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Byerlee, Derek, Bernard Triomphe, and Michel Sebillotte. "Integrating Agronomic and Economic Perspectives into the Diagnostic Stage of On-farm Research." Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 2 (1991): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018767.
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SummaryCrop production surveys, which integrate the collection of data on both agronomic and economic variables, are increasingly common in on-farm research. A conceptual framework for designing and analysing such surveys is provided. Methodological issues in conducting crop production surveys are reviewed with respect to type of information collected, level of field observation, degree of quantification, frequency of observation, sampling, measurement of yields and yield components, and analysis of yield limiting factors. It is concluded that, while better integration of agronomic and economic perspectives in diagnosis may increase costs, the information and analysis obtained have considerable potential to improve the efficiency of experimentation.
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Saeed, Muhammad, Zainab Jamil, Tayyab Shehzad, et al. "Role of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in Plant Disease Management: A Review." Journal of Applied Research in Plant Sciences 4, no. 01 (2023): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.38211/joarps.2023.04.01.61.
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A high throughput technique used to determine a part of the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s genome is called next generation sequencing (NGS). NGS has been Proven revolutionary in genomics. Clinical diagnostics, Plant diseases diagnostic and other aspects of medical are now made possible by sequencing. Techniques of NGS: there are different techniques of NGS which are being used in real life sciences i.e., Illumina sequencing, Pyrosequencing, Roche 454 sequencing and Ion torrent sequencing. All vintage methods like culturing in bacterial, fungal, and viral samples are being suppressed by next generation sequencing. The potential for random metagenomic sequencing of sick samples to find potential pathogens has surfaced with the development of next-generation high-throughput parallel sequencing technology. NGS enables highly efficient, rapid, low-cost DNA or RNA high-throughput sequencing of plant virus and viroids genomes, as well as specific small RNAs generated during infection. Although this technique is not so much familiar in the field of plant diseases. However, its widespread application in agronomic sciences will make it possible to create solutions to future food-related challenges that involve biotic stress.
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Cossani, C. Mariano, and Victor O. Sadras. "Carbon isotope composition for agronomic diagnostic: Predicting yield and yield response to nitrogen in wheat." Field Crops Research 279 (April 2022): 108451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108451.
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Csorba, Ádám, Arwyn Jones, Tamás Szegi, Endre Dobos, and Erika Michéli. "The diagnostic continua of the soils of Europe." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 71, no. 4 (2022): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.71.4.1.
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Diagnostic horizons, properties and materials are commonly applied building units of national and international soil classification systems. The presence, depth or absence of diagnostic information supports the process of objective soil classification, such as the World Reference Base (WRB). While the diagnostic units and associated descriptive qualifiers convey information that reflect pedogenesis, they also indicate important, and often complex properties that are related to soil fertility and other soil functions. The spatial extent or the continuum of diagnostic information is often different from the spatial extent of the mapping units in general soil maps (mostly reflecting soil types). This paper presents the spatial distribution of selected diagnostic units and qualifiers for the European Union and describes their significance for key soil functions. The derivation of selected diagnostics was performed based on the information provided in the European Soil Database and by taking into consideration the definitions, rules and allocation procedure of soils to the appropriate Reference Soil Group (RSG) defined by the WRB key. The definition of the presence/absence of the diagnostic units were performed by extracting information related to the first level of the WRB classification and to the qualifiers provided by the ESDB on the Soil Taxonomic Units (STU) level. The areal percentage of the STUs (thus, the derived diagnostics) within Soil Mapping Units (SMUs) was calculated and was visualized on separate maps. The study demonstrated the importance of the spatial information that the diagnostic elements convey, especially related to soil functions.
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Lievens, Bart, and Bart P. H. J. Thomma. "Recent Developments in Pathogen Detection Arrays: Implications for Fungal Plant Pathogens and Use in Practice." Phytopathology® 95, no. 12 (2005): 1374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-1374.
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The failure to adequately identify plant pathogens from culture-based morphological techniques has led to the development of culture-independent molecular approaches. Increasingly, diagnostic laboratories are pursuing fast routine methods that provide reliable identification, sensitive detection, and accurate quantification of plant pathogens. In addition, since plants or parts thereof can be infected by multiple pathogens, multiplex assays that can detect and quantify different pathogens simultaneously are highly desirable. Technologies that can meet these requirements, especially those involving polymerase chain reaction, are being developed and implemented in horticultural and agricultural practice. Currently, DNA array technology is the most suitable technique for multiplex detection of plant pathogens. Recently, a quantitative aspect was added to this technology, making DNA arrays highly attractive for various research and practical applications. Here, we review the most important recent advances in molecular plant pathogen diagnostics, with special attention to fungal molecular diagnostics. In addition to their applicability in practice, the different criteria that have to be fulfilled for developing robust detection procedures that can routinely be used by diagnostic laboratories are discussed.
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Eponon, Christophe, Didier Snoeck, Emmanuel Kassin, Jules Keli, and Daouda Kone. "Diagnostic agronomique des pratiques culturales paysannes dans les vergers caféiers de Côte d'Ivoire." Cahiers Agricultures 26, no. 4 (2017): 45007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2017041.
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Park, Bongsoo, Frank Martin, David M. Geiser, et al. "Phytophthora Database 2.0: Update and Future Direction." Phytopathology® 103, no. 12 (2013): 1204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-13-0023-r.
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The online community resource Phytophthora database (PD) was developed to support accurate and rapid identification of Phytophthora and to help characterize and catalog the diversity and evolutionary relationships within the genus. Since its release in 2008, the sequence database has grown to cover 1 to 12 loci for ≈2,600 isolates (representing 138 described and provisional species). Sequences of multiple mitochondrial loci were added to complement nuclear loci-based phylogenetic analyses and diagnostic tool development. Key characteristics of most newly described and provisional species have been summarized. Other additions to improve the PD functionality include: (i) geographic information system tools that enable users to visualize the geographic origins of chosen isolates on a global-scale map, (ii) a tool for comparing genetic similarity between isolates via microsatellite markers to support population genetic studies, (iii) a comprehensive review of molecular diagnostics tools and relevant references, (iv) sequence alignments used to develop polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostics tools to support their utilization and new diagnostic tool development, and (v) an online community forum for sharing and preserving experience and knowledge accumulated in the global Phytophthora community. Here we present how these improvements can support users and discuss the PD's future direction.
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Pavlova, O. I. "REMOVED CONTROL OF AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 1 (March 30, 2011): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2011-1-59-59.
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The ideas for plant sanitary diagnostic using modern computer technology and internet service were discussed in this article. Digital photos, multimedia resources and FAQ website can serve the agronomist with summarized information concerning plant protection and methods for damage prevention in the area of crop cultivation.
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Withers, S., E. Gongora-Castillo, D. Gent, A. Thomas, P. S. Ojiambo, and L. M. Quesada-Ocampo. "Using Next-Generation Sequencing to Develop Molecular Diagnostics for Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the Cucurbit Downy Mildew Pathogen." Phytopathology® 106, no. 10 (2016): 1105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-10-15-0260-fi.
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Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) allow for rapid development of genomics resources needed to generate molecular diagnostics assays for infectious agents. NGS approaches are particularly helpful for organisms that cannot be cultured, such as the downy mildew pathogens, a group of biotrophic obligate oomycetes that infect crops of economic importance. Unlike most downy mildew pathogens that are highly host-specific, Pseudoperonospora cubensis causes disease on a broad range of crops belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. In this study, we identified candidate diagnostic markers for P. cubensis by comparing NGS data from a diverse panel of P. cubensis and P. humuli isolates, two very closely related oomycete species. P. cubensis isolates from diverse hosts and geographical regions in the United States were selected for sequencing to ensure that candidates were conserved in P. cubensis isolates infecting different cucurbit hosts. Genomic regions unique to and conserved in P. cubensis isolates were identified through bioinformatics. These candidate regions were then validated using PCR against a larger collection of isolates from P. cubensis, P. humuli, and other oomycetes. Overall seven diagnostic markers were found to be specific to P. cubensis. These markers could be used for pathogen diagnostics on infected tissue, or adapted for monitoring airborne inoculum with real-time PCR and spore traps.
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Edwards, Robert, and Nawaporn Onkokesung. "Resisting resistance: new applications for molecular diagnostics in crop protection." Biochemist 42, no. 4 (2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio20200040.
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While there is universal recognition of the dangers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to human health, far less attention has been directed towards the steady growth of resistance to the pesticides and herbicides that safeguard global food security. As a major constraint on crop productivity, weed competition causes greater losses than invertebrate pests and fungal pathogens combined, with the development of herbicide resistance now a primary agronomic threat to arable agriculture and horticulture. Here in the UK, our dominant crop, winter wheat, is now subject to annual losses of 1 million tons of grain equating to an estimated £0.5 billion, primarily due to the mass evolution of herbicide resistance in the highly competitive weed blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides). Informed by strategies being developed in healthcare to combat AMR through its rapid identification, we now look to new tools to combat herbicide and pesticide resistance informed by molecular diagnostics.
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Okot, Francis, Mark Laing, Hussein Shimelis, and Walter A. J. de Milliano. "Diagnostic Appraisal of the Sorghum Farming System and Breeding Priorities in Sierra Leone." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (2022): 7025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127025.
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Understanding demographic structures, production constraints, and trait preferences is essential for setting up crop breeding goals and enhancing adoption strategies for new varieties. The objective of this study was to document the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) production constraints and preferred sorghum traits to guide breeding in Sierra Leone. A participatory rural appraisal was used to collect data from 210 farmers across seven districts in Sierra Leone in 2019. Results showed that all sorghum varieties in cultivation are landraces. Poor access to fertilizer (91%), lack of suitable varieties (85%), poor agronomic knowledge (79%), low yielding varieties (78%), storage pests (75%), field pests (67%), low soil fertility (52%), lack of market (49%), sorghum disease (43%), drought (16%), and heavy rainfall (12%) are key production constraints limiting sorghum production. Farmers expressed interest in adopting new varieties with high yield (99%), disease (84%) and pest (81%) resistance, drought tolerance (50%), white grain (59%), and short height (53%). The prioritized traits will form the basis for farmer-oriented sorghum breeding.
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Bleiholder, X. H. "Diagnosemethoden [diagnostic methods]." Crop Protection 5, no. 1 (1986): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(86)90042-6.
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Pošta, J., B. Kadleček, and T. Hladík. "Engine combustion chamber tightness diagnostics." Research in Agricultural Engineering 49, No. 3 (2012): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4961-rae.
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The modern combustion engines and their systems are getting more complicated and sophisticated nowadays. It is no more possible to verify their function or actual technical state directly. Thus various methods of indirect diagnostics are being developed more and more rapidly. The on-board diagnostics is being increasingly applied to monitor and measure suitable diagnostic signals during operation, deviations from required or expected values are then recorded. This trend requires the application of completely disassembly-free techniques of measurements and the real-time analyzing of measured figures. This paper presents the results of the research on relation between the starter’s starting current and the engine combustion chamber tightness. The experiments were carried out for common four-cylinder engine.
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Sládková, J. "An analysis of the Rendzina issue in the valid Czech soil classification system." Soil and Water Research 4, No. 2 (2009): 66–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/41/2008-swr.
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The article deals with the soil classification system valid in the Czech Republic. Using the soil type Rendzina from the former genetic-agronomic soil classification as an example, it analyses and revises the class definitions (soil types and subtypes), particularly their clarity, solidity, and mutual exclusivity based on the real state of diagnostic characteristics. The article advocates that the valid national soil classification system should be adequately detailed to satisfy practical needs and to preserve its convertibility into the international classification WRB system. At the same time, it should not be inconsistent with the methodology of the international project SOTER.
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Mirmajlessi, Seyed Mahyar, Maria Jennifer Sjölund, Marika Mänd, et al. "PCR-based diagnostic methods for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ – Review." Plant Protection Science 55, No. 4 (2019): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/145/2018-pps.
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‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ is an economically important pathogen in the Americas, New Zealand and Europe. The primary objective of this review is to systematically investigate the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods used for its detection in plant samples. Several databases were searched from the inception of the relevant literature up to August 2018. This review identified 53 studies that met all the inclusion criteria. The performance of the different methods was also compared, however due to data heterogeneity and insufficient evidence on the sensitivity of all assays used, a meta-analysis of the data was not possible. Nonetheless, the review indicates that the rtPCR designed to the 16S ribosomal RNA gene can be routinely employed as a fast, cost-effective, and reliable detection technique in diagnostic laboratories.
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Dell’Olmo, Eliana, Antonio Tiberini, and Loredana Sigillo. "Leguminous Seedborne Pathogens: Seed Health and Sustainable Crop Management." Plants 12, no. 10 (2023): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12102040.
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Pulses have gained popularity over the past few decades due to their use as a source of protein in food and their favorable impact on soil fertility. Despite being essential to modern agriculture, these species face a number of challenges, such as agronomic crop management and threats from plant seed pathogens. This review’s goal is to gather information on the distribution, symptomatology, biology, and host range of seedborne pathogens. Important diagnostic techniques are also discussed as a part of a successful process of seed health certification. Additionally, strategies for sustainable control are provided. Altogether, the data collected are suggested as basic criteria to set up a conscious laboratory approach.
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Soto-Espinoza, Yschel, Enrique Armando Gómez-Lozoya, and Liberio Victorino-Ramírez. "DISEÑO CURRICULAR BASADO EN COMPETENCIAS PARA LA CARRERA DE IAES EN LA UACh: UN ESTUDIO DIAGNOSTICO. CURRICULUM DESIGN BASED IN COMPETENCIES FOR THE IAES IN THE UACh: A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY." Revista Electrónica Calidad en la Educación Superior 5, no. 1 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/caes.v5i1.340.
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Ante las exigencias de la globalización del mercado laboral, del panorama social y de la economía mundial es que el enfoque basado en competencias se ha tornado obligado en los diferentes niveles educativos en México, convirtiéndose por ello en el cimiento de la reestructuración curricular de la carrera de Ingeniero Agrónomo Especialista en Suelos (IAES) en la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh) desde el Enfoque Socioformativo. A partir del estudio diagnóstico, en esta primera fase de la investigación se ha elaborado ya el Proyecto Educativo con los respectivos atributos que norma la UACh pautando así la elaboración de los Programas Educativos que en sus ejes sustantivos, deberán tender al sólido ejercicio axiológico (identidad, arraigo y pertenencia) así como en una óptima solución de problemas y actitudes de liderazgo, proactivas y de autoregulación. Palabras clave: diseño curricular, reestructuración curricular, educación agrícola, enfoque socioformativo, educación superior Abstract: To the demands of globalization of the labour market, the social landscape and the world economy is that the skills-based approach has become bound in different educational levels in Mexico, becoming thus the Foundation of the curricular restructuring of the career of engineer Agronomy specialist in soils (IAES) at the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (UACh) from the Socioformativo approach. From the study diagnosis, in this first phase of research has been developed already education project with the respective attributes that standard UACh marking as well the development of educational programmes which shall tend to solid axiological exercise (identity, rootedness and belonging) in their substantive areas, as well as an optimal solution of problems and attitudes of leadership proactive and self-regulation.Keywords: curriculum design, curricular restructuring, agricultural education, socio formation approach, higher education
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Fischer, Gerhard. "Editorial." Agronomía Colombiana 34, no. 2 (2016): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v34n2.61298.
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Agronomía Colombiana along with 500 Colombian magazines is taking part over the Colciencias announcement for the Specialized Colombian Scientific Journal Indexing – Publindex No. 768, which evaluates the quality of the national scientific magazines through different criteria, including editorial management, visibility and publications impact. This work seeks to increase the quality of the national scientific production and its insertion into the international scientific community. This call began with a primary diagnostic stage on August 16th, 2016 and will continue with the official classification stage, starting on December 2nd, 2016.
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Yang, Guotang, Qi Zheng, Pan Hu, et al. "Cytogenetic identification and molecular marker development for the novel stripe rust-resistant wheat–Thinopyrum intermedium translocation line WTT11." aBIOTECH 2, no. 4 (2021): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42994-021-00060-3.
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AbstractStripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Xiaoyan 78829, a partial amphidiploid developed by crossing common wheat with Thinopyrum intermedium, is immune to wheat stripe rust. To transfer the resistance gene of this excellent germplasm resource to wheat, the translocation line WTT11 was produced by pollen irradiation and assessed for immunity to stripe rust races CYR32, CYR33 and CYR34. A novel stripe rust-resistance locus derived from Th. intermedium was confirmed by linkage and diagnostic marker analyses. Molecular cytogenetic analyses revealed that WTT11 carries a TTh·2DL translocation. The breakpoint of 1B was located at 95.5 MB, and the alien segments were found to be homoeologous to wheat-group chromosomes 6 and 7 according to a wheat660K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis. Ten previously developed PCR-based markers were confirmed to rapidly trace the alien segments of WTT11, and 20 kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed to enable genotyping of Th. intermedium and common wheat. Evaluation of agronomic traits in two consecutive crop seasons uncovered some favorable agronomic traits in WTT11, such as lower plant height and longer main panicles, that may be applicable to wheat improvement. As a novel genetic resource, the new resistance locus may be useful for wheat disease-resistance breeding.
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Beverly, R. B., and W. B. Hallmark. "Prescient diagnostic analysis: A proposed new approach to evaluating plant nutrient diagnostic methods." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 23, no. 17-20 (1992): 2633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629209368761.
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Hofer, Katharina M., Merje Toome-Heller, and Brett J. R. Alexander. "Enhancing plant disease diagnostics in the Pacific." New Zealand Plant Protection 72 (July 28, 2019): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2019.72.321.
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A project aiming to enhance biosecurity and market access in the Pacific was launched by NZ Aid in 2016. The project intends to benefit the economies of New Zealand’s Pacific neighbours by improving their biosecurity systems which, in turn, would help to protect New Zealand’s borders. Under the current project, the MPI’s Plant Health and Environment Laboratory (PHEL) is accountable for delivering insect pest and disease diagnostic training in the Pacific and developing diagnostic tools. The PHEL Mycology and Bacteriology team has delivered a number of plant pathology training sessions in New Zealand, Cook Islands and Fiji. The main focus of the pathology module was to provide the Biosecurity Authority of Fiji (BAF) Plant Health Laboratory staff with skills and tools to conduct plant disease diagnostics at their facility. This included a full laboratory refurbishment and new molecular setup. As a result, the BAF team has become efficient with isolating and identifying plant pathogens using a combination of morphology and DNA-based approaches. They are now able to provide fast and sensitive testing for high impact diseases at the border or in future incursions. In addition to laboratory staff training, a number of quarantine officers were trained to enable them to recognise diseased plant material during import and export fresh produce inspections.
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Renfroe-Becton, Hope, Kendall R. Kirk, and Daniel J. Anco. "Using Image Analysis and Regression Modeling to Develop a Diagnostic Tool for Peanut Foliar Symptoms." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (2022): 2712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112712.
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Peanut foliar diseases and disorders can be difficult to rapidly diagnose with little experience because some abiotic and biotic symptoms present similar symptoms. Developing algorithms for automated identification of peanut foliar diseases and disorders could potentially provide a quick, affordable, and easy method for diagnosing peanut symptoms. To examine this, images of peanut leaves were captured from various angles, distances, and lighting conditions using various cameras. Color space data from all images was subsequently extracted and subjected to logistic regression. Separate algorithms were developed for each symptom to include healthy, hopperburn, late leaf spot, Provost injury, tomato spotted wilt, paraquat injury, or surfactant injury. The majority of these symptoms are not included within currently available disease identification mobile apps. All of the algorithms developed for peanut foliar diagnostics were ≥ 86% accurate. These diagnostic algorithms have the potential to be a valuable tool for growers if made available via a web-accessible platform, which is the next step of this work.
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Rahman, A., E. Góngora-Castillo, M. J. Bowman, et al. "Genome Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis of the Hop Downy Mildew Pathogen Pseudoperonospora humuli Reveal Species-Specific Genes for Molecular Detection." Phytopathology® 109, no. 8 (2019): 1354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-18-0431-r.
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Pseudoperonospora humuli is an obligate oomycete pathogen of hop (Humulus lupulus) that causes downy mildew, an important disease in most production regions in the Northern Hemisphere. The pathogen can cause a systemic infection in hop, overwinter in the root system, and infect propagation material. Substantial yield loss may occur owing to P. humuli infection of strobiles (seed cones), shoots, and cone-bearing branches. Fungicide application and cultural practices are the primary methods to manage hop downy mildew. However, effective, sustainable, and cost-effective management of downy mildew can be improved by developing early detection systems to inform on disease risk and timely fungicide application. However, no species-specific diagnostic assays or genomic resources are available for P. humuli. The genome of the P. humuli OR502AA isolate was partially sequenced using Illumina technology and assembled with ABySS. The assembly had a minimum scaffold length of 500 bp and an N50 (median scaffold length of the assembled genome) of 19.2 kbp. A total number of 18,656 genes were identified using MAKER standard gene predictions. Additionally, transcriptome assemblies were generated using RNA-seq and Trinity for seven additional P. humuli isolates. Bioinformatics analyses of next generation sequencing reads of P. humuli and P. cubensis (a closely related sister species) identified 242 candidate species-specific P. humuli genes that could be used as diagnostic molecular markers. These candidate genes were validated using polymerase chain reaction against a diverse collection of isolates from P. humuli, P. cubensis, and other oomycetes. Overall, four diagnostic markers were found to be uniquely present in P. humuli. These candidate markers identified through comparative genomics can be used for pathogen diagnostics in propagation material, such as rhizomes and vegetative cuttings, or adapted for biosurveillance of airborne sporangia, an important source of inoculum in hop downy mildew epidemics.
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Giordano, Paul R., Jie Wang, Joseph M. Vargas, Janette Jacobs, Martin I. Chilvers, and Quan Zeng. "Using a Genome-Based PCR Primer Prediction Pipeline to Develop Molecular Diagnostics for the Turfgrass Pathogen Acidovorax avenae." Plant Disease 102, no. 11 (2018): 2224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-18-0165-re.
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Acidovorax avenae is the causal agent of bacterial etiolation and decline (BED) of creeping bentgrass, a poorly understood and often misdiagnosed disease that can result in considerable aesthetic and functional damage to golf course putting greens. Current diagnostics of BED are based on laborious culture-based methods. In this work, we employed a novel alignment-free primer prediction pipeline to design diagnostic primers for turfgrass-pathogenic A. avenae using 15 draft genomes of closely related target and nontarget Acidovorax spp. as input. Twenty candidate primer sets specific to turfgrass-pathogenic A. avenae were designed. The specificity and sensitivity of these primer sets were validated via a traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a real-time PCR assay. Primer sets 0017 and 0019 coupled with an internal oligo probe showed optimal sensitivity and specificity when evaluated with the target pathogen, closely related bacterial species, and microorganisms that inhabit the same host and soil environment. Finally, the accuracy of the newly developed real-time PCR assay was evaluated to detect BED pathogens from BED-symptomatic and asymptomatic turfgrass samples. The diagnostic results produced by the real-time PCR assay were consistent with results of a cultural-based method. This assay will allow quicker and more effective detection of the BED pathogen, thus potentially reducing misdiagnoses and unnecessary usage of fungicides.
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Terrazas Salas, Yolly, Eleuterio Crispin Flores, Gabriela Olivia Mamani Coria, and Luis Fernando Escoja Alejo. "Aplicación del Aprender Haciendo como Estrategia Metodológica a Estudiantes en la Asignatura de Pecuaria II." Revista de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 21, no. 28 (2023): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.56469/rcti.v21i28.805.
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El objetivo del presente artículo es determinar la efectividad de la estrategia metodológica del Aprender-Haciendo a estudiantes en la asignatura de pecuaria II de la Carrera de Agronomía Técnico Superior de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, cualificando el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje en los estudiantes. La metodología que se empleó fue una investigación de tipo básica y diseño pre - experimental – propositivo, realizando un diagnostico del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje con encuestas, a 47 estudiantes y 4 docentes afines a la materia. Los resultados muestran que desde la percepción de los estudiantes, que los docentes deben mejorar su formación pedagógica e implementar y mejorar los módulos Educativos - Productivos. Así mismo desde la percepción docente se ha identificado falencia en el equipamiento de material didáctico, la pérdida de vocación docente en cuento a su profesión y oficio, Estos datos invitan a proponer la aplicación de una estrategia metodológica del Aprender-Haciendo, como un medio para mejorar la calidad Educativa en la Carrera de Agronomía Técnico Superior.
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Pluenneke, Ricks H. "Diagnostic Techniques for Improving Crop Production." Crop Science 38, no. 4 (1998): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183x003800040040x.
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Brosnan, James T., Jose J. Vargas, Eric H. Reasor, Roberto Viggiani, Gregory K. Breeden, and John M. Zobel. "A Diagnostic Assay to Detect Herbicide Resistance in Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua)." Weed Technology 31, no. 4 (2017): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.26.
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Turfgrass managers currently have few readily available means of evaluating herbicide resistance in annual bluegrass during the growing season. Research was conducted to determine if agar-based diagnostic tests developed for agronomic weeds could be used to reliably confirm herbicide resistance in annual bluegrass harvested from golf course turf. Annual bluegrass phenotypes with target-site resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS; R3, R7), enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS; R5), and photosystem II (PSII; R3, R4) inhibiting herbicides were included in experiments along with an herbicidal susceptible phenotype (S). Single tiller plants were washed free of soil and transplanted into autoclavable polycarbonate plant culture boxes filled with plant tissue culture agar amended with a murashigee-skoog medium and trifloxysulfuron (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 150 μM), glyphosate (0, 6, 12, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 μM), or simazine (0, 6, 12, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 μM). Mortality in agar was assessed 7 to 10 days after treatment (depending on herbicide) and compared to responses observed after treating individual plants of each phenotype with trifloxysulfuron (28 g ai ha-1), glyphosate (1120 g ae ha-1), or simazine (1120 g ai ha-1) in an enclosed spray chamber. Fisher’s exact test (α = 0.05) determined that mortality in agar with 12.5 μM trifloxysulfuron and 100 μM glyphosate was not significantly different than treating whole plants via traditional spray application. Mortality with all concentrations of simazine in agar was significantly different than that observed after treating resistant and susceptible phenotypes via traditional spray application. Our findings indicate that an agar-based diagnostic assay can be used to detect annual bluegrass resistance to ALS- or EPSPS-inhibiting herbicides in less than 10 days; however, additional research is needed to refine this assay for use with PSII-inhibiting herbicides.
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Nauen, R., and A. Elbert. "European monitoring of resistance to insecticides in Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with special reference to imidacloprid." Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, no. 1 (2003): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002215.
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AbstractThe susceptibility to several insecticides of 16 and 8 strains of Myzus persicae Sulzer and Aphis gossypii Glover, respectively, received from different European countries in 2001 was investigated. Most of the strains were derived from places known for their aphid resistance problems to conventional insecticides before imidacloprid was introduced. In many regions and agronomic cropping systems imidacloprid has been an essential part of aphid control strategies for a decade, and therefore the susceptibility of aphid populations to imidacloprid using FAO-dip tests and diagnostic concentrations in a leaf-dip bioassay was checked. Additional insecticides tested were cyfluthrin (chemical class: pyrethroid), pirimicarb (carbamate), methamidophos and oxydemeton-methyl (organophosphates). Diagnostic concentrations (LC99-values of reference strains) for each insecticide were established by dose response analysis using a new leaf-disc dip bioassay format in 6-well tissue culture plates. Virtually no resistance to imidacloprid in any of the field-derived populations of M. persicae and A. gossypii was detected. In contrast, strong resistance was found to pirimicarb and oxydemeton-methyl, and to a lesser extent also to cyfluthrin. Two strains of A. gossypii exhibited reduced susceptibility to imidacloprid when tested directly after collection. However, after maintaining them for six weeks in the laboratory, the aphids were as susceptible as the reference strain. The diagnostic concentration of methamidophos did not reveal any resistance in M. persicae, but did so in four strains of A. gossypii.
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Stack, J., K. Cardwell, R. Hammerschmidt, et al. "The National Plant Diagnostic Network." Plant Disease 90, no. 2 (2006): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0128.
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IDRISSA GAYA, Yacouba, Amir SIDO YACOUBA, Yadji GUERO, and Sidikou Souleymane. "Caractérisation agronomique de la riziculture des bas fonds au Niger : cas du dallol Bosso." Journal of Applied Biosciences 182 (February 28, 2023): 19018–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.182.4.
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RÉSUMÉ Objectif : L’objectif du présent article est de faire un diagnostic de la gestion paysanne de riz des bas-fonds du dallol Bosso afin de poser les bases solides pour améliorer sa productivité. Méthodologie et résultats : Pour atteindre cet objectif, la méthodologie adoptée est basée sur une enquête diagnostic conduite au niveau de 4 communes du département de Boboye. L’enquête a été conduite durant la saison des pluies (juin à septembre 2021) au niveau de sept (7) villages repartis entre quatre(4) communes. Au total un échantillon de soixante-dix (70) producteurs a été enquêté sur les pratiques agricoles liées à la culture du riz et les contraintes. Les résultats de l’ACP ont montré qu’au niveau des exploitants des quatre (4) communes, une forte corrélation entre les l’âge des plants au repiquage, le nombre moyen de brin repiqué par poquet, l’expérience du producteur, la superficie de la parcelle cultivée et la densité de cultures. Cependant ces facteurs sont linéairement indépendantes au rendement qui est fortement corrélés aux facteurs suivants : à la dose moyenne d’engrais minéral apporté, au nombre de désherbage effectué et au nombre d’application de l’engrais minéral. Ces facteurs sont liés à la situation financière de l’exploitant (accessibilité aux intrants) et aux manques de formation (pour bien appliquer les bonnes pratiques). Conclusion et application des résultats : Il ressort également de ces résultats que les exploitants de la commune de Fabidji ont les meilleures densités des cultures. Ceux des communes de Harikanassou et Kankandi sont illustrés par les bons âges de plants et l’expérience. Toutefois, les exploitants de la commune de Birni’Gaouré constituent globalement les producteurs moyens de l’analyse. Cependant certaines facteurs notamment pédologiques et climatiques n’ont prise en compte dans l’étudepeuvent aussi y contribuer. Mots clés : Dallol Bosso, Communes de Birni Gaouré, Fabidji, Hakanassou, Kankandi, riziculture, Niger. 19018 Idrissa Gaya et al., J. Appl. Biosci. Vol: 182, 2023 Caractérisation agronomique de la riziculture des bas fonds au Niger : cas du dallol Bosso ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this article is to make a diagnosis of the peasant management of rice from the shallows of the Dallol Bosso in order to lay solid foundations to improve its productivity. Methodology and Results: To achieve this objective, the adopted methodology is based on a diagnostic survey conducted at the level of 4 municipalities in the department of Boboye. The survey was conducted during the rainy season (June to September 2021) at the level of seven (7) villages divided between four (4) municipalities. In total, a sample of seventy (70) producers was surveyed on agricultural practices related to rice cultivation and constraints. The results of the ACP showed that at the level of the operators of the four (4) municipalities, a strong correlation between the ages of the plants at transplanting, the average number of strands transplanted per pot, the experience of the producer, the area of the cultivated plot and the density of crops. However, these factors are linearly independent of the yield, which is strongly correlated to the following factors: to the average dose of mineral fertilizer supplied, to the number of weeding carried out and to the number of application of the mineral fertilizer. These factors are related to the financial situation of the operator (accessibility to inputs) and the lack of training (to properly apply good practices). Conclusion and application of results: It also emerges from these results that the farmers of the municipality of Fabidji have the best crop densities. Those of the municipalities of Harikanassou and Kankandi are illustrated by the good ages of plants and experience. However, the operators of the municipality of Birni' Gaouré constitute overall the average producers of the analysis. However, certain factors, in particular soil and climatic factors, were not taken into account in the study and may contribute to this. Keywords: Dallol Bosso, Municipalities of Birni Gaouré, Fabidji, Hakanassou, Kankandi, rice cultivation, Niger.
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Langlois, Paul A., Jacob Snelling, John P. Hamilton, et al. "Characterization of the Xanthomonas translucens Complex Using Draft Genomes, Comparative Genomics, Phylogenetic Analysis, and Diagnostic LAMP Assays." Phytopathology® 107, no. 5 (2017): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-16-0286-r.
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Prevalence of Xanthomonas translucens, which causes cereal leaf streak (CLS) in cereal crops and bacterial wilt in forage and turfgrass species, has increased in many regions in recent years. Because the pathogen is seedborne in economically important cereals, it is a concern for international and interstate germplasm exchange and, thus, reliable and robust protocols for its detection in seed are needed. However, historical confusion surrounding the taxonomy within the species has complicated the development of accurate and reliable diagnostic tools for X. translucens. Therefore, we sequenced genomes of 15 X. translucens strains representing six different pathovars and compared them with additional publicly available X. translucens genome sequences to obtain a genome-based phylogeny for robust classification of this species. Our results reveal three main clusters: one consisting of pv. cerealis, one consisting of pvs. undulosa and translucens, and a third consisting of pvs. arrhenatheri, graminis, phlei, and poae. Based on genomic differences, diagnostic loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers were developed that clearly distinguish strains that cause disease on cereals, such as pvs. undulosa, translucens, hordei, and secalis, from strains that cause disease on noncereal hosts, such as pvs. arrhenatheri, cerealis, graminis, phlei, and poae. Additional LAMP assays were developed that selectively amplify strains belonging to pvs. cerealis and poae, distinguishing them from other pathovars. These primers will be instrumental in diagnostics when implementing quarantine regulations to limit further geographic spread of X. translucens pathovars.
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Heller, Wade P., та Lisa M. Keith. "Real-Time PCR Assays to Detect and Distinguish the Rapid ʻŌhiʻa Death Pathogens Ceratocystis lukuohia and C. huliohia". Phytopathology® 108, № 12 (2018): 1395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-17-0311-r.
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Ceratocystis lukuohia and C. huliohia are recently described fungal species that cause rapid ‘ōhi‘a death (ROD) of Metrosideros polymorpha, Hawaii’s most abundant and ecologically important native species. Although the pathogens are now widespread on Hawaiʻi Island, a major effort is underway to study and manage affected forests, and particularly to prevent the disease from spreading to other islands in the State or throughout the Pacific. Rapid and accurate detection is critical. Molecular diagnostic real-time PCR protocols were developed to detect and distinguish the two pathogens, suitable for detection of fungal DNA from extracts of wood, soil, and insect frass. The assays detect as few as 2 to 4 or 16 spores of C. huliohia or C. lukuohia, respectively. These assays are valuable tools for monitoring disease spread and offer a significant advantage over culture-based methods for diagnostics, requiring <1 day to arrive at definitive results.
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Pagani, Agustín, and Hernán E. Echeverría. "Performance of Sulfur Diagnostic Methods for Corn." Agronomy Journal 103, no. 2 (2011): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0265.
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Stobbe, A. H., W. L. Schneider, P. R. Hoyt, and U. Melcher. "Screening Metagenomic Data for Viruses Using the E-Probe Diagnostic Nucleic Acid Assay." Phytopathology® 104, no. 10 (2014): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-13-0310-r.
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Next generation sequencing (NGS) is not used commonly in diagnostics, in part due to the large amount of time and computational power needed to identify the taxonomic origin of each sequence in a NGS data set. By using the unassembled NGS data sets as the target for searches, pathogen-specific sequences, termed e-probes, could be used as queries to enable detection of specific viruses or organisms in plant sample metagenomes. This method, designated e-probe diagnostic nucleic acid assay, first tested with mock sequence databases, was tested with NGS data sets generated from plants infected with a DNA (Bean golden yellow mosaic virus, BGYMV) or an RNA (Plum pox virus, PPV) virus. In addition, the ability to detect and differentiate among strains of a single virus species, PPV, was examined by using probe sets that were specific to strains. The use of probe sets for multiple viruses determined that one sample was dually infected with BGYMV and Bean golden mosaic virus.
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Rincón-Flórez, Vivian A., Jane D. Ray, Lilia C. Carvalhais, et al. "Diagnostics of Banana Blood Disease." Plant Disease 106, no. 3 (2022): 947–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-21-1436-re.
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Blood disease in bananas caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis is a bacterial wilt disease that causes major yield losses of banana in Indonesia and peninsular Malaysia. The disease has significantly increased its geographic distribution in the past decade. Diagnostic methods are an important component of disease management in vegetatively propagated crops such as banana to constrain incursions of plant pathogens. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (i) to design and rigorously validate a novel banana Blood disease (BBD) real-time PCR assay with a high level of specificity and sensitivity of detection and (ii) to validate published PCR-based diagnostic methods targeting the intergenic region in the megaplasmid (“121 assay” with primer set 121) or the phage tail protein-coding sequence in the bacterial chromosome (“Kubota assay” and “BDB2400 assay” with primer set BDB2400). Assay validation included 339 samples (174 Blood disease bacteria, 51 bacteria associated with banana plants, 51 members of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex, and 63 samples from symptomatic and healthy plant material). Validation parameters were analytical specificity (inclusivity and exclusivity), selectivity, limit of detection, accuracy, and ruggedness. The 121 assay and our newly developed BBD real-time PCR assay detected all R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis strains with no cross-specificity during validation. Two different PCR assays using the primer set BDB2400 lacked specificity and selectivity. This study reveals that our novel BBD real-time PCR assay and the conventional PCR 121 assay are reliable methods for Blood disease diagnostics, as they comply with all tested validation parameters.
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van Raij, Bernardo. "New diagnostic techniques, universal soil extractants." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25, no. 7-8 (1994): 799–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369081.
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Schepers, James S. "New diagnostic tools for tissue testing." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25, no. 7-8 (1994): 817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369082.
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Ascencio, Jocelyne. "Acid phosphatase as a diagnostic tool." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25, no. 9-10 (1994): 1553–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369135.
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DeHaan, Toni-Lynn. "Seed potato certification and diagnostic testing." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 16, no. 2 (1994): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060669409500777.
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Matula, J. "Relationship between phosphorus concentration in soil solution and phosphorus in shoots of barley." Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 7 (2011): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/149/2011-pse.
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Phosphorus concentration in the soil solution of agricultural soils should be a consensus of the agronomic and environmental aspect. Data from literary sources are inconsistent if the method of soil solution extraction from the soil and the method of phosphorus detection are not indicated. In the present paper a simplified procedure of soil solution extraction is used that is derived from the need of water to attain saturated soil paste. Based on barley cultivation in a plant growth chamber on 72 different soils the relationship between P concentration in simulated soil solution and the response of test plant (spring barley) was evaluated. Three approaches were used to derive an adequate P concentration in soil solution. Based on the diagnostics of P content in barley the following adequate P concentrations in soil solution were derived: 0.23&ndash;0.86 ppm P for colorimetry and 0.9&ndash;1.75 ppm P for ICP-AES. Using the concept of the boundary line of yield the critical P concentration in soil solutions was 0.8 ppm P for colorimetry and 1.3 ppm P for ICP-AES. The concept of the boundary line of P efficiency index enabled to define P concentrations in soil solution that can be considered as the lower limits of suitability from the agronomic aspect:<br />0.15 ppm P in simulated soil solution for colorimetry and 0.7 ppm P for ICP-AES.
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Hsieh, Ying-Hsin, Yun F. Wang, Hercules Moura, et al. "Application of MALDI-TOF MS Systems in the Rapid Identification of Campylobacter spp. of Public Health Importance." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 3 (2018): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0266.
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Abstract Campylobacteriosis is an infectious gastrointestinal disease caused by Campylobacter spp. In most cases, it is either underdiagnosed or underreported due to poor diagnostics and limited databases. Several DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques, including 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence typing, have been widely used in the species identification of Campylobacter. Nevertheless, these assays are time-consuming and require a high quality of bacterial DNA. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) MS is an emerging diagnostic technology that can provide the rapid identification of microorganisms by using their intact cells without extraction or purification. In this study, we analyzed 24 American Type Culture Collection reference isolates of 16 Campylobacter spp. and five unknown clinical bacterial isolates for rapid identification utilizing two commercially available MADI-TOF MS platforms, namely the bioMérieux VITEK® MS and Bruker Biotyper systems. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to confirm the species-level identification of the unknown clinical isolates. Both MALDI-TOF MS systems identified the isolates of C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. fetus. The results of this study suggest that the MALDI-TOF MS technique can be used in the identification of Campylobacter spp. of public health importance.
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Zhao, Weidong, Curtis H. Stumpf, Brian Bullard, Stephanie Kuzenko, and Gary D. Niehaus. "Crystal Diagnostics Xpress E7 STEC Kit for the Rapid Multiplex Detection of E. coli O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 6 (2015): 1549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaocint.15-055.
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Abstract The Crystal Diagnostics (CDx) Xpress E7 STEC kit is a rapid and sensitive detection assay for the detection of Escherichia coli O157 and six non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (serogroups O26, O45, O1O3, O111, O121, and O145, collectively referred to as STEC) at 1 CFU/325 g of raw ground beef and raw beef trim, or 200 g of spinach. The system comprises an automatic Crystal Diagnostics Xpress System Reader that integrates immunochemical and optical processes for the liquid crystal-based detection of microorganisms, a CDx BioCassette that incorporates antibody-coupled microspheres and liquid crystal for selective identification of the intended microbe, and additional commercially available components. The Crystal Diagnostics Xpress SystemTM combines proprietary liquid crystal technology with antibody-coated paramagnetic microspheres to selectively capture and detect STEC from food matrixes. The Xpress System expeditiously (9.5 h enrichment) provides the sensitivity and specificity of the U. S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service and the U. S. Food and Drug Administration reference methods in screening as low as 1 STEC CFU/test portion. The inclusivity validation demonstrated detection of 53 of 54 STEC test strains. Shelf life testing of the antibody-coated microspheres and other Crystal Diagnostic consumables indicated that all materials were stable for a minimum of 3 months (ongoing), and lot-to-lot testing demonstrated consistent results between lots (data not shown). The internal and independent laboratory tests demonstrate that the method is rapid and sensitive for screening of the target STEC.
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Rafique, E., M. Mahmood-ul-Hassan, K. M. Khokhar, G. Nabi, and T. Tabassam. "Zinc Nutrition of Onion: Proposed Diagnostic Criteria." Journal of Plant Nutrition 31, no. 2 (2008): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160701853902.
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Meyer, Donald L., Robert H. Hornbaker, and Michael A. Mazzocco. "Agricultural lenders' diagnostic system (ALDS)." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 7, no. 1 (1992): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1699(05)80003-1.
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Massart, Sebastien, Michela Chiumenti, Kris De Jonghe, et al. "Virus Detection by High-Throughput Sequencing of Small RNAs: Large-Scale Performance Testing of Sequence Analysis Strategies." Phytopathology® 109, no. 3 (2019): 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-18-0067-r.
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Recent developments in high-throughput sequencing (HTS), also called next-generation sequencing (NGS), technologies and bioinformatics have drastically changed research on viral pathogens and spurred growing interest in the field of virus diagnostics. However, the reliability of HTS-based virus detection protocols must be evaluated before adopting them for diagnostics. Many different bioinformatics algorithms aimed at detecting viruses in HTS data have been reported but little attention has been paid thus far to their sensitivity and reliability for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, we compared the ability of 21 plant virology laboratories, each employing a different bioinformatics pipeline, to detect 12 plant viruses through a double-blind large-scale performance test using 10 datasets of 21- to 24-nucleotide small RNA (sRNA) sequences from three different infected plants. The sensitivity of virus detection ranged between 35 and 100% among participants, with a marked negative effect when sequence depth decreased. The false-positive detection rate was very low and mainly related to the identification of host genome-integrated viral sequences or misinterpretation of the results. Reproducibility was high (91.6%). This work revealed the key influence of bioinformatics strategies for the sensitive detection of viruses in HTS sRNA datasets and, more specifically (i) the difficulty in detecting viral agents when they are novel or their sRNA abundance is low, (ii) the influence of key parameters at both assembly and annotation steps, (iii) the importance of completeness of reference sequence databases, and (iv) the significant level of scientific expertise needed when interpreting pipeline results. Overall, this work underlines key parameters and proposes recommendations for reliable sRNA-based detection of known and unknown viruses.
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Grzebisz, Witold, and Remigiusz Łukowiak. "Nitrogen Gap Amelioration Is a Core for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture—A Concept." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (2021): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030419.
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The main reason for the development of the yield gap in crop production is the inefficient management of nitrogen (N). The nitrogen gap (NG) cannot be ameliorated without an indication and quantification of soil characteristics that limit N uptake by a crop plant. The insufficient supply of N to a plant during its cardinal stages of yield formation is a result of two major-variabilities. The first is spatial variability in the soil characteristics responsible for water supply to a plant, also serving as a nutrient carrier. The second is a vertical variability in soil factors, decisive for pools of available nutrients, and their in-season accessibility to the grown crop. The long-term strategy for NG cover should focus first on soil characteristics (humus stock, pH, nutrient content) responsible for water storage and its availability to the currently grown plant. Diagnostics of plant nutrient availability should deliver data on their contents both in the topsoil and subsoil. The combined use of both classical diagnostic tools and spectral imagery is a way to divide a single field into units, differing in productivity. Remote-sensing techniques offer a broad number of tools to define the in-season crop canopy requirement for fertilizer N in homogenous field units.
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Puig, Alina S. "Detection of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) Using Nested PCR and Evidence of Uneven Distribution in Leaf Tissue." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (2021): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091842.
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Distribution of improved germplasm of Theobroma cacao is essential for meeting the increased demand for cocoa beans. In cacao, the introduction of new diseases is prevented by exchanging material through a national and international quarantine system. In 2020, virus symptoms were observed on plants in a quarantine greenhouse, and Cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV) was detected in one plant using published diagnostic primers. However, no virus was detected in other symptomatic plants. To address high pathogen diversity and low virus titer in recently infected plants, a nested PCR test was developed based on 15 CaMMV sequences from Trinidad and Puerto Rico. The test was validated on a subset (n = 30) of plants in the greenhouse, of which 29 tested positive. Most infections are thought to have occurred during the later stage of the quarantine period, possibly due to spread by mealybugs. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of three strains, suggesting that it was introduced on scionwood from multiple sources. Results of PCR assays on different leaf tissues indicate that the virus is unevenly distributed and that petiole tissue should be used in molecular diagnostics. The movement of infected scionwood is a major dissemination pathway for CaMMV but can be managed through careful screening.
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Duffy, B. K. "A Semiselective and Diagnostic Medium forGaeumannomyces graminisvar.tritici." Phytopathology 84, no. 12 (1994): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-84-1407.
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Ortiz-Castro, Mary, Terra Hartman, Teresa Coutinho, et al. "Current Understanding of the History, Global Spread, Ecology, Evolution, and Management of the Corn Bacterial Leaf Streak Pathogen, Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum." Phytopathology® 110, no. 6 (2020): 1124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-20-0018-per.
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Bacterial leaf streak of corn, caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. vasculorum, has been present in South Africa for over 70 years, but is an emerging disease of corn in North and South America. The only scientific information pertaining to this disease on corn came from work done in South Africa, which primarily investigated host range on other African crops, such as sugarcane and banana. As a result, when the disease was first reported in the United States in 2016, there was very limited information on where this pathogen came from, how it infects its host, what plant tissue(s) it is capable of infecting, where initial inoculum comes from at the beginning of each crop season, how the bacterium spreads from plant to plant and long distance, what meteorological variables and agronomic practices favor disease development and spread, how many other plant species X. vasicola pv. vasculorum is capable of infecting or using as alternate hosts, and if the bacterium will be able to persist in all corn growing regions of the United States. There were also no rapid diagnostic assays available which initially hindered prompt identification prior to the development of molecular diagnostic tools. The goal of this synthesis is to review the history of X. vasicola pv. vasculorum and bacterial leaf streak in South Africa and its movement to North and South America, and highlight the recent research that has been done in response to the emergence of this bacterial disease.
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Ziadi, Noura, Gilles Bélanger, Annie Claessens, et al. "Plant-Based Diagnostic Tools for Evaluating Wheat Nitrogen Status." Crop Science 50, no. 6 (2010): 2580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2010.01.0032.
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