Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Análisis de supervivencia (Biometría)"
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Cárdenas, González Rogger Paúl. "Ensayos clínicos con actualización del tamaño de muestra: una aplicación en el análisis de supervivencia". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/16311.
Texto completo da fonteBusca evitar que el paciente este expuesto innecesariamente a tratamientos ineficaces o inferiores, además de un ahorro en el tiempo de estudio y costos originados por los estudios diseñados con un número fijo de pacientes y/o eventos y periodo, es conveniente ajustar el tamaño de muestra y/o la duración del estudio secuencialmente, utilizando información del estudio actual en las etapas intermedias, asegurando una potencia adecuada para detectar una diferencia clínicamente significativa entre tratamientos, mientras se mantiene la tasa de error tipo /. Se estudia un diseño flexible de actualización del tamaño de muestra para ensayos clínicos con datos de supervivencia censurados, considerando que los pacientes ingresan secuencialmente al estudio con entradas escalonadas durante un periodo de reclutamiento, utilizando una estadistica de prueba no-paramétrica de rango lineal ponderado, correspondiente a una prueba log-rank. Se realiza estudios de simulación de Monte Cado para estimar el tamaño empírico, potencia empírica, número promedio de eventos y duración promedio del estudio, y con ello evaluar el performance del diseño flexible comparado con la prueba log-rank usual con diseño de muestra fijo. Dando como resultado que el diseño flexible es más conveniente comparado al diseño de muestra fijo, manteniendo la tasa de error tipo I y asegurando una potencia adecuada, e incluso ganando más potencia).
Flores, Flores Claudio Jaime, e Flores Claudio Jaime Flores. "Modelo de regresión de Cox usando splines". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2011. http://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/handle/cybertesis/211.
Texto completo da fonte-- In many clinical studies, Cox proportional hazard model is very common to use, it assumes proportional hazard and restricts the log hazard ratio to be linear in the covariates; these asumptions can not be verified. In this way, a nonlinear functional form of the covariates effect can be approximated by a spline function. In this paper, we present the methodology and an application of Cox model using splines, particularly regression splines and P-splines, to approximate the nonlinear functional form of the effect of covariates on the hazard function. As an application, we analyse data from patients with NHL to determine prognostic factors for overall survival. These results show that the effect of continuous covariates as: hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes and LDH have a nonlinear form with the log hazard ratio. -- Keywords: Cox model, regression splines, P-spline, NHL.
Tesis
Trujillo, Angeles Lucía Inés. "Una aplicación de la regresión de Cox con puntos de cambio en las covariables". Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6989.
Texto completo da fonteTesis
Flores, Flores Claudio Jaime. "Modelo de regresión de Cox usando splines". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/211.
Texto completo da fonte-- In many clinical studies, Cox proportional hazard model is very common to use, it assumes proportional hazard and restricts the log hazard ratio to be linear in the covariates; these asumptions can not be verified. In this way, a nonlinear functional form of the covariates effect can be approximated by a spline function. In this paper, we present the methodology and an application of Cox model using splines, particularly regression splines and P-splines, to approximate the nonlinear functional form of the effect of covariates on the hazard function. As an application, we analyse data from patients with NHL to determine prognostic factors for overall survival. These results show that the effect of continuous covariates as: hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes and LDH have a nonlinear form with the log hazard ratio. -- Keywords: Cox model, regression splines, P-spline, NHL.
Tesis
Roque, Roque Daniel Octavio. "Forma funcional de covariables en el modelo de Cox". Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/979.
Texto completo da fonteTesis
Uriarte, Cáceres Fátima Lucía. "Análisis de supervivencia como alternativa metodológica para estimar probabilidades de incumplimiento de los deudores de créditos corporativos y a grandes empresas en el Perú". Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/6167.
Texto completo da fonteRealiza una aplicación del modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox para identificar algunas variables explicativas del riesgo de incumplimiento de los nuevos deudores de créditos corporativos y a grandes empresas. Las características del deudor (sector económico, endeudamiento, rentabilidad, tamaño de la empresa), del crédito (saldo inicial, porcentaje en moneda extranjera, porcentaje de garantías), la agrupación de la entidad y el índice de confianza empresarial fueron identificados como factores asociados con el incumplimiento en el pago de los créditos de las empresas corporativas y grandes.
Tesis
Mattos, Galarza Hector. "Modelo de supervivencia de larga duración con riesgos proporcionales y estimación del riesgo base vía splines: modelamiento de abandono de seguros". Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/17777.
Texto completo da fonteSurvival models, those that are focused on trying to describe the time before the ocurrence of one or more events, have demonstrated great versatility in their capacity to model various types of events and a further reach than initially proposed. Its application encompasses from medical trials to uses in financial activities like assets risk management, among others. This work focuses in the analysis of the time of a customer until their decision of termination of an insurance policy. In this application, only a fraction of the population are prone to terminate their contract and, in this sense, it is needed that the model have a certain degree of flexibility of assuming that not all the clients are susceptible to this event. A long-term proportional hazard model is proposed in this work with base risk function modeled via monotone splines. This work starts with the model definition, the parameters estimation process, simulation scenarios where the estimation and inference process performance is evaluated and finally an application to study the associated factors with the churn process for an insurance company in Perú.
Barroeta, Rojo Carolina. "Modelos para el análisis de supervivencia en tiempos discretos: aplicación en el área de veterinaria". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396123.
Texto completo da fonteIn this work we have studied and compared methods to deal discrete times in survival analysis. The main focus has been in the analysis of real data from veterinary medicine. First, in order to deal with discrete time data, have been introduced the Cox model handling for ties (Efron, Breslow, Exact and Average) and models for a binary response variable (logit and clog-log). These methodologies have been applied for analysing a dataset of Thoroughbred racehorses. The results allowed identifying a set of risk factors associated with the event of interest, a catastrophic musculoskeletal injury (CMI). Sta-tistically significant covariates were: a dummy variable of previous injury, the number of races participated by the horse and the length of the race. The analysis were also controlled by gender and season, even though they didn't be statistically significant. In this study we got very close results between the Cox model with different methods for handling tics and the discrete-time models with links logit and clog-log. Three groups were established: (1) results obtained by the Cox model with the method Exact and the discrete logit model; (2) results obtained with methods Efron and Average, and clog-log discrete model; (3) results provided by the Cox model with method Breslow. In the se-cond part of this thesis have been introduced methods to deal with discrete-time models in presence of unobserved heterogeneity, including one or two terms of frailty. These models were applied to a real data set where the main goal was to characterize in dairy cows the time (in number of lactations) until the first diagnosis of mastitis. The milking type was always statistically significant, among the fixed covariates. In addition, a herd effect (summarized in the term of frailty) was also obtained. When considering a second term of frailty corresponding to the geographical arca, was also statistically significant In the third part of this thesis, were compared three available software (R, Stata and SAS), to deal with discrete time survival data. This comparison has been carried out for the data of the diagnosis of mastitis in dairy cows. Models with one or two terms of frailty have been considered. Three groups of results were established: (1) results from the Cox model with method Average and the discrete clog-log model; (2) results from the Cox model with method Exact and the logit model; (3) results from the Cox model with treatment of ties using the Breslow method. Finally, we emphasize that this thesis highlights how important is consider the discrete nature of time. Moreover, the use of specific models with frailty for taking into account possible unobserved heterogeneity.
Torres, Salinas Karina Hesi. "El modelo de larga duración Weibull-Geométrica". Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/13781.
Texto completo da fonteTesis
Duarte, Vergara Miguel Antonio. "Método de Segmentación Utilizando Análisis de Supervivencia". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/102489.
Texto completo da fontePebes, Trujillo Miguel Raúl. "An application of discrete time survival models to analyze student dropouts at a private university in Peru". Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6992.
Texto completo da fonteTesis
Sánchez, Moreno Laura. "Análisis de supervivencia tras metastasectomía pulmonar y hepática en el carcinoma colorrectal". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/329013.
Texto completo da fonteINTRODUCTION Between 25-50% of the patients with resected colorectal carcinoma are presumed to have recurrence of this disease. The most common sites of metastases are liver and lung. Recently, some series have reported that advances in chemotherapeutic agents and surgical techniques had lead to similar survival rates in patients with both liver and lung metastases compared with those with isolated liver or lung metastases. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 244 consecutive patients who underwent liver and/or lung metastasectomies from January 2000 to December 2010. CONCLUSIONS Surgery for metastatic disease in colorectal cancer is an effective option in terms of survival in selected patients, even in those with liver and lung metastases. Patients who had resection of both liver and lung metastases, had worse survival when disease free interval in-between metastases was less than one year. On the other hand, survival may not be affected by the sequence of the development of metastatic disease.
Menezes, Max Oliveira. "Fatores prognósticos associados a sobrevida no câncer de mama feminino em unidade oncológica pública de Sergipe". Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, 2018. http://ri.ufs.br/jspui/handle/riufs/8572.
Texto completo da fonteIntroducción: El cáncer de mama se destaca en la población femenina por la alta incidencia y mortalidad. Se considera un grave problema de salud pública, especialmente en los países en desarrollo, donde son perceptibles lagunas en la atención al cáncer de mama, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a la identificación de factores pronósticos de supervivencia en mujeres con esta neoplasia. Se destacan características biológicas intrínsecas a carcinogénesis, estadio clínico y factores socioeconómicos. Objetivo: Analizar predictores de supervivencia en el cáncer de mama femenino. Método: Se trata de un estudio de cohorte observacional retrospectivo de mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama asistidas en un servicio de oncología clínica de un hospital filantrópico, situado en una capital del Nordeste. Los datos fueron extraídos de fuentes secundarias por medio de un guión estructurado. La colecta fue realizada entre abril y diciembre de 2017. La población del estudio fue compuesta por 100 mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama y que iniciaron quimioterapia neoadyuvante o adyuvante, entre el 01/08/2011 y el 31/12/2012, en el servicio donde fue se realizó la investigación. Los datos fueron analizados de forma descriptiva y analítica. Se utilizó el software MedCalc Statistical versión 18. Las curvas de supervivencia se presentan como curvas de Kaplan-Meier, y el significado fue clasificado por el test Log-rank. El modelo de regresión de Cox se utilizó para el análisis pronóstico multivariado, y se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria para analizar los factores clínicos de influencia. Resultados: La mayoría de las mujeres tenían edad superior o igual a 50 años, convivia con un compañero, tenía una escolaridad menor o igual a ocho años, ingreso familiar entre R $ 200,00 y R $ 1200,00 y residía fuera de la capital del estado. El signo más referido por las mujeres, que determinó la búsqueda por asistencia en salud fue el nódulo, habiendo sido identificado por medio de la palpación accidental. El análisis multifactorial utilizando el modelo de regresión multivariada de Cox con método de entrada forzada mostró que la estadificación fue un factor independiente que afectó la curva de sobrevida específica de mujeres con cáncer de mama. La tasa de supervivencia específica en cinco años para el estadio no avanzado fue del 88,5%. La regresión logística binaria identificó que el estadio avanzado, edad ≥ 50 años y retraso en la búsqueda de atención en salud después de la identificación de los signos y síntomas fueron asociados a la muerte para las mujeres con cáncer de mama. Conclusión: Se identificó que entre los factores pronósticos, la estadificación, impacta significativamente en la reducción de las tasas de sobrevida específica. Es imprescindible el fortalecimiento de acciones en el ámbito de la atención primaria, además de la efectividad de un programa de rastreo organizado y permanente.
Introdução: O câncer de mama destaca-se na população feminina pela alta incidência e mortalidade. É visto como um grave problema de saúde pública, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, onde são perceptíveis lacunas na atenção ao câncer de mama, sobretudo no que concerne à identificação de fatores prognósticos preditivos de sobrevida em mulheres com essa neoplasia. Destacam-se características biológicas intrínsecas a carcinogênese, estadio clínico e fatores socioeconômicos. Objetivo: Analisar preditores de sobrevida no câncer de mama feminino. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte observacional retrospectiva de mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama assistidas em um serviço de oncologia clínica de um hospital filantrópico, situado em uma capital do Nordeste. Os dados foram extraídos de fontes secundárias por meio de roteiro estruturado. A coleta foi realizada entre abril e dezembro de 2017. A população do estudo foi composta por 100 mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama e que iniciaram quimioterapia neoadjuvante ou adjuvante, entre 01/08/2011 e 31/12/2012, no serviço onde foi realizada a pesquisa.Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e analítica. Foi utilizado o Software MedCalc Statistical versão 18. As curvas de sobrevivência são apresentadas como curvas de Kaplan-Meier, e o significado foi classificado pelo teste Log-rank. O modelo de regressão de Cox foi utilizado para análise prognóstica multivariada, e um modelo de regressão logística binária foi utilizado para analisar os fatores clínicos de influência. Resultados: A maioria das mulheres tinha idade superior ou igual a 50 anos, convivia com companheiro, tinha escolaridade menor ou igual a oito anos, renda familiar entre R$ 200,00 e R$ 1200,00 e residia fora da capital do estado. O sinal mais referido pelas mulheres, que determinou a busca por assistência em saúde foi o nódulo, tendo sido identificado por meio da palpação acidental. A análise multifatorial utilizando o modelo de regressão multivariada de Cox com método de entrada forçada mostrou que o estadiamento foi um fator independente que afetou a curva de sobrevida específica de mulheres com câncer de mama.A taxa de sobrevida específica em cinco anos para o estadio não avançado foi de 88,5%. A regresão logística binária identificou que o estadio avançado, idade ≥ 50 anos e atraso na busca por atenção em saúde após a identificação dos sinais e sintomas foram associados à morte para as mulheres com cancer de mama. Conclusão: Foi identificado que dentre os fatores prognósticos, o estadiamento, impacta significativamente na redução das taxas de sobrevida específica. É imprescindível o fortalecimento de ações no âmbito da atenção primária, além da efetivação de um programa de rastreamento organizado e permanente.
Aracaju, SE
Raventós, Tato Rut María. "Análisis de la afectación ganglionar, recurrencia y supervivencia en el cáncer de endometrio endometrioide". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399984.
Texto completo da fonteHypothesis: The complete surgical staging, including histopathological analysis of the pelvic and para-aortic lymphs, may increase survival rate and disease-free period in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer with intermediate risk of recurrence Main objective: Analysis of the complete surgical staging effect on overall survival and disease-free period in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer with intermediate risk of recurrence Secondary objectives: 1) Analysis of epidemiological factors on patients with intermediate risk of recurrence 2) Concordance analysis of pre- and postoperative imaging and histopathologic studies. 3) Analysis of complications due to the surgical technique and rate of lymphadenectomy realisation. 4) Analysis of lymph node involvement in intermediate risk patients Current status of the topic: uterine body cancer is currently the most common lower genital tract cancer in developed Western countries and the second most common malignancy after cervical cancer globally. The staging of endometrial cancer is surgical and is done through the classification of FIGO 2009, according to this classification node affectation is one of the most important prognostic factors. In Type I endometrial or endometrioid cancer, there are a number of prognostic clinical and histopathologic factors (depth of myometrial invasion and histological degree) that allow us to categorise it according to its recurrence degree. Furthermore, there are some additional factors that worsen the prognosis: presence of lymphovascular infiltration, cervix affectation, tumor size larger than 2 cm and age over 60 years. The standard surgery for low risk endometrioid endometrial tumors is hysterectomy with double oophorectomy. Pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy is indicated in those tumors classified as high risk recurrence. In the case of tumors with intermediate risk recurrence, assessment of the risk of morbidity associated with surgery together with lymph node affectation probability must be made. In our center we believe that performing pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy in endometrioid endometrial cancer with intermediate risk of recurrence may benefit the patient because the node affection rate justifies the morbidity associated with the technique; that affected nodes extraction can influence the development of the disease, and that it allows a better planning of radiotherapy or chemo-radiotherapeutic treatment by providing histological lymph samples. Methodology: Database development of patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer between 1995 and 2010 at the Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron (726 cases). Classification of the different histological types of endometrial cancer: Type I, Type II, others. Distribution of endometrioid type I in different groups according to risk of recurrence: intermediate, low or high risk. Analysis of intermediate risk of recurrence group: -Clinical and epidemiological characteristics. -Lymphatic nodes affectation, recurrence and survival. -Multivariate analysis of prognosis factors on lymph node affectation and recurrence. -Concordance of the preoperative evaluation (imaging and histopathology) and definitive evaluation. Comparison of lymph node affectation, recurrence and survival against high risk of recurrence group.
Lop, Gros Joan. "Análisis de la supervivencia competitiva en pacientes con carcinoma escamoso de cabeza y cuello". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666006.
Texto completo da fonteHead and neck cancer patients are at high risk of competing mortality because of shared risk factors (alcohol and tobacco) between the index tumor, second primary cancers and other comorbidities. Competing risks survival analysis allows simultaneous estimation of the cumulative incidence of different final events, providing net estimation of mortality by different causes. Patients that survive a number of years after tumor diagnosis experience an improvement in the chance of survival. Such an improvement may be estimated by dynamic survival study using conditional survival analysis. A competing survival analysis was performed on 4,283 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma selected from a tertiary center oncologic database with a minimum follow-up of one year. Index tumor related mortality, second primary cancer mortality and non-cancer related mortality cumulative incidences were estimated depending on covariates sex, age, stage, Karnofsky, treatment modality, index tumor location and substance abuse. A Fine-Gray multivariate analysis was used to assess the impact of these covariates on each group of mortality. VPH status impact on competing survival on patients with oropharynx carcinomas was assessed as well. Finally, conditional global and specific survival on the whole cohort was estimated. Index tumor related mortality followed an asymptotic pattern, with a 5 and 25 year cumulative incidence of 30.6% and 32.8% respectively. Second primary head neck and non-head and neck cancer mortality and non-cancer related mortality followed a linear pattern, increasing 0.5% per year. Multivariate analysis showed that index tumor mortality was significantly related with all the covariates included except for sex and substance abuse. Second primary head and neck cancer mortality was related with stage, location, age and substance abuse. Second primary non-head and neck cancer mortality was related with index tumor location, age, stage and substance abuse. Non-cancer related mortality was related with all covariates included in the study except for the index tumor stage. A strong impact of VPH-status on index tumor related mortality and second cancer mortality was found in oropharynx carcinoma patients, but not for non-cancer related mortality. Conditional specific and global survival analysis showed an improvement on prognosis over the first 3 years after diagnosis. Head and neck cancer patients are at high risk for competing mortality; in this cohort almost half of the deaths were not related with the index tumor. Improvement in specific survival due to new multimodal treatments in head and neck cancer, as well as the increase in morbidity prevalence secondary to population ageing, is leading to a new scenario where competing and conditional mortality assessment is becoming much more relevant.
Acevedo, Guzmán Carolina Leonor. "Plan de negocios para un servicio de control de asistencia con biometría por voz". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/103331.
Texto completo da fonteEnciso, Hoyos Marco Alonso. "Reproducción en la vicuña macho Vicugna vicugna: evaluación del método de contención química, colección de semen, análisis del eyaculado y biometría testicular". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/967.
Texto completo da fonteThe vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) is a wild species of South American Camelid (SAC). From the conservation point of view, is classified at Low Risk by the IUCN. However, it is still a threatened species so many studies for their conservation are required. The assisted reproduction is a conservation tool, however it is necessary to know first the basic physiology of the species. In such sense, the aim of this study was to develop a protocol for chemical immobilization and semen collection using the electroejaculation technique, as well as to characterize the ejaculate obtained. Nine adult males of vicuna, clinically healthy, located at the Huachipa Zoological Park, Lima (n same 3), Quimsachata Research Station, Puno (n same 4) and Zoo Cerrito de La Libertad, Huancayo (n same 2) were used. The electroejaculation procedure was carried out under general anesthesia. The combination of ketamine (7,83 mg Kg-1), xilacine (1,20 mg Kg-1) and atropine (0,07 mg Kg-1) (n same 19) were used, besides of midazolam (0,35 mg Kg-1) (n same 9). Semen collection (n same 16) was carried out with an electroejaculator with a 2 cm diameter probe with 3 ventral electrodes spaced about 0,4 cm. With the animal in recumbent position, the lubricated probe was inserted 10 to 15 cm into the rectum. Progressive electrical stimuli from 2 V to 12 V was applied. Fifteen ejaculates were collected. Seminal values of the ejaculates were as follow (x ± SE): volume 0,85 ± 0,12 ml, pH 7,09 ± 0,16, non progressive sperm motility 28,08 ± 3,56 %; sperm concentration 166,29 ± 60,92 x 104 spermartozoa/ml and sperm normal morphology 62,77 ± 1,96 %. In the case of testicular volume, the total value found was 22,95 ± 2,28 cm3, and do not show correlation with seminal volume and sperm concentration (r same 0,06 y r same 0,16; P less 0,05). These results demonstrate that it is possible to collect semen by electroejaculation and the vicuna´s seminal values are similar with the others (SAC).
Tesis
Fabregat, Aibar Laura. "El comportamiento de los fondos de inversión en España: un análisis de los factores de supervivencia". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586281.
Texto completo da fonteLa tesis realiza un análisis de la evolución del mercado español de fondos de inversión desde su creación en 1985 hasta 2016 con el objetivo de estudiar cual es la incidencia de las diferentes variables en su desaparición. Se han considerado las variables que tradicionalmente se encuentran en la literatura: edad, tamaño, flujos de inversión, rentabilidad y volatilidad y se ha incorporado el rating de Morningstar, que no se relaciona con la mortalidad de los fondos en los estudios clásicos. Además, la particular estructura del mercado español, nos ha llevado a considerar la inclusión de otras dos variables: la vocación inversora y la tipología de gestora. Se utiliza el modelo de Cox y una extensión, el modelo de Andersen-Gill, con el objetivo de conocer si existe relación entre el riesgo de desaparición de un fondo y las variables explicativas consideradas. Los resultados obtenidos nos confirman que aquellos fondos más jóvenes y con un menor volumen patrimonial tienen mayor riesgo de desaparición. También incrementan su riesgo de desaparición aquellos fondos que obtienen rendimientos negativos a largo plazo. En cambio, la volatilidad y la rentabilidad a corto plazo sólo inciden en la supervivencia de los fondos de renta fija y no influye en los fondos de renta variable. A partir de las variables consideradas en estos modelos, se utilizan los mapas autoorganizativos de Kohonen (SOM) con el fin de confirmar si esta metodología es capaz de agrupar los fondos de inversión según sigan vivos o hayan desaparecido. Se comprueba que la red neuronal considerada clasifica correctamente más del 80% de los fondos de inversión. Finalmente, se observa que los resultados de los fondos absorbidos mejoran tras un proceso de fusión en las tres formas de desaparición analizadas, mientras que para el fondo absorbente varía en función de la forma de extinción.
This thesis carries out an analysis of the evolution of mutual funds in the Spanish market from their creation in 1985 to 2016 with the aim of studying how the different variables contribute to their disappearance. The explicative variables considered are those traditionally found in the literature: age, size, investment flows, return and volatility. To these the Morningstar rating is added, which is not related to the mortality of funds in the classic studies. Furthermore, the specific structure of the Spanish market leads us to include two more variables: investment objectives and type of fund company. We use the Cox model and an extension of it, the Andersen-Gill model, to carry out the analysis with the aim of finding out if there is a relation between the risk of a fund disappearing and the explicative variables considered. The results obtained confirm that younger funds and smaller funds have a greater risk of disappearing. Funds with long-term negative returns are likewise at greater risk. Volatility and short-term return, on the other hand, only intervene in the survival of bond funds; they do not contribute to the survival of equity funds. Apart from the variables considered in these models, the Self-Organising Maps (SOM) are used to see whether this methodology is capable of grouping the funds according to if they have disappeared or not. This neural network is shown to correctly classify more than 80% of the mutual funds. Finally, regarding merger processes, target funds improve their results after a merger in all three ways of disappearing analysed,
Gieure, Sastre Clara. "El traductor e intérprete emprendedor: análisis de la supervivencia de las empresas y los empresarios autónomos". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/55629.
Texto completo da fonteAvendaño, Maturana Jorge Ignacio. "Estimando una estructura de probabilidades de incumplimiento crediticio para una cartera de consumo, mediante análisis de supervivencia". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146392.
Texto completo da fonteUna entidad bancaria nacional propuso el problema de pronosticar probabilidades de incumplimiento crediticio a lo largo del tiempo (PI), motivada por cambios en estándares internacionales y por buscar una visión extendida del riesgo de sus clientes de consumo. Dentro de los objetivos del proyecto destacan: determinar una expresión para la PI como función del tiempo, evaluar y discriminar los mejores modelos de acuerdo a criterios estadísticos y operativos, y crear curvas específicas para diferentes segmentos de clientes. El enfoque utilizado para la predicción fue el análisis de supervivencia, el cual modela de forma probabilística el tiempo hasta que ocurre un incumplimiento. Para ello se contó con un panel de 10.000 clientes, el cual consigna para cada uno de ellos, su tiempo de supervivencia, su estatus de incumplimiento e información longitudinal de variables tales como: la mora, la antigüedad de la cuenta corriente, el score crediticio y el estatus de renegociación. La metodología consistió en tres etapas: pre-procesamiento y transformación, exploración y procesamiento de datos. En la primera se aplicaron los filtros de datos, en la segunda se buscaron patrones en ellos y en la tercera etapa se entrenaron los modelos. Se evaluaron los modelos mediante criterios estadísticos y operativos. En los primeros figuran el criterio de información de Aikake y los residuos de Cox-Snell. Mientras que los segundos se basaron en la adaptación de los modelos a los procesos originación (ingreso de nuevos clientes) y seguimiento de clientes (evaluación a lo largo del tiempo). Los resultados indican que la mora y la renegociación actúan en favor del incumplimiento, mientras que el score y la antigüedad lo hacen en contra. Esto se cumplió para la mayoría de los modelos con un 99% de confianza. Dentro de las conclusiones se destaca que el mejor modelo de originación es la regresión AFT lognormal con covariables evaluadas al inicio, porque la distribución de sus residuos fue la más cercana a una exponencial de tasa 1 y porque evalúa a nuevos clientes de acuerdo a un modelo entrenado con individuos de su misma condición. Mientras que el mejor modelo de seguimiento corresponde a una regresión de Cox con covariables dependientes del tiempo, ya que incorpora la historia de los clientes y fue el modelo con menor AIC dentro de los modelos semi-parametricos. Finalmente se destaca que el incumplimiento crediticio se puede interpretar como un fenómeno de supervivencia, cuyo enfoque también admite extensiones, tales como la incorporación del pago temprano como nuevo evento y la inclusión de variables macroeconómicas. Estos aspectos se propondrán para futuros desarrollos.
Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por Banco BCI
Llimpe, Mitma Yesica. "Estudio citogenético y análisis de supervivencia global en pacientes pediátricos con leucemia mieloide aguda. INEN, periodo 2001-2011". Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9079.
Texto completo da fonteTesis
Mondragón, Arbocco Jorge Adolfo. "Una aplicación de intervalos de confianza para la mediana de supervivencia en el modelo de regresión de Cox". Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/6171.
Texto completo da fonteTesis
Cabrera, Barra Francisco Andrés. "La disposición octava transitoria de la Constitución y la supervivencia del sistema procesal penal antiguo : análisis jurisprudencial y doctrinario". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/145206.
Texto completo da fonteSalas, Ojeda María Isabel. "Factores pronóstico de la condición clínica al alta hospitalaria de pacientes con contusión cerebral post trauma : Hospital María Auxiliadora, 2007". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/2939.
Texto completo da fonte-- Objective: To identify clinical factors and tomographic and to build a prognostic model of mortality for patients with cerebral contusion. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive correlational analysis, which selected a sample of 205 emergency patients. We evaluated the clinical and tomographic factors for the prognosis and fitted three logistic regression models of proportional odds. Results: The 72.2% are male, aged between 17 and 84 years, 22%, 63.5% and 14.6% were severe Traumatic brain injure moderate and mild respectively. The best predictors of mortality among clinical factors were advanced age, the Glasgow Coma Scale less than 8, the absence of pupillary response and between tomographic factors are: the absence of basal cisterns, contusion volume greater than 25cc., the presence of multiple bruises, midline deviation and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Conclusions: The model with factors tomographic is the better predictor of mortality (69.4%), while the combination of clinical and tomographic predicts 61.1% of all fatalities and 95.8% of the recovered. The clinical factors are predictive of early mortality. -- Key Words: Cerebral contusion, brain, trauma, injury, traumatic brain injure TBI, prognosis, ordinal logistic regression.
Tesis
Mariluz, Fernández Arnulfo Antonio. "Evaluación del efecto de bacterias lácticas y levaduras probióticas en el crecimiento y supervivencia de alevines de tilapia roja Oreochromis sp". Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9428.
Texto completo da fonteEvalúa el efecto de las bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus y Bifidobacterium ssp.) y una levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae en el crecimiento, conversión alimentaria, factor de condición, estado nutricional y supervivencia de alevines de tilapia roja Oreochromis sp. durante el periodo experimental de alimentación de 90 días. Para lo cual se diseñó 4 tratamientos T1. alimento + 2% de levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae (62 x 106 ufc/g); T2. alimento + 0,1% de BAL (57 x 106 ufc/g); T3. alimento + 2% levadura (44 x 106 ufc/g) + 0,1% BAL (33 x 106 ufc/g); T4. alimento solo (control); con 3 repeticiones para cada tratamiento haciendo un total de 12 unidades experimentales (12 acuarios con sistemas de recirculación), el caudal de agua en la entrada de cada acuario fue de 250 L/h, la temperatura del agua se mantuvo de 23,5 a 24,5 ºC; el oxígeno disuelto de 7,54 a 7,73 mg/L; el pH de 7,23 a 7,25; el amonio de 0,21 a 0,28 mg/L; los nitritos de 0,28 a 0,38 mg/L. Se acondicionó 30 peces con peso promedio de 0,20 g por cada acuario, y se les alimentó al inicio con una tasa alimentaria del 20% del peso corporal por día finalizando con un 4% / día. Se midieron el peso y la talla cada 15 días durante 90 días, obteniéndose los siguientes resultados de peso final; T1 25,30±1,88 g ; T2: 21,41±3,77 g ; T3: 23,16±1,22 g y T4:. 19,46±2,96 g, encontrándose diferencia significativa (P<0,05) de mayor peso final entre el T 1 y el T4 (control), pero no así los T2 y T3 (probiótico) frente al control. La tasa de crecimiento (g/día) mostró diferencia significativa (p<0,05) entre el tratamiento T1 (2% Saccharomyces c.) de 0,5140±0,071 g/día y el tratamiento T4 (control) con 0,3681±0,019 g/día pero no con los tratamientos T2 y T3. La tasa de crecimiento específico mostró diferencia significativa (p<0,05) entre el tratamiento T1 de 2,42% y el tratamiento T4 (control) de 1,93 %. La supervivencia fue mayor en los tratamientos con probióticos T1 con 94 %, T2 con 93%, T3 con 96%; frente al T4 con 88% no existiendo diferencias significativas (p>0,05) El factor de condición mostró diferencia significativa (p<0,05) entre el tratamiento T1( probiótico) de 1,9 frente al control T4 de 1,71, la conversión alimentaria fue menor para los tratamientos con probióticos T1, T2, T3 con 1,17, 1,25, 1,26 frente al control de 1,59 pero no se encontró diferencias significativas. El estado nutricional se evaluó a través de los parámetros hematológicos; eritrocitos, leucocitos, hematocrito y hemoglobina mostrando mayores valores en los tratamientos con probióticos frente al control pero no se encontró diferencia significativa. Se concluye que la adición de 2% de levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae en los alimentos (T 1) produjo mayores y significativas (p<0,05) ganancias de peso, tasa de crecimiento y factor de condición en alevines de tilapia roja Oreochromis sp. Así mismo, la adición de 0,1% de BAL en los alimentos (T 2) y de 2% de levadura Saccharomyces cervisiae + 0,1% de BAL en los alimentos (T 3) no produjo diferencia significativa (p>0,05) en la tasa de crecimiento, conversión alimentaria, factor de condición, porcentaje de supervivencia y estado nutricional de los alevines de tilapia roja Oreochromis sp. con respecto al control.
Tesis
Zapata, Upegui Luis Felipe. "¿Exportar mejora la supervivencia empresarial? análisis considerando las características de las empresas exportadoras, el entorno institucional y el proceso de internacionalización". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400022.
Texto completo da fonteThe relevance export business survival and how this relevance may vary depending on the size, sector, geographical location and pattern of internationalization is the main research objective of this thesis. To address this goal, different conceptual frameworks are considered and three sets of hypotheses are proposed. The first group of hypotheses refers to whether firms that export are more likely to stay in the market for a longer period of time. Also, the size and sector are assessed to measure the probability of survival. These assumptions are based on an exhaustive literature review on business survival and also in the companies internationalization literature, specifically on the positive aspects of internationalization. The first objective results show that survival is improved by export business in those medium-sized and large companies working directly economies of scale and scientific basis. The second set of hypotheses refers to the relevance export business survival. Specifically, how this relevance may vary depending on the geographical location of the company, focusing on how the level of institutional development can determine the potential of exports as a means to increase business survival. These scenarios are based in the business survival and companies internationalization literature and the institutional theory. The results show that, indeed, exports significantly improves corporate survival. However, impact of exports vary depending on the geographical area where the company is located, its size and the sector to which it belongs. The last set of hypothesis analyze whether Born Globals companies have a greater chance of survival compared with firms that have followed a gradual internationalization. This third set of hypotheses also will allow assessment of the effect that different resources and entrepreneurial skills (human capital, technological capital, relational capital and organizational capital) have on the survival of businesses. These assumptions are based on business survival, business internationalization and Born Globals companies literature, and the theory of resources and capabilities. The results suggest that no significant effect on corporate survival was caused by the pattern of internationalization. However, there are resources and / or entrepreneurial skills that have a different effect on corporate survival depending on whether the company followed a gradual pattern of internationalization or, conversely, began its internationalization shortly after constituted, more specifically before they passed 6 years from the date of its constitution.
Hernández, Herrera Gilma Norela. "Propuesta metodológica para el análisis de supervivencia con eventos recurrentes en estudios epidemiológicos cuando el número de eventos previos es desconocido". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671165.
Texto completo da fonteIntroducción En muchos estudios clínicos, epidemiológicos y de salud pública, el evento de interés se presenta a menudo más de una vez y los tiempos entre ocurrencias pueden estar correlacionados. Para este tipo de datos, se requiere contar con métodos estadísticos específicos que permitan dar respuesta a preguntas relacionadas con la probabilidad de ocurrencia de nuevos eventos y el impacto de las covariables añadidas. Cuando hay recurrencia de eventos, se ha mostrado que se puede presentar dependencia de evento y heterogeneidad individual que conllevan a pensar en métodos de análisis más allá del modelo de Cox estándar. En este tipo de análisis, la censura a la izquierda juega un papel determinante, sin embargo, la historia previa a menudo es desconocida y es importante establecer estrategias para su manejo. Objetivo Proponer una alternativa de análisis de supervivencia para eventos recurrentes con dependencia de evento cuando se desconoce el número de episodios previos al inicio del seguimiento para parte (o todos) los sujetos de la muestra. Metodología Se llevaron a cabo dos fases. La primera incluyó la revisión de métodos para el tratamiento de datos faltantes y la identificación de un método adecuado para imputar estos datos cuando la variable fuese de conteo, a través de un estudio de simulación que permitiera comparar diferentes métodos basados en la distribución Poisson y generalizaciones de esta, teniendo en cuenta diferentes escenarios de dispersión y diferentes porcentajes de datos faltantes. La segunda fase incluyó la revisión de modelos disponibles para el análisis de supervivencia cuando hay eventos recurrentes con dependencia de evento y heterogeneidad individual y se desarrolló estudio de simulación para identificar el mejor modelo de ajuste a datos de eventos recurrentes con estas características, imputando la información previa (censura a izquierda) con el método encontrado. Resultados En la primera fase, se encontró que el modelo adecuado para imputar variable discreta, cuando hay sobredispersión, equidispersión, infradispersión o exceso de ceros es la imputación múltiple usando la distribución COMPoisson. En la segunda fase, se encontró que los modelos PWP-CP y PWP-GT incluyendo el componente de fragilidad, estratificando según si se había estado a riesgo previo e imputando los episodios previos mostraron mejor rendimiento. Para la implementación del modelo propuesto se construyó un paquete en R miRecSurv puesto a disposición de la comunidad científica para su uso. Conclusiones Para la imputación de datos faltantes cuando se tiene una variable de conteo, el modelo COMPoisson se comporta bien ya que es flexible en cuanto al manejo de esta variable con características de sobre y subdispersión, así como con equidispersión. La propuesta de modelo realizada en esta tesis parece funcionar razonablemente bien para la mayoría de situaciones estudiadas, en general, con mejor comportamiento que la alternativa del uso de modelos con riesgo basal común. Si el fenómeno de interés se genera a partir de funciones de riesgo constantes, y cuando todos los sujetos de la muestra han estado a riesgo del evento antes del inicio del seguimiento, el modelo propuesto en su formulación gap time parece ser el más adecuado. Si el fenómeno de interés se genera a partir de funciones de riesgo no constantes, el modelo más adecuado es el propuesto con formulación counting process, al menos hasta el 50 % de sujetos a riesgo previo al inicio del seguimiento
Introduction In many clinical, epidemiological, and public health studies, the event of interest often occurs more than once, and the times between occurrences may be correlated. For this type of data, it is required to have specific statistical methods that allow answering questions that arise in epidemiological investigations related to the probability of occurrence of new events and the impact of the additional covariates. When there is a recurrence of events, experience has shown that event dependence and individual heterogeneity are very common, leading to the need of analysis methods that go beyond the standard Cox model. In this type of analysis, left censorship plays a determining role. However, the previous history is often unknown and it is important to establish strategies for its management. Objective Propose an alternative survival analysis for recurrent events with event dependence when the number of episodes prior to the start of follow-up is unknown for part (or all) of the subjects in the sample. Methodology: To fulfill the main objective of this study, two phases were carried out. The first included the review of methods for the treatment of missing data and the identification of an adequate method to impute these data when the variable was discrete, through a simulation study that allowed the comparison of different methods based on the Poisson distribution and generalizations of this distribution, also taking into account different dispersion scenarios and different percentages of missing data. The second phase included the review of models available for survival analysis when there are recurrent events with event dependence and individual heterogeneity and a simulation study was developed to identify the best model to adjust data from recurrent events with these characteristics, imputing the previous information (left censorship) with the method found in the first phase. Results: In the first phase, it was found that the appropriate model to impute this variable, when there is over-dispersion, equidispersion, under-dispersion or excess of zeros is multiple imputation using the COMPoisson distribution. In the second phase, it was found that the PWP-CP and PWP-GT models including the frailty component, stratifying according to whether they had been at previous risk, and imputing the previous episodes, showed better performance. In addition to the two simulation studies, and taking into account the need for available software for this type of analysis, a package was built in R miRecSurv and made available to the scientific community for its use. Conclusions For the imputation of missing data when dealing with a count variable, the decision of the optimal method is based on the dispersion analysis of the variable and on the percentage of missing data. According to the simulation results in this study, the COMPoisson model behaves well for the imputation of the counting variable since it is flexible in terms of handling variables showing over and sub-dispersion, as well as with equidispersion. The model proposal made in this thesis seems to work reasonably well for most of the situations studied, in general much better than the alternative of using models with common baseline risk. If the phenomenon of interest is generated from constant risk functions, and when all the subjects in the sample have been at risk of the event before the start of the follow-up, the model proposed in its gap time formulation seems to be the more appropriate. And if the phenomenon of interest is generated from non-constant risk functions, the most appropriate model is the one proposed with a counting process formulation, at least up to 50% of subjects at risk prior to the start of follow-up.
Neciosup, Vera Carmen Stéfany. "Modelo lineal mixto conjunto de clases latentes aplicado a un conjunto de datos longitudinales del sector salud". Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/12998.
Texto completo da fonteThe joint latent class mixed model, proposed by Proust-Lima et al. (2015), allows to jointly model a longitudinal process and a survival process, also calculating the probability of belonging to certain latent classes in the study population. In our study, we describe the components that make up this model (Proust-Lima et al. (2017)) and through a simulation study we assesed the implementation of its estimation. The model is finally applied to a set of longitudinal data of Prostate Cancer diagnosed patients allowing us to identify latent classes that are then associated with the clinical stage of the patients.
Tesis
Serna-Berna, Ricardo. "Prótesis de rodilla. Análisis del beneficio clínico entre la conservación o resección del ligamento cruzado posterior". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/108200.
Texto completo da fonteVivanco, Ortiz Yoshi Abel. "Sistema de tarifación bonus-malus para la rama de seguros de automóvil". Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/17866.
Texto completo da fontePalazón, Bru Antonio. "Nuevos modelos predictivos de enfermedad cardiovascular". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/57511.
Texto completo da fonteSolano, Hurtado Hernando. "Análisis de supervivencia en fiabilidad. Predicción en condiciones de alta censura y truncamiento: el caso de las redes de suministro de agua potable". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/3792.
Texto completo da fonteSolano Hurtado, H. (2008). Análisis de supervivencia en fiabilidad. Predicción en condiciones de alta censura y truncamiento: el caso de las redes de suministro de agua potable [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/3792
Palancia
Quispe, Flores Ronald. "Regresión logística ordinal aplicado al estudio de la gravedad de lesiones por accidente de tránsito en la región Madre de Dios, 2010 – 2014". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/5026.
Texto completo da fonteTesis
Sabag, Matilla Andrea Verónica. "Análisis comparativo de los genes involucrados en la supervivencia intracelular de Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium en macrófagos murinos y en la ameba Dictyostelium discoideum". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151424.
Texto completo da fonteSalmonella es un patógeno intracelular capaz de generar cuadros clínicos que incluyen desde una enteritis autolimitada hasta infecciones sistémicas que pueden provocar la muerte del hospedero. Una vez dentro del organismo, la bacteria atraviesa la barrera epitelial intestinal e interactúa con células fagocíticas profesionales del sistema inmune innato, causando una respuesta inflamatoria local que culmina en la excreción del patógeno al medio ambiente. La patogenicidad de Salmonella se debe principalmente a su capacidad de sobrevivir dentro de macrófagos y células dendríticas, los cuales participan como vectores de diseminación dentro del hospedero. Los mecanismos utilizados por esta bacteria para permanecer y replicarse dentro de los macrófagos han sido ampliamente estudiados y descritos en la literatura. Sin embargo, existe escasa información referente a los mecanismos de supervivencia que emplea en otros estadíos de su ciclo de vida. Por ejemplo, en el medio ambiente Salmonella interactúa con otras células fagocíticas eucariontes capaces de alimentarse de bacterias y hongos. Entre ellas destacan las amebas, que utilizan mecanismos de endocitosis y degradación bacteriana similares a los utilizados por células del sistema inmune innato. En esta tesis, nos propusimos identificar un conjunto común de genes requeridos para la supervivencia intracelular de Salmonella Typhimurium en macrófagos murinos y en la ameba Dictyostelium discoideum. Este estudio se realizó mediante el análisis masivo de mutantes bajo selección negativa utilizando distintas genotecas de mutantes. La detección de aquellas mutantes que presentaron defectos en la supervivencia intracelular en ambas células fagocíticas se realizó mediante secuenciación masiva de DNA. En primera instancia, logramos identificar mutantes en 719 genes de S. Typhimurium bajo selección negativa en macrófagos murinos. Entre ellos, se encontraron genes codificados en islas de patogenicidad conservadas dentro Salmonella, genes relacionados con biosíntesis y transporte de aminoácidos y carbohidratos, genes relacionados con reguladores de respuesta a estímulos externos, genes involucrados en la biosíntesis y modificación del lipopolisacárido (LPS) y genes relacionados con estrés nutricional y oxidativo, entre otros. Al comparar estos datos con una base de datos de mutantes con defectos en la supervivencia intracelular en D. discoideum generada en nuestro laboratorio, logramos identificar mutantes en 213 genes de S. Typhimurium que serían necesarios para la supervivencia intracelular del patógeno en ambas células fagocíticas. Dentro de este grupo encontramos genes codificados en islas de patogenicidad conservadas del género Salmonella (SPI-1 y SPI-3), genes involucrados en la captación de hierro (iroC, iroN y feoB), genes relacionados con la respuesta a estrés por hambruna y pH ácido (spoT y adiY) y genes asociados a la biosíntesis y modificación del LPS (waaB, waaI, waaJ, waaL, waaZ, wbaC, wbaK, wbaM, wbaN, wbaD, oafA, wzzfepE y genes del operón arn), entre otros. Con el propósito de confirmar algunas de las predicciones obtenida a partir de nuestro análisis comparativo, se escogieron mutantes relacionadas con la biosíntesis y modificación del LPS y se evaluó su supervivencia intracelular en ambos modelos de infección. Nuestros resultados demostraron que las mutantes ΔwaaL, ΔwzzST y ΔarnBCADTEF presentaron defectos en la supervivencia intracelular en macrófagos murinos y D. discoideum. Por lo tanto, la presencia de un LPS completo que posea 16 a 35 unidades de AgO (L-AgO) sería necesario para la supervivencia de este patógeno en macrófagos murinos y D. discoideum. De igual forma, la modificación del LPS correspondiente a la adición de un grupo 4-aminoarabinosa al lípido A contribuiría a la supervivencia intracelular de S. Typhimurium en ambas células fagocíticas. En conjunto, los resultados de esta tesis constituyen un primer acercamiento a los mecanismos moleculares empleados por S. Typhimurium para sobrevivir en reservorios tan distintos como mamíferos y protozoos ambientales
Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen that causes a variety of illnesses ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to severe systemic infections that can cause the death of the host. Once inside the organism, these bacteria can cross the epithelial barrier and interact with professional phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, causing a local inflammatory response which culminates in the excretion of the pathogen to the environment. The pathogenicity of Salmonella is associated with its ability to survive in macrophages and dendritic cells, which can act as dissemination vectors inside the host. The molecular mechanisms used for these bacteria to survive and replicate in macrophages have been widely studied. However, no in-depth study has been conducted in order to understand the molecular mechanisms required for Salmonella survival in other stages of its life cycle. For instance, in the environment Salmonella interacts with other phagocytic cells that feed on bacteria and fungus. Among these, the amoebae use similar endocytic and degradation mechanisms to those described in innate immune cells. In this thesis, we aimed to identify a common group of genes required for the intracellular survival of Salmonella Typhimurium in murine macrophages and the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. To this end, we performed a high-throughput analysis of mutants under negative selection using different mutant libraries. The identification of mutants unable to survive intracellularly in both phagocytic cells was carried out by deep-sequencing. First, we identified 719 mutants of S. Typhimurium under negative selection in murine macrophages. These mutants included genes encoded in pathogenicity islands conserved in the Salmonella genus, genes involved in transport and biosynthesis of amino acids and carbohydrates, genes encoding regulators associated with response to external signals, genes linked to biosynthesis and modification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and genes associated to nutritional and oxidative stress, among other. The comparative analysis between the data of this thesis and data obtained in our laboratory that identified mutants with defects in intracellular survival in D. discoideum, allow us the identification of mutants in 213 genes of S. Typhimurium required to survive intracellularly in both phagocytic cells. Within this group, we found genes encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI-1 and SPI-3), genes involved in iron uptake (iroC, iroN and feoB), genes related with response to starvation and acid pH (spoT and adiY) and genes associated to LPS biosynthesis and modification (waaB, waaI, waaJ, waaL, waaZ, wbaC, wbaK, wbaM, wbaN, wbaD, oafA, wzzfepE and genes in the arn operon), among other. To confirm predictions from our comparative analysis, we choose mutants involved in LPS biosynthesis and evaluated their intracellular survival in both infection models. We demonstrated that mutants ΔwaaL, ΔwzzST and ΔarnBCADTEF are deficient in intracellular survival in murine macrophages and D. discoideum. Hence, a complete LPS containing 16 to 35 AgO units (L-AgO) would be necessary for survival of this pathogen in murine macrophages and D. discoideum. Similarly, a modified LPS containing 4-deoxy-aminoarabinose bound to lipid A would contribute to the intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium in both phagocytic cells. Overall, our results constitute a first step towards understanding the molecular mechanisms exploited by S. Typhimurium in order to survive in strikingly different niches such as mammalians and environmental protozoa
Fondecyt; Conicyt
Carranza, Neira Julia Alejandra, Subauste Roxana Sofía Díaz e Tupayachi Silvana Patricia Roig. "Quimioterapia adyuvante asociada a hormonoterapia en mujeres postmenopáusicas con cáncer de mama subtipo Luminal A en estadio temprano: análisis comparativo de la supervivencia global". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/621762.
Texto completo da fonteObjetivo: evaluar si existe diferencia en la supervivencia global (SG) a diez años entre la quimioterapia adyuvante asociada a hormonoterapia (QHT) frente a la hormonoterapia sola en mujeres posmenopáusicas diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama luminal A (CMLA) en estadio temprano. Métodos: se realizó un estudio cohortes no concurrente en un centro de atención oncológica en Perú. Se incluyeron variables demográficas y clínico-patológicas. Para comparar la SG se utilizó la curva de Kaplan-Meier (KM), test de log-Rank y la regresión de Cox para estimar el Hazard Ratio (HR) con intervalos de confianza 95% (IC95%) tanto crudos como ajustados por las variables asociadas durante el análisis bivariado. Se evaluó el cumplimiento del supuesto de proporcionalidad de hazard (SPH) con el método de residuos de Schoenfeld y método gráfico. Resultados: 65 pacientes recibieron QHT y 140 sólo hormonoterapia. La SG a los diez años fue 77% y 84% para QHT y HT respectivamente, esta diferencia no fue significativa al utilizar KM y test de log-Rank; no obstante la edad (p=0,01), estadio clínico (p=0,02), tamaño tumoral (p=0,04), receptor estrogénico positivo (p=0,03), número de ganglios (p=0,012) y tipo de cirugía (p=0,03) resultaron asociadas significativamente a la supervivencia global a los diez años. Cuando se evaluó el SPH se evidenció que sólo se cumplía tras los dos años de seguimiento, por lo que se generaron modelos de Cox en éste periodo. El HR crudo a los diez años fue de 1,48 (IC95%: 0,65-3,39). En el modelo ajustado uno se observó un HR de 1,83 (IC95%: 0,64-5,30) y para el segundo modelo ajustado un HR de 1,77 (IC 95%: 0,64-4,90). Conclusiones: no se encontró diferencia significativa en la SG a los diez años entre los esquemas terapéuticos evaluados en mujeres posmenopáusicas con CMLA.
Ruiz, Huaranga Edita Guadalupe, e Carmen Adriana Lucero Barrantes. "Factores asociados a la sobrevida global y sobrevida libre de enfermedad en pacientes con cáncer de mama triple negativo con quimioterapia neoadyuvante y tratamiento quirúrgico en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas entre los años 2009-2014". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622882.
Texto completo da fonteObjective: The aim of this study is to identify associated factors with overall survival and disease-free survival in the Peruvian population attended at the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN) with triple-negative breast cancer that received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and subsequent surgical treatment. Methods: A retrospective cohort study that included 175 patients with triple negative breast cancer with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical treatment attended in the INEN between 2009 and 2014. A data collection form was drawn up to obtain sociodemographic and clinical information. For the measurement of the variable Pathological Response, defined by degrees that determine the absence, partial or total presence of neoplastic cells, the Miller-Payne classification was used, consigned in the patient's surgery report. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed for the description of overall survival and disease-free survival. A hazard ratio (HR) was estimated in a bivariate and multivariate manner through the Cox Regression Model. Results: The factors that were associated with a lower overall survival were tumor size (HR= 1.09; 95% IC, 1.03 - 1.14; p<0.01) and lymph node involvement (HR=3.63; 95% IC, 1.98 - 6.67; p<0.00). A greater overall survival was associated with a complete pathological response (HR=0.36; 95% IC, 0.14 - 0.90; p=0.03). A total of 22.8% of patients presented complete pathological response, which corresponds to the absence of cancer cells through histological studies after neoadjuvant treatment, which was associated with a smaller tumor size (p <0.01) and conservative surgical intervention (p <0.01). No factors significantly associated with disease-free survival were found. Age was associated with disease-free survival in the bivariate analysis; however, in the multivariate analysis no statistically significant associated factors were found. Conclusions: The overall survival of patients with triple negative breast cancer in this population is negatively affected by a larger tumor size and lymph node involvement. The complete pathological response is associated with greater overall survival. No factors were found to be significantly associated with disease-free survival.
Guerra, Procel Francisco. "La internacionalización de las empresas manufactureras del Ecuador: un análisis del periodo 2002-2011". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392151.
Texto completo da fonteAs background, it begins with an analysis and synthesis of the history of the Ecuadorian manufacturing, with emphasis on the global market. Subsequently a second chapter, which refers to the analysis of the profile of the Ecuadorian manufacturing companies and in particular; check the extra benefit earned in international markets. The third chapter refers to the survival of the manufacturing companies in foreign trade using the nonparametric method of Kaplan-Meier, and finally expressed in the semiparametric econometric model called: Model Cox proportional hazards. The fourth chapter concerns the Ecuadorian State aid to promote exports, and analyzes how effective are the respective instruments of that aid, for the best performance, insertion and maintenance of the exporting company in international trade.
Gradillas, Reverté María Carmen. "La gestión de las ONG de desarrollo en su lucha por la supervivencia. Legitimidades, estructura y entornos". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/131947.
Texto completo da fonteThe legitimacy of NGOs as Development actors it has been questioned, for the past two decades with plenty of written literature. Their behavior has been supported, first under the watchful eye of development experts in this type of organizations; and secondly, from the perspective of cross-organizational Sociology, from the approach of new institutionalism and from the approach based on learning organizations. This research identifies the dynamics of legitimacy as a priority issue for Development NGO´s, through which an organization is structured. They have great concern for the environment to accept and consider legitimate the aspirations and objectives of the organization. DNGO recognize that legitimacy is the key to survive in nowadays changing context. It has been analyzed the legitimacy of organizations from the perspective of accountability, representation and performance, as key elements of DNGO´s legitimacy. Starting from the foundation of sociological institutionalism theorists based on the importance of the environment as legitimating of existing organizations, this Doctoral thesis provides a new approach to Development NGO´s behavior in their struggle for survival. The DNGO´s plan their strategies and are managed in terms of the legitimacy gain they expect from their main stakeholders, which are located in general in most developed countries. In this quest for social legitimacy is paradoxical that is the State, through its government, who becomes its main legitimating body. Southern society, ie, partner organizations, local authorities, communities and individuals involved in the projects in the South, to be located in a remote environment, they do not provide legitimacy to organizations in the North. It is concluded that the DNGOs do not introduce appropriate management tools for performance, achievements and impact of its actions in the South, because it does not provide legitimacy. Even more, they have developed a Culture and Values system that makes them distinctive from other organizations, but that is continually challenging organizational structures, as they turn to became social services providers. This is leading them to create models of mixed management with tools from the business organization, adapted to their Culture itself and a more demanding with their spending in structure, creating a management model that could be termed as post fordist, more accountable, horizontal, highly professionalized, and self-sustainable.
Gironés, Vilá Jordi. "Análisis de la supervivencia a largo plazo y de la recidiva en el cáncer colorrectal a partir de la determinación de los oncogenes: p53, kras, nm23 y apc". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/378353.
Texto completo da fonteColorectal Cancer (CRC) is now a serious epidemiological problem because it is a major cause of death in the western world. Most colorectal tumors (70-85%) fall within tumors of sporadic type and therefore do not have an inherited genetic load Actually, CCR is considered as one of the best studied genetic tumors progression toward malignancy. A key role in carcinogenesis knowledge of CCR was the discovery of the human genome, allowing identifying genes and subsequently controlling the synthesis of the proteins they encode. We performed a prospective study of a cohort of 212 patients who underwent surgery with curative CCR. Main objectives of a study of the long-term survival and recurrence CCR was raised from the identification of oncogenes: APC, p53, KRAS and nm23 in tumor specimen. As a secondary objective the development and validation of a long-term prognostic score for CCR based on both clinical aspects and p53, Kras, Nm23 and APC. Overall survival obtained at end study in December 2014 is 25%. The output of the study is overall survival studying by periods of five years is 62.7% at 5 years, at 10 years from 41.3%, to 34.2% at 15 years, and 20 years of 26.4%. The median disease-free interval was 14.1 months with a range 3.4-284.2 months. The objective oncogenic study only that overexpression of p53 oncogene in distal tumors is significantly more frequent than in other locations, but does not correlate with prognosis of CRC. In multivariate analysis, the only variable statistically significantly associated with a worse prognosis was age regardless of the presence of oncogenes stadium, sex and tumor marker levels. In the univariate and multivariate analysis as there was no statistically significant association in oncogenes and prognostic factors, the possibility of calculating a prognostic index that takes into account the potential oncogenes and their associations was not assessed. Therefore, the age at the time of radical surgical treatment is an independent prognostic factor for long-term survival in CRC. And, the determination "in situ" of the protein expression of mutations in oncogenes (APC, p53, nm23 and kras) does not correlate with recurrence or survival in the long term RCC
Gómez, Morales Ximena Elizabeth. "Supervivencia y factores asociados en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas (CPCNP) con mutación del gen EGFR tratados con inhibidores de tirosin kinasa en el Hospital de la Policía Nacional del Perú durante el periodo 2009-2015". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624973.
Texto completo da fonteObjective: Evaluate the survival and prognostic factors in EGFR mutation non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with tyrosine inhibitors (TKI) in a Peruvian reference hospital. Methods: Retrospective cohort analytical observational study was conducted in NSCLC patients from 2009-2015. Kaplan-Meier curve was presented. For the bivariate analysis, the association between independent variables and survival is analyzed using the Long-Rank test. For the multivariate analysis, the Cox proportional hazards method is used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using time-to-event outcomes. Results: Were included 72 patients, following for a total of 1144 months. Predominantly female gender (61.11%), never smoked patients (62.50%), histological adenocarcinoma subtype (76.38%). The most frequent EGFR mutation was the deletion of exon 19 (65.27%). The history of smoking was 37.5%. The majority of patients present with comorbidities (77.78%), hypertension being the most frequent. Almost all patients were found in stage IV. 65 (90.28%) cases died. It was estimated that the median survival was 9.3 months CI = 95% (7.01-16.93). When comparing the survival curves using Long Range Test, it was found that histological type (p = 0.01), place of mutation (p = 0.06), hemoglobin (p = 0.01) and age (p = 0.01) were significant for overall survival. In the multivariate analysis significant characteristicsthe were age (HR = 1.02, CI = 1-1.04, p = 0.009) and hemoglobin (HR = 0.70, CI = 0.55-0.89, p = 0.003). Conclusion: The median overall survival of positive EGFR mutation NSCLC patients treated with TKI was 9.3 months. An association was found between a younger age and an a higher hemoglobin level with a longer survival.
Tesis
Sánchez, Serrano Juan Pablo. "Análisis genético de la longevidad en conejas de producción cárnica. Constitución y evaluación de una línea Longevo - Productiva de conejos". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/1863.
Texto completo da fonteSánchez Serrano, JP. (2006). Análisis genético de la longevidad en conejas de producción cárnica. Constitución y evaluación de una línea Longevo - Productiva de conejos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1863
Palancia
Silva, Mimbela Lucia Valeria. "Factores sociodemográficos y económicos asociados a la mortalidad neonatal en un hospital del Minsa-Lambayeque". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12423/3619.
Texto completo da fonteCubas, Montecino Diana. "Aplicación de modelos de supervivencia y modelos lineales para la predicción de la edad de inicio de la Enfermedad de Huntington a partir de una cohorte de pacientes atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas en el periodo 2000 – 2019". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/16374.
Texto completo da fontePerú. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Fondecyt). 098-2017-FONDECYT
Renart, i. Vicens Gemma. "Aspectes metodològics i aplicacions de la modelització del temps de supervivència multivariant mitjançant models mixtes". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7705.
Texto completo da fonteSurvival research is interested in the time that passes from the beginning of the study until the event of interest occurs. However, it is very common to find individuals who experience this event more than once during the period of study. In this case, a different methodology needs to be used to that of the standard univariate survival analysis.In this case, the duration between recurrences could be correlated due to the presence of unobserved individual factors. This type of event is normally dealt with by introducing individual random effects in the model, resulting in a multivariate model. The random effects represent the individual "frailty" and the variance of these effects measures the unobserved heterogeneity between individuals. Until recently, the most common way of dealing with this type of situation in survival analysis was by using marginal models such as the robust covariance matrix estimation in the Andersen-Gill approximation; the Wei, Lin and Weissfeld method or the Prentice, Williams and Peterson method; or using the conditional models such as the frailty models (EM algorhthym). The aim of this study is to model multivariate survival data, based on generalised linear mixed models (GLMM).
Achaica, Rodriguez Luis Guillermo. "Diferencia de género y determinantes de la duración del desempleo formal". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/657055.
Texto completo da fonteIn this research, the determinants of the duration of unemployment of the employed and unemployed of metropolitan lima for the study period 2014 - 2020 are analyzed. For this, a survival analysis is carried out using non-parametric Kaplan-Meier estimates, which shows that as the unemployment period lengthens, the risk of leaving increases. Likewise, the existence of gender difference and the effect of its determinants are analyzed using the Weibull estimation. The results show that being a woman, in metropolitan Lima, reduces the chances of getting out of unemployment. Among the factors that increase the duration of unemployment are being a woman, having a higher education level and having more years of experience reduce the chances of leaving unemployment. On the other hand, the parametric estimates reveal that among the factors that decrease the duration of unemployment, belonging to the mestizo ethnic group, having Spanish as their mother tongue, having health insurance, increase the risk of leaving unemployment. These variables make it possible to identify the groups of the population most vulnerable to the problem of unemployment.
Trabajo de investigación
Parra, Uribe Isabel. "Estudio de seguimiento a 5 años de las tentativas autolíticas atendidas en el área sanitaria del vallés occidental este: comparación de las características psicopatológicas con los suicidios consumados". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405997.
Texto completo da fonteIntroduction: Suicide attempts and completed suicides are often assumed to represent the same group of individuals but are assessed at different points in the suicidal "career". However, there are indications that these are two distinct populations. This implies that preventive strategies more focused on attempted suicides may not be sufficient to prevent completed suicide. On the other hand, we know that only a small proportion of those who have attempted will complete suicide. Better characterization of the population of persons at risk of suicide would allow more effective preventive strategies to be initiated. Objectives: To compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between a population of suicide attempts and another of completed suicides, and to follow up the suicide attempts during a period of 5 years to better identify the population at greater risk of re-attempting or consuming suicide. Methodology: All suicide attempts attended at the emergency unit of the Parc Taulí Hospital in Sabadell during a calendar year were selected. The information was obtained from the information recorded in the hospital history, primary and emergency clinical reports. We also evaluated all completed suicides over a period of 3 years, and also obtained information provided by the coroner. In order to carry out the second part of the project, all the suicide attempts attended in the emergency department and all completed suicides committed until December 31, 2012, were registered. In the context of the EAAD (European Alliance Against Depression) program, that our hospital is part of, and as a preventive measure to avoid reattempts, a telephone follow-up is carried out for 1 year to all persons attended in the emergency room after making a suicide attempt. Results: The risk factors for consummate suicide were male sex, older age, job inactivity, being widowed and living alone, diagnosis of major depressive disorder, and alcohol consumption. Despite presenting a profile of greater social and clinical severity, subjects who completed suicide were not as frequently followed up by Mental Health services. As for the 5-year follow-up, it was observed that lower age, personality disorders and alcohol abuse or dependence are risk factors to repeat the attempt, while alcohol problems and an older age are risk factors to complete suicide. In addition, the telephone follow-up program was useful in reducing the risk of suicide, but most suicides were not part of the program. That is, most of the suicides occurred on the first attempt, thus limiting the preventive function of the programme. Conclusions: Consummate suicides and suicide attempts appear to be two different suicidal populations. People who die from suicide have greater contact with primary care services, which should be considered when implementing preventive measures. Attention to depressive disorders and alcohol consumption should be a priority to reduce rates of consummate suicide. Action on people who have attempted suicide is an important preventive strategy but these strategies should not be limited to this population at risk.
Riera, Sagrera María. "Cirugía cardiaca en el hospital universitario Son Dureta: Análisis de morbimortalidad y factores asociados". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/52187.
Texto completo da fonteHinojosa, Aybar Jerson Jesús. "Duración de la tasa de interés de referencia en Perú durante el periodo 2004-2020". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653972.
Texto completo da fonteIn the present document, survival models are used to analyze the duration of the reference interest rate, while it remains constant, used by the Central Reserve Bank of Perú as its monetary policy instrument. For the analysis, both nonparametric and parametric models are estimated, allowing the nature for right-censoring of the data and time-varying covariates. In case of non-parametric model, Kaplan-Meier estimator is used to model survival and hazard functions. In case of parametric models, the survival and hazard functions are compared under an Exponential, Weibull and Log-Logistical functions. The monthly and annual variation of the gross domestic product, the inflation rate, the interest rate, the unemployment rate and the exchange rate are used as covariates. Twenty-four models are estimated. The best one is selected according to the significance of the covariate’s ant Akaike information criterion. The results show that for both non-parametric and parametric models, the probability of a constant interest rate remains unchanged is less over the time. Furthermore, in the parametric model under Weibull distribution and Log-Logistical distribution (preferred distribution), inflation rate, gross domestic product and the interest rate are obtained as significant variables; however, the gross domestic product isn´t significant under Exponential distribution.
Trabajo de investigación
Torá, Rocamora Isabel 1979. "Historia natural y factores determinantes de la duración de las incapacidades temporales por contingencia común en trabajadores afiliados a la Seguridad Social". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283472.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is based on the study of the determinants of the duration of sickness absence (SA). We examined the geographic variability of the SA duration between comarcas of Catalonia for SA in general and for two common groups of disorders, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and mental health disorders. Cohort data of SA episodes ceded by the Institut Català d’Avaluacions Mèdiques i Sanitàries (ICAMS) of the Generalitat of Catalunya were used. All first SA episodes ending in 2007 and 2010 were analyzed studying individual factors (sex, age, diagnosis, entity managing the sick leave, employment status, and economic activity branch) and contextual factors related to health resources (number of basic health areas) and socioeconomic indicators (market share and unemployment rate) that could explain the observed variability. Multilevel proportional hazard regression models with episodes nested in comarcas were used. This thesis also proposes using a conditional frailty model based on a Poisson approach for analyzing SA duration (or other event of interest) in the presence of repeated events in the same individual, and demonstrates the usefulness of such a model to analyze large datasets. SA episodes ending in 2007, caused by mental health disorders and neoplasms were used, from which the conditional frailty model (CFM) and a novel approach based on a conditional frailty Poisson model (CFPM) were compared empirically.
Valencia, Cruz José María. "Paràsits de mol·luscs bivalves a les Illes Balears: Detecció de Marteilia refringens i Perkinsus mediterraneus mitjançant tècniques moleculars". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396224.
Texto completo da fonteUna de las principales limitaciones a la que se enfrenta la producción de moluscos bivalvos es la prevención y control de enfermedades, dispersadas, principalmente, por movimiento de partidas. En las Baleares, hemos encontrado parásitos de bivalvos poco patogénicos como Bucephalus haimeanus, Mytilicola intestinalis y metacercarias de tremátodos. También otros que suponen un riesgo para la producción, como Marteilia refringens, Perkinsus mediterraneus y P. olseni. La presencia de M. refringens es una grave amenaza, pues produce desórdenes fisiológicos que pueden matar al huésped. Probablemente, en los años 80, la desaparición de los bancos ostrícolas fue causada por esta enfermedad. Los mejillones también són susceptibles a la infección por M. refringens, pero són resistentes a la enfermedad. En 2004, se detectó una mortalidad en el banco de la chirla (Chamelea gallina) de s‘Arenal de Palma de Mallorca. Para detectar la especie causante de la enfermedad se recurrió a técnicas histológicas, hibridación in situ, PCR y PCR anidada. La secuencia obtenida a partir de un bloque de parafina mostró un 99,1% de similitud con M. refringens tipo O. De esta manera se concluyó que el agente etiológico era M. refringens y posteriormente, que la prevalencia era del 55,1%. La ubicación específica de las células de Marteilia refringens en los tejidos de la chirla se determinó por hibridación in situ, encontrando todas las fases conocidas, incluida la de esporulación, lo que demuestra que el parásito completa la infección en la chirla. Perkinsus mediterraneus infecta a una gran variedad de moluscos bivalvos en el archipiélago balear: Ostrea edulis, Mimachlamys varia, Arca noae, Chamelea gallina, Pinna nobilis y Venus verrucosa, sin mortalidades asociadas a este parásito. Perkinsus olseni sólo se ha detectado en V. verrucosa, pero en el presente estudio no lo hemos encontrado. La búsqueda de Perkinsus spp. se ha realizado mediante RFTM y la determinación de la especie por PCR-RFLP y secuenciación. La prevalencia de P. mediterraneus ha sido similar a la de otras especies de Perkinsus y la dinámica de su infección es similar a la de P. marinus en la bahía de Chesapeake, con valores máximos de detección del parásito en septiembre y octubre, después del máximo estival de temperatura, y regresión de la infección en invierno. Hemos encontrado 12 haplotipos de P. mediterraneus con una elevada similitud genética. Las diferencias se hacen mayores al incluir secuencias procedentes de la bases de datos del GenBank, aumentando el número de haplotipos a 24. Los análisis filogenéticos han detectado, en conjunto, tres grupos diferentes de O. edulis de Menorca, que se diferencian de otros linajes coespecíficos. Los análisis apoyan esta diferenciación entre las poblaciones de Menorca y Mallorca, la cual parece, en buena parte debida al aislamiento geográfico del puerto de Mahón. Sin embargo, otros factores, como la variabilidad ambiental, diferentes localidades y fechas de detección, la translocación de animales, la actividad humana, etc, pueden tener cierta influencia. En el Mediterráneo occidental se encuentran tres especies de Perkinsus. Aunque se conoce que se producen coinfecciones en la escupiña grabada del puerto de Mahón con P. olseni y P. mediterraneus, no hemos encontrado ningún caso, ni tampoco bivalvos afectados por P. chesapeaki, especie que se ha detectado en el delta del Ebro. En diferentes muestreos de C. gallina hemos detectado la presencia de M. refringens y P. mediterraneus. Aunque no hemos encontrado coinfección, ésta no se puede descartar, porque los individuos són muy jóvenes y posiblemente ambos patógenos estén en las fases iniciales de infección. Teniendo en cuenta que la esporulación de M. refringens se inicia cuando la temperatura del agua es de 17ºC (mes de mayo), que las zoosporas de P. mediterraneus aparecen más tarde (septiembre-octubre) y que la mortalidad se detecta en junio-julio, lo más probable es que la causa sea la marteiliosis
One of the main issues in bivalve mollusc production is the prevention and control of diseases, scattered mainly by stock movements. In the Balearic Islands, we found low pathogenic bivalve parasites as Bucephalus haimeanus, Mytilicola intestinalis and trematode metacercariae. Furthermore, we found others that are a threat for their welfare, like Marteilia refringens, Perkinsus mediterraneus and P. olseni. M. refringens is a serious threat, because it causes physiological disorders that could kill the host. Presumably, in the 80s, this disease was the agent of oyster banks die out. Mussels are susceptible to the infection, but they are resistant to the disease. Mass mortality was detected in 2004 at the striped Venus shell (Chamelea gallina) bed in S‘Arenal beach. We use histological techniques, in situ hybridization, PCR and nested PCR to detect the disease agent. From a paraffin block we retrieved a sequence which showed 99.1% similarity with M. refringens type O. Thus, it was concluded that the aetiological agent was M. refringens. Subsequently, we found a prevalence of 55.1%. Marteilia refringens specific location in striped Venus shell tissues was determined by in situ hybridization. We observed all known stages, including sporulation, thus this parasite could complete its vital cycle in C. gallina, and so striped Venus shell should be considered as a new host of M. refringens. A wide bivalve mollusc variety is infected by Perkinsus mediterraneus in Balearic Islands: Ostrea edulis, Mimachlamys varia, Arca noae, Chamelea gallina, Pinna nobilis and Venus verrucosa, but they are not killed by this parasite. Perkinsus olseni has only been detected in V. verrucosa from Mahon harbour, although we have not detected it in another bivalve species. Perkinsus spp. search was performed using RFTM and species was established by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. P. mediterraneus prevalence was similar to other Perkinsus species and their infection dynamics is like P. marinus’ in Chesapeake Bay, with maximum detection values in September and October, after summer peak temperature with infection regression in winter. We have found 12 P. mediterraneus haplotypes, all of them sharing a high similarity. Differences grow up when we added GenBank sequences. Then, the haplotype number raised 24. Three groups of O. edulis from Minorca were revealed by phylogenetic analyses which are different from other co-specifics lineages. Analysis supported this differentiation among populations from Minorca and Majorca. This differentiation could be due to Mahon harbour geographic isolation. Nevertheless, another factors, such environmental variability, different detection locations and dates, animal translocations, human activity, etc., might also have some influence. There are three Perkinsus species at the western Mediterranean. Although it is known that co-infections between P. olseni and P. mediterraneus can happen in warty Venus shell from Mahon harbour, we have not found any occurrence. Furthermore, we have not detected infection by P. chesapeaki, although it has been found in the Ebro delta. We have found out M. refringens and P. mediterraneus presence in different C. gallina samples. Although coinfection has not been found, we cannot discard it, because individuals are very young and perhaps both pathogens are in early infection stages. Given that M. refringens sporulation starts when water temperature is 17ºC (May), P. mediterraneus zoospores appear later (September-October) and mortality is detected in June-July, in this way, marteiliosis might be the candidate.