Teses / dissertações: "Bee pollen"

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Russell, Avery L., Rebekah E. Golden, Anne S. Leonard, and Daniel R. Papaj. "Bees learn preferences for plant species that offer only pollen as a reward." Oxford University Press, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621207.

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The astonishing diversity of floral form in angiosperm plants is driven in large part by preferences of pollinators for various floral traits, including learned preferences. Remarkably, almost all of a vast literature on learning and memory in pollinators relates to nectar as a reward, even though bees and many flies, beetles, and butterflies must collect pollen. In this study, we asked if bees formed preferences for plant species from which pollen had been collected successfully. Using absolute conditioning, we gave pollen foraging bees experience with plant species that offered only pollen rewards. Naive bees generally showed modest preferences, whereas experienced bees adopted strong preferences for those species over alternative species not previously experienced. Learned preferences were retained for at least 24 h, consistent with preferences learned with nectar rewards. These experience-mediated changes in preference raised the possibility that bees formed associations between particular floral features and pollen rewards. We therefore asked if learned preferences required that bees successfully collect pollen. Using differential conditioning, we determined that learned preferences were strongly influenced by receipt of a pollen reward. In a final experiment, we characterized the importance of 2 floral features, the corolla and the anther, in the expression of learned preferences. Although experience altered responses to both floral parts, responses to anthers were influenced more strongly. We discuss recent evidence in the literature for associative learning with pollen rewards and propose that learned preferences in the context of pollen collection have played an important role in floral display evolution.

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Mach, Bernadette Maria. "BEE CONSERVATION IN URBAN LANDSCAPES: ASSESSING BEE ASSEMBLAGES, BEE–ATTRACTIVENESS, AND NUTRITRITIONAL VALUE OF WOODY LANDSCAPE PLANTS AND MITIGATING POTENTIAL BEE HAZARD FROM NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDES." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_etds/46.

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Public awareness of declining pollinator populations has increased interest in creating “bee–friendly” urban landscapes. I quantified bee visitation and assemblages of 72 species of flowering woody plants common in urban landscapes. I found strong plant species effects and variation in seasonal activity of particular bee taxa but no overall differences in bee visitation or genus diversity between native versus nonnative species or trees versus shrubs. Analysis of pollen from a subset of these plants revealed small but statistically significant differences in total and essential amino acids between native and nonnative species and trees and shrubs, although each group had species with high quality pollen. Uptake and dissipation of soil–applied imidacloprid and dinotefuran was measured in nectar and leaves of two woody plant species, Ilex × attenuata and Clethra alnifolia to assess concentrations to which pollinators might be exposed in landscape settings. Three application timings were evaluated. Residues in nectar and tissue were analyzed by HPLC–MS/MS in two successive years. Residues in nectar following autumn or spring applications exceed concentrations shown to adversely affect individual and colony–level traits of bees. Summer application mitigated concentrations of imidacloprid (8–31 ng/g), but not dinotefuran (235–1191 ng/g), in nectar.

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PAPA, GIULIA. "Study of airborne particulate matter (PM) contaminating the honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 and bee products." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/94210.

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Apis mellifera Linnaeus (1758) è un insetto eusociale conosciuto in tutto il mondo sia per la produzione di miele sia per il suo ruolo di impollinatore, uno dei servizi ecosistemici fondamentali per la biodiversità del pianeta. Durante la sua attività di foraggiamento, l’ape è esposta agli inquinanti ambientali tra cui il particolato atmosferico aerodisperso (PM). Il particolato atmosferico può depositarsi sul corpo dell’insetto e infine contaminare anche i prodotti apistici come polline e miele. Il PM può avere diverse dimensioni (es. PM10, PM2.5, PM0.1), composizione chimica, morfologia e fonti di emissione (naturale o antropica). Nel presente elaborato di tesi, tecniche di microscopia elettronica a scansione (SEM-EDX) sono state utilizzate per caratterizzare la contaminazione da PM di origine antropica del corpo dell’ape e dei suoi prodotti (Capitolo 2 e Capitolo 3) e analisi molecolari per studiare gli eventuali effetti sub-letali sul microbiota intestinale di api esposte ai PM per via orale (Capitolo 4). Apis mellifera Linnaeus (1758) order Hymenoptera family Apidae, is a eusocial insect widely known for its role in pollination, a fundamental ecosystem service for plant biodiversity and ultimately for the planet. During flight and foraging activity, the honey bee can collect airborne particulate matter (PM) on their own body, especially on the forewings, and can also contaminate bee products as pollen and honey. Particulate matter can originate from natural or anthropic sources, and is characterised by size (e.g., PM10, PM2.5, PM0.1), chemical composition, and morphology. In this thesis, honey bee, pollen and honey were used as bioindicator of PM – from coarse to ultrafine – in industrial areas of the Po Valley, Italy (Chapter 2 and Chapter 3). The (sub-lethal) effects of Titanium dioxide – a widespread airborne PM1 pollutant – on the honey bee through oral exposure was then investigated (Chapter 4). The technique used to analyse the PM contaminating bees and bee products is the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray spectrometer (EDX). EDX spectra allowed us to obtain chemical information from specimens, while backscattered-electron (BSE) imaging and elemental mapping provided both compositional and topographic information of PM.

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PAPA, GIULIA. "Study of airborne particulate matter (PM) contaminating the honey bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 and bee products." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/94210.

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Apis mellifera Linnaeus (1758) è un insetto eusociale conosciuto in tutto il mondo sia per la produzione di miele sia per il suo ruolo di impollinatore, uno dei servizi ecosistemici fondamentali per la biodiversità del pianeta. Durante la sua attività di foraggiamento, l’ape è esposta agli inquinanti ambientali tra cui il particolato atmosferico aerodisperso (PM). Il particolato atmosferico può depositarsi sul corpo dell’insetto e infine contaminare anche i prodotti apistici come polline e miele. Il PM può avere diverse dimensioni (es. PM10, PM2.5, PM0.1), composizione chimica, morfologia e fonti di emissione (naturale o antropica). Nel presente elaborato di tesi, tecniche di microscopia elettronica a scansione (SEM-EDX) sono state utilizzate per caratterizzare la contaminazione da PM di origine antropica del corpo dell’ape e dei suoi prodotti (Capitolo 2 e Capitolo 3) e analisi molecolari per studiare gli eventuali effetti sub-letali sul microbiota intestinale di api esposte ai PM per via orale (Capitolo 4). Apis mellifera Linnaeus (1758) order Hymenoptera family Apidae, is a eusocial insect widely known for its role in pollination, a fundamental ecosystem service for plant biodiversity and ultimately for the planet. During flight and foraging activity, the honey bee can collect airborne particulate matter (PM) on their own body, especially on the forewings, and can also contaminate bee products as pollen and honey. Particulate matter can originate from natural or anthropic sources, and is characterised by size (e.g., PM10, PM2.5, PM0.1), chemical composition, and morphology. In this thesis, honey bee, pollen and honey were used as bioindicator of PM – from coarse to ultrafine – in industrial areas of the Po Valley, Italy (Chapter 2 and Chapter 3). The (sub-lethal) effects of Titanium dioxide – a widespread airborne PM1 pollutant – on the honey bee through oral exposure was then investigated (Chapter 4). The technique used to analyse the PM contaminating bees and bee products is the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray spectrometer (EDX). EDX spectra allowed us to obtain chemical information from specimens, while backscattered-electron (BSE) imaging and elemental mapping provided both compositional and topographic information of PM.

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Larsson, Magnus. "To Bee or Not to Be : Critical Floral Resources of Wild-Bees." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7108.

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Howpage, Daya. "Pollination biology of kiwifruit : influence of honey bees, Apis melllifera L, pollen parents and pistil structure /." Richmond, N.S.W. : Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030509.153106/index.html.

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Oliveira, Renata Cabrera de 1984. "Avaliação do potencial do pólen apícola como bioindicador de contaminação ambiental por agrotóxicos." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249441.

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Orientadores: Susanne Rath, Sonia Claudia do Nascimento de Queiroz Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T03:44:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_RenataCabrerade_D.pdf: 3973991 bytes, checksum: 53109a8e29cba1ca926627e521d33fd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 Resumo: O uso frequente e indiscriminado de agrotóxicos na agricultura tem acarretado a presença de resíduos nos alimentos e contaminação ambiental, principalmente em países com grande potencial agrícola, como o Brasil. Para avaliar a presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos no ambiente, as abelhas e os produtos apícolas têm sido apontados como potenciais bioindicadores, podendo ser utilizados para monitorar grandes áreas devido às longas distâncias percorridas. Assim sendo, o potencial do uso do pólen apícola como bioindicador da contaminação ambiental por agrotóxicos foi avaliado neste trabalho. Para isso, foi necessário desenvolver e validar um método analítico para determinação de multirresíduos em pólen apícola, utilizando cromatografia a gás acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (GC-MS/MS). Para definição das condições ótimas de extração, dois processos foram avaliados: o QuEChERS, e o de partição com acetonitrila. O QuEChERS mostrou ser mais eficiente (melhor seletividade e eficiência de extração) e foi validado para a determinação de 27 agrotóxicos. Estudos de sorção mostraram que os agrotóxicos são fortemente sorvidos no pólen. Nas amostras provenientes do apiário experimental na Embrapa em Jaguariúna/SP não foram encontrados níveis quantificáveis dos agrotóxicos pesquisados, enquanto a presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos nas amostras fornecidas por apicultores de Ribeirão Preto/SP foi confirmada e quantificada. Os métodos desenvolvidos e validados mostraram ser eficientes e podem ser utilizados no monitoramento ambiental quanto à presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos. Os resultados confirmam o potencial do pólen apícola como bioindicador de contaminação ambiental por agrotóxicos Abstract: The extensive use of pesticides in agriculture crop has led to the presence of residues in food and environmental contamination, especially in countries with great agricultural potential, such as Brazil. To assess the presence of pesticide residues in the environment, honeybees and bee products have been mentioned as potential bioindicators, which can be used to monitor large areas due to long distances travelled. Therefore, the potential use of bee pollen as a bioindicator of environmental pesticides contamination has been reported in this work. For this it was necessary to develop and validate an analytical method for the determination of multiresidues in pollen, using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). For the definition of optimum extraction conditions, two procedures were evaluated: QuEChERS, and partition with acetonitrile. The QuEChERS proved to be more efficient (improved selectivity and extraction efficiency), and was validated for the determination of 27 pesticides. Sorption studies showed that pesticides are strongly sorbed in pollen. Unquantifiable levels of pesticides surveyed were found in the samples from experimental apiary at Embrapa in Jaguariúna/SP, while the presence of pesticide residues in samples provided by apiarists from Ribeirão Preto/SP was confirmed and quantified. The validated analytical methods proved to be efficient and can be used in environmental monitoring for the presence of pesticide residues. The results confirm the potential of bee pollen as a bioindicator of environmental pesticides contamination Doutorado Quimica Analitica Doutora em Ciências

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Howpage, Daya. "Pollination biology of kiwifruit : influence of honey bees, Apis mellifera L, pollen parents and pistil structure." Thesis, Richmond, N.S.W. : Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/338.

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The importance of European honey bees in improving fruit set, yield and fruit weight of kiwifruit on the central east coast of Australia was investigated. Field investigations were carried out using different bee saturations and different types of male pollen parents. These investigations confirmed the importance of honey bees in kiwifruit fruit set, yield and fruit weight. However, the results suggested that increasing bee activity alone may not increase pollination of kiwifruit by honey bees. Many factors need to be understood before introducing bees into the orchard. Bees were more effective during the early part of the flowering period, and bee activity varied according to the sex of the vine, planting design and the time of day. The type of male pollen parents also influenced fruit size and quality. Flowers pollinated by different pollen parents were assessed for pollen tube growth and histochemical changes. The resulting fruit were also examined for weight and seed numbers. Honey bees play the major role in the size and yield of kiwifruit, but the design of male vines, their age and type of male pollen may also contribute. The kiwifruit pistil also possesses important features that can be considered as adaptations to insect pollination.

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Nascimento, JosÃ Elton de Melo. "VariaÃÃo temporal na produÃÃo e valor nutricional do pÃlen usado na dieta de Apis mellifera L. em floresta estacional semidecidual." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16344.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico O pÃlen apÃcola Ã um produto das abelhas Apis mellifera que possui alto valor nutricional, indispensÃvel para a manutenÃÃo de suas colÃnias. AlÃm disso, representa uma importante fonte de renda para apicultores de diversos paÃses. Mas, a falta de conhecimento sobre a flora polinÃfera e sua contribuiÃÃo no valor nutricional ainda sÃo entraves para a expansÃo da produÃÃo do pÃlen apÃcola. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o potencial da produÃÃo, a variaÃÃo temporal, a origem botÃnica e o valor nutricional do pÃlen apÃcola produzido por A. mellifera em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual na Serra da Meruoca (FESSM). Para isso foram coletadas 15 amostras de pÃlen mensalmente em cada colÃnia (n=10), durante 12 meses. Cada amostra foi dividida em duas partes, sendo uma destinada Ã anÃlise bromatolÃgia e a outra Ã anÃlise da origem botÃnica. A dieta de A. mellifera na FESSM foi composta por 74 tipos polÃnicos distribuÃdos em 58 gÃneros e 27 famÃlias. As famÃlias botÃnicas mais representativas em nÃmero de espÃcies foram Leguminosae (n= 16), Asteraceae (11) e Rubiaceae (6). O gÃnero Mimosa (Leguminosae) apresentou o maior nÃmero de espÃcie (n=7) em floraÃÃo durante o perÃodo de estudo. Ao longo do ano dois picos produtivos de pÃlen apÃcola foram encontrados, um no perÃodo seco e outro no perÃodo chuvoso, com valores mais elevados no perÃodo chuvoso. A anÃlise do valor nutricional considerando, proteÃna bruta, carboidratos, extrato etÃreo e matÃria mineral variaram ao longo do perÃodo estudado. Sendo a matÃria seca influenciada pela precipitaÃÃo. Alguns grupos taxonÃmicos apresentaram relaÃÃo positiva com os nutrientes. Embora a dieta do A. mellifera seja amplamente diversificada, essa espÃcie de abelha direciona a maior parte de seu esforÃo no forrageamento de pÃlen em espÃcies do gÃnero Mimosa e em Attalea speciosa. Este estudo mostra que a FESSM apresenta espÃcies de plantas altamente nutritivas e um elevado potencial para a produÃÃo de pÃlen apÃcola. Bee pollen is a product of Apis mellifera with high nutritional value, indispensable for the maintenance of its colonies. It is also an important source of income for beekeepers in different countries. However, the lack of knowledge about the polliniferous flora and its contribution to the nutritional value is an obstacle to increase the production of bee pollen. In this sense, this study analyzed the potential of production, the temporal variation, the botanical origin and the nutritional value of bee pollen produced by A. mellifera in a seasonal semideciduous forest at Serra da Meruoca (FESSM). Once in a month, we collected 15 pollen samples in each colony (n= 10) over a period of 12 months. Each sample was divided into two parts, one for chemical analysis and another for botanical origin analysis. The diet of A. mellifera consisted of 74 pollen types distributed in 58 genera and 27 families. The botanical families Leguminosae (n= 16), Asteraceae (11) and Rubiaceae (6) were the most representative in number of species. Mimosa (Leguminosae) had the highest number of species (n= 7) contributing pollen during the study period. As for the production of bee pollen, we found two production peaks, with higher values in the rainy season. Results of the nutritional value considering crude protein, carbohydrates, lipids and mineral matter indicated changes over the study period, with influence of rainfall on the dry matter content. Some taxonomic groups showed a positive relationship with nutrients. Although the diet of A. mellifera is broadly diversified, this species uses most of its pollen foraging effort in the genus Mimosa and the species Attalea speciosa. This study shows that FESSM presents species of highly nutritious plants and a high potential for the pollen production.

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Russell, Avery L., China Rae Newman, and Daniel R. Papaj. "White flowers finish last: pollen-foraging bumble bees show biased learning in a floral color polymorphism." Springer, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621351.

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Pollinator-driven selection is thought to drive much of the extraordinary diversity of flowering plants. Plants that produce floral traits preferred by particular pollinators are more likely to receive conspecific pollen and to evolve further adaptations to those pollinators that enhance pollination and ultimately generate floral diversity. Two mechanisms in particular, sensory bias and learning, are thought to explain how pollinator preference can contribute to divergence and speciation in flowering plants. While the preferences of pollinators, such as bees, flies, and birds, are frequently implicated in patterns of floral trait evolution, the role of learning in generating reproductive isolation and trait divergence for different floral types within plant populations is not well understood. Floral color polymorphism in particular provides an excellent opportunity to examine how pollinator behavior and learning might maintain the different floral morphs. In this study we asked if bumble bees showed innate preferences for different color morphs of the pollen-only plant Solanum tridynamum, whether bees formed preferences for the morphs with which they had experience collecting pollen from, and the strength of those learned preferences. Using an absolute conditioning protocol, we gave bees experience collecting pollen from a color polymorphic plant species that offered only pollen rewards. Despite initially-naïve bees showing no apparent innate bias toward human-white versus human-purple flower morphs, we did find evidence of a bias in learning. Specifically, bees learned strong preferences for purple corollas, but learned only weak preferences for hypochromic (human-white) corollas. We discuss how our results might explain patterns of floral display evolution, particularly as they relate to color polymorphisms. Additionally, we propose that the ease with which floral visual traits are learned—i.e., biases in learning—can influence the evolution of floral color as a signal to pollinators.

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Eckholm, Bruce James. "Effects of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Intracolonial Genetic Diversity on the Acquisition and Allocation of Protein." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293412.

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Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are the most economically important insect pollinator of agricultural crops in the United States. Honey bee colonies are required for pollination of approximately one-third of the nation’s fruit, vegetable, nut, and forage crops, with an estimated annual value in the billions of dollars. The economic value of a honey bee colony comes from its population size, as large colonies provide the necessary foraging force required for large-scale crop pollination services. A major component of colony strength is its genetic diversity, a consequence of the reproductive mating strategy of the queen known as polyandry. Despite some inherent risks of multiple mating, several studies have demonstrated significant advantages of intracolonial genetic diversity for honey bee colony productivity. Colony-level benefits include better disease resistance, more stable brood nest thermoregulation, and greater colony growth. Instrumental insemination of honey bee queens is a technique to precisely control queen mating, and thereby creates the opportunity to investigate the effects of intracolonial genetic diversity on colony performance. In this dissertation, I first consider the effects of intracolonial genetic diversity on pollen foraging using colonies headed by queens which were instrumentally inseminated with either one or twenty drones to generate colonies of very high or very low intracolonial genetic diversity, respectively. I found that colonies with high intracolonial genetic diversity amass significantly more pollen and rear more brood than colonies with low intracolonial genetic diversity. Of particular interest, colonies with low intracolonial genetic diversity collected a significantly greater variety of pollen types. I discuss these results in the context of scouting and recruiting, and suggest a more efficient foraging strategy exists among genetically diverse colonies. While intracolonial genetic diversity is positively correlated with collected pollen, its effect on the colony’s ability to process and distribute inbound protein resources is unknown. Again using colonies headed by queens instrumentally inseminated with either one or twenty drones, I studied the effects of intracolonial genetic diversity on pollen consumption and digestion by nurse bees, as well as protein allocation among nestmates by assessing total soluble protein concentration of late instar larvae, and total soluble hemolymph protein concentration in both nurses and pollen foragers. I found that nurse bees from colonies with high intracolonial genetic diversity consume and process more protein than nurses from colonies with low intracolonial genetic diversity, even when given equal access to protein resources. Further, both forager hemolymph protein concentrations and larval total protein concentrations were higher among the colonies with high intracolonial genetic diversity. My findings suggest that protein processing and distribution within a honey bee colony is affected by the social context of the hive. I discuss “worker policing”, and the role of nurse bees in modulating the foraging effort. Finally, I assess the standing genetic variability among several colonies sourced from different genetic and geographic locations. Using microsatellite DNA from workers sampled from each colony, I determined allelic richness, gene diversity, and effective mating frequency for each genetic line. I found differences in all three metrics between lines, and for one line in particular, there was no correlation with genetic variation and effective mating frequency, suggesting non-random mating. My results showed very different levels of intracolonial genetic diversity among naturally mated queens. Because of its impact on colony performance, the importance of maintaining genetic diversity in breeding populations is discussed.

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Human, Hannelie. "Evaluation of the floral rewards of Aloe greatheadii van davyana (Asphodelaceae), the most important indigenous South African bee plant." Pretoria : University of Pretoria, 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07092008-093049/.

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Howpage, Daya, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, and Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. "Pollination biology of kiwifruit : influence of honey bees, Apis mellifera L, pollen parents and pistil structure." THESIS_FEMA_HPS_Howpage_D.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/338.

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The importance of European honey bees in improving fruit set, yield and fruit weight of kiwifruit on the central east coast of Australia was investigated. Field investigations were carried out using different bee saturations and different types of male pollen parents. These investigations confirmed the importance of honey bees in kiwifruit fruit set, yield and fruit weight. However, the results suggested that increasing bee activity alone may not increase pollination of kiwifruit by honey bees. Many factors need to be understood before introducing bees into the orchard. Bees were more effective during the early part of the flowering period, and bee activity varied according to the sex of the vine, planting design and the time of day. The type of male pollen parents also influenced fruit size and quality. Flowers pollinated by different pollen parents were assessed for pollen tube growth and histochemical changes. The resulting fruit were also examined for weight and seed numbers. Honey bees play the major role in the size and yield of kiwifruit, but the design of male vines, their age and type of male pollen may also contribute. The kiwifruit pistil also possesses important features that can be considered as adaptations to insect pollination. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Almeida, Daniela de. "Espécies de abelhas (Hymenoptera, apoidea) e tipificação dos méis por elas produzidos em área de cerrado do município de Pirassununga, estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09012003-075838/.

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A comunidade de abelhas associada a uma área de cerrado do Campus da Universidade de São Paulo, no município de Pirassununga-SP foi estudada no período de julho de 2000 a julho de 2002, por meio de amostragem sistemática das abelhas em plantas com floração realizadas quinzenalmente, e com concomitante tipificação dos méis produzidos pelas espécies de abelhas que apresentaram um número significativo de indivíduos coletados. Foram coletados 511 indivíduos, pertencentes a 51 espécies e a 31 gêneros de 4 famílias de Apoidea. A comunidade de abelhas no cerrado seguiu o padrão geral encontrado nas comunidades neotropicais, apresentando muitas espécies com poucos indivíduos e poucas espécies com muitos indivíduos. A família Apidae (sensu latu) foi a mais rica em espécies e a mais abundante. Foram encontradas plantas com períodos prolongados de florescimento lado a lado com plantas de períodos curtos, de modo que praticamente o ano todo tem-se plantas em floração, proporcionando recursos tróficos para as abelhas durante todos os meses. As abelhas visitantes foram coletadas em 52,86% das 140 espécies de plantas em floração, sendo a família Asteraceae a que obteve um maior número de espécies de plantas visitadas pelos insetos (18,92%). Didymopanax vinosum (Araliaceae) foi a espécie vegetal com maior número de abelhas visitantes. Nas espécies de meliponídios estudadas obteve-se baixa produção, justificando o número restrito de colônias encontradas nas áreas. Os meses de maior produção de mel, para a Apis mellifera ocorreram de agosto a novembro, em contrapartida entre os meses de dezembro a fevereiro não foi possível a coleta de amostra. As médias dos parâmetros físico-químicos análisados, das amostras de méis provenientes das duas áreas de cerrado, se enquadram nos padrões de normas em vigor. Através das análises polínicas verificou-se que as abelhas também visitaram áreas vizinhas aos locais onde se encontravam as colméias, utilizando-se principalmente de Eucalyptus sp. e Citrus sp. This research deals with the community of bees from the "cerrado" area of the Campus of the University of São Paulo, in Pirassununga, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The bees occurring on flowering plants were fortnightly sampled from July 2000 to July 2002. The honeys produced by the most frequent bee species were characterized as well. The 511 collected specimens were composed by 51 species and 31 genera of 4 families of the Apoidea. The bee community of the "cerrado" followed the same general pattern of the neotropical communities, presenting many species with few individuals and few species with many individuals. The family Apidae ("sensu latu") was the most abundant one with the highest number of species. One observed long flowering period plants together with short flowering ones, thus providing nutritional resources for the bees the year round. Visiting bees were collected in 52.86% of the 140 flowering plant species, most of them (18.92%) from the family Asteraceae. However Didimopanax vinosum (Araliaceae) was the plant species presenting the highest number of visiting bees. Concerning the species of meliponids studied the honey production was low due to the restricted number of colonies found in the area. As to Apis mellifera the honey production was higher from August to November, but it was impossible to collect samples from December to February. The mean of the physicochemical parameters used to analyse the honey samples from the two "cerrado" areas do fit with the standard rules. Through pollen analyses one observed that the bees have visited mainly plants of Eucalyptus sp. and Citrus sp. in the neighboring areas to their hives.

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Sponsler, Douglas B. "Honey bee landscape ecology: foraging, toxic exposure, and apicultural outcomes." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1479825586271009.

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Arruda, Vanilda Aparecida Soares de. "Estabilidade de vitaminas do complexo B em pólen apícola." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-25032010-162818/.

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O pólen além de ser a principal fonte de alimento não líquido, para as abelhas, tem sido utilizado como um suplemento da dieta humana. Apesar de muitos autores afirmarem que os produtos apícolas são ricos em nutrientes, pouco se sabe sobre a composição do pólen apícola especialmente em relação à presença das vitaminas do complexo B. De forma original este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a estabilidade das vitaminas do complexo B (B1, B2, B6 e PP) incluindo seus vitâmeros, durante o período de um ano de estocagem, em amostras de pólen apícola desidratado. Verificou-se também o efeito do processamento sobre o conteúdo dessas vitaminas além da possível influência dos tipos polínicos sobre a composição centesimal e conteúdo vitamínico. Foram analisadas concentrações das vitaminas no tempo zero e após 4, 8 e 12 meses, estocadas sob três condições distintas: em temperatura ambiente (com e sem exposição à luz) e em freezer. As vitaminas, após a extração simultânea, foram quantificadas por CLAE, com detecção por fluorescência. Todas as vitaminas propostas foram encontradas nas amostras analisadas e o processo de desidratação não interferiu no conteúdo das mesmas (p<0,05). As variações foram (base seca): 0,59 a 1,09 mg/100g para vitamina B1; 1,73 a 2,56 mg/100g para a vitamina B2; 6,43 a 15,34 mg/100g para a vitamina PP e 0,33 a 0,68 mg/100g para a vitamina B6 . Todas as amostras foram classificadas como pólen heterofloral, em função da grande variabilidade dos tipos polínicos presentes. Após um ano de estocagem pode-se afirmar que a concentração da vitamina B1 se manteve constante enquanto que para as demais vitaminas o decaimento da concentração foi dependente do tempo de armazenamento e não da condição de estocagem das amostras (p<0,05). Todas as amostras foram consideradas fonte da vitamina B2. Foi possível explicar matematicamente, através de equações de regressão linear oriundas da análise multivariada, a influência do tempo de armazenamento nas concentrações das vitaminas B6 e PP, com explicabilidade de 76 e 60% respectivamente. Pollen is the main source of non liquid food for bees and it has been used as a supplement for human diet. Although many authors cited that bee products are rich in nutrients, it is known a little about the composition of bee pollen and, in particular, the presence of the B vitamin complex in this product. This original study has the objective of evaluate the stability of B complex vitamins (B1, B2, B6 and PP), including its vitamers for a period of one year of storage in dried samples of bee pollen. It was also analyzed the effect of processing on vitamin content and the possible influence of polinic types on proximate composition and vitamin content. Samples were analyzed at time zero, after 4, 8 and 12 months. They were storaged under three different conditions: room temperature (with and without exposure to light) and freezer. The vitamins were quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection after simultaneous extraction. All proposed vitamins were found in the analyzed samples and the dehydration process did not interfere in vitamin content (p<0.05). The variations were (dry basis): 0.59 to 1.09 mg/100g for vitamin B1; 1.73 to 2.56 mg/100g for vitamin B2; 6.43 to 15.34 mg/100g for vitamin PP and 0.33 to 0.68 mg/100g for vitamin B6. All samples were classified as heterofloral pollen, according to the big variability of polinic types. After one year of storage, it can be stated that vitamin B1 concentration remained constant, while for the other vitamins, the concentration loose was dependent on time and not on the storage condition (p<0.05). All samples were considered Vitamin B2 source. It was possible to explain mathematically, through linear regression equations of multivariate analysis, the influence of storage time in the concentrations of vitamin B6 and PP, they were explained as 76 and 60% respectively.

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Souza, Bianca Rodrigues de. "Quantificação das vitaminas do complexo B (B1, B2) e vitâmeros das vitaminas B3 e B6 em amostras de pólen apícola desidratado provenientes da Região Sul do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-27052015-141055/.

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Entende-se por pólen apícola o resultado da aglutinação do pólen das flores, efetuado pelas abelhas operárias, mediante néctar e substâncias salivares, o qual é recolhido no ingresso da colmeia. A literatura descreve que esse alimento contém proteínas, carboidratos, lipídeos, vitaminas e minerais. De acordo com estudo prévio, amostras de pólen apícola in natura e desidratado, da cidade de Pariquera-Açu (São Paulo), apresentaram teores significativos de vitamina B1(tiamina) e B2 (riboflavina), além da presença dos vitâmeros da vitamina B3 (ácido nicotínico e nicotinamida) e B6 (piridoxal, piridoxol e piridoxamina) em sua composição o que foi associado à flora local explorada pelas abelhas. A região Sul do Brasil possui clima, relevo e vegetação diferenciados de outras regiões, necessitando-se assim da verificação do potencial vitamínico deste produto local. Destaca-se, ainda, o fato de que nesta região encontra-se um dos dois maiores produtores nacionais de pólen apícola (estado de Santa Catarina). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal quantificar os teores das vitaminas do complexo B: vitaminas B1 e B2, assim como os vitâmeros das vitaminas B3 e B6. Foram coletados 28 lotes de pólen apícola desidratado de diferentes localidades da região Sul durante o período de agosto de 2011 a dezembro de 2012 que posteriormente foram armazenados, a -18 °C até o momento das análises. As vitaminas do complexo B foram analisadas por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) na matriz pólen apícola desidratado e os resultados foram expressos em base seca. Entre as amostras analisadas foram verificados teores de vitamina B1 variando entre 0,46 e 1,83 mg / 100 g de pólen apícola; vitamina B2 de 0,40 à 1,86 mg / 100 g e quanto à vitamina B6 apenas os vitâmeros piridoxal e piridoxamina puderam ser quantificados em todos os lotes analisados. O piridoxal teve variação entre as amostras de 0,42 à 6,70 mg / 100 g e a piridoxamina de 0,26 à 0,95 mg / 100g. Em relação à vitamina B3, o vitâmero ácido nicotínico apresentou-se nos diferentes lotes variando de 0,68 à 3,93 mg / 100 g e a nicotinamida de 0,27 à 5,54 mg / 100 g de produto. Tomando-se como porção sugerida para consumo diário 25 g de pólen apícola, verificou-se que num total de 28 amostras, 15 foram consideradas fontes e 2 como ricas em tiamina; 19 lotes foram fontes e 3 ricos em riboflavina, e; 2 lotes foram fontes e 26 ricos em piridoxina segundo à Ingestão Diária Recomendada (IDR) para adultos como disponibilizado na Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº. 269, de 22 de setembro de 2005. Bee pollen is understood to be the result of agglutination of pollen from flowers, made by worker bees, and nectar through salivary substances, which is collected at the hive entrance. The literature describes that this product contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals. Previous study with fresh and dehydrated bee pollen, from the city of Pariquera-Açu (São Paulo) showed significant levels of vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), presence of B3 (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) and B6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, piridoxol) vitamins vitamers in its composition which was associated with the local flora explored by bees. Southern Brazil has a differentiated climate, topography and vegetation from other regions, thus requiring verification of vitamin potential of this local product. Also stands out the fact that this region is one of the two largest national producers of bee pollen (Santa Catarina state). This study aimed to quantify the levels of B complex vitamins: vitamins B1, B2, as well as the vitamers of vitamins B3 and B6. Thus, it was collected 28 batches of dehydrated bee pollen from different locations in the South during the period from August 2011 to December 2012. Samples were obtained and subsequently stored at -18 ° C until the analysis time. B vitamins were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in bee pollen dehydrated matrix and results were expressed on a dry basis. Among the samples it levels of vitamin B1 varied from 0.46 to 1.83 mg / 100 g; vitamin B2 from 0.40 to 1.86 mg / 100 g; and for vitamin B6, only the pyridoxal and pyridoxamine vitamers could be quantified in all analyzed batches. The pyridoxal had variation between samples from 0.42 to 6,70 mg / 100 g and pyridoxamine from 0.26 to 0.95 mg / 100g. Taking 25 g of bee pollen as suggested for daily intake portion, it was found in a total of 28 samples that 15 were considered sources and 2 rich in thiamine; 19 lots were sources and 3 rich in riboflavin, and; 2 lots were sources and 26 rich in pyridoxine in relation to the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) for adults as provided in Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº 269, de setembro de 2005.

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Lanterman, Jessie L. "Re-establishment of Wild Bee Communities on Reclaimed Ohio Coal Mines." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500453116904491.

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Baum, Kristen Anne. "Feral Africanized honey bee ecology in a coastal prairie landscape." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/150.

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Janmaat, Alida Francisca. "The effects of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. infestations and pollen storage on honey bee, Apis mellifera L., colony functioning and individual worker behavior." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq37556.pdf.

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RIBEIRO, Monique Hellen Martins. "Caracterização química e fitogeográfica de geoprópolis das espécies de abelhas nativas do Maranhão." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2017. https://tedebc.ufma.br/jspui/handle/tede/tede/1968.

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Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-10-17T21:40:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MoniqueRibeiro.pdf: 2880408 bytes, checksum: f8dedc19319b8c2a0065599d3d0097d0 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T21:40:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoniqueRibeiro.pdf: 2880408 bytes, checksum: f8dedc19319b8c2a0065599d3d0097d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão We analyzed the pollen spectrum of one hundred and thirty geopropollis samples of the following species of Melipona: M. fasciculata, M. flavolineata, M. seminigra and M. subnitida. Samples were collected in the municipality of Santa Luzia do Paruá, in the Alto Turi region, which belongs to the Amazon region, in the state of Maranhao. The objective of this study was to recognize the phytogeographic and chemical profile of the Melipona geopropolis samples and to help characterize the resin supplying vegetation for these bees. The geopropolis samples were collected monthly from December/2013 to December/2014 from nests kept in wooden boxes in a particular meliponary. The palynological analysis was done according to the standard methodology proposed by Barth (1998). The chemical profile of the samples was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (CLAE), liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC / MS) analysis. And also included quantification of the content of total polyphenols (TPT) through the use of Folin-Ciocalteau reagents and sodium carbonate 20%; total flavonoids (TFT) by the photocolorimetric method with methanolic solution of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) 5%, and the antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of geopropolis by the DPPH free radical assay (Brand-Williams et al). A total of 148 pollen types were identified, distributed in 49 families, 108 genera and two unidentified types. In the geopropolis samples of M. subnitida 107 pollen types were distributed in 40 families and 72 genera. In the M. seminigra, 93 pollen types, 37 families and 70 genera were observed. For M. flavolineata were 98 pollen types, belonging to 33 families and 72 genera. In M. fasciculata there were 64 pollen types, 28 families and 53 genera, being therefore the one with the lowest pollen richness in the samples. Fabaceae presented the highest richness of pollen types (39 types), followed by Rubiaceae (11 types). The pollen types most common to Melipona species were: Attalea speciosa, Anacardium, Borreria verticilatta, Baccharis, Clusia, Chamaecrista, Croton, Euterpe/Syagrus, Eucalyptus, Hyptis, Mauritia, Mimosa pudica, M. caesalpinaefolia, Mouriri, Myrcia /Psidium, Protium And Symphonia globulifera, which characterized the phytogeographic profile of the geopropolis of this region. Aniardium, Ardisia, Baccharis, Caryocar, Clusia, Clusia grandiflora, Eucalyptus, Eupatorium, Hyptis, Myrcia/Psidium, Platonia insignis, Protium, Spondias, Symphonia globulifera, Tapirira and Vismia were the possible resin species suppliers for the Melipona geoprópolis . The presence of various compounds which have been tentatively characterized as quinic acid, benzophenone derivatives, O-glycosylated flavonoid and xanthones have been disclosed. The mangiferin compound was present in all samples. It was also verified the presence of benzophenones that appear to be involved in the biosynthesis of glycosylated xanthones. The extracts presented flavonoid contents above 2%, which allows them to be classified according to Brazilian legislation as a geopropolis with a high content of flavonoids. For the antioxidant activity a variation of 2.20 to 44.35% occurred. There was a variation in the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids among the different samples of the four Melipona species analyzed. The results indicate that the bee species and the collection season, as well as the interaction between these factors, influence the concentration of bioactive compounds in the geopropolis. Thus, we believe that the results obtained contribute significantly to the geopropolis characterization of stingless bees from Amazonia Maranhense and show the importance of expanding the studies of chemical characterization and standardization of product quality parameters, since thisis a rich source of bioactive compounds with great pharmacological potential. Analisou-se o espectro polínico de cento e trinta amostras de geoprópolis das seguintes espécies de Melipona: M. fasciculata, M. flavolineata, M. seminigra e M. subnitida. As amostras foram coletadas no município de Santa Luzia do Paruá, na região do Alto Turi, que pertence ao domínio amazônico, do estado do Maranhão. Este estudo teve como objetivo reconhecer o perfil fitogeográfico e químico de amostras da geoprópolis de Melipona e auxiliar na caracterização da vegetação fornecedora de resina para estas abelhas. As amostras de geoprópolis foram obtidas mensalmente de dezembro/2013 a dezembro/2014 a partir de ninhos mantidos em caixas de madeira em meliponário particular. A análise palinológica foi feita de acordo com a metodologia padrão proposta por Barth (1998). O perfil químico das amostras foi determinado por meio das análises de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CL-EM) e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CG/EM). Também foram quantificados o teor de polifenóis totais (TPT), por meio do uso dos reagentes Folin-Ciocalteau e carbonato de sódio a 20%; de flavonoides totais (TFT) por meio do método fotocolorimétrico com solução metanólica de cloreto de alumínio (AlCl3) a 5%, e da atividade antioxidante dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de geoprópolis pelo ensaio do radical livre DPPH (Brand-Williams et al. 1995). Foram identificados 148 tipos polínicos, distribuídos em 49 famílias, 108 gêneros e dois tipos não identificados. Nas amostras de geoprópolis de M. subnitida identificou-se 107 tipos polínicos distribuídos em 40 famílias e 72 gêneros. Nas de M. seminigra foram observados 93 tipos polínicos, 37 famílias e 70 gêneros. Para M. flavolineata foram 98 tipos polínicos, pertencentes a 33 famílias e 72 gêneros. Já em M. fasciculata foram 64 tipos polínicos, 28 famílias e 53 gêneros, sendo, portanto, a que apresentou menor riqueza de pólen nas amostras. Fabaceae apresentou a maior riqueza de tipos polínicos (39 tipos), seguida de Rubiaceae (11 tipos). Os tipos polínicos mais comuns às espécies de Melipona foram: Attalea speciosa, Anacardium, Borreria verticilatta, Baccharis, Clusia, Chamaecrista, Croton, Euterpe/Syagrus, Eucalyptus Hyptis, Mauritia, Mimosa pudica, M. caesalpinaefolia, Mouriri, Myrcia/Psidium, Protium e Symphonia globulifera, que caracterizaram o perfil fitogeográfico da geoprópolis dessa região. Enquanto Anacardium, Ardisia, Baccharis, Caryocar, Clusia, Clusia grandiflora, Eucalyptus, Eupatorium, Hyptis, Myrcia/Psidium, Platonia insignis, Protium, Spondias, Symphonia globulifera, Tapirira e Vismia foram as possíveis espécies vegetais fornecedoras de resina para a geoprópolis de Melipona. Revelou-se a presença de vários compostos, que foram tentativamente caracterizados como ácido quínico, derivados de benzofenonas, flavonoide O-glicosilado e xantonas. O composto mangiferina esteve presente em todas as amostras. Também foi verificada a presença de benzofenonas que parecem estar envolvidas na biossíntese de xantonas glicosiladas. Os extratos apresentaram teores de flavonoides acima de 2% que permitem classificá-los, de acordo com a legislação brasileira como geoprópolis com alto teor de flavonoides. Para a atividade antioxidante ocorreu uma variação de 2,20 a 44,35%. Houve uma variação no teor de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides entre as diferentes amostras das quatro espécies de Melipona analisadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a espécie de abelha e a época de coleta, bem como a interação entre esses fatores, influenciam a concentração de compostos bioativos na geoprópolis. Desta forma, acreditamos que os resultados obtidos contribuem significativamente para a caracterização da geoprópolis das abelhas sem ferrão proveniente da Amazônia Maranhense e evidenciam a importância de ampliarmos os estudos de caracterização química e padronização dos parâmetros de qualidade do produto, visto que este constitui uma rica fonte de compostos bioativos com grande potencial farmacológico.

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Sattler, José Augusto Gasparotto. "Quantificação das vitaminas antioxidantes E (α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocoferol), C (ácido ascórbico), pró-vitamina A (α-, β-Caroteno) e composição química do pólen apícola desidratado produzido em apiários georreferenciados da região Sul do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-18032014-151137/.

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O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi quantificar as vitaminas antioxidantes (tocoferóis, ácido ascórbico, α- e β-caroteno) bem como a composição química de amostras de pólen apícola obtidas em apiários georreferenciados da região sul do Brasil e desidratadas de forma controlada conforme recomendação da legislação brasileira. Inicialmente foi realizada a composição química de 21 amostras de pólen apícola desidratados sendo os valores médios de 3,37% para umidade, 19,80% para proteínas, 3,44% para lipídios, 2,02% para cinzas. Pode-se verificar que a maioria das amostras encontraram-se dentro dos parâmetros de qualidade preconizados pela legislação brasileira. Além disso, utilizando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), foi confirmando a presença de açúcares redutores glicose (6,77%) e frutose (5,39%) nas amostras. A determinação da vitamina C foi realizada por titulometria e os valores encontrados variaram entre 60 e 797 µg/g, sendo duas amostras consideradas fonte desta vitamina para homens e três para mulheres conforme a Ingestão Dietética de Referência (IDR). Já os tocoferóis e o α- e β-caroteno foram analisados por CLAE. Com relação aos tocoferóis (α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocoferol), os valores foram apresentados como equivalentes de alfa-tocoferol e variaram entre 0,57 e 11,7 mg/100g, podendo duas amostras serem consideradas fontes de vitamina E. Da mesma forma, duas amostras foram consideradas fontes de vitamina A, levando-se em consideração os valores encontrados para α- e β-caroteno, que variaram entre 3,9 e 4945 µg de equivalentes de retinol por 100g de amostra. A caracterização das amostras com relação a origem botânica mostrou uma grande variedade entre os tipos polínicos encontrados nas diferentes amostras. Chama-se atenção para o gênero Eucalyptus que esteve presente em 16 amostras, sendo em duas delas como pólen dominante (>45% do total de grãos), bem como duas amostras que puderam ser considerados monoflorais (>90% do total de grãos). Os resultados estatísticos (correlação) mostraram que alguns tipos polínicos se correlacionam de maneira positiva e forte com a composição nutricional do pólen apícola, como os gêneros Brassicacom os teores de lipídios e proteínas, Euterpe com o α-tocoferol, α- e β-caroteno, Piptocarpha com os tocoferóis (β-, γ- e δ-), Senecio com α- e β-caroteno. O presente trabalho contribui de forma importante para a caracterização química e botânica do pólen apícola produzido em apiários georreferenciados da região sul do Brasil, valorizando assim o produto e trazendo informações e benefícios para apicultores e consumidores além de fornecer dados relevantes para o estudo e padronizações metodológicas nacional e internacionais para este produto. The aim of this study was to quantify the antioxidant vitamins (tocopherols, ascorbic acid, α- and β-carotene ) as well as the chemical composition of samples of bee pollen obtained from georeferenced apiaries of southern Brazil and dehydrated in a controlled manner as recommended by brazilian regulation. Initially the chemical composition of 21 samples of dehydrated bee pollen was performed and the average values is 3.37 % for moisture, 19.80 % for proteins, 3.44 % for lipids, 2.02 % for ash. It can be seen that most of the samples were within the quality parameters recommended by brazilian regulation. Furthermore, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was confirmed the presence of reducing sugars glucose (6.77%) and fructose (5.39%) in the samples. The determination of vitamin C was performed by titration and the values varied from 60 to 797 µg/g, and two samples can be considered source of this vitamin for men and three for women according to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). The tocopherols and α- and β-carotene were analyzed by HPLC. With respect to tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherol ), the values were expressed as equivalents of alpha-tocopherol and ranged between 0.57 and 11.7 mg/100g, so two samples can be considered sources of vitamin E. Similarly, two samples were considered sources of vitamin A, taking into consideration the values for α and β-carotene, ranging from 3.9 to 4945 µg of retinol equivalents per 100g of sample. The characterization of the samples with respect to botanical origin showed a variety of pollen types found in different samples. Attention is drawn to the genus Eucalyptuswhich was present in 16 samples, and in two of them as the predominant pollen (> 45 % of total grains counted) and two samples that could be considered monofloral (> 90 % of total grains counted). The statistical results (correlation) showed that some pollen types correlate positively and strongly with the nutritional composition of pollen as Brassica genera with the levels of lipids and proteins, Euterpe with α-tocopherol, α- and β-carotene, Piptocarpha with tocopherols (β- , γ- and δ-), Senecio with α- and β-carotene. This study contributes significantly to the chemical and botanical characterization and the georeferenced bee pollen produced in apiaries of southern Brazil, thus enhancing the product and bringing information and benefits to beekeepers and consumers and provide relevant data for the study and methodological standardization national and international for this product.

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Sattler, José Augusto Gasparotto. "Caracterização do potencial bioativo do pólen apícola de Eucalyptus sp. in vitro e sua influência sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo e de inflamação in vivo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-04122018-115805/.

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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar os compostos bioativos e o impacto de fatores climáticos no pólen apícola (PA) de Eucalyptus sp., o seu potencial antioxidante in vitro e a sua influência em parâmetros do estresse oxidativo e da inflamação in vivo. A caracterização quimica das amostras foi realizada pela quantificação de fenólicos e flavonóides totais e a avaliação da atividade antioxidante dos extratos por três metodologias (DPPH, ORAC e FRAP). Foram realizadas análises de perfil de ácidos graxos e fitoesteróis (CG). Os resultados de fenólicos e flavonóides totais mostraram uma variação entre 17 e 44 mg de equivalentes de ácido gálico e entre 1,3 e 4,4 mg de equivalentes de catequina/g. A atividade antioxidante mostrou uma variação de 267 a 961 µmol de equivalentes de Trolox/g pelo método ORAC, de 38 a 147 µmol de equivalentes de Trolox/g para o FRAP e um EC50 entre 0,41 e 1,61 mg/mL de extrato por DPPH. Apesar das amostras de PA apresentarem baixa quantidade de lipideos (3,3 %), em torno de 50 % do total destes são constituidos de ácidos graxos insaturados. Foram encontrados teores de fitoesteróis entre 1,2 a 1,8 mg/g (sitoesterol, estigmasterol e campesterol). Estes resultados confirmaram a presenca de bioativos com potencial antioxidante nas amostras. A fim de confirmar seu efeito biológico, foi selecionada uma amostra para a realização do ensaio in vivo, na qual foram identificados por CLAE três compostos fenólicos majoritários (rutina, 3n-tris-p-feruloil-espermidina e miricetina). O ensaio foi realizado por 10 semanas com 70 camundongos machos (C57BL/6), distribuídos em sete grupos de 10 animais cada: controle normolipídico (NL); controle hiperlipídico (HL); dieta NL com 5 % de PA; dieta HL com 2,5 % de PA; dieta HL com 5 % de PA; dieta HL com extrato de PA (EPA) a 2,5 %; e dieta HL com EPA a 5 %. Foi possível identificar que os grupos HL tiveram maior ganho de peso quando comparados aos grupos NL (p<0,05), porem os grupos com incorporação de PA não apresentaram diferencas em relação ao controle HL. Foram avaliados ainda parâmetros bioquímicos séricos, de estresse oxidativo (ORAC, TBARS, GSH e enzimas antioxidantes) e parâmetros inflamatórios (IL1-β, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1 e TNF-α) no tecido hepático. Os resultados de parâmetros de estresse oxidativo não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Quanto aos parâmetros inflamatórios os grupos HL+PA2,5 e HL+PA5 reduziram os níveis das citocinas IL1-β, IL-6 e MCP-1 (p<0,05) e TNF-α apenas o grupo HL+PA5 % apresentou uma redução significativa (p<0,05). Os resultados de citocinas inflamatórias mostraram um efeito positivo na administração de PA, visto que ocorreu uma diminuição nos níveis do tecido hepático dos animais. Estes resultados mostraram que o PA promoveu uma melhora do quadro inflamatório ocasionado com uma dieta hiperlipídica. The present work aimed to characterize bioactive compounds and the impact of climatic factors on the bee pollen (BP) from Eucalyptus sp., its antioxidant potential in vitro and its influence on parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation in vivo. The chemical characterization of the samples was performed by the quantification of phenolics and flavonoids, and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the extracts by three methodologies (DPPH, ORAC and FRAP). Profile of fatty acids and phytosterols were performed by gas chromatography (GC). The results of phenolics and flavonoids varied between 17 and 44 mg of gallic acid equivalents and between 1.3 and 4.4 mg of catechin equivalents/g. The antioxidant activity varied from 267 to 961 µmol of Trolox equivalents/g by the ORAC method, from 38 to 147 µmol of Trolox equivalents/g for FRAP and an EC50 between 0.41 and 1.61 mL of extract/mg by DPPH. Despite the low lipid content of PA samples (3.3%), around 50% of the total is composed of unsaturated fatty acids. Phytosterols levels were found between 1.2 and 1.8 mg/g (sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol). This result confirms the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential in the samples. In order to evaluate its biological effect, a sample was included in the in vivo assays, in which three phenolic compounds (rutin, 3n-tri-p-feruloyl-spermidine and myricetin) were identified. The assay was performed for 10 weeks with 70 male mice (C57BL/6), distributed in seven groups of 10 animals each: normolipid control (NL); hyperlipidemic control (HL); diet NL with 5% of BP; HL diet with 2.5% BP; HL diet with 5% BP; HL diet with 2.5% BP extract (BPE); and HL diet with 5% BPE. The HL groups gained more weight compared with the NL groups (p<0.05), but the groups supplemented with BP did not show lower weight compared to the HL groups. Serum biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in hepatic tissue (ORAC, TBARS, GSH and antioxidant enzymes) and inflammation (IL-β, IL-6, IL- 6, IL-10, MCP-1 and TNF-α) were evaluated. The levels of oxidative stress did not show differences between the groups. HL + PA2.5 and HL + PA5 reduced the cytokines IL1-β, IL-6 and MCP-1 (p<0.05) and TNF-α only the HL + PA5 group showed a significant reduction (p<0.05). The cytokine results showed a positive reduction with BP administration, with a decreasing rate in the hepatic animal tissues. This results showed that BP promotes an improvement in the inflammatory status, occurred by a hyperlipidic diet.

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Doreto, Hanay dos Santos. "Forrageamento estacional da Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera : Apidae) e identificação da florada apícola de importância nectífera e polinífera em Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190977.

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Orientador: Eduardo Custódio Gasparino Resumo: As abelhas Apis mellifera L. (1758) são consideradas os principais polinizadores das plantas com flores e também uma das espécies mais produtoras de mel. Devido o amplo número de espécies vegetais que utilizam para a obtenção de alimento e matéria-prima, a identificação botânica do mel é fundamental para a classificação da florada em monofloral ou silvestre. Para isso, a técnica da melissopalinologia utiliza da análise das características morfológicas externas dos grãos de pólen presentes no mel. O presente estudo objetivou analisar o comportamento estacional de forrageamento de colmeias de Apis mellifera por meio da identificação dos tipos polínicos nectíferos e poliníferos presentes no mel. As coletas do mel foram realizadas entre outubro de 2017 a agosto de 2018 nas estações primavera, verão, outono e inverno no Setor de Apicultura da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, FCAV/UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil onde três colmeias de abelhas Apis mellifera estavam instaladas. Para a extração dos grãos de pólen e montagem das lâminas a metodologia clássica da melissopalinologia e a técnica clássica de acetólise foram empregadas. Ao todo, foram encontrados 42 tipos polínicos, distribuídos em 24 famílias botânicas. Alguns tipos foram observados em todas as estações: Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae), Cecropia (Urticaceae), Mimosa (Fabaceae) e Myrtaceae (Myrtaceae), mas também houve a ocorrência de tipos exclusivos das estações: Aloe, Bignoniaceae, Byrsonima, D... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) Abstract: Apis mellifera L. (1758) bees are considered the main pollinators of flowering plants and also one of the most honey-producing species. Because of the large number of plant species they use to obtain food and raw materials, the botanical identification of honey is fundamental for the classification of flowering as monofloral or wild. For this, the melissopalynology technique uses the analysis of the external morphological characteristics of pollen grains present in honey. The present study aimed to analyze the seasonal foraging behavior of Apis mellifera hives by identifying the nectiferous and polyniferous pollen types present in honey. Honey was collected between October 2017 and August 2018 in the spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons at the Setor de Apicultura da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, FCAV/UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil where three hives of Apis mellifera bees were installed. For the extraction of pollen grains and slide assembly the classical melissopalynology methodology and the classical acetolysis technique were employed. In all, 42 pollen types were found, distributed in 24 botanical families. Some types were observed in all seasons: Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae), Cecropia (Urticaceae), Mimosa (Fabaceae) and Myrtaceae (Myrtaceae), but there were also unique types of seasons: Aloe, Bignoniaceae, Byrsonima, Daustinia, Eucalyptus, Euphorbiaceae, Machaerium, Mangifera, Pseudobombax, Sapindus, Solanum and Tabebuia in spring; An... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) Mestre

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Hervatin, Heloisa Litholdo. "Avaliação microbiologica e fisico-quimica do polen apicola in natura e desidratado sob diferentes temperaturas." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254730.

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Orientador: Lucia Regina Durrant Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T12:37:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hervatin_HeloisaLitholdo_M.pdf: 1981858 bytes, checksum: ffb8ed64cae5f9232a96630b93cc06fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 Resumo: O pólen apícola é a aglutinação do pólen presente nas flores coletados pelas abelhas operarias, e depositados na entrada da colméia. O estudo visou avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do pólen IN NATURA e do submetido a diferentes processos de secagem, simulando as condições de processamento do produto comercializado. Também avaliou as amostras adquiridas no comercio do estado de São Paulo. Registrou-se a escassez das pesquisas sobre a qualidade microbiológica do pólen apícola. Primeiramente a pesquisa, analisou amostras de pólen apícola obtidas através de coletores instalados nas colméias pertencentes ao apiário experimental do Pólo Regional de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico dos Agronegócios do Vale do Paraíba, localizado em Pindamonhangaba-SP, pertencente à Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios. A coleta ocorreu nos intervalos de 24horas, 48horas e 72horas, objetivando a presença e/ou quantidade de microrganismos patogênicos no pólen com relação ao tempo de permanência do produto no campo. As amostras foram congeladas por 48horas, e submetidas a dois processos de secagem (circulação de ar em sistema aberto a 40-42°C e sistema de circulação de ar fechado a 30°C). Foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas para os parâmetros de pH, umidade e atividade de água e as microbiológicas com avaliação de Bacillus cereus, Estafilococos coagulase positiva, coliformes a 45°C, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp, bolores e leveduras, além de microrganismos sulfitos redutores. Amostras de pólen apícola desidratado foram adquiridas no mercado vajerista do Estado de São Paulo, com registro no Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), submetidas aos mesmos parâmetros. Através dos cálculos estatísticos observaram-se possíveis diferenças e/ou correlações existentes entre os parâmetros analisados (microbiológicos, físico-químicos) para os tratamentos propostos (frequência de coleta e processos de desidratação). Verificou-se que as amostras analisadas, as IN NATURA e as desidratadas, mostraram-se isentas dos principais patógenos como Salmonella sp e Estafilococos coagulase positiva, porém, a população de bolores e leveduras foi relativamente elevada. Podendo concluir que os bolores e leveduras são os parâmetros microbiológicos mais significativos para o pólen apícola, seguido por Bacillus cereus e por bactérias coliformes totais, sendo parâmetros que devem ser introduzidos na legislação; além do processo de desidratação normalmente utilizado para pólen, não reduzir a população fúngica. Com base na Legislação atual para padrões microbiológicos em alimentos, considerando o grupo da granola, todas as amostras analisadas, encontram-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos. Bolores e leveduras não estão incluídos na Legislação do MAPA. A época do ano teve influência na contaminação de Bolores e Leveduras, paralelamente com o tempo de permanência do pólen no campo, sendo indicada a coleta do material a cada 24horas. Assim os processos de secagem devem ser otimizados para permitirem a obtenção de produto livre de contaminantes microbiológicos; juntamente com a higienização do material nas diferentes etapas de produção e processamento do pólen, com foco na busca de materiais que substituam a madeira que é extremamente porosa, de forma a permitir higienização adequada e satisfatória. Outro parâmetro a ser considerado é a embalagem para o produto que merece atenção de especialistas nesta área Abstract: The bee pollen is the agglutination of pollen present in flowers collected worker bees, and deposited at the entrance of the hive. The study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality and physico-chemistry of the pollen in nature and subject to different processes of drying, simulating the processing conditions of the product sold. Also evaluated the samples acquired in the trade of the state. We have registered the scarcity of research on the microbiological quality of bee pollen. First the research, analyzed samples of bee pollen obtained from collectors installed in the experimental apiary hives belonging to the Regional Technology Development Center of Agribusiness of the Paraíba Valley, located in Pindamonhangaba-SP, belonging to the Agency of Technology Agribusiness Paulista. Frequency of collection in intervals of 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours, to the presence and/or amount of pathogenic microorganisms in pollen with the time of product in the field. The samples were frozen by 48 hours, and subjected to two drying processes (movement of air in the open system 40-42°C and a system of closed circulation of air at 30°C). Performed the analysis for the physical-chemical parameters of pH, humidity and water activity and with the microbiological assessment of Bacillus cereus, Coagulase positive Staphylococci, coliforms at 45°C, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, molds and yeasts, and micro sulphites reducing. Acquired samples of dried bee pollen market of the State of São Paulo, with registration at the Federal Inspection Service (SIF), subject to the same parameters. Through statistical calculations were observed possible differences and/or correlations between the analyzed parameters (microbiological, physico-chemical) for the proposed treatments (frequency of collection and processes of dehydration). It was found that the samples analyzed, the IN NATURE and dehydrated, were free of major pathogens such as Salmonella and Coagulase positive Staphylococci, however, the population of yeasts and molds is relatively high. May conclude that the yeasts and molds are the most significant microbiological parameters for the bee pollen, followed by Bacillus cereus bacteria and total coliforms, and parameters to be introduced into legislation, in addition to the dehydration process typically used for pollen, is not able to eliminate fungal its population, based on current legislation for microbiological standards in food, considering the group of granola, all the samples, are within the standards set. Yeast and molds are not included in the legislation of the MAP. The time of year influences the contamination of molds and yeasts, along with the time of pollen in the field, being given the collection of material every 24 hours. Thus the process of drying must be optimized to allow the achievement of product free of microbiological contaminants, together with the cleaning of equipment in various stages of production and processing of pollen constantly, with a focus in the search for materials to replace the wood that is extremely porous to enable proper cleaning and satisfactory. Another parameter to be considered is the packaging for the product deserves the attention of specialists in this area Mestrado Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

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Schaffer, M. J. "Spatial aspects of bumble bee (Bombus spp. Apidae) foraging in farm landscapes." Lincoln University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2243.

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Bumble bees (Bombus spp.: Apidae) are valuable pollinators of many crop and wildflower species. However, in some situations their potential is limited. Evaluation of, and management to improve bumble bee efficacy should include spatial information which is currently limited. Distance and direction determine the success of gene flow via pollen cross-over within and between plant populations at several scales. Studies of movement by bumble bees at large scales in semi-natural and intensively managed habitats are scarce. Few studies of bumble bee dispersal from the nest exist, particularly in relation to crops. At a small scale, directional rather than random movement between flowers has benefits for pollen flow. Results to date of directionality studies at small scales and their interpretation are inconsistent. The purpose of this thesis was to assess distances and directions moved by foraging bumble bees at a range of scales in two contrasting farm habitats in order to predict their pollination potential. A novel method was developed to mark automatically all the occupants of nests of bumble bees B. terrestris (L.) placed around a Lucerne seed crop Medicago sativa L. in New Zealand. Reobservation data from eight nests showed that of bumble bees which foraged within the crop, 81 % travelled ≤ 50 m and 56% ≤ 20 m from their nest. Results should be interpreted with extreme caution because fewer than 1 % of bumble bees marked at nests were reobserved in the crop. Because it was not established where the other 99% of the bumble bees went, foraging areas for nests could not be calculated as anticipated. Theories to explain the non-specificity of bumble bees to the crop include; resource depletion near nests, competition with honey bees in the crop, or an evolved strategy to disperse in order to minimise nest predation. Lucerne flowers contained a significantly lower concentration of sugar in nectar, and significantly fewer pollen grains than did those of purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria L., a species on which bumble bees appeared to forage in preference Lucerne. The higher rewards offered by L. salicaria may have diverted bumble bees from the less-rewarding Lucerne crop. In a Norwegian meadow system, all foraging bouts by bumble bees B. lucorum (L.) within a patch of wood cranesbill flowers Geranium sylvaticum L. were random with respect to direction. This result is not consistent with predictions, based on optimal foraging theory, that movement should be directional to enable optimal pollen flow, and to avoid revisitation of just-emptied flowers by the pollinator. A medium-scale study of several bumble bee species moving between patches of northern wolfsbane Aconitum septentrionale Koelle in Norway revealed considerable loyalty by bumble bees to patches in which they were marked. In a different landscape-scale study (over 5 ha), several bumble bees exhibited a high degree of loyalty to areas in which they were marked (87% were reobserved ≤ 50 m from marking points). These restricted movement patterns are discussed in terms of potential pollen flow. Of 260 bumble bees marked, only five were recorded crossing between meadows, which could be a result of innate loyalty to small forage areas, an artefact of the sampling technique used, or forest boundaries acting as physical impediments to movement. In the future, spatial data of the type collected in this thesis will aid in the management of bumble bee populations to achieve both commercial and conservation goals. Spatial data can be applied to predict the optimal placement of artificially-reared nests, predict suitable isolation distances for pure seed crops, and aid in the positioning of supplementary forage sources and nest-site refuges.

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Piroux, Mélanie. "Ressources pollinifères et mellifères de l'Abeille domestique, Apis Mellifera, en paysage rural du nord-ouest de la France." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22501/document.

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Depuis le début du XXème siècle, l’évolution de l’agriculture et l'intensification des pratiques agricoles ont conduit à des modifications profondes du paysage induisant des pertes importantes d’habitats naturels et semi-naturels. Ces changements, entraînant notamment la diminution des ressources végétales et impliquant l'utilisation systématique de pesticides, ont des répercussions sur les colonies d’abeilles. C’est dans ce contexte que, durant deux saisons apicoles, des inventaires botaniques ont été réalisés au sein de l’aire de butinage de deux ruchers situés en paysage de grande culture du nord-ouest de la France et que des échantillons de pelotes de pollen et de miels prélevés dans ces ruchers ont été analysés. L’objectif était de comparer les ressources floristiques disponibles et celles réellement exploitées par les abeilles et d’entrevoir les stratégies de butinage mises en place dans ce cadre paysager. Les relevés floristiques ont permis de distinguer d’une part, de larges surfaces d’espèces cultivées, à floraison ponctuelle et d’autre part, des surfaces non cultivées, de plus petite taille, occupées par de nombreuses espèces sauvages dont la floraison s’étale sur la totalité de la saison apicole. Les analyses palynologiques montrent que ces espèces floristiques sauvages sont exploitées en continu y compris pendant la période de floraison des espèces cultivées. Bien que cette étude ne soit pas en mesure de le démontrer, il est possible que les espèces sauvages procurent aux colonies un apport nutritionnel que la floraison ponctuelle des plantes cultivées ne peut totalement compenser. Une meilleure connaissance de la valeur nutritionnelle des différents pollens d’essences végétales, ainsi que des besoins alimentaires basiques nécessaires au développement et à la pérennisation des colonies devraient aider à éprouver cette hypothèse Since the beginning of the XXth century, the evolution of agriculture and the intensification of farming practices have led to landscape changes with the loss of natural and semi-natural habitats. These changes, involving a decrease of plant resources and a use of pesticides, may have noticeable impact on honey bee colonies. In this framework of weakened biodiversity, the initiative was taken of recording botanical species growing in the foraging area of two apiaries in cultivated landscapes of Western France and sampling pollen pellets and honey for pollen species determination during two successive beekeeping seasons. The aim of this study was to compare the available flora resources with those really exploited by the honey bees, to get a glimpse of the foraging strategies developed by the colonies in this landscape context. The floristic readings enabled to distinguish wide areas of cultivated plant species characterized by temporary blossoms from areas of wild species characterized by much smaller superficies and by flowerings spread over the year. Palynological analyses indicate that wild floristic species are exploited throughout the beekeeping season including during blooms of cultivated plant species. Even though not conclusively stated by the present study, it is possible that wild species provide colonies with nutritional intakes that cannot be totally compensated by temporary blooms of cultivated plants. A more extended knowledge of the nutritional values of pollens produced by plant species together with a better understanding of basic food needs for development and perennisation of colonies should help to test this hypothesis

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Persson, Jesper. "Analys av bipollensorter i Västerbotten : Betydelse och för- och nackdelar med klassiska morfologiska metoder." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185060.

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Composition of pollen pellets foraged by honeybees, sampled in Degernäs and Tavelsjö, Västerbotten County, during early summer 2020, is used to explore if honeybees are monofloral or polyfloral. Samples from different days and different colours were evaluated by light microscopy. Each unique pollen species in each pellet was morphologically identified with help of an international pollen database (PalDat) and a common bee plant document, using light microscopy and scanning electron microscope photographs. A selection of pollen species were identified down to species level and were used to explore which wild pollinators can also pollinate these plant species, to speculate around possible competition scenarios between them and honeybees. SEM and DNA extraction were performed with a selection of the pollen pellets and with the extracted DNA, different PCR primers targeting different plant gene markers were tested to see which ones worked with pollen from northern Sweden. More detailed pictures of the pollen grains were seen in SEM which helped ease the species identification of some of them. The results showed that only a few of the pollen pellets had only one detected plant species while the rest had 2 or more plant species in them. Thus, these data indicate that the honeybees in Degernäs and Tavelsjö are polyfloral, at least for the samples studied in this bachelor thesis. Methods are evaluated and the findings were that a combination of morphological and molecular biology studies are both needed to be able to establish a new updated pollen database for northern Sweden.

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Martarello, Natalia Seneda. "Visitantes florais e eficácia de Xylocopa frontalis (Olivier, 1789) na polinização de Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg. (Passifloraceae)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7842.

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Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-06T12:39:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNSM.pdf: 1899141 bytes, checksum: af65acf968d8fc129372f4131e0a5ce2 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-13T20:21:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNSM.pdf: 1899141 bytes, checksum: af65acf968d8fc129372f4131e0a5ce2 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-13T20:22:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNSM.pdf: 1899141 bytes, checksum: af65acf968d8fc129372f4131e0a5ce2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T20:22:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissNSM.pdf: 1899141 bytes, checksum: af65acf968d8fc129372f4131e0a5ce2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Pollination is an effective ecosystem service, responsible for increasing the quantity and quality of fruits and seeds formed. Due to the self-incompatibility of some species of agricultural interest, cross-pollination is required and the limiting of pollinating species such affects its production. The yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa.), a selfincompatible specie is dependent on cross-pollination to form fruit. Thus, the general aim of this study was to study the biology of pollination and reproduction in P. edulis f. flavicarpa, emphasizing the efficacy of pollinators for this specie. The specific aims were: 1) to evaluate the richness, visitation frequency and the behavior of visitors in Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa flowers.; 2) to compare the efficacy in the formation of fruits and seeds of P. edulis f. flavicarpa through individual and two visits by Xylocopa frontalis with manual crosspollination and natural pollination and 3) assess whether there is pollen limitation through comparison between natural and manual cross-pollination. Visitors were observed during the flowering period, from January to April 2015, totaling 106 hours of observations. For fruiting testing and seed counts: 1) manual cross pollination (n = 37 flowers); 2) natural pollination (n = 52 flowers); 3) pollination by single visit of X. frontalis (n = 41 flowers) and 4) pollination by two visits of X. frontalis. Were identified bee species of Apis, Bombus, Centris, Epicharis, Eulaema, Melipona, Oxaea, Trigona and Xylocopa genera, Apidae, being also observed an individual belonging to Halictidae family. Insects belonging to other orders were also observed, including different species of butterflies (Lepidoptera), bugs (Hemiptera), flies (Diptera), beetles (Coleoptera) and the presence of family Trochilidae hummingbirds. The specie A. mellifera (thief behavior) and X. frontalis (predominantly pollinator behavior) were the most frequent in the plantation with 58.11% and 30.20% respectively of occurrence. Regarding pollination tests, we observed the formation of fruits in all the treatments. Flowers of manual cross-pollination obtained the highest fruiting rate when compared to other treatments. The fruiting rate through manual cross-pollination was significantly higher than that obtained in natural conditions (X2 = 12.676; degree of freedom = 1; p <0.05) indicating that there is pollen limitation in natural pollination. Regarding the number of seeds, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated no significant difference between the mean number of seeds produced in different reviews pollination. Conclude that there is richness of floral visitors specie in the study area, and that between them, the main pollinator species are those with larger, mainly bees belonging to the genus Xylocopa. Larger fruiting rates obtained by manual cross-pollination treatment suggest that more than one visit is needed to promote greater production rate in passion fruit crops. A polinização é um serviço ecossistêmico, responsável por aumentar a quantidade e a qualidade dos frutos e sementes formados. Devido à autoincompatibilidade de algumas espécies de interesse agrícola, a polinização cruzada torna-se necessária e a limitação de polinizadores nessas espécies afeta a sua produção. O maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.), por ser uma espécie autoincompatível, é dependente da polinização cruzada para a formação de seus frutos. Dessa forma, o objetivo geral desse estudo foi estudar a biologia da polinização e a reprodução de P. edulis f. flavicarpa, enfatizando a eficácia do principal polinizador dessa espécie. Os objetivos específicos foram: 1) avaliar a riqueza, frequência de visitas e o comportamento dos visitantes em flores de Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.; 2) comparar a eficácia na formação de frutos e sementes em P. edulis f. flavicarpa por meio de visitas individuais e duas visitas de Xylocopa frontalis com a polinização cruzada manual e a polinização natural e 3) avaliar se há limitação polínica por meio da comparação entre a polinização cruzada manual e a polinização natural. Os visitantes florais foram observados durante o período de floração, de janeiro a abril de 2015, totalizando 106 horas de observações. Para avaliar a eficácia da polinização e a limitação polínica foram realizados quatro tratamentos distintos de polinização: 1) Polinização cruzada manual (n=37 flores); 2) Polinização natural (n=52 flores); 3) Uma visita de X. frontalis (n=41 flores) e 4) Duas visitas de X. frontalis (n=31 flores). Para cada tratamento foi avaliado a formação de frutos e a produção de sementes. Foram identificadas espécies de abelhas dos gêneros Apis, Bombus, Centris, Epicharis, Eulaema, Melipona, Oxaea, Trigona e Xylocopa (Apidae), sendo também observado um indivíduo pertencente a família Halictidae. Insetos pertencentes a outras ordens também foram observados, entre eles, diferentes espécies de borboletas (Lepidoptera), percevejos (Hemiptera), moscas (Diptera), besouros (Coleoptera) e a presença de beija-flores da família Trochilidae. As espécies A. mellifera (comportamento pilhador) e X. frontalis (comportamento predominantemente polinizador) foram as mais frequentes na plantação com 58,11% e 30,20% das visitas respectivamente. Em relação aos tratamentos de polinização, verificamos que houve formação de frutos em todos os tratamentos realizados. Flores de polinização cruzada manual obtiverem a maior taxa de frutificação quando comparada aos demais tratamentos. A taxa de frutificação por meio da polinização cruzada manual foi significativamente maior que a obtida em condições naturais (X2 = 12,676; grau de liberdade = 1; p<0,05) indicando que há limitação polínica na polinização natural. Em relação à quantidade de sementes, a análise de variância (ANOVA) não indicou diferença significativa entre as médias do número de sementes produzidas nos diferentes tratamentos. Concluímos que há riqueza de espécies visitantes florais na área estudada, e que entre elas, as principais espécies polinizadoras são aqueles que possuem maior tamanho, principalmente as abelhas do gênero Xylocopa. Maiores taxas de frutificação obtidas por meio do tratamento de polinização cruzada manual sugerem que mais de uma visita é necessária para aumentar a produtividade.

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Arruda, Vanilda Aparecida Soares de. "Pólen apícola desidratado: composição físico-química, qualidade microbiologica, compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, capacidade antioxidante e origem botânica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-22062015-172352/.

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O pólen apícola, produto da aglutinação do pólen das flores com néctar e substâncias salivares das abelhas, tem sido promovido como suplemento da dieta humana por apresentar propriedades nutricionais e bioativas. Sessenta e duas amostras de pólen apícola desidratado foram avaliadas para as análises de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, atividade antioxidante por três métodos (DPPH, sistema β-caroteno e ORAC), origem botânica, qualidade comercial (umidade, cinzas, lipídeos, proteínas e carboidratos) e sanitária (bolores e leveduras, aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, E.coli, clostrídios sulfito redutores e S.aureus.), além da atividade antimicrobiana (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). Os valores obtidos para compostos fenólicos e flavonoides totais variaram de 12,60 a 84,22 mg GAE/g de pólen apícola (GAE: equivalentes em ácido gálico) e 1,90 a 36,85 mg de quercetina/g de pólen apícola respectivamente. O EC50, determinado pelo método do DPPH, variou de 0,35 a 13,42 mg pólen apícola/mL de extrato. Os extratos de pólen apícola apresentaram valores entre 52,58 e 98,37 % para o método do β-caroteno. Quando quantificada por ORAC, a atividade antioxidante medida ficou entre 132,98 e 575,85 µmol eq. trolox/g pólen apícola. Na avaliação da qualidade comercial foram obtidos os valores de 3,06% a 8,12% para umidade, de 1,94 a 4,61%, para cinzas, de 3,35 a 10,96% para lipídeos; de 17,73 a 34,73% para as proteínas, de 11,86 a 25,71% e de 2,77 a 15,87% para os açúcares frutose e glicose, respectivamente. Verificou-se que a presença do pólen apícola inibiu o crescimento de todos os microrganismos estudados. Candida albicans foi a mais resistente e o Staphylococcus epidermides foi o mais sensível. Observou-se 36 tipos polínicos diferentes, destacando-se: Cocos nucifera sp., Mimosa scabrella (Benth.), Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Myrcia sp., Asteraceae, Poaceae., Euphorbiaceae e Brassica que ocorreram com maior frequência entre as amostras estudadas. Foram observadas somente correlações moderadas e fracas entre os tipos polínicos presentes e os parâmetros avaliados para as amostras desidratadas de pólen apícola. Bee pollen, a product of agglutination of flower pollen with nectar and bee salivary substances, has been promoted as a dietary supplement for human because of its nutritional and bioactive properties. Sixty-two samples of dehydrated bee pollen were analyzed for phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activity using three methods (DPPH, βcarotene and ORAC), botanical composition, commercial quality (moisture, ashes, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates), hygiene (aerobic mesophiles, yeasts and moulds, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and sulfite-reducing Clostridium), and antimicrobial activity (Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus). The obtained values for total phenolics ranged from 12.60 to 84.22 mg GAE/g bee pollen (GAE: gallic acid equivalents) while for total flavonoids ranged from 1.90 and 36.85 mg quercetin/g bee pollen. The EC50, determined by the DPPH method, ranged from 0.35 to 13.42 mg bee pollen/ml of extract. The bee pollen extracts showed values between 52.58 and 98.37% by β- carotene method. When measured by ORAC, antioxidant activity was between 132.98 and 575.85 µmols eq. trolox/g bee pollen. In the evaluation of commercial quality, the following results were achieved: 3.06% to 8.12% for moisture, 1.94 to 4.61% for ashes, 3.35 to 10.96% for lipids, 17.73 to 34.73% for proteins, from 11.86 to 25.71% and 2.77 to 15.87% for the carbohydrates glucose and fructose respectively. It was verified that the presence of the bee pollen inhibited the growth of all microorganisms studied. Candida albicans was the more resistant and Staphylococcus epidermides the more sensitive. Thirty-three pollen-types were identified mainly Cocos nucifera sp., Mimosa scabrella (Benth.) sp., Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia sp., Eucalyptus sp., Myrcia sp., Asteraceae sp., Poaceae sp., Euphorbiaceae sp. and Brassica sp. that occurred more frequently among the samples studied. It was observed only moderate and weak correlations between the pollen types present and the evaluated parameters for dehydrated samples of bee pollen

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Stramm, Klaus Martin. "Composição e qualidade de méis de abelha Jandaira (Melipona subnitida), efeitos estocagem e comparação com méis de Apis mellifera." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-20122011-152131/.

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Objetivos Avaliar a composição e qualidade de méis de abelha Jandaira através de análises físico-químicas; avaliar se os parâmetros apresentados se encaixam nas legislações nacional e internacional para méis de Apis mellifera; analisar os efeitos de estocagens de méis de Jandaira em três diferentes temperaturas (ambiente, geladeira e freezer) e os efeitos de um ano de armazenamento de méis de Jandaira e Apis mellifera de mesma região botânica e a comparação da alteração de seus parâmetros de qualidade. Metodologia Revisão de literatura relativa aos padrões de identidade e qualidade dos méis de Apis mellifera e de abelhas sem ferrão com ênfase na Melipona subnitida. Realização das análises preconizadas pela legislação brasileira para méis de Apis mellifera nas amostras coletadas de Jandaira e Apis, além das análises qualitativas (Fiehe, Lund e Lugol), condutividade elétrica e análise dos açúcares glicose, frutose e sacarose por CLAE. Resultados As amostras de mel de Apis apresentaram-se monoflorais (pólen dominante de Althernanthera sp.) e com parâmetros dentro do preconizado pela legislação vigente, enquanto os de méis de Jandaira apresentaram-se heteroflorais (pólen de Mimosa verrucosa, Mimosa caeselpiniaefolia e Piptadenia moniliforme) a umidade (24,80%) e atividade diastásica (ausente) fora do estabelecido pela legislação vigente para os méis de Apis mellifera. A condutividade elétrica de Apis (284,00 µS.cm-1) foi superior a obtida no mel de Jandaira (102,77µS.cm-1) e a cor do mel de Apis apresentou-se mais escura (26,67 mmPfund), comparada ao mel de Jandaira (7,00 ± 0,00 mmPfund). Determinou-se maior concentração de glicose, frutose e sacarose nos méis de Apis (23,50%, 38,78% e 5,72% respectivamente) do que nos de Jandaira (21,76%, 29,21% e 4,86% respectivamente). Os parâmetros mais afetados em um ano de estocagem em temperatura ambiente foram: HMF, acidez livre, condutividade elétrica e cor. O método de estocagem que melhor conservou as características do produto foi o freezer. Conclusões Os méis de Apis mellifera e Melipona subnitida apresentam diversas diferenças em seus padrões físico-químicos, mais acentuadamente nos valores de umidade e atividade diastásica. As análises do Tempo 0 dos méis de Apis se encaixaram sem exceção nas legislações nacional e internacional vigentes, enquanto as amostras de Jandaira se encontram fora do preconizado para a umidade e atividade diastásica. Após um ano de estocagem em temperatura ambiente com incidência de luz, o mel de Apis conservou melhor suas características físico-químicas em relação ao mel de Jandaira em todos os parâmetros analisados ainda estando em conformidade com a legislação. Quando estocados em diferentes temperaturas, os méis de Jandaira conservaram melhor seus parâmetros nas condições de freezer e geladeira, enquanto sofreram alterações visíveis em temperatura ambiente. Objectives Evaluate the quality and composition of Jandaira bee\'s honey through the use of physicochemical analyses; find out if the obtained parameters are in concordance with the Apis mellifera honey Legislations established both nationally and internationally; evaluate the effects of storage conditions for Jandaira Honey in three different temperatures (ambient, fridge and freezer) over one year, as well as the storage of Apis mellifera samples from the same botanical region over one year in ambient temperature and the comparison of both kinds of honeys and the alterations of their quality parameters. Metodology Review of the literature asserting the quality and identity parameters of Apis mellifera honey and stingless bees, with emphasis on Melipona subnitida honey. Procedure of the analyses contained in the Brazillian Legislation (2000) for Apis mellifera honey in the collected samples of Apis mellifera and Melipona subnitida honeys, as well as the qualitative analyses (Fiehe, Lund and Lugol), electric conductivity, and quantification of the glucose, fructose and sucrose sugars via HPLC. Results The Apis honey samples were classified as monofloral (Althernantera sp. as dominant pollen) and demonstrated parameters in accord with the current Legislation, while the Jandaira honey samples were classified as heterofloral (nearly even amounts of Mimosa verrucosa, Mimora caeselpinaefolia and Piptadenia moniliforme pollen) displaying moisture (24,80%) and diastase activity (null) in discordance with the established by the current legislation for Apis mellifera honeys. The Apis honey samples presented higher values of electric conductivity (284,00 µS.cm-1) than the obtained in the Jandaira honey samples (102,77µS.cm-1) as well as a darker color (26,67mmPfund) when compared to Jandaira honey (7,00mmPfund). The concentration of the glucose, fructose and sucrose sugars was higher in the Apis honeys (23,50%, 38,78% and 5,72% respectively) than in the Jandaira honey samples (21,76%, 29,21% and 4,86% respectively). The most affected parameters throughout one year of storage were HMF, free acidity, electric conductivity and color. The temperature that conserved better the original characteristics of the product was the freezer. Conclusions The Apis mellifera and Melipona subnitida honey samples displayed several differences in their physicochemical parameters, namely in moisture and diastase activity. At first (Time 0) the Apis honey samples were without exception in accord with the national and international legislations, whereas the Jandaira samples had moisture and diastase activity stray from the protocol, however, after one year of storage in ambient temperature, the Apis honey samples still was in concordance with the legislations in every analyzed parameter and had it\'s physicochemical characteristics better conserved then the Jandaira honey samples. Jandaira also had it\'s own characteristics better conserved in the fridge and freezer, when compared to the notable alterations in the ambient temperature storage.

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Oliveira, Karla Cristina Lima da Silva. "Caracterização do pólen apícola e utilização de vitaminas anti-oxidantes como indicadoras do processo de desidratação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-30112017-105042/.

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O pólen apícola é o resultado da aglutinação do pólen das flores efetuada pelas abelhas, mediante acréscimo de substâncias salivares e pequenas quantidades de néctar ou mel. Trata-se de um produto consumido devido a seus benefícios nutricionais e terapêuticos. Sua importância nutricional é reconhecida por ser uma fonte protéica de elevado valor biológico, apresentando ainda carboidratos, lipídeos e minerais em sua composição, além das vitaminas do complexo B, C, E, β-caroteno (como pró-vitamina A) e D; características estas que variam de acordo com sua origem botânica. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: caracterizar o pólen apícola produzido em diferentes épocas de coleta; obter dados científicos nacionais sobre o valor vitamínico de pólen apícola, relacionando-o com sua origem botânica e avaliar o efeito de dois tipos de processos de secagem do pólen apícola nos teores das vitaminas antioxidantes (β-caroteno, como pró-vitamina A, vitamina C e E), considerando-se que estas vitaminas podem ser degradadas durante o processamento. Foram analisados os teores de vitaminas em 10 lotes de pólen apícola fresco, sendo 5 coletados em abril e 5 em outubro de 2005. Os lotes frescos de pólen apícola foram desidratados por um método convencional (desidratação à 42° C) e por um método alternativo (desidratação a 30-35° C). Além disso, foi realizada a identificação dos tipos polínicos encontrados nas amostras frescas de pólen apícola e a associação com o teor de vitaminas encontradas. Os valores das vitaminas determinados nas amostras frescas de pólen apícola variaram entre 13,5 e 42,5 µg/g para vitamina E; 56,3 e 198,9 (µg/g) para β-caroteno e entre 273,9 e 560,3 µg/g para vitamina C. De acordo com os resultados concluiu-se que a origem botânica e a época de coleta influenciaram no teor das vitaminas encontradas, interferindo inclusive na classificação da amostra como fonte ou não de determinada vitamina. Além disso, foi observado que o processamento alternativo foi mais eficaz que o processamento convencional na manutenção dos teores de todas as vitaminas em estudo. Bee-collected pollen (bee pollen) is highly consumed around the world due its nutritive and therapeutic value. It contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and vitamins of complex B, vitamin C, D, E and totals carotenoids. However there are few literature data correlating nutritional composition with botanical origin and thermal process. The aim of this study was to quantify vitamins C, E and beta-carotene (provitamin A) in fresh and processed samples of bee pollen, correlating them with botanical origin. In addition, to evaluate the effect of drying process in the vitamin content. Ten samples of fresh bee pollen were collected, five in April and five in October of 2005. Samples of fresh bee pollen were dried by conventional method (drying at 42° C) and by an alternative method (drying at 30-35° C). The fresh bee pollen and the processed ones were assayed regarding their vitamin contents (n=30). Vitamin C was quantified by potentiometric titration, vitamin E by HPLC-normal phase and beta-carotene by open column chromatography. The date from botanical characterization of the bee pollen were obtained and correlated to the vitamins content. Vitamin content in fresh samples varied between 13,5 and 42,5 µg/g for vitamin E; 56,3 and 198,9 (µg/g) for β-carotene and 273,9 and 560,3 µg/g for vitamin C. The alternative drying method was more efficient that conventional one in retaining the vitamins. It was also concluded that the botanical origin and collecting season influenced the vitamin contents. Being important factor to predict if bee pollen was source or not of each vitamin.

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Almeida-Anacleto, Daniela de. "Recursos alimentares, desenvolvimento das colônias e características físico químicas, microbiológicas e polínicas de mel e cargas de pólen de meliponíneos, do município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-08082007-171835/.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar, por meio de análise polínica de amostras de mel e cargas de pólen, a fonte dos recursos alimentares utilizados por cinco espécies de meliponíneos, numa área rural do município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, bem como acompanhar o desenvolvimento anual das colônias, além de determinar as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas de 31 amostras de mel produzido no local. Para tanto foram realizadas as análises de açúcares, umidade, HMF, proteínas, cinzas, pH, acidez, índice de formol, condutividade elétrica, cor, atividade diastásica, atividade de água e pesquisa de coliformes totais, fecais, fungos e leveduras. Os resultados demonstram que as espécies Tetragonisca angustula, Scaptotrigona bipunctata, Nanotrigona testaceicornis, Tetragona clavipes, com exceção de F. varia, são generalistas quanto ao uso dos recursos florais, e que o desenvolvimento de suas colônias é influenciado pelos fatores climáticos, necessitando de alimentação complementar em períodos de queda da temperatura, chuvas ou estigens intensas. Com relação às características físico-químicas do mel, pode-se verificar que a legislação atual, referente ao mel de Apis mellifera não é adequada para todos os caracteres analisados, reforçando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um padrão próprio para os méis de meliponíneos, incluindo critérios microbiológicos, uma vez que 64,52% do total das amostras de mel analisadas apresentaram contagem superior a 100 UFC.g-1 para fungos e leveduras, além de 2 amostras de T. angustula positivas para coliformes totais. This research deals with the pollinic analyses of honey samples and pollen loads in order to identify the source of food resources used by five species of meliponine bees, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. One also evaluated the annual development of the colonies and the determination of the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of 31 honey samples. The following parameters were evaluated: sugars, moisture content, HMF, protein, ashes, pH, acidity, formol index, electrical conductivity, color, diastase activity, water activity and the presence of fecal coliforms, fungi and yeast. The results have indicated that excepting for Friseomelita varia, the species Tetragonisca angustula, Scaptotrigona bipunctata, Nanotrigona testaceicornis and Tetragona clavipes are generalist regarding the use of floral resources. Also the development of their colonies is influenced by climatic factors, once they need complementary food during rainfall, low temperatures and long drought periods. As to the physicochemical characteristics of honey samples, one observes that the Brazilian standard rules for Apis mellifera honey are not suitable for all the analyzed parameters, thus indicating the necessity of a standard rule for the meliponine honeys including microbiological criteria once 64.52% of the analyzed honey samples presented values higher than 100 CFU.g-1 for fungi and yeast and 2 positive samples of T.angustula for total number of coliforms.

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Melo, Adriane Alexandre Machado de. "Perfil químico e microbiológico, cor, análise polínica e propriedades biológicas do pólen apícola desidratado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-18122015-142742/.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi levantar informações a respeito do processo de produção, determinar características físico-químicas, qualidade microbiológica, propriedades biológicas e origem botânica do pólen apícola desidratado, além de avaliar a influência de duas condições de desidratação sobre estes mesmos parâmetros. Para esta pesquisa foram adquiridas 69 amostras produzidas e beneficiadas em nove Estados brasileiros. Foram levantados dados referentes à coleta e processamento dos produtos e realizada a análise polínica para determinar a origem botânica das amostras. Foram determinados os teores de umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas, minerais, fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais por espectrofotometria, compostos fenólicos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas, capacidade antioxidante [método DPPH (a partir de três extratos) e método ORAC], capacidade antimicrobiana e parâmetros instrumentais de cor, além de um diagnóstico da qualidade microbiológica das amostras. A análise multivariada foi utilizada para estudar a estrutura de dados e procurar por padrões e, ainda, classificar as amostras em grupos. Foram observadas não conformidades em relação à temperatura de desidratação e em 91% das amostras o teor de umidade estava acima do limite de 4% estabelecido na legislação brasileira. Foram identificados 39 tipos polínicos. O teor de proteínas variou de 7,9 a 33,9 g/100 g, lipídeos de 3,1 a 13,5 g/100 g e cinzas de 1,9 a 3,8 g/100 g. A análise de minerais indicou que o potássio foi o composto em maior quantidade e que algumas amostras poderiam ser consideradas fontes ou com alto conteúdo de ferro, manganês, zinco e cobre. O teor de fenólicos totais variou de 5,6 a 29,7 mg EAG/g e flavonoides totais de 0,3 a 19,0 mg EQ/g. A capacidade antioxidante (CA), pelo método DPPH, variou de 9,4 a 199,3 µmol ET/g, com influência do procedimento de extração sobre o resultado. Pelo método ORAC, a CA das amostras variou de 133,1 a 563,0 µmol ET/g. Quanto à capacidade antimicrobiana, observou-se que todas as amostras apresentaram alguma ação, estando a concentração mínima inibitória relacionada com o micro-organismo em teste. A qualidade microbiológica das amostras estava de acordo com dados encontrados na literatura e bactérias potencialmente patogênicas não foram observadas. A análise instrumental de cor indicou variação nos parâmetros L* (42,75 a 72,35), a* (1,03 a 12,98), b* (31,51 a 63,18) e Chroma (31,53 a 64,26) e correlação entre estes parâmetros e a composição química e as propriedades biológicas. A identificação e quantificação dos compostos fenólicos indicou predominância de flavonoides nas amostras, principalmente de compostos glicosilados. Por fim, as amostras desidratadas por liofilização apresentaram maior valor nutricional e potencial biológico em relação às amostras desidratadas em estufa com aquecimento e circulação forçada de ar. Em conclusão, torna-se necessário que os produtores façam ajustes no processo de beneficiamento do pólen apícola para que não haja empecilhos à sua comercialização. A composição do pólen das flores forrageadas pelas abelhas influenciou na composição do pólen apícola desidratado, portanto, pode-se pensar no direcionamento dos apiários para fontes botânicas que resultem em um produto com maior valor nutricional ou biológico. The aim of this study was to obtain information about the production process, to determine physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, biological properties and botanical origin of dehydrated bee-pollen, and also to evaluate the influence of two dehydration conditions on these parameters. Sixty-nine samples were acquired from nine Brazilian states. Data were collected regarding the collection and processing of the products and the pollen analysis was performed to determine the botanical origin of the samples. Moisture, proteins, lipids, ashes, minerals, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids by spectrophotometry, phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, antioxidant capacity [DPPH method (from three extracts) and ORAC method], antimicrobial capacity and instrumental color parameters were determined, in addition to a diagnosis of the microbiological quality of the samples. Multivariate analysis was used to study the structure of data and to look for patterns and also to classify the samples into groups. Non-conformities were observed in relation to dehydration temperature and in 91% of samples the moisture content was above the 4% limit established by Brazilian legislation. Thirty-nine pollen types were identified. The protein content varied from 7.9 to 33.9 g/100 g, the lipid content from 3.1 to 13.5 g/100 g and the ash content varied from 1.9 to 3.8 g/100 g. The mineral analysis indicated that potassium was the compound with a higher content in the samples, and that some samples could be considered \"source\" or \"high content\" of iron, manganese, zinc and copper. The total phenolic content varied from 5.6 to 29.7 mg GAE/ g and total flavonoids from 0.3 to 19.0 mg QE/g. The antioxidant capacity (AC) by DPPH method ranged from 9.4 to 199.3 µmol TE/g and the extraction procedure influenced the results. The AC by ORAC method ranged from 133.1 to 563.0 µmol TE/g. All samples showed some antimicrobial capacity; however, the minimal inhibitory concentration was related to the microorganism. The microbiological quality of the samples was consistent with results found in the literature and potentially pathogenic bacteria were not detected. The instrumental color analysis indicated variation in the parameters L* (42.75 to 72.35), a* (1.03 to 12.98), b* (31.51 to 63.18) and Chroma (31.53 to 64.26), and correlation between these parameters and the chemical and biological properties. The identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds showed flavonoids predominantly in samples, particularly glycosylated compounds. Finally, the samples dehydrated by lyophilization showed higher nutritional and biological value compared to samples dehydrated in an electric oven with forced air circulation. In conclusion, it is necessary that producers make adjustments to the dehydrated bee-pollen processing to prevent impediments to the marketing. The composition of the pollen collected by bees influenced the composition of dehydrated bee-pollen; therefore, it would be possible to direct the apiaries to botanical sources that result in a product with higher nutritional or biological value.

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Ferreira, Daiane. "PRODUTOS APÍCOLAS COMO ANTIOXIDANTES EM PEIXES FRENTE A DESAFIOS OXIDANTES PROVOCADOS POR TEBUCONAZOLE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3839.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior This paper present alternatives to mitigate the deleterious effects caused by pesticides from crops that contaminate ponds and water bodies, located very close to the growing areas. This proximity causes oxidative damage in fish. The suggested alternative is the use of bee products, which generate lower amounts of waste in the environment and has low cost. Since this organization has been growing crops only. We tested three different concentrations of honey (0,025g L-1; 0,075g L-1; 0,125g L-1), bee pollen (0,01g L-1; 0,03g L-1; 0,05g L-1), royal jelly (0,005g L-1; 0,015g L-1; 0,025g L-1) and propolis (0,01g L-1; 0,05g L-1; 0,1g L-1) and associated or not with fungicide tebuconazol (0,088mg L-1), apiculture products showed protective effect on fish, mainly inhibit / reverse lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and increase the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase, contributing to the redox state of the cell. Our data suggest the antioxidant potential of honey, bee pollen, propolis and royal jelly added to water as protective substances against oxidative stress caused by agrochemicals, especially tebuconazole. Este trabalho apresenta novas alternativas para mitigar efeitos deletérios causados por agroquímicos provenientes de lavouras, que contaminam açudes e corpos de água, localizados muito próximos às áreas de cultivo. Esta proximidade e contaminação causa danos oxidativos em peixes. A alternativa sugerida é o uso de produtos apícolas, que geram resíduos de baixo impacto para o meio ambiente. Uma vez que esta associação de culturas só vem crescendo. Foram testadas três concentrações diferentes de mel (0,025g L-1; 0,075g L-1; 0,125g L-1), pólen apícola (0,01g L-1; 0,03g L-1; 0,05g L-1), geleia real (0,005g L-1; 0,015g L-1; 0,025g L-1) e própolis (0,01g L-1; 0,05g L-1; 0,1g L-1) associadas e ou não ao fungicida tebuconazole (0,088mg L-1) Os produtos apícolas apresentaram efeito protetor aos peixes, principalmente por inibir/reverter a peroxidação lipídica, carbonilação proteica e aumentar a atividade das enzimas catalase, superóxido dismutase e glutationa-S-transferase, contribuindo para o estado redox da célula. Os dados apresentados sugerem o potencial do mel, pólen apícola, própolis e geleia real adicionados a água como substâncias protetoras contra o estresse oxidativo causado por agroquímicos, em especial o tebuconazole.

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Marečková, Kateřina. "Využití včelího pylu jako bioindikátoru stavu životního prostředí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216791.

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Pesticides and their excessive use lead to environmental pollution. Violation of the guidelines for their use disposal of empty containers could lead to contamination of water, soil and poisoning of animals and beneficial insects. Honey bee is useful creature on our planet. Good farming depends entirely on the pollination, but whole vegetal kingdom couldn’t exist it form known and used by mankind. Therefore, rules that protect these useful creatures against inadequate use of pesticides have been developed. This study focuses on the evaluation of the possibility to use bee products as bioindicators of the state of environment. Five active substances which are components of pesticides used in the treatment of agricultural field around Tasovice village were analysed in the pollen and honey. For sample preparation QuEChERS and SPE methods were used, gas chromatography with to mass spectrometric detection was employed as final analytical technique.

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Melo, Illana Louise Pereira de. "Estabilidade das vitaminas antioxidantes em amostras de pólen apícola." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-19092017-130541/.

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O pólen apícola apresenta elevadas porcentagens de nutrientes e pode ser utilizado como suplemento nutricional na alimentação humana. Este trabalho teve por objetivo principal avaliar a estabilidade das vitaminas antioxidantes (vitamina C, E e β-caroteno) em pólen apícola durante um ano de estocagem. Foram adquiridos entre os meses de março e abril 2007 seis lotes de pólen apícola in natura e desidratado, diretamente de entrepostos de comercialização de produtos apícolas. Foram analisadas as concentrações das três vitaminas no tempo zero e em seguida amostras foram armazenadas, em embalagens fornecidas pelo produtor, sob três formas: a temperatura ambiente; a temperatura ambiente, porém protegida da luz; em freezer. Foi utilizado o método títulométrico para análise de vitamina C. Para β-caroteno utilizou-se a cromatografia em coluna aberta no tempo zero e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência após 6 e 12 meses de estocagem. Esta última foi utilizada para as análises da vitamina E. Foram realizadas ainda análises polínica e de composição centesimal. Foram encontradas as seguintes variações: 14±0,25 a 119±1,961 µg/g para vitamina C, 19,43±1,70 a 45,00±3,61µg/g para vitamina E 3,77±0,10 a 99,27±2,45 µg/g para β-caroteno em amostras frescas. Após processo de desidratação, houve uma alteração de 67,1% para mais na vitamina C (diferença significativa p<0,05), uma perda de 18,7% para vitamina E e de 15,6% para β-caroteno. O valor pró-vitamínico A das amostras desidratadas variou de 0,26 a 6,48 µg/g. A composição centesimal das amostras estudadas está de acordo com as especificações estabelecidas pela legislação brasileira em vigor (Instrução Normativa N° 3, de 19/01/2001). Houve grande variabilidade dos tipos polínicos encontrados nas amostras e alguns deles estiveram fortemente correlacionados com os teores de vitamina C (Myrtaceae), de β-caroteno (Arecaceae, Cecropia e Fabaceae) e de lipídeos (Arecaceae e Fabaceae). Outros estiveram correlacionados de forma negativa, como é o caso dos Mimosa caesalpineafolia e Poacease com os níveis de β-caroteno, do tipo Arecaceae com as proteínas e do tipo Mimosa caesalpineafolia com os lipídeos. A estocagem em freezer foi a condição mais eficiente na conservação das três vitaminas e a perda na estocagem a temperatura ambiente exposto a luz e protegido da luz foram semelhantes. Considerando-se as três condições estudadas, a vitamina E parece ser mais preservada durante estocagem quando comparada à vitamina C e ao β-caroteno. Entretanto, conforme teste estatístico realizado, houve perdas significativas (p<0,05) apenas para vitamina C em todas as condições estudadas quando comparadas a sua concentração inicial (tempo 0). Bee pollen contains high percentages of nutrients and it can be used as a nutritional supplement for human feeding. The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability the antioxidant vitamins (vitamin C, E and β-carotene) in bee pollen during one year of storage. Six batches of fresh and dried bee pollen pellets were acquired in 2007 March and April from bee products warehouses. The three vitamins were quantified and then stored under three forms in packages supplied by the producer: in room temperature, in room temperature protected from light and frozen. Vitamin C was quantified by potentiometric titration. The open column chromatography was used for β-carotene analyses in the zero time and the high performance liquid chromatography after 6 and 12 months storage. This last one was used for the vitamin E analyses. The centesimal composition and botanical characterization of the bee pollen were obtained. Vitamin content in fresh samples varied between 14±0.25 and 119±1.96µg/g for vitamin C; 19.43±1.70 and 45.00±3.61µg/g for vitamin E and 3.77±0.10 and 99.27±2.45µg/g for β-carotene. After the drying process a significant alteration 67.1 % for more in the vitamin C (p<0.05), a losses of 18.7% for vitamin E and 15.6% for β-carotene were observed. The provitamin A value was between 0.26 and 6.48µg/g. The proximal composition of the samples studied presented results which were ali accordance to the specifications established for the Brazilian regulation (Normative Instruction N° 3, 19/01/2001). A great variability of the pollen types was found in the samples and some of them were strongly correlated with the vitamin C (Myrtaceae), β-carotene (Arecaceae, Cecropia and Fabaceae) and lipids (Arecaceae and Fabaceae). Other ones were negatively correlated, such as Mimosa caesalpineafolia and Poaceae types with β-carotene, Arecaceae type with proteins and Mimosa caesalpineafolia type with lipids. Storage in freezer was more efficient to keep the vitamins and the losses at room temperature storage when exposed to light and in the dark were similar. Vitamin E was more preserved during the storage when compared to vitamin C and β-carotene. However, only vitamin C presented significant statistical losses (p<0.05) in ali of the studied conditions when compared to its initial content.

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Dibos, Chloé. "Interactions plante - pollinisateur : caractérisation de la qualité du pollen de deux cucurbitacées durant son ontogenèse, sa présentation et son transport sur le corps de l'abeille domestique." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587581.

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Chez de nombreuses Angiospermes, la pollinisation croisée est nécessaire pour le succès de la reproduction. La plupart de ces plantes ont évolué afin de favoriser la pollinisation entomophile, principalement assurée par les abeilles. C'est le cas des Cucurbitacées, dont le melon (Cucumis melo L.), importante culture du sud de la France et le concombre d'âne (Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.) plante spontanée endémique du bassin méditerranéen, les deux modèles de cette étude. Afin de mieux comprendre les relations plante-pollinisateur,nous avons choisi de caractériser le couple pollen de Cucurbitacées/abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.) à travers la production de pollen, sa présentation sur la fleur et son transport sur l'abeille. Nous avons montré que, chez ces plantes, l'ontogenèse du pollen s'accompagne d'erreurs développementales conduisant à la formation de près de 3% de grains de pollen vides. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence que chez E. elaterium, des erreurs méiotiques entraînaient la formation de grains de pollen génétiquement anormaux qui pourraient être source d'autopolyploïdie. Chez C. melo, nos résultats ont révélé que la mise en contact du pollen avec le milieu environnant entraîne une baisse de 30% de sa viabilité, mais que celle-ci reste stable jusqu'à la fin de l'anthèse. L'aptitude à germer, quant à elle, finit d'être acquise juste avant anthèse et décroît de 12% en fin de période d'anthèse. Nous avons montré que le pollen de C. melo transporté sur le corps de l'abeille pouvait soit avoir une viabilité et une aptitude à germer préservée, probablement par protection contre la déshydratation, soit perdre quasi-totalement sa viabilité et son aptitude à germer. Enfin, nous avons détecté des composés biochimiques spécifiques des abeilles protégeant ou diminuant la qualité reproductrice du pollen

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Vasconcelos, Maria Raphaella dos Santos. "Pólen apícola do estado de Alagoas : composição físico-química, origem botânica e atividade antioxidante." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2009. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/630.

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Beekeeping is an activity known worldwide. In Brazil, it has found favorable conditions for its establishment. In the State of Alagoas, where it is still a practicing of beekeeping craft, require official data on the quality of their products to become more professional. Among the bee products, bee pollen resulting from the agglutination of flower pollen and nectar with salivary substances, emerge as food for worker-bees, with therapeutic properties given its composition. It is rich in protein, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and vitamins, phenols and growth factors. In apiaries, bee pollen is the main source of food and protection for the larvae of bees. As human food, it requires for marketing monitoring of its physico-chemical and microbiological quality, with limits established by the health legislation. In this work, it was assessed the floral origin and the physico-chemical, and possible antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, of bee pollen from three experimental apiaries representative of the mesoregions of Zona da Mata , Backlands and Seaside of Alagoas State, in the dry season of 2008/09. Physico-chemical data were submitted to tests of normality of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk, and then the non-parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis. The pollen spectrum was more abundant in the Zona da Mata region, where 28 plant species were represented in the bee pollen - 36% of the herbaceous layer and 64% of shrub and tree strata. In the bee pollen of the Seaside and Backlands predominated, respectively, tree and shrub strata, with sampling generally monofloral in the Backlands. The total contents of protein, glucose and lipids were measured respectively by the methods of Lowry, Antrona and Bligh & Dyer. The levels of total carbohydrates did not differ significantly between the bee pollen of the different mesoregions studied. The average content of total lipids and phenols in the bee pollen of the Backlands were the largest among the three mesoregions (respectively, 4.92-7.74% and 16.22- 46.25 eq. mg Ac. Galic.g-1). The total content of flavonoids varied considerably, but was higher in samples of Backlands (45.62 ± 32.19 eq. quercetine.g mg-1), although near the sampling of the Zona da Mata (41.22 ± 21.95 eq. quercetine.g mg-1). The antioxidant potential of samples of bee pollen of Backlands was much higher than that of other samples of other mesoregions, ranging from 53.22 to 250.19 eq. mg ac. galic.g-1. The samples of bee pollen from the Seaside were the ones that showed higher protein content (1.21-3.32 eq. mg BSA.mL-1) and lower antioxidant content (10.0-103.22 eq. mg ac. galic.g-1), although in the qualitative point of view all the samples had similar flanonoid substances. The tested did not show activity against the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori concentrations of the extracts of bee pollen of the dry season (2008/09) from all mesoregions studied. Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas A apicultura é uma atividade mundialmente conhecida e, no Brasil, tem encontrado condições climáticas favoráveis para seu estabelecimento. Configura-se neste espaço o Estado de Alagoas, onde ainda é uma prática artesanal que requer dados oficiais sobre a qualidade de seus produtos para se tornar mais profissional. Dentre os seus produtos, o pólen apícola é o resultante da aglutinação do pólen floral com néctar e substâncias salivares das abelhas operárias, e desponta como alimento com propriedades terapêuticas, face à sua composição rica em proteínas, carboidratos, lipídios, sais minerais e vitaminas, além de compostos fenólicos e fatores de crescimento. No apiário, é a principal fonte de alimento e proteção das larvas de abelhas. Como alimento humano, o pólen apícola requer monitoramento de sua qualidade físico-química e microbiológica, segundo limites estabelecidos pela legislação sanitária, para sua comercialização. Neste trabalho, portanto, efetuou-se a avaliação da origem floral e da qualidade físico-química, bem como possível atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana do pólen apícola de três apiários experimentais de municípios representativos das mesorregiões do Sertão, Zona da Mata e Litoral do Estado de Alagoas, na estação seca de 2008/09. Os dados físico-químicos foram submetidos aos testes de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Shapiro-Wilk e, em seguida, ao teste nãoparamétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. O espectro polínico se mostrou mais abundante na Zona da Mata, sendo identificadas 28 espécies vegetais no pólen apícola dessa região, 36 % do estrato herbáceo e 64 % dos estratos arbustivo e arbóreo. No espectro polínico do Litoral e do Sertão identificaram-se como predominantes respectivamente os estratos arbustivo e arbóreo, sendo a amostragem do Sertão em geral monofloral. Os conteúdos de proteínas, glicídeos e lipídeos totais, foram mensurados respectivamente pelos métodos de Lowry, Antrona e Bligh & Dyer. Os teores de glicídios totais do pólen apícola de distintas mesorregiões não diferiram significativamente entre si. As médias do conteúdo de lipídios e de fenóis totais no pólen apícola do Sertão foram as maiores dentre as três mesorregiões (respectivamente 4,92-7,74 % e 16,22-46,25 eq. mg ác. gálico.g-1). O conteúdo total de flavonóides oscilou bastante, mas também foi superior nas amostras do Sertão (45,62 ± 32,19 eq. mg quercetina.g-1), embora próximo ao das amostragens da Zona da Mata (41,22 ± 21,95 eq. mg quercetina.g-1). O potencial antioxidante das amostras de pólen apícola do Sertão foi bem superior ao das demais amostras, variando de 53,22-250,19 eq. mg ác. gálico.g-1 . As amostras de pólen apícola provenientes do Litoral foram as que apresentaram maior teor em proteínas (1,21-3,32 eq. mg ASB.mL-1) e menor conteúdo antioxidante (10,0-103,22 eq. mg ác. gálico.g-1), embora do ponto de vista qualitativo todas as amostras apresentaram, praticamente, as mesmas substâncias, ainda que em quantidades diferentes. Não se constatou atividade contra os microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori na concentração testada dos extratos de pólen apícola da estação seca (2008/09) de todas as mesorregiões estudadas.

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Carroll, Mark J., Nicholas Brown, Craig Goodall, Alexandra M. Downs, Timothy H. Sheenan, and Kirk E. Anderson. "Honey bees preferentially consume freshly-stored pollen." PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624047.

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Honey bees (Apis mellifera) collect and store both honey and pollen in preserved forms. Pollen storage involves the addition of honey or nectar and oral secretions to pollen granules. It is controversial whether the duration of pollen storage alters the palatability or nutritive value of the pollen storage medium. We examined how bees utilize different-aged stored pollen during an extended pollen flow. The deposition of pollen into wax cells and subsequent consumption were monitored daily on 18 brood frames from 6 colonies over an 8d observation period. Despite a greater abundance of older stored pollen cells on brood frames, bees showed a marked preference for the consumption of freshly-stored pollen. Two to four day-old pollen cell contents were significantly more likely to be consumed, while pollen cell contents more than seven days old were eaten at much lower rates. Similar experiments that controlled for cell abundance and spatial effects using cage assays yielded the same result. One day-old stored pollen was consumed approximately three times more often than 10d-old stored pollen, and two times more often than 5d-old stored pollen. These consumption preferences for freshly-stored pollen occurred despite a lack of clear developmental advantages. Young adult workers reared for 7 days on 1d-, 5d-, or 10d-old stored pollen showed no difference in body mass, stored pollen consumption, hindgut fecal material accumulation, or hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) protein titers, suggesting that different-aged pollen stores did not vary in their nutritional value to adult bees. These findings are inconsistent with the hypothesis promoting a period of microbially-mediated, "beebread maturation" that results in greater palatability or nutritive value for aged pollen stores. Rather, stored pollen that is not eaten in the first few days accumulates as excess stores preserved in a less preferred, but nutritionally-similar state.

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Nicholls, Elizabeth. "The role of pollen as a reward for learning in bees." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3894.

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In contrast to the wealth of knowledge concerning sucrose-rewarded learning mechanisms, the question of what bees learn when they collect pollen from flowers has been little addressed. Pollen-rewarded learning is of interest not only in furthering our understanding of associative conditioning pathways in the insect brain, it may also shed light on the role that cognitive processes may have played in shaping the early evolutionary relationship between plants and their pollinators, given that pollen is thought to have been the ancestral reward for flower visitors. Thus the central aim of this thesis was to demonstrate the conditions under which pollen may reinforce learning of floral features in two model species, the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris). Having developed a number of paradigms for the study of pollen-rewarded learning, here I ask what bees might learn during pollen collection, both in terms of the sensory characteristics of pollen itself and additional cues paired with this reward. Freely flying bees were shown to be sensitive to differences in the type of pollen offered for collection and were able to associate the presence of a coloured stimulus with both the availability and quality of the pollen reward. The sensory pathways involved in the evaluation of pollen were also investigated. When bees were restrained, in order to more tightly control exposure to the reward, pollen was not found to support learning in an olfactory conditioning task. Furthermore, when delivered in solution with sucrose, pollen was found to inhibit learning relative to bees rewarded with sucrose alone. It seems that pollen contains compounds which are perceived as distasteful by bees and that through the contamination of nectar, pollen may influence bees foraging decisions via differential learning and recognition of floral cues.

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au, R. manning@agric wa gov, and Robert Manning. "Fatty acid composition of pollen and the effect of two dominant fatty acids (linoleic and oleic) in pollen and flour diets on longevity and nutritional composition of honey bees (apis mellifera)." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070820.125342.

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The size of the apiculture industry in Western Australia (W.A.) is one of the smallest in the nation but the production of pollen and honey per colony is the highest in Australia. The overwhelming value of the bee industry to the community is through pollination. The pollination service benefit provided by honey bees (Apis mellifera) in Australia has an estimated value of $AUS1.7 billion (1999 - 2000). The economic yields from crops, such as almonds and cucurbits, depend entirely on the activity of honey bees. Access to flora is essential to maintain productive colonies for pollination services. Pollen and nectar from flowers provide the nutritional components for colonies of honey bees to breed, but pollen is more important as it provides the colony with its source of protein. Protein content is changed by pollen lipid content which can vary from 0.8 to 18.9 %. Lipids are composed of fatty acids and a number are highly antimicrobial and play an important role in colony hygiene, whilst others are nutritionally crucial for honey bee development. Australian honey bee colonies utilise areas of native flora where a diversity of pollen species exist or hives are placed with agricultural crops that are based on European plants grown in monocultures, e.g. canola. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, in terms of breeding bees, some pollen species are much better than others and that bee health and longevity can be compromised if pollen is derived from single plant species. Protein analysis of pollen has been conducted on a wide range of species over the last two decades. However, lipid content and its analysis for fatty acids, which was reviewed for this thesis, have only been conducted on a few species. An initial investigation into the fatty acid composition of the pollen of W.A. eucalypts revealed the genus was characteristically high in linoleic acid concentration and ranged from 35.7 48 % (2.77 5.81 mg/g). Of the six species that are important to W.A. beekeepers, Eucalyptus wandoo (whitegum) and E. accedens (Powderbark Wandoo), a taxonomically similar species, showed similar levels of arachidic acid, whilst all three E. wandoo flowering varieties (summer, winter and spring) were the lowest in linolenic acid. Corymbia calophylla (redgum) was significantly higher in myristic and linolenic acids and E. patens (blackbutt), E. marginata (jarrah) and E. diversicolor (karri) had similar fatty acid profiles. European honey bees have evolved with plant species that have pollen that contain much higher levels of lipids, which are dominated by linolenic acid, than eucalypts. By contrast, the pollen of eucalypts, the most targeted plants by W.A. beekeepers, and other Australian plants are typically higher in linoleic than linolenic acid. Given the influence of lipids on protein content and that fatty acid concentration varied amongst some of the important eucalypt species, a much wider study of pollen from plant species that are important to beekeepers was conducted. The first aim of the project, a national pollen survey, was undertaken in which 577 samples of pollen were collected. A total of 73 different fatty acids were identified. Of these, only five: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic were common to all 577 samples of pollen. The second aim of the thesis was to investigate the effect of two commonly found fatty acids in pollen and their concentration at which longevity and life-span of honey bees, and development of the hypopharyngeal gland were deleteriously affected. An associated objective was to determine whether a range of soya bean flours, the main ingredient of an artificial bee diet that can replace pollen but differs in lipid concentration, had a similar effect. The aim encompassed two projects. In the first, two fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acid) were added at concentrations from 0 to 16 % to the low-fat, bee-collected pollen from C. calophylla. Eight different lipid-enhanced diets were created and each fed to bees confined in cages (mini-colonies containing 1400 bees). Oleic and linoleic acids were chosen because they are two of the five commonly found fatty acids in pollen. Oleic acid is the dominant fatty acid in honey bees and is a monounsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid is a dominant fatty acid in eucalypt pollen and is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is one of two essential fatty acids that has antimicrobial activity. The second project revolved around the problem of maintaining bee populations when apiaries are in environments that lack floral abundance due to drought or other environmental catastrophes. In these situations, beekeepers maintain their colonies by supplying artificial feedstuffs to colonies of bees. The high-protein diet ingredient of choice is imported soya bean flour and three flours containing 0.6 % (protein concentrate), 1.8 % (defatted) and 18.9 % (full-fat) lipid, were used. Locally milled lupin flour, containing 6.9 % lipid, was tested as a possible replacement for imported soya bean flour. As for soya bean flour, lupin flour was used in pure form or mixed with pollen in diets fed to bees. Flour and pollen combinations created another ten different diets fed to bees the same way as the fatty acid-enhanced pollen diets. Along with the 8 lipid-enhanced and 10 flour and flour-pollen diets, there were two sugar-only diets, one mixed from dry cane sugar and the other, a liquid invert sugar. Two redgum pollen-only diets concluded the suite of 22 diets tested. One of these pollen diets was crushed and irradiated and was several years old whilst the other was collected fresh at the beginning of experimentation and kept frozen. Crushed and irradiated pollen is in common use by Australian commercial beekeepers as feedback when conditions for floral abundance are adverse. An early experimental result was an observation of distinctive bee behaviour after bees were confined in cages for six weeks where small but persistent numbers of bees were found hairless in samples. The behaviour was apparently the same as when single cohorts of emerged bees rearrange their caste repertoire, which has been reported elsewhere, but where no connection to head weight and caste type had been documented. Low head weight and hairlessness were strongly associated with each other. Low head weights are usually associated with foraging honey bees because the hypopharyngeal gland is no longer developed functionally. Experimentally, bees were assessed for longevity to 22 different diets in 7 experiments. Laboratory analysis was conducted on the weekly samples of bees removed from cages where bees were measured for head weight (hypopharyngeal gland development) and nutritional status by analysing de-gutted bees for protein, lipid, mineral and fatty acid content. Of the 22 diets tested, pure redgum pollen diets gave the greatest life-span and those bees fed diets of pure sugar had the shortest life. Honey bees fed a low-fat protein concentrate from soya bean flour had the longest life of the flours tested. Adding pollen to soya bean flour diets improved longevity whereas the addition of pollen to lupin flour caused increased mortality. Defatted and full-fat soya bean flours gave similar longevities and, despite large differences in fat content, the response to diet of head weight was negligible to the diets and no response was elicited by the queen bee to lay eggs which also indicated failed gland development of the worker bees. The addition of fatty acid (oleic and linoleic) to pollen at different concentrations caused significant differences in longevity. Overall, the addition of both fatty acids to pollen did not improve longevity. The addition of oleic acid to pollen greater than 2 % caused the longevity of bees to decrease, a poor head weight response and a failure of the queen to lay eggs. The addition of linoleic acid greater than 6 % to pollen diets had a similar response. As the percentage of oil was increased for both fatty acid additions, total consumption of the diet decreased. Honey bees fed soya bean, lupin flour and sugar-only diets failed to accumulate linoleic acid in their body which was in contrast to honey bees fed pollen diets. For the sugar diet, the failure of linoleic acid accumulation in bees occurred despite bees being able to accumulate total lipid. Manganese was poorly accumulated by honey bees fed both soya bean and lupin flour diets and a sugar-only diet. The implication is that linoleic acid and manganese need to be added separately to dietary formulations in a form as yet to be determined that will enable honey bees to accumulate these elements in the same way as bees do from consuming pollen. Soya bean flour-based diets, which have been used by beekeepers for decades, or lupin flour require additional amounts of linoleic acid and manganese. Similarly, this might apply to sugar. Sugar can be fed to bees in great quantities to enable bees to successfully over-winter in cold climates or it can allow breeding to commence which subsequently stimulates the collection of pollen. Sugar-feeding is widely promoted for orchard pollination, especially for kiwifruit. These changes could make these dietary ingredients more effective in enabling bees to breed between nectar flows and be more productive or nutritionally healthier, but any changes would require further cage experimentation. Bee-collected pollen naturally high in concentrations of oleic acid should also be tested in longevity trials, in conjunction with pollen that is low in oleic acid. The three untested common fatty acids (stearic, palmitic and linolenic acid) should also be evaluated for honey bee longevity and nutritional status.

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49

Russell, Avery Leigh, and Avery Leigh Russell. "Mechanisms of Floral Specialization by Pollen-Foraging Bumble Bees." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621876.

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A fundamental question in biology is how animals efficiently locate and use diverse resources. Pollinators foraging on flowers are one of our most thoroughly studied examples of generalist foraging behavior and cognition. Individual pollinators typically specialize on a subset of flowering species available to them. Specialization by nectar-foraging pollinators is often the consequence of learned or innate preferences for floral display traits such as color, pattern, and scent. Pollinators must also typically learn to extract nectar from each floral type. By specializing, pollinators reduce costs associated with learning and forgetting nectar extraction routines. Specialization also benefits the plant by enhancing conspecific pollen transfer. Yet nectar is not the only floral reward. The pollen of hundreds of thousands of plant species is collected by pollinators such as bees, beetles, and flies. In fact, solitary and social bees must collect both pollen and nectar to survive. However, much of the vast literature on bee foraging behavior concerns the collection of nectar. This research investigated mechanisms by which generalist bumblebees (Bombus impatiens) specialize on diverse floral resources. Most foragers in a colony were reward generalists over their lifetime, but specialized daily on either pollen or nectar collection. Lifetime patterns of pollen collection were associated with interindividual differences in sensory morphology. Pollen-foraging bumblebees had weak innate preferences, but learned strong preferences for pollen-only plant species, with preferences mediated primarily by anther properties. The anthers provided indirect cues of concealed pollen, and bees learned to prefer properties of the anthers to select potentially rewarding flowers. While learning was involved in the formation of floral preferences by pollen foragers, pollen extraction behavior relied little on learning. Specifically, floral sonication, which is used by bees to extract concealed pollen, was modified only modestly with experience. Furthermore, bees foraged efficiently for pollen from diverse floral resources without relying on instrumental (associative) learning. Efficient foraging involved switching between two distinct motor routines: floral sonication and scrabbling. Switching was regulated by two ubiquitous floral cues: chemical anther cues eliciting sonication and mechanical pollen cues suppressing it (and eliciting scrabbling). I discuss how mechanisms of floral specialization by generalist pollen-foraging bees could drive floral trait evolution.

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50

Martins, Marcia Cristina Teixeira. "Polen apicola brasileiro = valor nutritivo e funcional, qualidade e contaminantes inorganicos." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256125.

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Orientadores: Delia B. Rodriguez-Amaya, Marcelo Antonio Morgano Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T07:41:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_MarciaCristinaTeixeira_D.pdf: 1254271 bytes, checksum: 32608a0a4ae80846c5a39c4cb8599bcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 Resumo: Considerando o mercado favorável ao consumo de produtos naturais de elevado valor nutritivo, complementares à dieta ou com efeitos terapêuticos, as perspectivas positivas para o Brasil na cadeia produtiva apícola por seu clima e flora propícios, bem como o possível emprego do pólen apícola como indicador de poluição ambiental, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o pólen apícola nacional desidratado e pronto para o consumo quanto à composição química, de minerais, flavonóides e contaminantes inorgânicos. A literatura é discutida no Capítulo 1, no qual são apresentados estudos brasileiros e de outros países sobre a composição do pólen apícola, focalizando o seu valor nutritivo, o alto conteúdo de flavonóides, bem como a presença de contaminantes inorgânicos e suas implicações sobre a segurança do produto e poluição ambiental. O Capítulo 2 apresenta os resultados da análise de 154 amostras de pólen apícola desidratado, pronto para consumo, procedentes de 11 diferentes estados do Brasil e do Distrito Federal, coletadas nos anos de 2007 e 2008, quanto à sua composição centesimal (umidade, acidez livre, proteínas, lipídeos totais, cinzas e açúcares), sendo os aminoácidos livres identificados e quantificados em 22 amostras. O método de Karl Fischer para a determinação de umidade foi otimizado e aplicado. A composição das amostras de pólen apícola apresentou grande variação de resultados dentro e entre todos os estados brasileiros, sendo: 3,00 a 9,39 % para umidade; 1,33 a 4,13 g/100g para cinzas; 4,01 a 13,32 g/100g para lipídeos; 12,28 a 27,07 g/100g para proteínas; 6,99 a 21,85 g/100g para glicose; 12,59 a 23,62 g/100g para frutose e 105,3 a 609,9 meq/Kg para acidez. Os resultados foram discutidos em relação aos padrões de qualidade vigentes e ao valor nutritivo do produto na alimentação humana e apontam para a necessidade da revisão de tais padrões e para o controle da cadeia de produção deste produto. No Capítulo 3 a composição mineral foi determinada nas 154 amostras de 11 estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal, coletadas em 2007 e 2008. Os elementos minerais foram quantificados usando espectrometria de emissão ótica em plasma com acoplamento indutivo (ICP OES). Os níveis médios obtidos foram 828 a 4670 mg/Kg para cálcio, 3 a 25 mg/Kg para cobre, 11 a 552 mg/Kg para ferro, 1431 a 9910 mg/Kg para potássio, 348 a 3621 mg/Kg para magnésio, 12 a 211 mg/Kg para manganês, <0,004 a 1466 mg/Kg para sódio, 2177 a 8165 mg/Kg para fósforo, <0,01 a 4.4 mg/Kg para selênio e 5 a 76 mg/Kg para zinco. Manganês, selênio, cobre, zinco e ferro foram os elementos que apresentaram maiores contribuições nos valores de ingestão diária recomendada (IDR), quando se considera o consumo de uma porção diária de 25 g, alcançando 70%, 37%, 27%, 17% e 15% da IDR, respectivamente. O Capítulo 4 descreve o desenvolvimento e validação da metodologia analítica para determinação de flavonóis e flavonas em amostras de pólen apícola desidratado coletadas em três estados brasileiros. Utilizando-se Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional, obteve-se a melhor condição para extração e hidrólise dos flavonóides encontrados na forma glicosídica a suas respectivas agliconas: 1,0M de HCl por 30 minutos. A melhor separação (CLAE) dos flavonóides foi conseguida com a coluna de fase reversa Symmetry C18 (2,1 x 150 mm, 3,5 ?m) e fase móvel de metanol:tetrahidrofurano:água (26:57:17), acidificados com 0,3% de ácido fórmico em corrida isocrática. Aplicando as condições estabelecidas para a análise no Capítulo 4, no Capítulo 5 foram identificados e quantificados os flavonóides de 36 amostras de pólen apícola desidratado produzidas em três estados brasileiros (Bahia, Santa Catarina e São Paulo). Apigenina não foi identificada em nenhuma das amostras, enquanto quercetina foi a aglicona mais frequente, estando presente em quase todas as amostras estudadas. As agliconas frequentes nas amostras analisadas foram: de SP, miricetina, luteolina e quercetina; BA, quercetina e isoramnetina; SC, quercetina e kanferol. Os teores variaram entre 119 e 5587 ?g/g para miricetina; 14,4 e 3429 ?g/g para luteolina; 28,1 e 2700 ?g/g para quercetina; 11,6 e 1879 ?g/g para isoramnetina e 70,2 e 3056 ?g/g para kanferol, sendo variável também entre amostras do mesmo local. No Capítulo 6 são apresentados os experimentos de desenvolvimento e validação do método para determinação de contaminantes inorgânicos em 43 amostras de pólen apícola coletadas na região sudeste do Brasil durante um ano. A digestão ácida das amostras foi realizada em sistema fechado assistido por microondas e a quantificação dos elementos foi feita por ICP OES. O método apresentou desempenho satisfatório com boa exatidão e precisão. As faixas dos teores médios foram: 10,4 a 268,0 mg/Kg para Al, <0,01 a 1,38 mg/Kg para As, 2,78 a 17,63 mg/Kg para Ba, 0,003 a 0,233 mg/Kg para Cd, <0,01 a 1,11 mg/Kg para Co, <0,01 a 2,32 mg/Kg para Cr, <0,10 a 1,13 mg/Kg para Ni, <0,01 a 0,44 mg/Kg para Pb, <0,035 a 1,33 mg/Kg para Sb e <0,0004 a 0,0068 mg/Kg para Hg. A estimativa de ingestão mostrou que Al e As apresentaram as maiores contribuições para a dieta, com os teores médios de PTWI (ingestão semanal tolerável provisória) de 27% e 8%, respectivamente. O pólen apícola do estado de Espírito Santo apresentou níveis menores de contaminantes Doutorado Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

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