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Henderson, David. "Are Epistemic Norms Fundamentally Social Norms?" Episteme 17, n.º 3 (4 de maio de 2020): 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2019.49.
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AbstractPeople develop and deploy epistemic norms – normative sensibilities in light of which they regulate both their individual and community epistemic practice. There is a similarity to folk's epistemic normative sensibilities – and it is by virtue of this that folk commonly can rely on each other, and even work jointly to produce systems of true beliefs – a kind of epistemic common good. Agents not only regulate their belief forming practices in light of these sensitivities, but they make clear to others that they approve or disapprove of practices as these accord with their sensibilities – they thus regulate the belief forming practices of others in an interdependent pursuit of a good – something on the order of a community stock of true beliefs. Such general observations suggest ways in which common epistemic norms function as social norms, as these are characterized by Cristina Bicchieri's (2006) discussion of various kinds of norms. I draw on this framework – together with an important elaboration in Bicchieri (2017) – as it affords an analysis of the various related ways in which normative sensibilities function in communities of interdependent agents. The framework allows one to probe how these normative sensibilities function in the various associated choice situations. I argue that epistemic norms are fundamentally social norms, and, at the same time, they also are widely shared sensibilities about state-of-the-art ways of pursuing projects of individual veritistic value. The two foundations suggest the analogy of an arch.
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Nolan, Jessica M. "The cognitive ripple of social norms communications". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 14, n.º 5 (15 de fevereiro de 2011): 689–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430210392398.
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Social norms marketing has become a widely used technique for promoting pro-social behaviors, however, little is known about the cognitive changes produced by these interventions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the extent and durability of changes in normative beliefs following a one-shot social norms communication. Participants were surveyed immediately following the intervention, one week later, and one month later. Results showed that (1) normative beliefs spilled over to behaviors and referents not specified in the original message; (2) communication and self-knowledge both contributed to participants’ normative belief estimates; and (3) the change in normative beliefs over the one-month period was consistent with Miller and Prentice’s (1996) theory of normative belief construction. Possible explanations for the spillover effect are discussed.
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Cookson, Darel, Daniel Jolley, Robert C. Dempsey e Rachel Povey. "“If they believe, then so shall I”: Perceived beliefs of the in-group predict conspiracy theory belief". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24, n.º 5 (agosto de 2021): 759–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430221993907.
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Conspiracy beliefs are widespread and can have detrimental consequences. As perceived social norms can exert a powerful influence on individuals, we investigated the relationship between perceived conspiracy belief norms and personal endorsement, and whether others’ conspiracy belief is overestimated. In Study 1, UK university students ( N = 111) completed measures of their personal conspiracy beliefs and estimations of others’ beliefs (an in-group and an out-group they chose, and a prescribed in-group). Perceived in-groups’ belief strongly predicted personal conspiracy belief; perceived out-group’s belief did not. Studies 2 and 3 replicated these findings in a British community sample ( N = 177) and in a UK parent sample ( N = 197), focusing on antivaccine conspiracy theories. All studies demonstrated that people overestimate the conspiracy beliefs of others. This is the first demonstration of the association between perceived in-group conspiracy belief social norms and individuals’ personal conspiracy beliefs. Interventions challenging misperceived norms could be effective in reducing conspiracy beliefs.
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CARTWRIGHT, EDWARD, e AMRISH PATEL. "Public Goods, Social Norms, and Naïve Beliefs". Journal of Public Economic Theory 12, n.º 2 (abril de 2010): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9779.2009.01457.x.
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Li, Hongyi, e Eric Van den Steen. "Birds of a Feather … Enforce Social Norms? Interactions among Culture, Norms, and Strategy". Strategy Science 6, n.º 2 (junho de 2021): 166–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2021.0129.
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Does culture eat strategy for breakfast? This paper investigates the interactions among corporate culture, norms, and strategy, in order to better understand this issue and related questions. It first shows, through microfoundations, how the forces that drive toward “culture as shared beliefs and preferences” also cause the emergence of social norms (when these beliefs and preferences are unobservable), with people even endogenously enforcing norms that go against their own beliefs and preferences. The latter effect may cause a disconnect between the organization’s norms and its underlying beliefs and preferences. The paper then makes predictions on the kinds of shared beliefs, preferences, and norms that are likely to emerge, and when they are most likely to emerge. It shows, for example, that social norms are more likely in attractive organizations, for behaviors that have modest personal consequences, and on dimensions along which employees depend on others’ choices to a moderate degree. Building on these insights and on the definition of “strategy as core guidance,” we finally discuss how corporate culture and strategy interact. We show, in particular, how culture is not just an input into strategy but also a direct substitute for strategy and often even a competitor. The results throw light on ways to deal with the “breakfast” issue.
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Joven Romero, Marco Antonio. "Belief and pluralistic ignorance". Filosofia Unisinos 21, n.º 3 (25 de novembro de 2020): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/fsu.2020.213.03.
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Pluralistic ignorance is usually analyzed in terms of social norms. Recently, Bjerring, Hansen and Pedersen (2014) describe and define this phenomenon in terms of beliefs, actions and evidence. Here I apply a basic epistemic approach to belief – believers consider their beliefs to be true –, a basic pragmatic approach to belief – beliefs are useful for believers – and a mixed epistemic-pragmatic approach – believers consider their believes to be true and such considerations are useful – to pluralistic ignorance phenomena. For that, I take the definition given by Bjerring et al. (2014).Keywords: Truth, pragmatism, epistemic belief, pragmatic belief.
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Morsky, Bryce, e Erol Akçay. "Evolution of social norms and correlated equilibria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, n.º 18 (11 de abril de 2019): 8834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817095116.
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Social norms regulate and coordinate most aspects of human social life, yet they emerge and change as a result of individual behaviors, beliefs, and expectations. A satisfactory account for the evolutionary dynamics of social norms, therefore, has to link individual beliefs and expectations to population-level dynamics, where individual norms change according to their consequences for individuals. Here, we present a model of evolutionary dynamics of social norms that encompasses this objective and addresses the emergence of social norms. In this model, a norm is a set of behavioral prescriptions and a set of environmental descriptions that describe the expected behaviors of those with whom the norm holder will interact. These prescriptions and descriptions are functions of exogenous environmental events. These events have no intrinsic meaning or effect on the payoffs to individuals, yet beliefs/superstitions regarding them can effectuate coordination. Although a norm’s prescriptions and descriptions are dependent on one another, we show how they emerge from random accumulations of beliefs. We categorize the space of social norms into several natural classes and study the evolutionary competition between these classes of norms. We apply our model to the Game of Chicken and the Nash Bargaining Game. Furthermore, we show how the space of norms and evolutionary stability are dependent on the correlation structure of the environment and under which such correlation structures social dilemmas can be ameliorated or exacerbated.
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Patel, Amrish, e Edward Cartwright. "Naïve Beliefs and the Multiplicity of Social Norms". Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 168, n.º 2 (2012): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/093245612800933942.
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Vesely, Stepan, e Christian A. Klöckner. "Global Social Norms and Environmental Behavior". Environment and Behavior 50, n.º 3 (11 de abril de 2017): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517702190.
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We adopt a recently introduced incentivized method to elicit widely shared beliefs concerning (a) social norms, (b) environmental effect, and (c) difficulty of a wide range of environmental behaviors. We establish that these characteristics, as reflected in elicited beliefs recorded in one sample, predict (out-of-sample) environmental behaviors in a second separate sample. Pro-environmental behaviors perceived to be more socially appropriate and easier to perform, in particular, are more likely to be chosen. We show that subjective social norms mediate the effect of “global” (widely shared) social norms on behavior, which improves our understanding of the normative processes underlying pro-environmental action. Our use of an incentivized elicitation method might moreover mitigate problems associated with conventional surveys, such as social desirability bias, consistency bias, and inattentive responding, as discussed in the article.
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Trinh, Linda, Ryan E. Rhodes e Shon M. Ryan. "GENDER DIFFERENCES IN BELIEF-BASED TARGETS FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INTERVENTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 36, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2008): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2008.36.1.77.
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This Study elicited salient Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) beliefs about physical activity among adolescents (Study 1) and then used these beliefs to evaluate gender differences in intention and behavior (Study 2). Study 1 was conducted with a sample (N = 25) of Canadian adolescents, followed by Study 2 (N = 157) where participants completed measures of intention, behavioral, normative, and control beliefs and a one-month follow-up of physical activity behavior. For belief-behavior relationships, boys had larger correlations for control beliefs about schoolwork, other plans, and weather, compared to girls who reported larger correlations for norms from friends (p < .05). Belief-behavior correlation differences by gender were identified that may signal important tailoring in physical activity interventions for adolescents.
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Tomasello, Michael. "The Ontogenetic Foundations of Epistemic Norms". Episteme 17, n.º 3 (30 de abril de 2020): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2019.50.
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AbstractIn this paper, I approach epistemic norms from an ontogenetic point of view. I argue and present evidence that to understand epistemic norms – e.g., scientific norms of methodology and the evaluation of evidence – children must first develop through their social interactions with others three key concepts. First is the concept of belief, which provides the most basic distinction on which scientific investigations rest: the distinction between individual subjective perspectives and an objective reality. Second is the concept of reason, which in the context of science obligates practitioners to justify their claims to others with reasons by grounding them in beliefs that are universally shared within the community. Third is the concept of social norm, which is not primarily epistemic, but provides children with an understanding of norms as collective agreements. The theoretical argument is that all three of these concepts emerge not from just any kind of social interaction, but specifically from social interactions structured by the human species’ unique capacities for shared intentionality.
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Brown, Jessica. "Epistemically blameworthy belief". Philosophical Studies 177, n.º 12 (14 de dezembro de 2019): 3595–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-019-01384-z.
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AbstractWhen subjects violate epistemic standards or norms, we sometimes judge them blameworthy rather than blameless. For instance, we might judge a subject blameworthy for dogmatically continuing to believe a claim even after receiving evidence which undermines it. Indeed, the idea that one may be blameworthy for belief is appealed to throughout the contemporary epistemic literature. In some cases, a subject seems blameworthy for believing as she does even though it seems prima facie implausible that she is morally blameworthy or professionally blameworthy. Such cases raise the question of whether one can be blameworthy for a belief in a specifically epistemic sense rather than in some already recognised sense, such as being morally or professionally blameworthy. A number of authors have recently argued that there is a moral or social sense in which one ought to conform one’s beliefs to the evidence (e.g. Goldberg, Graham, Vanderheiden). In this paper, I argue that even while accepting that there are moral and social norms governing belief, there are cases in which a subject is blameworthy for a belief but isn’t plausibly morally or socially blameworthy. If this latter view is correct, then we may need to develop a new account of blame which can be applied to beliefs which are not morally or socially blameworthy.
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Essien, Essien D. "Toward a Normative Ethical Claims of Ibibio Social Norms, Values, and Beliefs". International Journal of Knowledge Society Research 8, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2017): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijksr.2017010103.
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This study examined the normative ethical claims, social norms and values laden in Ibibio social system and culture. These claims institutes avowal about ethical considerations and make moral judgments. This study presents a socio-cultural description of Ibibio norms which are an integral part of the culture, social custom, rituals and beliefs governing social coexistence. It argues that though norm is a cultural production with emphasis on prohibitions, Ibibio norms dictates behavioral and/or conversational re-orientation which determines how basic moral standards are arrived at and justified. The findings of this study however have a significant implication for cumulative research on the ethical elements of Ibibio norms and social beliefs.
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Shahanjarini, Akram Karimi, Arash Rashidian, Reza Majdzadeh, Nasrin Omidvar e Davood Shojaeezadeh. "The Role of Sociocognitive Mediators in the Beliefs-Intentions Relationship: Snacking Behavior". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, n.º 5 (1 de maio de 2010): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.5.711.
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The mediating role of the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) constructs in the belief constructs-intention relationship is examined in this study. We investigated the mediation ability of TPB constructs on Iranian adolescents' intentions to consume unhealthy snacks. A sample of 739 adolescents completed questionnaires assessing behavioral, normative, and control beliefs, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and intentions. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that measures had discriminant validity. Analysis showed that attitudes and PBC only partially mediate the effect of behavioral and power beliefs, on intention. This finding suggests that the predictive power of TPB will increase with the inclusion of belief components.
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Lally, Phillippa, Lucy Cooke, Laura McGowan, Helen Croker, Naomi Bartle e Jane Wardle. "Parents’ misperceptions of social norms for pre-school children's snacking behaviour". Public Health Nutrition 15, n.º 9 (14 de março de 2012): 1678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000328.
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AbstractObjectiveMisperception of social norms may result in normalising unhealthy behaviours. The present study tested the hypothesis that parents overestimate both the frequency of unhealthy snacking in pre-school children other than their own (descriptive norms) and its acceptability to other parents (injunctive norms).DesignA cross-sectional, self-report community survey. Questions assessed the frequency with which respondents’ own child ate unhealthy snacks and their beliefs about the appropriate frequency for children to snack. Perceived descriptive norms were assessed by asking parents to estimate how often other 2–4 year-old children in their area ate snacks. Perceived injunctive norms were assessed by asking them about other parents’ beliefs regarding the appropriate frequency for snacks. Misperceptions were assessed from (i) the difference between the prevalence of daily snacking and parents’ perceived prevalence and (ii) the difference between acceptability of daily snacking and parents’ beliefs about its acceptability to others.SettingPre-schools and children's centres in one borough of London, UK.SubjectsParents (n 432) of children age 2–4 years.ResultsOn average, parents believed that more than half of ‘other’ children had snacks at least daily, while prevalence data indicated this occurred in only 10 % of families. The same discrepancy was observed for perceived injunctive norms: parents overestimated other parents’ acceptance of frequent snacking, with two-thirds of parents having a self v. others discrepancy.ConclusionsMisperceptions were identified for descriptive and injunctive norms for children's snacking. Accurate information could create less permissive norms and motivate parents to limit their child's intake of unhealthy snacks.
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Lipari, Francesca. "This Is How We Do It: How Social Norms and Social Identity Shape Decision Making under Uncertainty". Games 9, n.º 4 (9 de dezembro de 2018): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g9040099.
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The current study aims to investigate how the presence of social norms defines belief formation on future changes in social identity (i.e., diachronic identity), and how those beliefs affect individual decisions under uncertainty. The paper proposes a theoretical model in which individuals have preferences over their own attributes and over specific information structures. The individual preferences are motivated by the presence of social norms. The norms, while establishing the socially acceptable attributes of an individual identity, also drive individuals’ preferences for information acquisition or avoidance. The model incorporates social norms as empirical expectations and provides a prior dependent theory that allows for prior-dependent information attitudes. Firstly, the model implies that decisions are mitigated by socially grounded behavioral and cognitive biases; and secondly, that it can create an incentive to avoid information, even when the latter is useful, free, and independent of strategic considerations. These biases bring out individual trade-offs between the accuracy of decision making and self-image motivated by social conformity. The two behavioral motivations are represented through a game of an intra-personal model of choice under uncertainty in which self-deception and memory manipulation mechanisms are used to overcome the individuals’ internal trade-off.
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Schuler, Christine L., e Tamera Coyne-Beasley. "Has Their Son Been Vaccinated? Beliefs About Other Parents Matter for Human Papillomavirus Vaccine". American Journal of Men's Health 10, n.º 4 (15 de janeiro de 2015): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988314567324.
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The goal of this study was to determine if parents’ beliefs about social norms of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for sons were associated with knowledge of HPV, intention to vaccinate sons, or beliefs about side effects. A cross-sectional, survey-based study of parents with sons was performed in 2010. Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine associations between demographics and responses about social norms. Multivariate logistic regression models examined beliefs about social norms of male HPV vaccination and primary outcomes. Few parents agreed that others were vaccinating sons ( n = 31/267, 12%), including 1% responding strongly agree and 11% responding agree. Most parents, 52%, disagreed that others were vaccinating (40% disagree, 11% strongly disagree), and 37% chose prefer not to answer regarding others’ vaccination practices. Hispanic parents and those with a high school education or less were significantly more likely to choose prefer not to answer than their respective counterparts regarding vaccination norms. In multivariate models, parents agreeing others were vaccinating sons had greater odds of having high knowledge of HPV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] high vs low knowledge 3.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13, 8.77) and increased intention to vaccinate sons ( n = 243, aOR = 4.41, 95% CI = 1.51, 12.89). Beliefs about side effects were not significantly associated with beliefs about social norms. Parents’ beliefs about others’ vaccination practices are important with regard to knowledge of HPV and intention to vaccinate sons. Studying how various public messages about HPV vaccine may influence normative beliefs could be relevant to improving vaccination coverage.
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Mackie, Gerry. "SOCIAL NORMS OF COORDINATION AND COOPERATION". Social Philosophy and Policy 35, n.º 1 (2018): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052518000109.
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Abstract:The scholarly discourse on social norms in the tradition of Thomas Schelling (1960) often makes a sharp distinction between social norms and social conventions. In attempting to apply that distinction to actual practices and to teach it to practitioners and students I encountered frequent difficulties and confusions, and finally concluded that it is untenable. I recommend a return to some version of Ullman-Margalit’s (1977) distinction between social norms of cooperation and social norms of coordination. Social norms, I say, are distinguished by beliefs in a relevant group that the rule is typical among them and approved of among them. I describe four ways that social norms of coordination, including conventions of social meaning, are influenced by social approval and disapproval. I contend that the effort by Southwood and Eriksson (2011) to show that social conventions and social norms are essentially different breaks down because their conception of social norms is overly moralized. I present a more social conception of social norms that does without the regnant distinction between “social norm” and “social convention” and instead allows for social norms of cooperation, social norms of coordination, and other kinds of social norms.
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Bagci, Sabahat C., Lindsey Cameron, Rhiannon N. Turner, Catarina Morais, Afiya Carby, Mirina Ndhlovu e Anaise Leney. "Cross-ethnic friendship self-efficacy: A new predictor of cross-ethnic friendships among children". Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 23, n.º 7 (23 de outubro de 2019): 1049–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430219879219.
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Across two studies ( NStudy 1 = 101; NStudy 2 = 262) conducted among children in the UK, we incorporate Bandura’s (1986) self-efficacy theory to intergroup contact literature and introduce the new construct of cross-ethnic friendship self-efficacy (CEFSE), the belief that one can successfully form and maintain high-quality cross-ethnic friendships. Study 1 examined whether sources of CEFSE beliefs (prior contact, indirect contact, social norms, and intergroup anxiety) predicted higher quality cross-ethnic friendships through CEFSE. Study 2 replicated Study 1 and extended it by including perceived parental cross-ethnic friendship quality as a further predictor. In both studies, sources of self-efficacy beliefs (except social norms) were related to CEFSE, which predicted higher quality cross-ethnic friendships. Study 2 demonstrated that parental cross-ethnic friendships had direct and indirect associations with children’s cross-ethnic friendships through sources of CEFSE and CEFSE beliefs. Findings are discussed in the light of self-efficacy and intergroup contact theories.
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Dalisay, Francis, Wayne Buente, Chantay Benitez, Thaddeus A. Herzog e Pallav Pokhrel. "Adolescent betel nut use in Guam: beliefs, attitudes and social norms". Addiction Research & Theory 27, n.º 5 (11 de janeiro de 2019): 394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2018.1538410.
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Peters, Ronald J., Angela Meshack, Mi-Ting Lin, Mandy Hill e Susan Abughosh. "The Social Norms and Beliefs of Teenage Male Electronic Cigarette Use". Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 12, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2013): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2013.819310.
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Garcia, Jorge H., e Jiegen Wei. "On social norms and beliefs: A model of manager environmental behavior". Resource and Energy Economics 65 (agosto de 2021): 101232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2021.101232.
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Bursztyn, Leonardo, Alessandra L. González e David Yanagizawa-Drott. "Misperceived Social Norms: Women Working Outside the Home in Saudi Arabia". American Economic Review 110, n.º 10 (1 de outubro de 2020): 2997–3029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20180975.
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We show that the vast majority of young married men in Saudi Arabia privately support women working outside the home (WWOH) and substantially underestimate support by other similar men. Correcting these beliefs increases men’s (costly) willingness to help their wives search for jobs. Months later, wives of men whose beliefs were corrected are more likely to have applied and interviewed for a job outside the home. In a recruitment experiment with a local company, randomly informing women about actual support for WWOH leads them to switch from an at-home temporary enumerator job to a higher-paying, outside-the-home version of the job. (JEL D83, J16, J22, O15, Z13)
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Kim, Youngseek, e Seungahn Nah. "Internet researchers’ data sharing behaviors". Online Information Review 42, n.º 1 (12 de fevereiro de 2018): 124–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-10-2016-0313.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how data reuse experience, attitudinal beliefs, social norms, and resource factors influence internet researchers to share data with other researchers outside their teams. Design/methodology/approach An online survey was conducted to examine the extent to which data reuse experience, attitudinal beliefs, social norms, and resource factors predicted internet researchers’ data sharing intentions and behaviors. The theorized model was tested using a structural equation modeling technique to analyze a total of 201 survey responses from the Association of Internet Researchers mailing list. Findings Results show that data reuse experience significantly influenced participants’ perception of benefit from data sharing and participants’ norm of data sharing. Belief structures regarding data sharing, including perceived career benefit and risk, and perceived effort, had significant associations with attitude toward data sharing, leading internet researchers to have greater data sharing intentions and behavior. The results also reveal that researchers’ norms for data sharing had a direct effect on data sharing intention. Furthermore, the results indicate that, while the perceived availability of data repository did not yield a positive impact on data sharing intention, it has a significant, direct, positive impact on researchers’ data sharing behaviors. Research limitations/implications This study validated its novel theorized model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The study showed a holistic picture of how different data sharing factors, including data reuse experience, attitudinal beliefs, social norms, and data repositories, influence internet researchers’ data sharing intentions and behaviors. Practical implications Data reuse experience, attitude toward and norm of data sharing, and the availability of data repository had either direct or indirect influence on internet researchers’ data sharing behaviors. Thus, professional associations, funding agencies, and academic institutions alike should promote academic cultures that value data sharing in order to create a virtuous cycle of reciprocity and encourage researchers to have positive attitudes toward/norms of data sharing; these cultures should be strengthened by the strong support of data repositories. Originality/value In line with prior scholarship concerning scientific data sharing, this study of internet researchers offers a map of scientific data sharing intentions and behaviors by examining the impacts of data reuse experience, attitudinal beliefs, social norms, and data repositories together.
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Garcia, Aileen S., e Maria Rosario T. de Guzman. "Filipino Parenting in the USA". Psychology and Developing Societies 29, n.º 2 (setembro de 2017): 264–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333617716848.
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Migration entails complex transformations in family functioning and dynamics, especially when traditional parenting beliefs and practices are not consistent with mainstream norms in the host country. Whereas some culturally embedded parenting beliefs might persist even after migration, others may acculturate or shift to align with child-rearing norms in the host community. Using a qualitative research design with elements of indigenous Filipino psychology ( Sikolohiyang Pilipino), this study explored parenting experiences and beliefs of Filipino immigrant parents in the USA, with a specific lens towards examining continuity and change in traditional parenting practices. Results suggest that participants strongly maintain many aspects of traditional Filipino parenting, including teaching Filipino culture and values, employing Filipino parenting practices, observing Filipino traditions, establishing the child’s identity and maintaining a Filipino household. Findings were situated in the context of the research site, the complexities of the acculturation process and the potential challenges of negotiating cultural differences in parenting beliefs and practices.
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Zaki, Jamil, Eric Neumann e Dean Baltiansky. "Market Cognition: How Exchange Norms Alter Social Experience". Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, n.º 3 (14 de maio de 2021): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721421995492.
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Market exchange and the ideologies that accompany it pervade human social interaction. How does this affect people’s beliefs about themselves, each other, and human nature? Here we describe market cognition as social inferences and behaviors that are intensified by market contexts. We focus on prosociality and two countervailing ways in which market cognition can affect it. On the one hand, marketplaces incentivize individuals to behave prosocially in order to be chosen as exchange partners—thereby generalizing cooperation and trust beyond group boundaries. On the other hand, markets encourage a view of people as self-interested and can thus taint people’s interpretation of prosocial actions and erode more communal forms of cooperation. We close by considering how market cognition can become self-fulfilling, altering relationships, communities, and cultural norms.
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Campennì, Marco, Federico Cecconi, Giulia Andrighetto e Rosaria Conte. "Norm and Social Compliance". International Journal of Agent Technologies and Systems 2, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2010): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jats.2010120104.
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The necessity to model the mental ingredients of norm compliance is a controversial issue within the study of norms. So far, the simulation-based study of norm emergence has shown a prevailing tendency to model norm conformity as a thoughtless behavior, emerging from social learning and imitation rather than from specific, norm-related mental representations. In this article, the opposite stance - namely, a view of norms as hybrid, two-faceted phenomena, including a behavioral/social and an internal/mental side - is taken. Such a view is aimed at accounting for the difference between norms, on one hand, and either behavioral regularities (conventions) on the other. After a brief presentation of a normative agent architecture, the preliminary results of agent-based simulations testing the impact of norm recognition and the role of normative beliefs in the emergence and stabilization of social norms are presented and discussed. We focused our attention on the effects which the use of a cognitive architecture (namely a norm recognition module) produces on the environment.
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Kemper, Joya, e Ann-Marie Kennedy. "Evaluating Social Marketing Messages in New Zealand’s Like Minds Campaign and Its Effect on Stigma". Social Marketing Quarterly 27, n.º 2 (28 de abril de 2021): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15245004211005828.
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Background: A key objective of government and social marketers is to remove the institutionalized stigma of mental illness, increasing mental health service uptake. While research has evaluated past campaigns based on changes in attitudes and beliefs, very little research has examined the communication messages used in social marketing campaigns. Focus of the Article: This impact evaluation research identifies the institutionalized cultural-moral norms incorporated into New Zealand’s Like Minds mental health advertisements and examines how attitudes and beliefs changed over time in response to these norms. Importance to the Social Marketing Field: This research offers a new approach to social marketing evaluation and demonstrates the importance of consistent incorporation of cultural-moral institutional norms in social marketing campaigns. Method: Using macro-social marketing theory, thematic analysis is used to identify the cultural-moral institutional norms in the Like Minds campaign advertisements over a 10-year period (2002–2012). Results: The Like Minds campaign was found to have multiple cultural-moral institutional norms, such as Mental illness as a villain, Personal responsibility, and Inherent human dignity, as well as utilizing two different institutionalization processes of Socialization and Identity Formation. However, these norms were inconsistently and sometimes contradictorily presented and as a result, not all changes in mental health stigma beliefs and attitudes show long term change. Rates for service uptake also had mixed results during the campaign duration, though overall an increase in uptake was found. Recommendations for Research and Practice: The research highlights the importance of understanding the underlying institutionalized cultural-moral norms presented in communications and aligning those with the overall objectives of a social marketing campaign. Limitations: Like Minds campaign phases 2 to 5 are analyzed, phase 1 was inaccessible for analysis and advertisements after 2012 are not analyzed.
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Olsen, Ingri Grimnes, Heike H. Garritsen, Ien van de Goor, Anton E. Kunst e Andrea D. Rozema. "Adolescents’ beliefs, attitudes and social norms with regard to smoking and sports: a qualitative study". BMJ Open 11, n.º 8 (agosto de 2021): e046613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046613.
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ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to explore the beliefs, attitudes and social norms of Dutch adolescents with regard to smoking and sports. In addition, we examine whether there are differences between adolescents at sports clubs with versus without an outdoor smoke-free policy (SFP).DesignQualitative design in the form of focus group interviews.SettingFocus group interviews (n=27) were conducted at 16 sports clubs in the Netherlands. Soccer, tennis, field hockey and korfball clubs were included. Focus group discussions were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using MAXQDA.Participants180 adolescents aged 13–18 years old were included in the study. All participants signed an informed consent form. For participants younger than 16 years, parental consent was required.ResultsWith respect to smoking in relation to sports, participants had mostly negative beliefs (ie, smoking has a negative effect on health and sports performance), attitudes (ie, sports and smoking are activities that do not fit together; at sports clubs smoking is not appropriate), and social norms (ie, it is not normal to smoke at sports clubs). The same beliefs, attitudes and social norms were expressed by participants at both sports clubs with and without an outdoor SFP. However, argumentation against smoking was more detailed and more consistent among participants at sports clubs with an outdoor SFP.ConclusionAdolescents have negative beliefs, attitudes and social norms with regard to smoking in relationship to sports. Outdoor SFP at sports clubs might reinforce these negative associations. These findings point to the potential importance of sports in the prevention of adolescent smoking.
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Aksoy, Hasan, e Olaide Yusuf Abdulfatai. "Exploring the impact of religiousness and cultureon luxury fashion goodspurchasing intention". Journal of Islamic Marketing 10, n.º 3 (9 de setembro de 2019): 768–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-01-2018-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of the paper is to investigate the effect of religiosity and culture on Nigerian Muslim consumer’s intention to purchase luxury goods. Design/methodology/approach The survey included a sample of 372 Nigerian Muslims from the middle and upper-income groups who live in Lagos and Kano in Nigeria. Findings Plenty of luxury brands are seeking to find ways to overgrow in emerging markets. Focussing on Nigeria, this study identifies Nigerian people’s cultural orientation, religious beliefs and examines the social and personal variables affecting the consumers’ purchasing intention for luxury goods. This study stresses that Nigerian consumers’ intention to purchase luxury products are impacted by attitude, subjective norms and culture. However, Nigerian people’s intention to purchase luxury goods is not influenced by religious beliefs and Islam morals. While culture has a significant relationship with both attitudes towards behaviour and subjective norms, the religious beliefs encourage both subjective norms and a positive attitude towards the behaviour. Research limitations/implications This study has limitations in connection with two of its major objectives. The study applied the perspective of Nigerian Muslims. Thus, the research will not be able to clarify the fact that beyond this limited geographical area. Future research may widen the focus on cultural and religious beliefs on the intention to purchase luxury goods by adding other elements, such as normative beliefs and attitudinal beliefs. Practical implications The findings of the research define some implications for marketers with regard to the importance of social norms and religion in point of increasing the purchasing intention for luxury goods. Findings reflect that Nigerian consumers are impacted by subjective norms and cultural orientation. This means that luxury consuming is seen to achieve social recognition in the society. These results show that improving social acceptance through luxury goods consumption may create profitable outcomes for luxury brand firms. Originality/value The attractive findings of the study proposed that luxury brand managers should balance their investment in terms of the use of word-of-mouth, reference groups and fashion magazines to develop a favourable attitude towards luxury brands through. Although cultural values, references groups and consumer’s beliefs critically matter for luxury consuming, religious beliefs of Nigerian consumers have no effect on consumer’ purchase intention for a luxury product.
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Goldstein, Scott. "Social Scientists’ Data Reuse Principally Influenced by Disciplinary Norms, Attitude, and Perceived Effort". Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 13, n.º 2 (5 de junho de 2018): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29415.
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A Review of:
Yoon, A. & Kim, Y. (2017). Social scientists’ data reuse behaviors: Exploring the roles of attitudinal beliefs, attitudes, norms, and data repositories. Library & Information Science Research, 39(3), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2017.07.008
Abstract
Objective – To propose and test a model grounded in constructs from psychology and information systems to explain data reuse behaviours and practices in the social sciences.
Design – Electronic survey.
Setting – ProQuest’s Community of Science Scholars database.
Subjects – Included 2,193 randomly selected social scientists associated with U.S. academic institutions.
Methods – An electronic survey was distributed to a random sample of U.S.-based social science scholars from ProQuest’s Community of Science Scholars database. The survey adapted 21 measurement items for constructs taken from the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the technology acceptance model (TAM), including perceived usefulness, perceived effort, and the subjective norm surrounding data reuse.
Main Results – There were 292 valid responses received, giving a response rate of 14.91%. Survey data largely validated the authors’ theoretical model. Attitudinal, normative, and resource factors all influence social scientists’ intended data reuse. In particular, perceived usefulness of reusing data and subjective norms surrounding data reuse in one’s discipline positively correlate with intentions to reuse data, and perceived concern of reusing data negatively correlate with intentions to reuse data.
Conclusion – Data reuse in the social sciences is influenced by the perceptions and beliefs held by social scientists. Social scientists reuse others’ data when they perceive that doing so would improve their research productivity and when their discipline has strong norms of data reuse. They avoid reusing others’ data when they believe that doing so is problematic (e.g., if they believe reusing infringes on copyright). Supporters of data sharing, including librarians, are encouraged to apply these findings by proactively educating researchers on the benefits, potential obstacles, and methods of data reuse.
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Bjerre, Henrik Jøker, Stefan Gaarsmand Jacobsen e Rikke Alberg Peters. "Alt det der med vagina dentata kan man godt putte skrådt op - Interview med Henning Bech og Vivi Hollænder". Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, n.º 61 (9 de março de 2018): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sl.v0i61.104066.
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Sexual norms are not universal. Today’s cultural and social norms regarding sexuality consist of many different attitudes, beliefs, desires and practices. This interview with two of the leading Danish experts in sexological studies and sexology discusses sexual norms and practices, sexual discourse, moralism and taboos in current Danish society.
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HUBER, JOEL, W. KIP VISCUSI e JASON BELL. "Dynamic relationships between social norms and pro-environmental behavior: evidence from household recycling". Behavioural Public Policy 4, n.º 1 (19 de fevereiro de 2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2017.13.
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AbstractSocial norms are strongly associated with pro-environmental behaviors, but the evolution and dynamic effects of norms are less well understood. This article builds on the distinction of norms being descriptive, characterizing what people actually do, or injunctive, characterizing what people should do. It identifies four categories of norms with the further distinction of whether the norms arise from the personal beliefs and actions or from the behaviors and judgments of others. The analysis uses five years of longitudinal US data that track household recycling and controls for household characteristics as well as differences in state recycling laws. The results extend previous research by showing that personal norms exhibit cascading dynamics in which norms encourage later changes in recycling, while recycling encourages later changes in personal norms. This mutual reinforcement implies that societal actions encouraging change in either personal norms or recycling will support growth in the other. Recognizing this interdependence can assist in the effective utilization of social norms as a behavioral policy instrument.
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Wilks, Yorick, Micah Clark, Tomas By, Adam Dalton e Ian Perera. "CUBISM: Belief, anomaly and social constructs". Interaction Studies 15, n.º 3 (31 de dezembro de 2014): 388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.15.3.02wil.
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We introduce the CUBISM system for the analysis and deep understanding of multi-participant dialogues. CUBISM brings together two typically separate forms of discourse analysis: semantic analysis and sociolinguistic analysis. In the paper proper, we describe and illustrate major components of the CUBISM system, and discuss the challenge posed by the system’s ultimate purpose, which is to automatically detect anomalous changes in participants’ expressed or implied beliefs about the world and each other, including shifts toward or away from cultural and community norms.
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Dilmaghani, Maryam. "Dynamics of social influence: an evolutionary approach". International Journal of Social Economics 41, n.º 2 (7 de janeiro de 2014): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2012-0188.
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Purpose – The paper aims to propose an analytical framework for social influence and mathematical formulation for its main components: conformity and peer-pressure. The framework is conceived to explain why certain behaviours and beliefs propagate in a society and some others disappear. It can also be used to study the emergence and the evolution of the status of the norms in terms of their adoption by the population. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is theoretical, making use of economic quantitative methods. The author proposes a new formulation for the evolutionary dynamics, increasingly borrowed by social scientists. Then, mathematically treating the equation, the author draws general conclusions in form of lemmas, which are proved. Findings – The author's main contribution is to show that even behavioural rules and beliefs that emerge in a minority subset of the population, do not procure any benefit for the agents adopting them can under certain conditions, evolve into the consensus of a society, become a norm. Research limitations/implications – More general conclusion (theorems and lemmas) could be stated and proved. But given that the main contribution of the paper is to the fields of social and behavioural economics, along a number of disciplines less mathematical than economics, the author kept the analysis that required fairy advance mathematics for later. Practical implications – The paper contributes to the evolutionary game theory, evolution of preferences, and evolution of beliefs and social norms. More precisely, the equation proposed in the paper can be used in the contexts the patterns of heterogeneity in a population are affected or caused by social influence. Or in the contexts, the social institutions are susceptible to affect an agent's sense of identity (e.g. voting, fashion industry, marketing). Originality/value – In this paper, for the first time, a mathematical formulation is proposed for the social influence and its main psychological components (conformity and status seeking). Using the above, the author proposed a new parametric fitness function for the evolutionary dynamics. The author believes the paper matters to a multidisciplinary public. It answers a question that challenged and puzzled the economists (as well other social scientists): the reasons behind the emergence and the prevalence of social norms do not positively contribute to the utility or payoff of the agents adopting them (and at times they are costly).
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Hindriks, Frank. "Norms that Make a Difference: Social Practices and Institutions". Analyse & Kritik 41, n.º 1 (1 de maio de 2019): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auk-2019-410109.
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Abstract Institutions are norm-governed social practices, or so I propose. But what does it mean for a norm to govern a social practice? Theories that analyze institutions as equilibria equate norms with sanctions and model them as costs. The idea is that the sanctions change preferences and thereby behavior. This view fails to capture the fact that people are often motivated by social norms as such, when they regard them as legitimate. I argue that, in order for a social norm to be perceived as legitimate, agents have to acknowledge reasons for conforming to it other than the sanctions they might incur for violating it. In light of this, I defend a theory of institutions that does not only invoke equilibria, but also normative rules that are supported by normative expectations and, in some cases, normative beliefs.
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Peterson, Candida C. "The Ticking of the Social Clock: Adults' Beliefs about the Timing of Transition Events". International Journal of Aging and Human Development 42, n.º 3 (1 de janeiro de 1996): 189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mmdd-f9yp-npn8-720m.
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In two studies, beliefs about descriptive and prescriptive age norms for adult developmental transitions were examined in a sample of 214 Australian university students aged seventeen to fifty years. The results of Study 1 revealed a belief by the vast majority that descriptive age norms still exist for both family transitions (marriage, parenthood, grandparenthood) and career transitions (leaving school, retirement). While these results were in keeping with those of Neugarten et al.'s [1] original study of age norms in the United States, the actual “best” normative ages recommended by this sample of contemporary Australian adults differed in every case from the U.S. age norms [1] of three decades ago. Matching contemporary demographic trends, the present Australian young-adult sample advocated later ages for marriage and grandparenthood, a younger norm for leaving school, and a broader normative age range for retiring from work. Study 2 tested Neugarten's hypothesis that age norms today lack some of the prescriptive overtones implicit in original “social clock” concept [2]. The results supported this suggestion. In fact, only a minority of contemporary Australian adults believed that there were prescriptive upper age boundaries for first marriage or university study. Furthermore, their prescriptive lower age limits for every transition except retirement fell at or below the onset of adulthood itself (18 years), in keeping with biological constraints on procreation and maturational constraints on social and cognitive development. The mean ranges of acceptability prescribed by this Australian sample for each key adult transition were likewise very wide, stretching from an average of twenty-four years (for motherhood) to forty-nine years (for a man's first marriage). This result also contrasts sharply with the ranges of no more than five years prescribed for the same transitions by the vast majority of Neugarten et al.'s sample three decade ago [1]. The probable consequences for self-esteem, mental health and life planning of this heightened variability and reduced prescriptiveness in the timing of life events for contemporary men and women were discussed.
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Bertoldo, Raquel, Paula Castro e Andréa Barbará S. Bousfield. "Pro-environmental beliefs and behaviors: two levels of response to environmental social norms". Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia 45, n.º 3 (6 de janeiro de 2014): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.14349/rlp.v45i3.1485.
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Doherty, Kathryn L., e Thomas N. Webler. "Social norms and efficacy beliefs drive the Alarmed segment’s public-sphere climate actions". Nature Climate Change 6, n.º 9 (16 de maio de 2016): 879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3025.
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Hu, Qi, Lisa M. Pytlik Zillig, Gary D. Lynne, Alan J. Tomkins, William J. Waltman, Michael J. Hayes, Kenneth G. Hubbard, Ikrom Artikov, Stacey J. Hoffman e Donald A. Wilhite. "Understanding Farmers’ Forecast Use from Their Beliefs, Values, Social Norms, and Perceived Obstacles*". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 45, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 2006): 1190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2414.1.
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Abstract Although the accuracy of weather and climate forecasts is continuously improving and new information retrieved from climate data is adding to the understanding of climate variation, use of the forecasts and climate information by farmers in farming decisions has changed little. This lack of change may result from knowledge barriers and psychological, social, and economic factors that undermine farmer motivation to use forecasts and climate information. According to the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the motivation to use forecasts may arise from personal attitudes, social norms, and perceived control or ability to use forecasts in specific decisions. These attributes are examined using data from a survey designed around the TPB and conducted among farming communities in the region of eastern Nebraska and the western U.S. Corn Belt. There were three major findings: 1) the utility and value of the forecasts for farming decisions as perceived by farmers are, on average, around 3.0 on a 0–7 scale, indicating much room to improve attitudes toward the forecast value. 2) The use of forecasts by farmers to influence decisions is likely affected by several social groups that can provide “expert viewpoints” on forecast use. 3) A major obstacle, next to forecast accuracy, is the perceived identity and reliability of the forecast makers. Given the rapidly increasing number of forecasts in this growing service business, the ambiguous identity of forecast providers may have left farmers confused and may have prevented them from developing both trust in forecasts and skills to use them. These findings shed light on productive avenues for increasing the influence of forecasts, which may lead to greater farming productivity. In addition, this study establishes a set of reference points that can be used for comparisons with future studies to quantify changes in forecast use and influence.
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Pryor, Campbell, Amy Perfors e Piers D. L. Howe. "Conformity to the descriptive norms of people with opposing political or social beliefs". PLOS ONE 14, n.º 7 (10 de julho de 2019): e0219464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219464.
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Al-Awadhi, Abdullah M., e Michael Dempsey. "Social norms and market outcomes: The effects of religious beliefs on stock markets". Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 50 (setembro de 2017): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2017.05.008.
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Joo, Soyoung, Ben Larkin e Nefertiti Walker. "Institutional isomorphism and social responsibility in professional sports". Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 7, n.º 1 (13 de março de 2017): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-03-2016-0010.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of three major professional sport leagues in South Korea to investigate the general beliefs, values, and norms influencing the institutional isomorphism of CSR engagement. Design/methodology/approach Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with three league chiefs of CSR initiatives and senior managers of related divisions to explore the general beliefs, values, and norms that are institutionalized in their CSR practices. The Gioia method of inquiry and data analysis was employed. Findings Using institutional theory, the current research found evidence of all three institutional pressures of institutional isomorphism that contribute to the institutionalization of CSR practices in professional South Korean sport. The data revealed that CSR has been institutionalized in these leagues through isomorphic pressures – coercive, mimetic, and normative – as antecedents to their CSR practices. Practical implications The current research identified that conforming to the institutional norms may not only act as a force causing the organization to behave in a socially responsible manner, but also to provide the organization with competitive advantages. Originality/value The authors extend the current literature in sport CSR by using institutional theory as a framework to uncover organizational CSR motives. In particular, this is the first study to provide evidence of how three isomorphic pressures work to institutionalize CSR practices in South Korean professional sports leagues.
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King, M., P. Speck e A. Thomas. "The Royal Free Interview for Religious and Spiritual Beliefs: development and standardization". Psychological Medicine 25, n.º 6 (novembro de 1995): 1125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033109.
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SynopsisWe present the development and standardization of a measure of spiritual, religious and philosophical beliefs. An interview was constructed based on on-going studies by the authors of the nature and strength of belief held by people hospitalized with an acute illness. The interview was tested with three standard populations–staff of a teaching hospital; attenders to an inner city general practice; and people with clearly defined, devout religious beliefs–in order to establish population norms, validity and reliability for each question. The interview performed well with satisfactory validity and high internal and test–retest reliability. It is not presented, however, as a final product which will meet all needs in this complicated area of study. Rather, we have attempted to refine a measure of spiritual and religious belief that might apply to people with a range of personal and public faiths. It is clear that people are able to express these aspects of their lives in a way that can be measured with acceptable reliability and validity. We believe that this interview could, therefore, be applied in any medical, psychological or social setting in which a measure of belief is sought.
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Dhaouadi, Mahmoud. "Social Science's Need for a Cultural Symbols Paradigm". American Journal of Islam and Society 19, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2002): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v19i1.1973.
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The thesis of this paper is that human beings are remarkably distinct from other living beings (animals, birds, insects, etc.) and Artificial Jntelligence (Al) machines (computers, robots, etc.) by what we would like to call cultural symbols. The latter refers to such cultural components as language, science, knowledge, religious beliefs, thought, myths, cultural norms and values.
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Ramanda, M. Satria, Sri Subarinah, Amrullah Amrullah e Laila Hayati. "Profil Norma Sosiomatematika dalam Pembelajaran Kolaboratif Materi Bentuk Aljabar Siswa Kelas VII-C SMPN 13 Mataram". Griya Journal of Mathematics Education and Application 1, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2021): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/griya.v1i2.49.
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This research aims to describe the profile of implementation mathematics learning and sociomatematic norms in collaborative learning of algebraic material topic at VII-C SMPN 13 Mataram in the 2019/2020 academic year. Indicators of sociomathematic norms in this research are based on the ability to communicate mathematics and the social skills students in collaborative learning. The kind of research this is descriptive qualitative with instruments of data collection which used are the learning device which includes RPP, LLPD, observation sheet of sociomathematic norms in collaboration activities and interview guidelines. The subjects in this study were 30 students who had a category of positive belief in collaborative activities. There are 3 categories of positive belief, namely P1, P2 and P3. P1 subject has a positive belief in collaborative activities and has the ability to solve problems independently, many as 0 people. P2 subjects who have positive beliefs about the effectiveness of collaboration and have the ability to solve problems independently but sometimes need the help of a friend or teacher, many as 28 people. P3 subjects who have positive belief in collaborative activities and do not have the ability to solve problems independently or always need the help of a friend or teacher, many as 2 people. The research subjects had an average percentage of sociomatematic norms ˃ 56%, this means that these subjects had good mathematical communication skills and social skills.
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Piedalue, Amy, Amanda Gilbertson, Kalissa Alexeyeff e Elise Klein. "Is Gender-Based Violence a Social Norm? Rethinking Power in a Popular Development Intervention". Feminist Review 126, n.º 1 (22 de outubro de 2020): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141778920944463.
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Changing social norms has become the preferred approach in global efforts to prevent gender-based violence (GBV). In this article, we trace the rise of social norms within GBV-related policy and practice and their transformation from social processes that exist in the world to beliefs that exist in the minds of individuals. The analytic framework that underpins social norms approaches has been subject to ongoing critical revision but continues to have significant issues in its conceptualisation of power and its sidelining of the political economy. These issues are particularly apparent in the use of individualised measures of social norms that cannot demonstrate causation, and conflation of social norms with culture. Recognising that the pressure to measure may be a key factor in reducing the complexity of the social norms approach, we call for the use of mixed methods in documenting the factors and processes that contribute to GBV and the effectiveness of interventions. As social norms approaches are increasingly prioritised over addressing the non-normative contributors to GBV (such as access to and control over productive resources), awareness of the limitations of social norms approaches is vital.
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Nadler, Janice. "The Social Psychology of Property: Looking Beyond Market Exchange". Annual Review of Law and Social Science 14, n.º 1 (13 de outubro de 2018): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113627.
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Our social norms and moral values shape our beliefs about the propriety of different types of market exchanges. This review considers social and moral influences on beliefs about property and the consequences of these beliefs for the legal regulation of property. The focus is mainly on empirical evidence from social psychology, with additions from related areas like cognitive psychology, behavioral economics, and other social sciences. After briefly reviewing empirical findings on perceptions of property at the level of the individual person, I examine how social relationships shape perceptions about ownership and exchange of property, as well as the boundaries of the broad category of property. Finally, I explore one important type of socially embedded property—the home—and how social psychological conceptions of property as embedded in social relationships have clashed with the development of the legal doctrine of eminent domain.
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Solberg, C., T. Rossetto e H. Joffe. "The social psychology of seismic hazard adjustment: re-evaluating the international literature". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, n.º 8 (3 de agosto de 2010): 1663–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1663-2010.
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Abstract. The majority of people at risk from earthquakes do little or nothing to reduce their vulnerability. Over the past 40 years social scientists have tried to predict and explain levels of seismic hazard adjustment using models from behavioural sciences such as psychology. The present paper is the first to synthesise the major findings from the international literature on psychological correlates and causes of seismic adjustment at the level of the individual and the household. It starts by reviewing research on seismic risk perception. Next, it looks at norms and normative beliefs, focusing particularly on issues of earthquake protection responsibility and trust between risk stakeholders. It then considers research on attitudes towards seismic adjustment attributes, specifically beliefs about efficacy, control and fate. It concludes that an updated model of seismic adjustment must give the issues of norms, trust, power and identity a more prominent role. These have been only sparsely represented in the social psychological literature to date.
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de Lenne, Orpha, e Laura Vandenbosch. "Media and sustainable apparel buying intention". Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 21, n.º 4 (11 de setembro de 2017): 483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-11-2016-0101.
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Purpose Using the theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between different types of media and the intention to buy sustainable apparel and test whether attitudes, social norms, and self-efficacy beliefs may explain these relationships. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional survey study was conducted among 681 young adults (18-26 years old). Findings Exposure to social media content of sustainable organizations, eco-activists, and sustainable apparel brands, and social media content of fashion bloggers and fast fashion brands predicted respondents’ attitudes, descriptive and subjective norms, and self-efficacy beliefs regarding buying sustainable apparel. In turn, attitudes, descriptive norms, and self-efficacy beliefs predicted the intention to buy sustainable apparel. Fashion magazines predicted the intention through self-efficacy. Specialized magazines did not predict the intention to buy sustainable apparel. Research limitations/implications Results should be generalized with caution as the current study relied on a convenience sample of young adults. The cross-sectional study design limits the ability to draw conclusions regarding causality. Actual behavior was not addressed and needs to be included in further research. Practical implications The present study hints at the importance of social media to affect young consumers’ intentions to buy sustainable apparel. Sustainable apparel brands should consider attracting more young social media users to their social media pages. Originality/value This study is one of the first to examine the potential of different media to promote sustainable apparel buying intention.