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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Blackbirds"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 4 de março de 2023

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1

Leonard, Marty L., and Jaroslav Picman. "Why Are Nesting Marsh Wrens and Yellow-Headed Blackbirds Spatially Segregated?" Auk 103, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/103.1.135.

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Abstract The activity centers of Marsh Wrens (Cistothorus palustris) and Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) are spatially segregated. This segregation may occur because (1) one species excludes the other or (2) the two species prefer different habitats. These hypotheses were tested by documenting changes in the size and location of Marsh Wren territories throughout the breeding season, and by the removal of conesting Yellow-headed Blackbirds. The expansion of Marsh Wren territories into blackbird breeding areas after both the natural departure and the removal of blackbird

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2

Rząd, I., J. Sitko, R. Sałamatin, and D. Wysocki. "Helminth community structure study on urban and forest blackbird (Turdus merula L.) populations in relation to seasonal bird migration on the south Baltic Sea coast (NW Poland)." Helminthologia 51, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-014-0219-6.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to compare helminth community structure of urban and forest blackbird populations. 24 helminth species in 98 blackbirds were found. Higher species richness was noted in the forest population of the blackbird (23 species) in comparison to the urban population (14 species). The response of the helminth fauna to a synanthropic habitat, contrary to a natural habitat, consists in a significant reduction in most parasitological parameters. Higher species richness has been noted in spring (17 species) than in autumn (14 species). Urban habitat, in contrast to the for

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3

Clark, Robert G., and Patrick J. Weatherhead. "The effect of fine-scale variations in agricultural land use on the abundance of red-winged blackbirds." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1951–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-293.

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We used censuses of breeding red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and of land use to test the prediction that blackbirds should be most abundant where there is a mix of hayfield (breeding habitat) and corn production (feeding habitat) but fewer birds where either habitat predominates. Red-winged blackbird abundance increased in response to increases in both hayfields and cropland. Multivariate analysis including hayfield, cropland, and wetland abundance as explanatory variables explained substantially more variation in blackbird abundance than any of the variables could by themselves. A

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4

Picman, Jaroslav, Stanislav Pribil, and Andre Isabelle. "Antipredation Value of Colonial Nesting in Yellow-Headed Blackbirds." Auk 119, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.2.461.

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Abstract Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) in Manitoba breed in dense colonies in cattail marshes. Their reproductive success is affected mainly by predation. The most important predator on blackbird nests is the Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris), which breaks blackbird eggs and kills small nestlings. We examined whether colonial nesting in Yellow-headed Blackbirds may represent an adaptation to reduce Marsh Wren predation. Marsh Wren predation may be reduced by (1) mutual nest defense by adult blackbirds, (2) predator satiation or dilution, or (3) selfish-herd effects.

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Sakhvon, Vital V. "NESTING FEATURES OF BLACKBIRD (TURDUS MERULA) IN URBAN GREEN SPACES IN MINSK." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology., no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/2521-683x/2021-4-46-53.

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Synurbic populations of birds are characterized by specific features that differ from those of wild populations of the same species, which is the result of adaptation to living in cities. The paper analyses some parameters of breeding of the Blackbird (Turdus merula) in two park in Minsk and compares them with the breeding biology of wild Blackbirds in natural habitats. During the years 2015-2017 and 2019-2021, 74 nests of urban Blackbird were obtained. For comparison, data on 245 nest of this species in natural landscapes were used.As a result, it was found that the nest selection in urban Bl

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6

PARFITT, DAN E., and GREGORY J. FOX. "GENETIC SOURCES OF RESISTANCE TO BLACKBIRD PREDATION IN SUNFLOWER." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-003.

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Fifty-one sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) inbreds were grown at three environments (locations) in North Dakota. Inbreds at two locations were subjected to naturally occurring bird predation by redwinged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) and yellowheaded blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Bonaparte). The third sunflower plot was surrounded by a cage into which redwinged blackbirds were introduced. Bird damage was estimated as percent achenes removed from individual sunflower heads. Significant differences among environments were observed (P < 0.01). However, genotype performance am

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7

Wang, Yanping, Qin Huang, Sisi Lan, Qin Zhang, and Shuihua Chen. "Common blackbirds Turdus merula use anthropogenic structures as nesting sites in an urbanized landscape." Current Zoology 61, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.3.435.

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Abstract The common blackbird Turdus merula is one of the most highly urbanized bird species. However, to date, the use of anthropogenic structures as nesting sites in the common blackbird is rarely documented, and the factors influencing its use of the anthropogenic structures as nesting sites remain unclear. In this study, we systematically quantified and determined the factors influencing the use of anthropogenic structures as nesting sites in common blackbirds in a highly urbanized city of Hangzhou, China. We searched for nests of common blackbirds during four breeding seasons from 2010 to

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8

Hönig, Vaclav, Martin Palus, Tomas Kaspar, Marta Zemanova, Karolina Majerova, Lada Hofmannova, Petr Papezik, et al. "Multiple Lineages of Usutu Virus (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) in Blackbirds (Turdus merula) and Mosquitoes (Culex pipiens, Cx. modestus) in the Czech Republic (2016–2019)." Microorganisms 7, no. 11 (November 16, 2019): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7110568.

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Usutu virus (USUV) is a flavivirus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) of an African origin transmitted among its natural hosts (diverse species of birds) by mosquitoes. The virus was introduced multiple times to Europe where it caused mortality of blackbirds (Turdus merula) and certain other susceptible species of birds. In this study, we report detection of USUV RNA in blackbirds, Culex pipiens and Cx. modestus mosquitoes in the Czech Republic, and isolation of 10 new Czech USUV strains from carcasses of blackbirds in cell culture. Multiple lineages (Europe 1, 2 and Africa 3) of USUV were found in bl

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9

Langston, Lee S. "Powering Out of Trouble." Mechanical Engineering 135, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2013-dec-3.

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This article presents a study of Pratt & Whitney’s J58, till date the best and high-powered engine for manufacturing lessons required for the development of F35 Joint Strike Fighter. The J58 Blackbird engine is a variable cycle engine, a turbojet/ramjet combined-cycle engine. It is a conventional afterburning turbojet for take-off and transonic flight, and it approximates a ramjet during high-speed supersonic cruise. The power plant for the Blackbirds is a marvelous development on the part of Pratt & Whitney, as it is the only engine of its kind in the world. The noise and vibration fr

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10

Wohner, Patricia J., Carol R. Foss, and Robert J. Cooper. "Rusty Blackbird Habitat Selection and Survivorship during Nesting and Post-Fledging." Diversity 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12060221.

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Rusty blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) populations have declined dramatically since the 1970s and the cause of decline is still unclear. As is the case for many passerines, most research on rusty blackbirds occurs during the nesting period. Nest success is relatively high in most of the rusty blackbird’s range, but survival during the post-fledging period, when fledgling songbirds are particularly vulnerable, has not been studied. We assessed fledgling and adult survivorship and nest success in northern New Hampshire from May to August in 2010 to 2012. We also assessed fledgling and adult post-f

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11

Manson, Kathleen K. E., Jenna P. B. McDermott, Luke L. Powell, Darroch M. Whitaker, and Ian G. Warkentin. "Assessment of Rusty Blackbird Habitat Occupancy in the Long Range Mountains of Newfoundland, Canada Using Forest Inventory Data." Diversity 12, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12090340.

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Rusty blackbirds (Euphagus carolinus), once common across their boreal breeding distribution, have undergone steep, range-wide population declines. Newfoundland is home to what has been described as one of just two known subspecies (E. c. nigrans) and hosts some of the highest known densities of the species across its extensive breeding range. To contribute to a growing body of literature examining rusty blackbird breeding ecology, we studied habitat occupancy in Western Newfoundland. We conducted 1960 point counts across a systematic survey grid during the 2016 and 2017 breeding seasons, and

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12

Pachomski, Amanda, Stacy McNulty, Carol Foss, Jonathan Cohen, and Shannon Farrell. "Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) Foraging Habitat and Prey Availability in New England: Implications for Conservation of a Declining Boreal Bird Species." Diversity 13, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13020099.

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The Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) is an imperiled migratory songbird that breeds in and near the boreal wetlands of North America. Our objective was to investigate factors associated with Rusty Blackbird wetland use, including aquatic invertebrate prey and landscape features, to better understand the birds’ habitat use. Using single-season occupancy modeling, we assessed breeding Rusty Blackbird use of both active and inactive beaver-influenced wetlands in New Hampshire and Maine, USA. We conducted timed, unlimited-radius point counts of Rusty Blackbirds at 60 sites from May to July 201

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13

Németh, Zoltán. "Partial migration and decreasing migration distance in the Hungarian population of the Common Blackbird (Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758): Analysis of 85 years of ring recovery data." Ornis Hungarica 25, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2017-0007.

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Abstract The Common Blackbird is a partial migrant throughout much of its range in Europe. That is, part of its breeding population migrates while the rest stays at the breeding ground for winter. Given the rapidly changing global climate, it is important to understand how migratory birds, including partial migrants, respond to shifting climatic conditions. In this study, I analyzed 85 years of ring recovery data of the Hungarian population of the Blackbird, ringed during the breeding season and recovered during migration or winter, with two objectives in mind: (1) to assess whether the Hungar

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14

Edwards, Brandon, Allison Binley, Willow English, Emma Hudgins, and Samuel Snow. "A highly anomalous Red-winged Blackbird (<i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i>) song." Canadian Field-Naturalist 136, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v136i1.2877.

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Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) is a highly vocal species with a repertoire of similar, yet acoustically distinct songs. These songs may be altered drastically if, as a nestling, the male goes deaf or becomes acoustically isolated. In deaf Red-winged Blackbirds, these dramatic song alterations may present as songs bearing slight resemblance to the introductory phrase of their normal song. Here, we present a Red-winged Blackbird song observed in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, that is far outside any normal variation in Red-winged Blackbird songs. Given the individual’s age and the consiste

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15

Carlson, James C., Randal S. Stahl, John J. Wagner, Terry E. Engle, Shelagh T. DeLiberto, Dustin A. Reid, and Scott J. Werner. "Nutritional depletion of total mixed rations by red-winged blackbirds and projected impacts on dairy cow performance." Journal of Dairy Research 85, no. 3 (August 2018): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029918000481.

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This Research Communication describes an investigation of the nutritional depletion of total mixed rations (TMR) by pest birds. We hypothesized that species-specific bird depredation of TMR can alter the nutritional composition of the ration and that these changes can negatively impact the performance of dairy cows. Blackbirds selected the high energy fraction of the TMR (i.e., flaked corn) and reduced starch, crude fat and total digestible nutrients during controlled feeding experiments. For Holsteins producing 37·1 kg of milk/d, dairy production modeling illustrated that total required net e

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16

Tomiałojć, Ludwik, and Jens Bursell. "Why dark plumage of the European Blackbirds Turdus merula?" Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 7, no. 2 (June 28, 2007): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2006.23129.

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Why does the European Blackbird’s dark coloration match the ground color of the less widespread of its breeding habitats, the riparian forest, although its main European population occurs in the pale-litter woodland? It is argued that crypsis of all the age stages was more necessary in riparian stands, as this habitat is more risky for the species owing to a high ground vegetation surrounding a foraging bird. Poorer crypsis of Blackbird plumage in pale-litter habitats may be a neutral feature, being compensated by easier scanning of the surroundings over the lower and sparcer herb vegetation a

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17

Beletsky, L. David. "Intersexual song answering in Red-winged Blackbirds." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 735–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-104.

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Female Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) answer their mates' songs with their own songs. Field observations were conducted to determine the extent of song-answering behavior during the Red-winged Blackbird breeding season and to test the hypothesis that song answering in this species is primarily a sexual communication. Females answered significant percentages of their mates' songs during the prenesting and incubation phases of the breeding season, but answering rates declined during the latter phases. Females tended to answer mates when the males were engaged in sexual activities, p

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18

Heffernan, Michael. "Blackbirds." Iowa Review 17, no. 3 (October 1987): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.3555.

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Clark, Robert G., Patrick J. Weatherhead, Hamilton Greenwood, and Rodger D. Titman. "Numerical responses of red-winged blackbird populations to changes in regional land-use patterns." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1944–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-292.

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The red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) population in southwestern Quebec more than doubled between 1966 and 1981, apparently in response to increased corn production. In southwestern Ontario less pronounced increases in blackbirds and corn production also occurred. Although larger blackbird populations have been responsible for greater crop damage, it is the waste corn left in fields by mechanical harvesters that supports the increased blackbird population. The increased availability of waste corn during the spring and summer (breeding season) was likely most important in allowing the

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20

EDWARDS, SCOTT V., and MEGAN DILLON. "Hitchhiking and recombination in birds: evidence from Mhc-linked and unlinked loci in Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)." Genetical Research 84, no. 3 (December 2004): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672304007189.

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Hitchhiking phenomena and genetic recombination have important consequences for a variety of fields for which birds are model species, yet we know virtually nothing about naturally occurring rates of recombination or the extent of linkage disequilibrium in birds. We took advantage of a previously sequenced cosmid clone from Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) bearing a highly polymorphic Mhc class II gene, Agph-DAB1, to measure the extent of linkage disequilibrium across ~40 kb of genomic DNA and to determine whether non-coding nucleotide diversity was elevated as a result of physical

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21

Bolshakov, C. V., M. D. Evstigneeva, and V. N. Bulyuk. "Species-specific attraction call of the blackbird (Turdus merula) in the periods of seasonal migration and breeding." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 322, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.2.129.

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We present the results of the analysis of 346 spectrograms of the species-specific attraction call tsiirr issued during daytime and night migration, at migratory stopovers and during breeding by Blackbirds (Turdus merula). The duration of this type signal varies within the range of 102–359 ms, and its frequency is in the intermediate and high frequency range from 5.1 to 9.9 kHz. In the spectrograms most tsiirr signals have one high-frequency and one lower-frequency modulated band. It is assumed that such a structure of this signal allows the birds to maintain contact at a great distance and to

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Bollinger, Eric K., and James W. Caslick. "Northern corn rootworm beetle densities near a red-winged blackbird roost." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-073.

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Population estimates of northern corn rootworm beetles (Diabrotica longicornis (Say), Chrysomelidae; Coleoptera) increased linearly away from a red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus (L.), Emberizidae; Passeriformes) roost located at Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge, Cayuga County, New York, U.S.A. Red-winged blackbirds foraging in cornfields near this roost commonly consumed rootworm beetles, indicating that this predation could have been responsible for the lower rootworm beetle populations in this area. However, even if the reduced beetle numbers near the red-winged blackbird roost wer

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23

Arnold, Todd W. "Variation in laying date, clutch size, egg size, and egg composition of yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus): a supplemental feeding experiment." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1904–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-259.

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I studied the effects of food availability, habitat quality, and timing of breeding on egg production in yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus). Food availability was experimentally manipulated by providing females on six wetlands with supplemental food; six additional wetlands served as unsupplemented controls. Mean nest initiation dates varied by up to 6 d among wetlands, and supplementally fed blackbirds initiated nests 2 d earlier than controls, on average (although this latter difference was not quite significant; P = 0.07). Clutch size declined with laying date, but was

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Dolbeer, R. A., P. P. Woronecki, and J. R. Mason. "Aviary and Field Evaluations of Sweet Corn Resistance to Damage by Blackbirds." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 3 (May 1988): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.3.460.

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Abstract Each of 11 cultivars of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) was presented to red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) in an aviary under no-choice conditions in 1985. This evaluation was repeated in 1986 with eight cultivars, five of which had been tested in 1985. In both years, there were significant differences in damage among cultivars; the damage rankings of the cultivars tested in both years were correlated. Total husk weight and husk weight beyond the cob tip individually explained 68% to 69% of the variation in damage among cultivars. Husk characteristics were more important than ke

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Castañeda, Xerónimo, Neil Clipperton, Daniel A. Airola, Samantha Arthur, and Paul Sousa. "Effectiveness of Public–Private Efforts to Conserve Tricolored Blackbird Colonies on Agricultural Lands in the San Joaquin Valley, California." Western Birds 54, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21199/wb54.1.1.

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Since the early 1990s when much of the population of the Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor) began nesting in fields of triticale grown for dairy silage in the San Joaquin Valley, many colonies have been destroyed inadvertently during harvest. After previous inconsistent efforts, in 2015 a Regional Conservation Partnership Program brought the dairy industry, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Audubon California, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, and other partners together in an effort to stem the losses. The program located colonies and compensated farmers for crop value lo

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Airola, Daniel A., Tara L. Collins, Christopher J. McColl, Michael R. Lozano, Brett J. Furnas, and David E. Krolick. "Foraging Habitat and Its Effects on the Tricolored Blackbird’s Breeding Distribution and Abundance in the Sierra Nevada Foothills, California." Western Birds 54, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21199/wb54.1.2.

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The grassland-dominated eastern Central Valley and Sierra Nevada foothills of California, from Placer to Stanislaus counties, supported at least 43,000–55,000 breeding Tricolored Blackbirds (Agelaius tricolor) annually from 2014 to 2018—about 30% of the statewide population. We found that within 5 km of a colony, the extent of land cover used for foraging, grassland–herbaceous, and to a lesser extent annual crops and irrigated pasture, exceeded their proportions in this region as a whole, suggesting that nesting Tricolored Blackbirds select colony sites where these habitats are more abundant.

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Geue, Dirk, and Jesko Partecke. "Reduced parasite infestation in urban Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula): a factor favoring urbanization?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 12 (December 2008): 1419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-129.

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Humans nowadays dramatically alter environmental and ecological conditions worldwide. One of the most extreme forms of anthropogenic land-use alteration is urbanization. Animals thriving in urban areas are not only exposed to different environmental conditions compared with their nonurban conspecifics, but prevalence and impacts of wildlife diseases on urban populations may also be affected. In the present study, we tested whether blood-parasite prevalence differs between urban and forest habitats by comparing haematozoan infections of urban and forest-living Eurasian blackbirds ( Turdus merul

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Հայրապետյան, Վ. Տ. "Սև կեռնեխների (Turdus Merula Linnaeus, 1758) բնադրման էկոլոգիան Ստեփանակերտ քաղաքի պայմաններում". Biological Journal of Armenia 74, № 3 (2022): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54503/0366-5119-2022.74.3-58.

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The ecology of nesting common blackbirds in the territory of Stepanakert city, Artsakh are presented. Although common blackbirds are considered typical forest birds, due to their high ecological flexibility, they easily adapt to urban areas. Through observations, we found out that common blackbirds use about 23 species of plants and artificial structures for nesting in different parts of the city. Nests are built at an average height of 0,5-7 m from the ground, and both natural and anthropogenic materials are used as building materials.

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Ibáñez-Álamo, Juan Diego, Javier Pineda-Pampliega, Robert L. Thomson, José I. Aguirre, Alazne Díez-Fernández, Bruno Faivre, Jordi Figuerola, and Simon Verhulst. "Urban blackbirds have shorter telomeres." Biology Letters 14, no. 3 (March 2018): 20180083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0083.

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Urbanization, one of the most extreme human-induced environmental changes, represents a major challenge for many organisms. Anthropogenic habitats can have opposing effects on different fitness components, for example, by decreasing starvation risk but also health status. Assessment of the net fitness effect of anthropogenic habitats is therefore difficult. Telomere length is associated with phenotypic quality and mortality rate in many species, and the rate of telomere shortening is considered an integrative measure of the ‘life stress’ experienced by an individual. This makes telomere length

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Martin, Pamela A., D. Vaughn Weseloh, Christine A. Bishop, Karin Legierse, Birgit Braune, and Ross J. Norstrom. "Organochlorine Contaminants in Avian Wildlife of Severn Sound." Water Quality Research Journal 30, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 693–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1995.050.

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Abstract Organochlorine contaminants were measured in pooled egg samples of colonial waterbirds, red-winged blackbirds and tree swallows breeding in or near Severn Sound, Lake Huron, an area designated by the International Joint Commission as an Area of Concern, during 1991. Breast muscle samples of staging waterfowl were also collected the preceding autumn. PCBs, DDE and mirex were the most prevalent organochlorine contaminants present in eggs (concentration ranges of 0.065 to 5.452, 0.118 to 3.12 and 0.007 to 0.174 mg/kg, respectively), while oxychlordane, cis-chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor

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Koglin, Sven, Daronja Trense, Michael Wink, Hedwig Sauer-Gürth, and Dieter Thomas Tietze. "Characterization of a de novo assembled transcriptome of the Common Blackbird (Turdus merula)." PeerJ 5 (December 13, 2017): e4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4045.

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Background In recent years, next generation high throughput sequencing technologies have proven to be useful tools for investigations concerning the genomics or transcriptomics also of non-model species. Consequently, ornithologists have adopted these technologies and the respective bioinformatics tools to survey the genomes and transcriptomes of a few avian non-model species. The Common Blackbird is one of the most common bird species living in European cities, which has successfully colonized urban areas and for which no reference genome or transcriptome is publicly available. However, to ta

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Dzialowski, Edward M., Tushar S. Sirsat, Sarah K. G. Sirsat, and Edwin R. Price. "Breathing while altricial: the ontogeny of ventilatory chemosensitivity in red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) nestlings." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 311, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): R1105—R1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00273.2016.

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Altricial bird species, like red-winged blackbirds, hatch at an immature state of functional maturity with limited aerobic capacity and no endothermic capacity. Over the next 10–12 days in the nest, red-winged blackbirds develop increased metabolic capacity before fledging. Although ontogeny of respiration has been described in precocial birds, ontogeny of ventilatory chemosensitivity is unknown in altricial species. Here we examined developmental changes in chemosensitivity of tidal volume (Vt), breathing frequency (ƒ), minute ventilation (V̇e), and whole animal oxygen consumption (V̇o2) from

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Cholewa, Marta, Łukasz Jankowiak, Magdalena Szenejko, Andrzej Dybus, Przemysław Śmietana, and Dariusz Wysocki. "The effects of parental age difference on the offspring sex and fitness of European blackbirds." PeerJ 9 (March 23, 2021): e10858. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10858.

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Background Many studies of birds have indicated that offspring sex ratios can vary with environmental and parental traits. On the basis of long-term research, we first evaluated the possible influence of parental age difference and brood characteristics on offspring sex and fitness in multi-brooded Blackbirds Turdus merula. Methodology The study was conducted in the city-centre Stefan Żeromski Park in Szczecin, NW Poland, where the local population of Blackbirds has been studied since 1996. Data on the offspring sex and fitness were collected in five years, 2005–2007 and 2016–2017. During the

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Fletcher, Jr., Robert J., and Rolf R. Koford. "Consequences of rainfall variation for breeding wetland blackbirds." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-107.

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Annual variability in abiotic factors can be pronounced, especially in systems that rely on precipitation, such as arid regions and prairie potholes. We report how annual variation in precipitation from 1999 to 2002 in the Prairie Pothole Region of Iowa, USA, affected both density and reproduction of two interspecific competitors: yellow-headed blackbirds, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte, 1826), and red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus (L., 1766). During dry years, yellow-headed blackbirds, an obligate wetland-breeding species, showed a marked reduction in density and a complete

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Djemadi, Imed, Badis Bakhouche, Khalil Draidi, and Zihad Bouslama. "Biometric data of North African Blackbird Turdus merula: are there many subspecies?" Ornis Hungarica 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2019-0016.

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Abstract During the past two centuries, few studies have been conducted on biometrics of North African Blackbirds. Several of these studies were carried out during the latter part of the 19th and in the early 20th centuries. As a result, two subspecies were recognized namely Turdus merula algira inhabiting northern regions of North Africa and some localities in southwestern continental Europe and T. m. mauritanicus inhabiting central western Morocco and southern Algeria and Tunisia (to the end of arid climatic regions). In this study we provide morphological data from the northeastern Algerian

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Lynch, Kathleen S., Matthew I. M. Louder, and Mark E. Hauber. "Species-Specific Auditory Forebrain Responses to Non-Learned Vocalizations in Juvenile Blackbirds." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 91, no. 4 (2018): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000489115.

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Species recognition mediates the association of individuals with conspecifics. Learned cues often facilitate species recognition via early social experience with parents and siblings. Yet, in some songbirds, the production of species-typical vocalizations develops in the absence of early social experiences. Here, we investigate the auditory-evoked neural responses of juvenile red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), a nonparasitic (parental) species within the Icterid family and contrast these results with a closely related Icterid parasitic species that lacks parental care, the brown-head

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Linek, Nils, Tamara Volkmer, J. Ryan Shipley, Cornelia W. Twining, Daniel Zúñiga, Martin Wikelski, and Jesko Partecke. "A songbird adjusts its heart rate and body temperature in response to season and fluctuating daily conditions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1830 (June 14, 2021): 20200213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0213.

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In a seasonal world, organisms are continuously adjusting physiological processes relative to local environmental conditions. Owing to their limited heat and fat storage capacities, small animals, such as songbirds, must rapidly modulate their metabolism in response to weather extremes and changing seasons to ensure survival. As a consequence of previous technical limitations, most of our existing knowledge about how animals respond to changing environmental conditions comes from laboratory studies or field studies over short temporal scales. Here, we expanded beyond previous studies by outfit

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Tupper, Shelagh K., John L. Cummings, and Richard M. Engeman. "Longevity of DayGlo fluorescent particle marker used to mark birds in flight pen and field." Wildlife Research 36, no. 4 (2009): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09015.

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Spray application of fluorescent particles is a widely used and very valuable technique for marking birds. This remains one of the few practical means to mark large numbers of birds for monitoring movement, despite recent availability of a variety of more technologically advanced options. We monitored the longevity of the DayGlo fluorescent particle marker on red-winged blackbirds under simulated field conditions in a flight pen, and in an observational field experiment. In the pen study we banded 52 red-winged blackbirds with individually numbered leg bands, and sprayed them with DayGlo fluor

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Wysocki, Dariusz, Łukasz Jankowiak, Marta Cholewa, and Dawid Zyskowski. "Natal conditions, lifespan and lifetime reproductive success of European blackbirds." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (August 17, 2019): 1707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz139.

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Abstract Even though much has been published in recent years on the factors affecting the lifespan and lifetime reproductive success of birds, there are still gaps in our knowledge. Here, we present the results of a long-term study of European blackbirds which examined the effect of natal conditions on lifespan and lifetime reproductive success (expressed by the number of fledglings) of 152 nestlings (72 males and 80 females) ringed in the Stefan Żeromski Park in Szczecin (NW Poland). We have complete information regarding parental age, family brood (first-egg laying date, clutch size, and hat

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Pribil, Stanislav. "Reproductive success is a misleading indicator of nest-site preferences in the Red-winged Blackbird." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 2227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-180.

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Several methods are used to detect nest-site preferences of birds. One method postulates that individuals will prefer those nest-site features that increase their reproductive success. To determine which features affect reproductive success, and hence should be preferred, the method examines correlations between reproductive success and various nest-site features. When a statistically significant correlation is found, it is concluded that individuals exhibit a preference for that feature. In the absence of a correlation, it is concluded that individuals are indifferent to the feature. Here, I

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Parkes, Kenneth C. "ORIOLES, BLACKBIRDS & THEIR KIN." Wilson Bulletin 112, no. 3 (September 2000): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0439:br]2.0.co;2.

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Griffiths, Rachel Eliza. "Watching Blackbirds Turn to Ghosts." Ecotone 3, no. 2 (2008): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ect.2008.0062.

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Webster, Michael S. "New World Blackbirds: The Icterids." Auk 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.1.270.

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Montgomerie, Robert D. "Blackbirds of the Americas.Gordon Orians." Quarterly Review of Biology 61, no. 3 (September 1986): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/415087.

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Olson, J. "THE ONTOGENY OF SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS IN THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (AGELAIUS PHOENICEUS)." Journal of Experimental Biology 191, no. 1 (June 1, 1994): 59–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.191.1.59.

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The ontogeny of shivering thermogenesis was investigated in the altricial red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). Two indices of heat production &shy; the rate of oxygen consumption (V(dot)O2) of the bird and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the pectoralis (PECT) and gastrocnemius (GAST) muscles &shy; were measured simultaneously in adult and nestling red-winged blackbirds as they were subjected first to thermoneutral temperatures and subsequently to progressively colder ambient temperatures (Ta). The ontogenetic changes in both indices indicated that the capability for ther

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Post, Peter, and Frank Götmark. "Foraging Behavior and Predation Risk in Male and Female Eurasian Blackbirds (Turdus Merula) During the Breeding Season." Auk 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.1.162.

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Abstract In many birds, breeding males display bright colors, sing, and engage in active territory defense; whereas females are less conspicuous. Therefore, it is sometimes assumed that in the breeding season males suffer higher predation than females. Several studies have reported, however, higher female predation rates, which suggests that traits other than coloration and mate-acquisition behaviors are important in determining predation rates for the sexes. Theoretical and empirical work suggests that foraging behavior and foraging rate are major determinants of predation risk. Here, we exam

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Twedt, Daniel J., William J. Bleier, and George M. Linz. "Genetic variation in male Yellow-headed Blackbirds from the northern Great Plains." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 2280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-305.

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Electrophoretic differences at 15 presumptive loci were used to assess allelic frequencies, heterozygosities, and polymorphism for male Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) collected in east-central Alberta, north-central North Dakota, and east-central South Dakota. Five loci were polymorphic and mean heterozygosities ranged from 0.119 to 0.133. Significant differences were detected among these geographic populations of Yellow-headed Blackbirds, primarily due to differences in the allelic frequencies of isocitrate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Differe

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Nemeth, Erwin, Nadia Pieretti, Sue Anne Zollinger, Nicole Geberzahn, Jesko Partecke, Ana Catarina Miranda, and Henrik Brumm. "Bird song and anthropogenic noise: vocal constraints may explain why birds sing higher-frequency songs in cities." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1754 (March 7, 2013): 20122798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2798.

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When animals live in cities, they have to adjust their behaviour and life histories to novel environments. Noise pollution puts a severe constraint on vocal communication by interfering with the detection of acoustic signals. Recent studies show that city birds sing higher-frequency songs than their conspecifics in non-urban habitats. This has been interpreted as an adaptation to counteract masking by traffic noise. However, this notion is debated, for the observed frequency shifts seem to be less efficient at mitigating noise than singing louder, and it has been suggested that city birds migh

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Dybus, Andrzej, Anna Siemierz, Dariusz Wysocki, Iwona Szatkowska, Magdalena Muszyńska, and Sebastian Guenzel. "Evaluation of the applicability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to sex identification in Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula)." Biological Letters 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10120-009-0009-x.

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Evaluation of the applicability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to sex identification in Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula)Turdus merulais one of most common bird species in Europe. This study verified a method for its sex identification by PCR with P2/P8 primers, based on theCHD1gene polymorphism, proposed in earlier studies as a universal tool for sex identification in most bird species. Although there are some reports that PCR cannot determine sex in Eurasian blackbirds due to a lack of differences in intron lengths ofCHD1-ZandCHD1-Wgenes, our study showed that such a possibility does e

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de Queiroz, Alan. "Double-scratching by Yellow-headed Blackbirds." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120, no. 3 (September 2008): 657–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/07-090.1.

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