potential cross talk with sympathetic neurons, the immune system, and hormonal pathways. We also outline the general te

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Wildman, M. "Connections between thoraco-coxal proprioceptive afferents and motor neurons in the locust." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.3.435.

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The position of the coxal segment of the locust hind leg relative to the thorax is monitored by a variety of proprioceptors, including three chordotonal organs and a myochordotonal organ. The sensory neurons of two of these proprioceptors, the posterior joint chordotonal organ (pjCO) and the myochordotonal organ (MCO), have axons in the purely sensory metathoracic nerve 2C (N2C). The connections made by these afferents with metathoracic motor neurons innervating thoraco-coxal and wing muscles were investigated by electrical stimulation of N2C and by matching postsynaptic potentials in motor ne

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Chappell, R. L., and F. J. Rosenstein. "Pharmacology of the skate electroretinogram indicates independent ON and OFF bipolar cell pathways." Journal of General Physiology 107, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.107.4.535.

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Organization of afferent information into parallel ON and OFF pathways is a critical feature of the vertebrate visual system. All afferent visual information in the vertebrate retina reaches the inner plexiform layer (IPL) via bipolar cells. It is at the bipolar cell level that separation of ON and OFF information first appears for afferent information from cones. This may also hold true for the rod pathway of cold-blooded vertebrates, but not for mammals. The all-rod retina of the skate presents an opportunity to examine such pathways in a retina having but a single class of photoreceptor. Im

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Kadekawa, Katsumi, Tsuyoshi Majima, Takahiro Shimizu, Naoki Wada, William C. de Groat, Anthony J. Kanai, Momokazu Goto, Mitsuharu Yoshiyama, Kimio Sugaya, and Naoki Yoshimura. "The role of capsaicin-sensitive C-fiber afferent pathways in the control of micturition in spinal-intact and spinal cord-injured mice." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 313, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): F796—F804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00097.2017.

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We examined bladder and urethral sphincter activity in mice with or without spinal cord injury (SCI) after C-fiber afferent desensitization induced by capsaicin pretreatment and changes in electrophysiological properties of mouse bladder afferent neurons 4 wk after SCI. Female C57BL/6N mice were divided into four groups: 1) spinal intact (SI)-control, 2) SI-capsaicin pretreatment (Cap), 3) SCI-control, and 4) SCI-Cap groups. Continuous cystometry and external urethral sphincter (EUS)-electromyogram (EMG) were conducted under an awake condition. In the Cap groups, capsaicin (25, 50, or 100 mg/k

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Qin, Chao, Margaret J. Chandler, Kenneth E. Miller, and Robert D. Foreman. "Responses and Afferent Pathways of Superficial and Deeper C1–C2 Spinal Cells to Intrapericardial Algogenic Chemicals in Rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.4.1522.

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Electrical stimulation of vagal afferents or cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent fibers excites C1–C2spinal neurons. The purposes of this study were to compare the responses of superficial (depth <0.35 mm) and deeper C1–C2 spinal neurons to noxious chemical stimulation of cardiac afferents and determine the relative contribution of vagal and sympathetic afferent pathways for transmission of noxious cardiac afferent input to C1–C2 neurons. Extracellular potentials of single C1–C2 neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized and paralyzed male rats. A catheter was placed in the perica

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Takahata, M., and J. J. Wine. "Feedforward afferent excitation of peripheral inhibitors in the crayfish escape system." Journal of Neurophysiology 58, no. 6 (December 1, 1987): 1452–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.58.6.1452.

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1. Each abdominal ganglion of the crayfish contains peripheral inhibitors of the fast flexor muscles. These flexor inhibitors (FIs), which can effectively inhibit tension development in the tailflip powerstroke muscles, are excited by a delayed central pathway from the same giant axons which trigger escape (33). The FIs also received sensory input, which increases in efficacy in the more posterior segments (4), but until now neither the origin of the input nor its central pathways had been well described. We have used intracellular recording and staining techniques to investigate the afferent

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Guan, D., W. T. Phillips, and G. M. Green. "Pancreatic secretion stimulated by CCK is not mediated by capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent pathway in awake rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 270, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): G881—G886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1996.270.5.g881.

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A capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent pathway was reported to mediate the effect of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) on pancreatic secretion in anesthetized rats. Because neural blockade affects pancreatic secretion much less in awake than in anesthetized rats, the effect of capsaicin ablation of vagal afferent pathways on pancreatic secretion stimulated by endogenous CCK was examined in awake rats. During surgery, abdominal vagal trunks were exposed, and 0.1 ml of capsaicin (10 mg/ml) was applied to the vagal trunks. Ablation of the vagal afferent pathway was assessed by the ability of intrape

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Zhou, Shi-Yi, Yuan-Xu Lu, and Chung Owyang. "Gastric relaxation induced by hyperglycemia is mediated by vagal afferent pathways in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 294, no. 5 (May 2008): G1158—G1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00067.2008.

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Hyperglycemia has a profound effect on gastric motility. However, little is known about the site and mechanism that sense alteration in blood glucose level. The identification of glucose-sensing neurons in the nodose ganglia led us to hypothesize that hyperglycemia acts through vagal afferent pathways to inhibit gastric motility. With the use of a glucose-clamp rat model, we showed that glucose decreased intragastric pressure in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast to intravenous infusion of glucose, intracisternal injection of glucose at 250 and 500 mg/dl had little effect on intragastric pre

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Marshall, Andrew G., and Francis P. McGlone. "Affective Touch: The Enigmatic Spinal Pathway of the C-Tactile Afferent." Neuroscience Insights 15 (January 2020): 263310552092507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633105520925072.

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C-tactile afferents are hypothesized to form a distinct peripheral channel that encodes the affective nature of touch. Prevailing views indicate they project, as with other unmyelinated afferents, in lamina I-spinothalamic pathways that relay homeostatically relevant information from the body toward cortical regions involved in interoceptive processing. However, in a recent study, we found that spinothalamic ablation in humans, while profoundly impairing the canonical spinothalamic modalities of pain, temperature, and itch, had no effect on benchmark psychophysical affective touch metrics. The

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Xiao, Zhiying, Marc J. Rogers, Bing Shen, Jicheng Wang, Zeyad Schwen, James R. Roppolo, William C. de Groat, and Changfeng Tai. "Somatic modulation of spinal reflex bladder activity mediated by nociceptive bladder afferent nerve fibers in cats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 307, no. 6 (September 15, 2014): F673—F679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00308.2014.

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The goal of the present study was to determine if supraspinal pathways are necessary for inhibition of bladder reflex activity induced by activation of somatic afferents in the pudendal or tibial nerve. Cats anesthetized with α-chloralose were studied after acute spinal cord transection at the thoracic T9/T10 level. Dilute (0.25%) acetic acid was used to irritate the bladder, activate nociceptive afferent C-fibers, and trigger spinal reflex bladder contractions (amplitude: 19.3 ± 2.9 cmH2O). Hexamethonium (a ganglionic blocker, intravenously) significantly ( P < 0.01) reduced the amplitude

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Jammes, Y. "Tonic sensory pathways of the respiratory system." European Respiratory Journal 1, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.01020176.

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Both respiratory centres and the preganglionic vagal motoneurones, which control respiratory (striated) and airway (smooth) muscles respectively, receive information on the lungs, the circulation and the skeletal and respiratory muscles. Each of these nervous pathways has two components: one is phasic, i.e. in phase with biological rhythms, and comes from mechanoreceptors connected to large myelinated fibres; the second has a tonic low frequency firing rate and corresponds to the spontaneous activity of polymodal receptors connected to thin sensory fibres, which act mostly as sensors of change

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Ciriello, John, and Monica M. Caverson. "Central Organization of Afferent Renal Nerve Pathways." Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. Part A: Theory and Practice 9, sup1 (January 1987): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10641968709160162.

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Turner, Richard D., and Surinder S. Birring. "Chronic cough: ATP, afferent pathways and hypersensitivity." European Respiratory Journal 54, no. 1 (June 4, 2019): 1900889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00889-2019.

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Derbyshire, Stuart W. G. "Visceral Afferent Pathways and Functional Brain Imaging." Scientific World JOURNAL 3 (2003): 1065–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.93.

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The application of functional imaging to study painful sensations has generated considerable interest regarding insight into brain dysfunction that may be responsible for functional pain such as that suffered in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This review provides a brief introduction to the development of brain science as it relates to pain processing and a snapshot of recent functional imaging results with somatic and visceral pain. Particular emphasis is placed on current hypotheses regarding dysfunction of the brain-gut axis in IBS patients. There are clear and interpretable

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Imig, J. D., and L. G. Navar. "Afferent arteriolar response to arachidonic acid: involvement of metabolic pathways." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 271, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): F87—F93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1996.271.1.f87.

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Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites have been implicated in the control of renal hemodynamics, but the nature of the metabolites produced by renal cells when AA is released has remained uncertain. Experiments were performed using the in vitro perfused juxtamedullary nephron preparation to examine the effects of perfusion and superfusion of AA on the renal microvasculature. Extraluminal exposure of the vessels by superfusion with solutions containing 0.1, 1.0, and 10 microM AA decreased afferent arteriolar diameter by 8 +/- 2, 16 +/- 3, and 20 +/- 3%, respectively. The same doses of AA added to t

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Owyang, C. "Physiological mechanisms of cholecystokinin action on pancreatic secretion." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 271, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): G1—G7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1996.271.1.g1.

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Recent experimental studies in animals and humans provide strong evidence that cholecystokinin (CCK) acts via cholinergic pathways to mediate pancreatic enzyme secretion. These studies indicate that the sites of CCK's action to stimulate pancreatic secretion are dose dependent. Doses of CCK that produce physiological plasma CCK levels act via stimulation of the vagal afferent pathway originating from the gastroduodenal mucosa, whereas doses that produce supraphysiological CCK levels act to stimulate intrapancreatic neurons and pancreatic acini. These CCK-sensitive fibers are also responsive to

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Kubin, Leszek, George F. Alheid, Edward J. Zuperku, and Donald R. McCrimmon. "Central pathways of pulmonary and lower airway vagal afferents." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 2 (August 2006): 618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00252.2006.

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Lung sensory receptors with afferent fibers coursing in the vagus nerves are broadly divided into three groups: slowly (SAR) and rapidly (RAR) adapting stretch receptors and bronchopulmonary C fibers. Central terminations of each group are found in largely nonoverlapping regions of the caudal half of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Second order neurons in the pathways from these receptors innervate neurons located in respiratory-related regions of the medulla, pons, and spinal cord. The relative ease of selective activation of SARs, and to a lesser extent RARs, has allowed for more co

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Sengupta, Jyoti N., Bidyut K. Medda, and Reza Shaker. "Effect of GABAB receptor agonist on distension-sensitive pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating rat colon." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 283, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): G1343—G1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00124.2002.

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Spinal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract are the major pathways for visceral nociception. Many centrally acting analgesic drugs attenuate responses of visceral primary afferent fibers by acting at the peripheral site. γ-Amino butyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, acts via metobotropic GABAB and ionotropic GABAA/GABAC receptors. The aim of this study was to test the peripheral effect of selective GABABreceptor agonist baclofen on responses of the pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating the colon of the rat. Distension-sensitive pelvic nerve afferent fibers we

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Kang, Y. M., K. Lamb, G. F. Gebhart, and K. Bielefeldt. "Experimentally induced ulcers and gastric sensory-motor function in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 288, no. 2 (February 2005): G284—G291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00250.2004.

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Prior studies have demonstrated that inflammation can sensitize visceral afferent neurons, contributing to the development of hyperalgesia. We hypothesized that both afferent and efferent pathways are affected, resulting in changes in motor and sensory function. Kissing ulcers (KU) were induced in the distal stomach by injecting 60% acetic acid for 45 s into a clamped area of the stomach. In controls, saline was injected into the stomach. A balloon catheter was surgically placed into the stomach, and electromyographic responses to gastric distension were recorded from the acromiotrapezius musc

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Moncrief, Karli, Shereen Hamza, and Susan Kaufman. "Splenic reflex modulation of central cardiovascular regulatory pathways." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 1 (July 2007): R234—R242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00562.2006.

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The splenorenal reflex induces changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal function. We hypothesized that, in addition to spinal pathways previously identified, these effects are also mediated through central pathways. We investigated the effect of elevated splenic venous pressure on central neural activation in intact, renal-denervated, and renal + splenic-denervated rats. Fos-labeled neurons were quantified in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), and subfornical organ (SFO) after 1-h partial splenic vein occlusion (SVO) i

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Raybould, Helen E., Jorg Glatzle, Carla Robin, James H. Meyer, Thomas Phan, Helen Wong, and Catia Sternini. "Expression of 5-HT3 receptors by extrinsic duodenal afferents contribute to intestinal inhibition of gastric emptying." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 284, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): G367—G372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00292.2001.

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Intestinal perfusion with carbohydrates inhibits gastric emptying via vagal and spinal capsaicin-sensitive afferent pathways. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of 1) 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3receptors (5-HT3R) in mediating glucose-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and 2) 5-HT3R expression in vagal and spinal afferents in innervating the duodenum. In awake rats fitted with gastric and duodenal cannulas, perfusion of the duodenum with glucose (50 and 100 mg) inhibited gastric emptying. Intestinal perfusion of mannitol inhibited gastric emptying only at the highest con

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