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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Argument Tree":
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Honickman, Asher. "The Original Living Tree". Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 28, n.º 1 (20 de março de 2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/cf29376.
One of the main arguments in Canada in favour of the “living tree” doctrine is that it has deep roots in our constitutional tradition. As the Supreme Court of Canada said in Reference Re Same-Sex Marriage, the living tree is “one of the most fundamental principles of Canadian constitutional interpretation.” The argument goes something like this: beginning with the famous “Persons case” of 1929 (Edwards v. Canada(Attorney General)), the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council recognized the Constitution to be a living tree, capable of evolving to meet new social and economic realities, and this method of constitutional interpretation has remained fundamental to Canada’s constitutional order ever since.
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DeSalle, Rob, e Margaret Riley. "Should Networks Supplant Tree Building?" Microorganisms 8, n.º 8 (3 de agosto de 2020): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8081179.
Recent studies suggested that network methods should supplant tree building as the basis of genealogical analysis. This proposition is based upon two arguments. First is the observation that bacterial and archaeal lineages experience processes oppositional to bifurcation and hence the representation of the evolutionary process in a tree like structure is illogical. Second is the argument tree building approaches are circular—you ask for a tree and you get one, which pins a verificationist label on tree building that, if correct, should be the end of phylogenetic analysis as we currently know it. In this review, we examine these questions and suggest that rumors of the death of the bacterial tree of life are exaggerated at best.
3
West, P. W., C. L. Beadle e C. R. A. Turnbull. "Mechanistically based, allometric models to predict tree diameter and height in even-aged monoculture of Eucalyptusregnans F. Muell." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 1989): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-038.
A randomly selected sample of 22 trees was felled in a stand in a 20-year-old monoculture of Eucalyptusregnans F. Muell. in southern Tasmania. One-half of the trees were from a section of the stand that had been heavily thinned 10 years previously, and the remainder were from the unthinned section. The trees were sectioned and the fresh weights of their stems (including bark) and crowns (leaves plus branches) determined. By combining a geometrical argument about the shape of tree stems with a structural argument about their vertical stability, allometric relationships were established relating tree diameter at breast height or tree height to total aboveground weight and the ratio of crown to stem weight. These relationships were found to hold in both the thinned and unthinned sections of the experiment. When combined with a model to predict biomass of individual trees, these models can be used to predict diameter or height of individual trees in E. regnans monoculture.
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Caldicott, C. E. J. "II Patrick Darcy, An Argument". Camden Fourth Series 44 (julho de 1992): 191–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068690500002919.
van Trijp, Remi. "Chopping down the syntax tree". Computational Construction Grammar and Constructional Change 30 (19 de dezembro de 2016): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.30.02van.
Word order, argument structure and unbounded dependencies are among the most important topics in linguistics because they touch upon the core of the syntax-semantics interface. One question is whether “marked” word order patterns, such as The man I talked to vs. I talked to the man, require special treatment by the grammar or not. Mainstream linguistics answers this question affirmatively: in the marked order, some mechanism is necessary for “extracting” the man from its original argument position, and a special placement rule (e.g. topicalization) is needed for putting the constituent in clause-preceding position. This paper takes an opposing view and argues that such formal complexity is only required for analyses that are based on syntactic trees. A tree is a rigid data structure that only allows information to be shared between local nodes, hence it is inadequate for non-local dependencies and can only allow restricted word order variations. A construction, on the other hand, offers a more powerful representation device that allows word order variations – even unbounded dependencies – to be analyzed as the side-effect of how language users combine the same rules in different ways in order to satisfy their communicative needs. This claim is substantiated through a computational implementation of English argument structure constructions in Fluid Construction Grammar that can handle both comprehension and formulation.
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STEINHART, ERIC. "The revision theory of resurrection". Religious Studies 44, n.º 1 (11 de janeiro de 2008): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412507009298.
AbstractA powerful argument against the resurrection of the body is based on the premise that all resurrection theories violate natural laws. We counter this argument by developing a fully naturalistic resurrection theory. We refer to it as the revision theory of resurrection (RTR). Since Hick's replica theory is already highly naturalistic, we use Hick's theory as the basis for the RTR. According to Hick, resurrection is the recreation of an earthly body in another universe. The recreation is a resurrection counterpart. We show that the New Testament supports the idea of resurrection counterparts. The RTR asserts that you are a node in a branching tree of increasingly perfect resurrection counterparts. These ever better counterparts live in increasingly perfect resurrection universes. We give both theological arguments and an empirical argument for the RTR.
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Ji, Yangfeng, e Jacob Eisenstein. "One Vector is Not Enough: Entity-Augmented Distributed Semantics for Discourse Relations". Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 3 (dezembro de 2015): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00142.
Discourse relations bind smaller linguistic units into coherent texts. Automatically identifying discourse relations is difficult, because it requires understanding the semantics of the linked arguments. A more subtle challenge is that it is not enough to represent the meaning of each argument of a discourse relation, because the relation may depend on links between lowerlevel components, such as entity mentions. Our solution computes distributed meaning representations for each discourse argument by composition up the syntactic parse tree. We also perform a downward compositional pass to capture the meaning of coreferent entity mentions. Implicit discourse relations are then predicted from these two representations, obtaining substantial improvements on the Penn Discourse Treebank.
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XUE, NIANWEN, e MARTHA PALMER. "Adding semantic roles to the Chinese Treebank". Natural Language Engineering 15, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2009): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324908004865.
AbstractWe report work on adding semantic role labels to the Chinese Treebank, a corpus already annotated with phrase structures. The work involves locating all verbs and their nominalizations in the corpus, and semi-automatically adding semantic role labels to their arguments, which are constituents in a parse tree. Although the same procedure is followed, different issues arise in the annotation of verbs and nominalized predicates. For verbs, identifying their arguments is generally straightforward given their syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank as they tend to occupy well-defined syntactic positions. Our discussion focuses on the syntactic variations in the realization of the arguments as well as our approach to annotating dislocated and discontinuous arguments. In comparison, identifying the arguments for nominalized predicates is more challenging and we discuss criteria and procedures for distinguishing arguments from non-arguments. In particular we focus on the role of support verbs as well as the relevance of event/result distinctions in the annotation of the predicate-argument structure of nominalized predicates. We also present our approach to taking advantage of the syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank to bootstrap the predicate-argument structure annotation of verbs. Finally, we discuss the creation of a lexical database of frame files and its role in guiding predicate-argument annotation. Procedures for ensuring annotation consistency and inter-annotator agreement evaluation results are also presented.
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Attia, Najmeddine. "On the exact dimension of Mandelbrot measure". Probability and Mathematical Statistics 39, n.º 2 (19 de dezembro de 2019): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0208-4147.39.2.4.
We develop, in the context of the boundary of a supercritical Galton–Watson tree, a uniform version of the argument used by Kahane 1987 on homogeneous trees to estimate almost surely and simultaneously the Hausdorff and packing dimensions of the Mandelbrot measure over a suitable set J . As an application, we compute, almost surely and simultaneously, the Hausdorff and packing dimensions of the level sets Eα of infinite branches of the boundary of the tree along which the averages of the branching random walk have a given limit point.
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Boschi, Gioia, Anthony P. Young, Sagar Joglekar, Chiara Cammarota e Nishanth Sastry. "Who Has the Last Word? Understanding How to Sample Online Discussions". ACM Transactions on the Web 15, n.º 3 (4 de junho de 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3452936.
In online debates, as in offline ones, individual utterances or arguments support or attack each other, leading to some subset of arguments (potentially from different sides of the debate) being considered more relevant than others. However, online conversations are much larger in scale than offline ones, with often hundreds of thousands of users weighing in, collaboratively forming large trees of comments by starting from an original post and replying to each other. In large discussions, readers are often forced to sample a subset of the arguments being put forth. Since such sampling is rarely done in a principled manner, users may not read all the relevant arguments to get a full picture of the debate from a sample. This article is interested in answering the question of how users should sample online conversations to selectively favour the currently justified or accepted positions in the debate. We apply techniques from argumentation theory and complex networks to build a model that predicts the probabilities of the normatively justified arguments given their location in idealised online discussions of comments and replies, which we represent as trees. Our model shows that the proportion of replies that are supportive, the distribution of the number of replies that comments receive, and the locations of comments that do not receive replies (i.e., the “leaves” of the reply tree) all determine the probability that a comment is a justified argument given its location. We show that when the distribution of the number of replies is homogeneous along the tree length, for acrimonious discussions (with more attacking comments than supportive ones), the distribution of justified arguments depends on the parity of the tree level, which is the distance from the root expressed as number of edges. In supportive discussions, which have more supportive comments than attacks, the probability of having justified comments increases as one moves away from the root. For discussion trees that have a non-homogeneous in-degree distribution, for supportive discussions we observe the same behaviour as before, while for acrimonious discussions we cannot observe the same parity-based distribution. This is verified with data obtained from the online debating platform Kialo. By predicting the locations of the justified arguments in reply trees, we can therefore suggest which arguments readers should sample, to grasp the currently accepted opinions in such discussions. Our models have important implications for the design of future online debating platforms.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Argument Tree":
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Price, Peter Xavier. "'Providence and political economy' : Josiah Tucker's providential argument for tree trade". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/63565/.
Josiah Tucker, who was the Anglican Dean of Gloucester from 1758 until his death in 1799, is best known as a political pamphleteer, controversialist and political economist. Regularly called upon by Britain's leading statesmen, and most significantly the Younger Pitt, to advise them on the best course of British economic development, in a large variety of writings he speculated on the consequences of North American independence for the global economy and for international relations; upon the complicated relations between small and large states; and on the related issue of whether low wage costs in poor countries might always erode the competitive advantage of richer nations, thereby establishing perpetual cycles of rise and decline. As a vehement critic of war in all its forms, Tucker was a staunch opponent of Britain's mercantile system – a pejorative term connoting, amongst other things, the aggressive control of global trade for the benefit of the mother country so as to encourage imperial expansion throughout known parts of the world. Though recognising Tucker to be a pioneer of the anti-mercantilist free trade school, extant Tucker scholarship has tended to concentrate on the perceived similarities and dissimilarities between he and the classical economists, particularly Adam Smith. Yet whilst acknowledging the veracity of these various connections and claims, this thesis approaches Tucker from an alternative perspective. Placing Tucker in his proper historical context, the main purpose of this study is to explore the intellectual, political and theo-philosophical background to Tucker's economic thought. Its most original and profound contribution consisting in a detailed and critical analysis of Tucker's links with his ecclesiastical mentor Bishop Joseph Butler, its central concern is to argue the case for Butler's crucial influence over Tucker's free trade ideas – particularly in the guise of the neo-Stoic, Anglican providentialism that buttressed much of Butler's own theories in the field of meta-ethics and moral philosophy.
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Areskog, Oskar. "Mapping the Singularity : A Diagrammatic Analysis of Kurzweil’s Singularity Argument and Some Objections". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446660.
Constructing and understanding arguments is often difficult but key to both philosophyand other parts of the everyday life. Some methods to ease this task has been developed.One of the methods developed within informal reasoning is argument diagramming, amethod to structure and visualize arguments. This essay takes a complicated argumentabout the fate of the universe, put forward by futurist Ray Kurzweil in his book TheSingularity is Near, as well as some critique published against said argument, as a casestudy for the application of argument diagramming on unstructured arguments fromoutside the field of philosophy. To arrive at a diagram that can be easily grasped andread but still contains all information of the original argument, this essay developsa method of splitting sub-diagrams off of a main diagram. Analysing the resultingdiagrams shows that the plausibility of Kurzweil’s argument is heavily dependent on afew, critical premises at the lower levels of the diagram.
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Ståhl, Peter. "Tre argument mot doping : Ett neddyk i dopingdebatten". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108982.
I denna uppsats ska jag titta på tre argument mot doping. Syftet med detta är att undersöka dels om de är hållbara och dels om de kan rättfärdiga nuvarande dopingförbud. Argumenten mot doping kan delas in i åtminstone tre kategorier. Jag kommer att undersöka ett argument från vardera kategori. Först ämnar jag ge en så korrekt presentation av argumenten, ett i taget, som jag kan. Sedan kommer jag att presentera en analys av dem var för sig. Avslutningsvis ska jag ge en sammanfattande analys av alla tre argument, där jag jämför dem med varandra och söker komma fram till vilket som är mest hållbart, och vilket som bäst kan rättfärdiga det nuvarande dopingförbudet[3]. Mitt underlag kommer att vara tre artiklar, i vilka tre olika argument från de tre olika kategorierna presenteras. Så det är dessa artiklars versioner av argumenten jag kommer att arbeta med. De tre kategorierna av motargument är 1. integritetsargument-doping är onaturligt, omänskligt eller skadar idrottens syfte, 2. hälsoargument-doing är ohälsosamt och 3. rättviseargument-doping är orättvist. Det har i den filosofiska dopingdebatten presenterats flera olika slags integritets, hälso och rättviseargument. De artikelförfattare vars argument jag presenterar och analyserar i det här arbetet tycker sig alla ha bidragit med en ny och unik infallsvinkel på respektive argument. I föreliggande uppsats kommer jag att visa att integritetsargumentet (presenterat av John William Devine) inte håller på grund av att slutsatsen inte följer av premisserna. Jag kommer att visa att rättviseargumentet (presenterat av Corlett m.fl.) inte heller är hållbart, med anledning av att det får konsekvenser som är absurda. Vidare kommer jag att visa att hälsoargumentet (presenterat av Eric Shwang) kan vara sårbart vad gäller den empiriska delen av argumentet, d.v.s. om den empiriska verkligheten är beskaffad på ett visst sätt så faller detta argument. Att verkligheten också är beskaffad på ett sätt som gör att Shwangs argument faller är något jag emellertid inte tycker mig kunna visa. Därför kommer jag att argumentera för att detta argument (även om jag också visar att det inte kan rättfärdiga det nuvarande dopingförbudet) är det mest hållbara av de tre presenterade motargumenten.
4
Werner, Aaron John. "Defender of divine revelation Timothy Dwight's arguments for the Bible's authenticity and divine inspiration /". Louisville, KY : Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.115-0001.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2007. Includes vita. This dissertation examines Timothy Dwight's (1752-1817) arguments for the Bible's authenticity with the purpose of determining if his arguments are theologically orthodox, logically sound, and factually accurate. Chapter 1 introduces this dissertation's thesis, research problem, methodology, and its limitations. Attention is given to Timothy Dwight's theological milieu and the reasons he felt compelled to defend the Bible's authenticity in a Christian nation. Chapter 2 examines Dwight's arguments for the necessity of special revelation. He thought that readers would not find his arguments for the Bible's authenticity compelling unless they first were convinced that a revelation is necessary. Hence, according to Dwight, his entire case depends on the validity of this particular argument. After outlining Dwight's defense, this chapter attempts determine if it is theologically orthodox, logically sound, and factually accurate. Chapter 3 presents Dwight's arguments for the authenticity of the Old Testament. After outlining his contention, this chapter scrutinizes its content to determine if it is theologically orthodox, logically sound, and factually accurate. Chapter 4 presents Dwight's argument for the authenticity of the New Testament. After outlining his line of reasoning, this chapter analyzes its content to determine if it is theologically orthodox, logically sound, and factually accurate. Chapter 5 summarizes this dissertation, which concludes that Dwight's arguments for the Bible's authenticity are theologically orthodox, factually accurate, and--with a few exceptions--logically sound. This chapter also suggests areas for future research. Description based on Print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 288-298).
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Runheim, Hannes. ""Matematikutbildning är viktigt!" – Men varför det? : En empirisk studie kring tre argument för matematikutbildning". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69001.
Detta är ett examensarbete på c-nivå från lärarprogrammet vid Linköpings Universitet. Det undersöker hållbarheten hos tre argument för matematikutbildning vid en applikation på sjuksköterskeprogrammet, också det vid Linköpings Universitet. Arbetet ifrågasätter att matematikutbildning är viktigt för vidare fortbildning samt att matematikövning skulle gynna tankeförmågan. Arbetet undersöker även argumentet att nivån på matematik-kunskaper används för att gallra ut vilka elever som är lämpliga för vidareutbildning. Resultatet som framkommer i undersökningen visar att argumentet att matematiken är viktig för fortbildning är hållbart då det appliceras på sjuksköterskeprogrammet, matematikutbildning på gymnasienivå är en viktig förberedelse för de elever som söker fortbilda sig på sjuksköterskeprogrammet. Resultatet visar även att de studenter som läser på sjuksköterskeprogrammet övar flertalet ‟tankeförmågor‟ i samband med sitt matematikutövande och resultatet visar därmed att argumentet att matematiken gynnar tankeförmågan är hållbart. Slutligen visar även resultatet att argumentet att nivån på matematik-kunskaper skulle användas som gallringsvektyg kan anses ohållbart då argumentet appliceras på sjuksköterskeprogrammet vid Linköpings Universitet.
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Tolmie, Julie, e julie tolmie@techbc ca. "Visualisation, navigation and mathematical perception: a visual notation for rational numbers mod1". The Australian National University. School of Mathematical Sciences, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020313.101505.
There are three main results in this dissertation.
The first result is the construction of an abstract visual space for rational
numbers mod1, based on the visual primitives, colour, and rational radial
direction. Mathematics is performed in this visual notation by defining
increasingly refined visual objects from these primitives. In particular,
the existence of the Farey tree enumeration of rational numbers mod1
is identified in the texture of a two-dimensional animation.
¶
The second result is a new enumeration of the rational numbers mod1,
obtained, and expressed, in abstract visual space, as the visual object
coset waves of coset fans on the torus. Its geometry is shown to encode
a countably infinite tree structure, whose branches are cosets, nZ+m,
where n, m (and k) are integers. These cosets are in geometrical 1-1
correspondence with sequences kn+m, (of denominators) of rational
numbers, and with visual subobjects of the torus called coset fans.
¶
The third result is an enumeration in time of the visual hierarchy of the
discrete buds of the Mandelbrot boundary by coset waves of coset fans.
It is constructed by embedding the circular Farey tree geometrically into
the empty internal region of the Mandelbrot set. In particular, coset fans
attached to points of the (internal) binary tree index countably infinite
sequences of buds on the (external) Mandelbrot boundary.
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Warren, Shawn. "Do we really care whether our beliefs are true?, an examination of the arguments found in chapter five of Stephen Stich's The fragmentation of reason". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22815.pdf.
We introduce a new linear time compression algorithm, called 'Repair for Trees', which compresses ordered trees over a ranked alphabet using linear straight-line context-free tree grammars. Such grammars generalize straight-line context-free string grammars and allow basic tree operations, like traversal along edges, to be executed without prior decompression. Our algorithm can be considered as a generalization of the 'Re-pair' algorithm developed by N. Jesper Larsson and Alistair Moffat in 2000. The latter algorithm is a dictionary-based compression algorithm for strings.
We also introduce a succinct coding which is specialized in further compressing the grammars generated by our algorithm. Thisis accomplished without loosing the ability do directly execute queries on this compressed representation of the input tree. Finally, we compare the grammars and output files generated by a prototype of the Re-pair for Trees algorithm with those of similar compression algorithms. The obtained results show that that our algorithm outperforms its competitors in terms of compression ratio, runtime and memory usage.
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Smith, Paul H. 1952. "Is physicalism "really" true?: an empirical argument against the universal construal of physicalism". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-682.
Physicalism as universally construed is the thesis that everything in the world is either physical or a consequence of physical facts. Certain consequences of physicalism for free will, religion, and so on make it unpalatable to some. Physicalism should not be dismissed merely on its unpalatability. Nonetheless, we should be very sure it is true before accepting it uncritically (as much of science and philosophy now do). Physicalism is a contingent thesis, taken as true on the basis of strong inductive evidence and an inference-to-the-best-explanation that specifies it as the best theory over any of its competitors to provide an ontological account of the universe. So long as there is no contrary evidence to the claims of physicalism, then it stands relatively uncontested.
I argue that there is a body of well-attested empirical evidence that falsifies universally-construed physicalism by violating an essential assumption of the theory – causal closure of the physical domain. I present a detailed account of this closure-violating evidence. So that those who are unfamiliar with the body of evidence on offer may judge its validity, I include brief summations of experimental designs, findings, and analyses, plus some controversies pertaining to the data and their resolutions. I then argue why this body of empirical evidence should count against universal physicalism, argue for the evidence’s scientific legitimacy, and discuss criticisms which have been lodged against it, then explain why these criticisms lack force.
I conclude that the evidence I present is sufficient to falsify the universal construal of physicalism as supported by today’s and by foreseeable future understandings of the physical world. I acknowledge, though, that nothing can be guaranteed against an indefinite “wait-and-see” argument for some implausible “fully-realized” physics that may be able to reconcile the evidence I propose with such a fully-completed formulation of physicalism. I suggest that if this is the best physicalists can come up with, then their position is weak and the inference-to-the-best-explanation that until now supported universal physicalism should be turned around to tell against the theory. text
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Tedder, Marc. "Applications of Lexicographic Breadth-first Search to Modular Decomposition, Split Decomposition, and Circle Graphs". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29888.
This thesis presents the first sub-quadratic circle graph recognition algorithm, and develops improved algorithms for two important hierarchical decomposition schemes: modular decomposition and split decomposition. The modular decomposition algorithm results from unifying two different approaches previously employed to solve the problem: divide-and-conquer and factorizing permutations. It runs in linear-time, and is straightforward in its understanding, correctness, and implementation. It merely requires a collection of trees and simple traversals of these trees. The split-decomposition algorithm is similar in being straightforward in its understanding and correctness. An efficient implementation of the algorithm is described that uses the union-find data-structure. A novel charging argument is used to prove the running-time. The algorithm is the first to use the recent reformulation of split decomposition in terms of graph-labelled trees. This facilitates its extension to circle graph recognition. In particular, it allows us to efficiently apply a new lexicographic breadth-first search characterization of circle graphs developed in the thesis. Lexicographic breadth-first search is additionally responsible for the efficiency of the split decomposition algorithm, and contributes to the simplicity of the modular decomposition algorithm.
Livros sobre o assunto "Argument Tree":
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Jorge, Ruiz. Tres argumentos cinematográficos bolivianos. Cochabamba, Bolivia: Centro Pedagógico Cultural Simón I. Patiño, 2002.
Jovanov, Taško. Zbornik: Argumenti od crniot tefter na žrtvuvanite : avtentični svedoštva na učesnicite i žrtvite na Graǵanskata vojna vo Grcija što seušte trae. Skopje: Združenie na Setinci i Popadinci od Lerin vo Makedonija, 2009.
Hilaire, Belloc, e Fr. O. R. Vassall Phillips. The Mustard Tree: An Argument On Behalf Of The Divinity Of Christianity. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012.
This chapter asks whether the argument for optimism presented in Chapters 3–4 may be extended from boundary problems to problems of other types, and argues that it can be—to a type of problem the author calls a constitutive problem. Roughly, a constitutive problem is an explanatory problem that presupposes that various items of philosophical interest are located at the apex of what is called a constitutive hierarchy, a vast and complicated explanatory structure among facts (i.e. true propositions). The argument is presented in the context of the theory of causal explanation defended by David Lewis, and explores how this can be extended to constitutive explanation.
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Kaplan, Ronald M. Syntax. Editado por Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0004.
This article introduces some of the phenomena that theories of natural language syntax aim to explain. It briefly discusses a few of the formal approaches to syntax that have figured prominently in computational research and implementation. The fundamental problem of syntax is to characterize the relation between semantic predicate-argument relations and the superficial word and phrase configurations by which a language expresses them. The major task of syntactic theory is to define an explicit notation for writing grammars. This article details a framework called transformational grammar that combines a context-free phrase-structure grammar with another component of transformations that specify how trees of a given form can be transformed into other trees in a systematic way. Finally, it mentions briefly two syntactic systems that are of linguistic and computational interest, namely, generalized phrase structure grammar and tree-adjoining grammars.
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Stoljar, Daniel. An Argument for Optimism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802099.003.0003.
This chapter formulates an argument for the main thesis that focuses on a particular type of problem, called a boundary problem. Roughly, a boundary problem is a logical problem involving independently plausible but mutually inconsistent theses, each of which concerns what it takes for a claim, or a certain class of claims, to be true or knowable or understood. Topics identified in this chapter as raising boundary problems include the mind–body problem, the problem of free will, the indeterminancy of meaning, identity over time (or persistence, as it usually called), and the impenetrability of matter. The key idea of the argument is that we can and have solved boundary problems in the past.
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Sullivan, Meghan. The No Regrets Argument. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0006.
This chapter introduces two well-being arguments against future bias. The Mixed Tradeoff Argument appeals to the premise that if you are indifferent between some amount of a good and some hedonic experience in the future, then you are rationally required to be indifferent between the same amount of the good and the experience when it is in the past. This premise is defended with cases in which past discounting makes an agent’s life worse. The No Regrets Argument appeals to the Weak Forecasting principle: if we will always have access to the relevant reasons, it is permissible for us to prefer any optionwe knowwewill never regret in favor of one we know we will eventually regret. The chapter argues that if Weak Forecasting is true, then being future-biased will lead one to prefer that her life go worse.
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Pereboom, Derk. Transcendental Arguments. Editado por Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler e John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.18.
This article explores Immanuel Kant’s transcendental argument in philosophy. According to Kant, a transcendental argument begins with a compelling first premise about our thought, experience, knowledge, or practice, and then reasons to a conclusion that is a substantive and unobvious presupposition and necessary condition of the truth of this premise, or as he sometimes puts it, of the possibility of this premise’s being true. Transcendental arguments are typically directed against skepticism of some kind. For example, Kant’s Transcendental Deduction targets Humean skepticism about the applicability of a priori metaphysical concepts, and his Refutation of Idealism takes aim at skepticism about an external world. The article first considers the nature of transcendental arguments before analysing a number of specific transcendental arguments, including Kant’s Transcendental Deduction and Refutation of Idealism. It also discusses contemporary arguments, such as those forwarded by P. F. Strawson and and Christine Korsgaard, together with their problems and prospects.
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Streumer, Bart. Reasons and Ability. Editado por Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.11.
This chapter argues that there can be a reason for a person to perform an action only if this person can perform this action. The chapter gives three arguments for this claim: the argument from crazy reasons, the argument from tables and chairs, and the argument from deliberation. It also discusses several replies to these arguments. The chapter rejects three alternatives to this claim, argues that four counterexamples to this claim fail, and argues that a similar claim is true of reasons for belief. It ends by showing that these claims can help us to distinguish deontic judgments from evaluative judgments.
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Jago, Mark. Arguments for Truthmaking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823810.003.0003.
The theory of truth I’m proposing analyses truth in terms of truthmaking. But why think that truths need to be made true by entities in the world? That’s a key question in this project. There are no quick, easy arguments in favour of truthmaking (§2.2 and §2.3). My strategy will be to argue that properties and relations exist (§2.4), and from there, to argue in favour of states of affairs (§2.5). Once we’ve got these in our ontology, it’s but a short step to argue that they are truthmakers for the corresponding propositions (§2.6).
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Argument Tree":
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Manninen, Tuomas W. "No True Scotsman". In Bad Arguments, 374–77. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119165811.ch91.
Schickinger, Thomas, e Angelika Steger. "Simplified Witness Tree Arguments". In SOFSEM 2000: Theory and Practice of Informatics, 71–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44411-4_6.
Soare, Robert I. "The Tree Method and O‴-Priority Arguments". In Perspectives in Mathematical Logic, 300–337. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02460-7_15.
Yahi, Safa. "On Warranted Inference in Argument Trees Based Framework". In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 191–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23963-2_16.
Lempp, Steffen, e Manuel Lerman. "Priority arguments using iterated trees of strategies". In Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 277–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0086123.
Kruusmaa, Maarja, Amirouche Moktefi e Jeffrey Tuhtan. "On the Shoulders of Giants: Colourful Argument Trees for Academic Writing". In Diagrammatic Representation and Inference, 520–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54249-8_48.
Uchizawa, Kei, e Eiji Takimoto. "Lower Bounds for Linear Decision Trees via an Energy Complexity Argument". In Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science 2011, 568–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22993-0_51.
Decker, Kevin S. "Star Trek: The Next Generation as Philosophy: Gene Roddenberry’s Argument for Humanism". In The Palgrave Handbook of Popular Culture as Philosophy, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97134-6_3-1.
Bashford, Bruce. "“Even Things That Are True Can Be Proved”: Oscar Wilde on Argument". In Philosophy and Oscar Wilde, 53–71. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57958-4_4.
Miller, Dana. "Aristotle on How to Fell a Tree and Other Matters Involving Experience". In Strategies of Argument, 124–46. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199890477.003.0006.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Argument Tree":
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Liga, Davide. "Argumentative Evidences Classification and Argument Scheme Detection Using Tree Kernels". In Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Argument Mining. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4511.
Mende, Jens. "Modular Inference Trees for Expository Reports". In InSITE 2005: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2933.
When people write a report that involves a complex argument towards a conclusion, they can use a design tool called the inference tree, which enables them to outline the argument, and quickly detect reasoning errors in the outline. Yet when the argument is very complex, the inference tree may spread over several pages, so that writers may often have to flip back and forth between those pages. To prevent unnecessary flipping, they can draw the tree as a hierarchy of modules, similar to a modular hierarchy of program flowcharts or structure charts, where a major module controls several minor modules. In drawing the tree, writers can adopt four principles of Computing: modularity, the criterion of minimal coupling between modules, and the methods of forward and backward chaining to draw all the modules.
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Morio, Gaku, Hiroaki Ozaki, Terufumi Morishita, Yuta Koreeda e Kohsuke Yanai. "Towards Better Non-Tree Argument Mining: Proposition-Level Biaffine Parsing with Task-Specific Parameterization". In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.298.
Bäckström, Christer, Peter Jonsson e Sebastian Ordyniak. "A Refined Understanding of Cost-optimal Planning with Polytree Causal Graphs". In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/848.
Complexity analysis based on the causal graphs of planning instances is a highly important research area. In particular, tractability results have led to new methods for constructing domain-independent heuristics. Important early examples of such results were presented by, for instance, Brafman & Domshlak and Katz & Keyder. More general results based on polytrees and bounding certain parameters were subsequently derived by Aghighi et al. and Ståhlberg. We continue this line of research by analyzing cost-optimal planning for instances with a polytree causal graph, bounded domain size and bounded depth. We show that no further restrictions are necessary for tractability, thus generalizing the previous results. Our approach is based on a novel method of closely analysing optimal plans: we recursively decompose the causal graph in a way that allows for bounding the number of variable changes as a function of the depth, using a reording argument and a comparison with prefix trees of known size. We then transform the planning instances into tree-structured constraint satisfaction instances.
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Liakata, Maria, e Stephen Pulman. "From trees to predicate-argument structures". In the 19th international conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1072228.1072333.
Parker, James A., Ed Romero e Thomas Povey. "A Modular Transonic Turbine Cascade for Cooled Rotor Metal Effectiveness Investigations". In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91697.
Abstract The Metal Effectiveness Rotor Cooling (MERC) facility at the University of Oxford is a new blow-down linear cascade tunnel developed for aerothermal research of turbine rotor blade and rotor platform cooling systems. A high level of engine similarity is achieved with matched Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, coolant-to-mainstream pressure ratios, and Biot number (using DMLS components of appropriate conductivity). The modular working section includes five blade passages, including platform and fir tree root geometries, and engine representative hub seals. The facility is designed to allow high accuracy IR camera measurement of the blade and platform surfaces (for metal effectiveness measurements) and downstream area traverse measurements. Detailed traverse measurements are possible in a single run, because of the long run time of the facility (up to 5 minutes). The facility is being used for development and optimisation research of novel blade and platform cooling systems, with an emphasis on overall thermal performance of parts (metal effectiveness). Modular cassettes allow the blade components to be rapidly interchanged, and for variations to the designs of the front and rear hub seals. The engine representative seals and coolant feed paths allow for all engine leakage flows to be replicated in the experiment. This is important, because they are influential in determining the platform cooling flow structure (character and extent of secondary flow) and overall metal effectiveness result. Coolant supplied to each of the hub seals, and blade shank pocket can be independently varied to achieve required mass flows and pressure ratios. Rotor blades are typically manufactured using DMLS, allowing fast development and optimisation of fully-featured cooling systems at significantly reduced cost compared to traditional casting techniques. To demonstrate the capability of the new facility, we present full-surface metal-effectiveness measurements of the rotor blade platforms (post-processed using high-accuracy infrared thermography techniques separately developed at the University of Oxford.) The purpose of this paper is to outline the capabilities of the facility, describe the prior work and research context which led to its development, and to demonstrate the accuracy of the measurement techniques employed by presenting typical measured data. An argument is made for the importance of including realistic hub seal leakage paths in experiments investigating platform cooling flows by illustrating their significant impact on overall cooling performance. The MERC facility is a response to the need to develop more advanced rotor platform cooling schemes for future engines.
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Kamanin, D. V., A. A. Alexandrov, I. A. Alexandrova, Z. I. Goryainova, E. A. Kuznetsova, A. O. Strekalovsky, O. V. Strekalovsky et al. "Additional Arguments in Favor of True Quaternary Fission of Low Excited Actinides". In International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei EXON-2018. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811209451_0041.
Srivastava, Ankit, e Sia Nemat-Nasser. "Applicability of Dynamic Homogenization for Acoustic Metamaterials". In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36601.
Dynamic homogenization seeks to define frequency dependent effective properties for heterogeneous composites for the purpose of studying wave propagation in them. These properties can be used to predict and design for metamaterial behavior. However, there is an approximation involved in replacing a heterogeneous composite with its homogenized equivalent. In this paper we propose a quantification to this approximation. By way of explicit examples we show that a comprehensive homogenization scheme proposed in earlier papers is applicable in a finite composite setting and in the low frequency regime. We also show that there exist good arguments for considering the second branch of a locally resonant composite a true negative branch. Furthermore, we note that infinite-domain homogenization is more applicable to finite cases of locally resonant metamaterial composites than it is to 2-phase composites. We also study the effect of the interface location on the applicability of homogenization. The results open intriguing questions regarding the effects of replacing a semi-infinite periodic composite with its Bloch-wave (infinite domain) dynamic properties on such phenomenon as negative refraction.
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Axelsson, Lars-Uno, e William K. George. "Spectral Analysis of the Flow in an Intermediate Turbine Duct". In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51340.
The meaning of integral length scale is discussed in the context of inlet boundary conditions for an intermediate turbine duct located downstream a high-pressure turbine stage. Contrary to popular belief, the integral scale determined from spectral or correlation data is not the same as that commonly used in turbulence models, even when the periodic components are removed from consideration. In particular, the “pseudo-integral-scale”, Lε = q3/ε, defined from the turbulence intensity and dissipation, can differ by an order of magnitude or more from the true integral scale, no matter how the latter is determined. And even though the ratio may be asymptotically constant with increasing Reynolds number, it depends on the nature of the turbulence present. It is the pseudo-integral scale that is mostly wanted (at least by turbulence modelers), but it is the dissipation that complicates its determination experimentally. This paper outlines a procedure for obtaining the dissipation using the measured one-dimensional energy spectrum, and lays out criteria for when the procedure can be legitimately used. The theoretical arguments, based on the postulated existence of k−5/3 range, are illustrated with spectral measurements immediately downstream a single-stage turbine using the Chalmers large-scale turbine facility. The spectra are obtained from area traverses with a 2-component hot-wire.
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Aurisicchio, Marco, Rob H. Bracewell e Ken M. Walllace. "A Design Data Model to Support Rationale Capture and Functional Synthesis". In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dtm-48672.
Keeping design notebooks is widely considered to be a very good practice as it allows the progression of a design to be recorded, and it is one of the few spontaneous ways in which designers document their design processes. Nevertheless, design notebooks by their nature contain diverse collections of information and knowledge, lacking any clear and comprehensive structure. The aim of researching the generation and use of such design knowledge is to provide a better understanding of how it may be captured and structured for later review and reuse, either by the original designers or by others. In this paper, we explore and test ways of structuring design rationale that is recorded in design notebooks during mechanical design projects. Our investigation focuses on the application of two well-known alternative knowledge structures. These are PROSUS matrices that are used for indexing design rationale against the nodes of a product breakdown [1], and Function-Means Trees [2] that are used to represent the generation and combination of alternative partial design solutions. The results are compared with the Design Data Model, which has been proposed as a way of beneficially unifying these two seemingly incompatible approaches. Design notebooks kept during the Mobile Arm Support project, an inhouse design project undertaken between 1992 and 1997 in Cambridge Engineering Design Centre, provided the source material to illustrate our arguments.
