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Smith, Ashlee N., e Mark C. Belk. "Evidence for Interspecific Brood Parasite Detection and Removal in Burying Beetles". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2712945.
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We tested whether brood parasitism could be successful between two co-occurring species of burying beetles, Nicrophorus guttula and Nicrophorus marginatus, and whether these species exhibit an adaptive response to brood parasitism by detecting and removing parasites. We cross-fostered larvae between broods of the two species and created mixed-species broods to simulate the addition of brood parasites. Brood parasites survived in both species’ broods. Nicrophorus marginatus culled 86% of brood parasites compared to 56% of their own larvae, and N. guttula culled 50% of brood parasites compared to 22% of their own larvae. Additionally, N. guttula brood parasites were significantly smaller than N. guttula that were raised by N. guttula parents, but N. marginatus brood parasites were significantly larger than N. marginatus that were raised by N. marginatus parents. This paper provides the first evidence that burying beetles can discriminate between their own larvae and other species’ larvae. We suggest that brood parasitism may be the selective force responsible for this ability.
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Litman, Jessica R. "Under the radar: detection avoidance in brood parasitic bees". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0196.
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Brood parasitism is a specialized form of parasitism in which the offspring of a parasite develops on the food provisions gathered by a host species for its own young. Obligate brood parasitic lineages have lost the ability to acquire provisions for their young and thus rely entirely on the location of an appropriate host to serve as a food-provider. Solitary bees provide some of the most fascinating examples of brood parasitism in animals. Most solitary bees build and provision their own nests. Some, however, usurp the nests of other species of bees. These brood parasites, or ‘cuckoo’ bees, deposit their eggs on the pollen provisions collected by a host bee for her own offspring. The provisions stored by the host bee are not sufficient to sustain the development of both the host's larva and that of the brood parasite and the parasite must kill the offspring of its host in order to obtain enough nourishment to complete its development. As a consequence, there is fierce competition between the host bee seeking to protect her nest from attack and the brood parasite seeking to avoid detection by the host in order to successfully deposit her eggs in an appropriate nest. In this paper, I review the behaviours that allow brood parasitic bees to escape detection by their hosts. Identifying these behaviours, and placing them within the general context of strategies employed by brood parasitic bees to parasitize the nests of their hosts, is key to understanding how brood parasitic lineages may have evolved from nest-building ancestors, decrypting the selective pressures that drive evolutionary transitions from one strategy to another and, more broadly, revealing how similar selective pressures in widely divergent lineages of animals have given rise to remarkably convergent behaviours. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Thorogood, Rose, Claire N. Spottiswoode, Steven J. Portugal e Ros Gloag. "The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: a call for integration". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0190.
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Obligate brood-parasitic cheats have fascinated natural historians since ancient times. Passing on the costs of parental care to others occurs widely in birds, insects and fish, and often exerts selection pressure on hosts that in turn evolve defences. Brood parasites have therefore provided an illuminating system for researching coevolution. Nevertheless, much remains unknown about how ecology and evolutionary history constrain or facilitate brood parasitism, or the mechanisms that shape or respond to selection. In this special issue, we bring together examples from across the animal kingdom to illustrate the diverse ways in which recent research is addressing these gaps. This special issue also considers how research on brood parasitism may benefit from, and in turn inform, related fields such as social evolution and immunity. Here, we argue that progress in our understanding of coevolution would benefit from the increased integration of ideas across taxonomic boundaries and across Tinbergen’s Four Questions: mechanism, ontogeny, function and phylogeny of brood parasitism. We also encourage renewed vigour in uncovering the natural history of the majority of the world's brood parasites that remain little-known. Indeed, it seems very likely that some of nature’s brood parasites remain entirely unknown, because otherwise we are left with a puzzle: if parental care is so costly, why is brood parasitism not more common?This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Gloag, Ros, e Madeleine Beekman. "The brood parasite's guide to inclusive fitness theory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0198.
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Hamilton's theory of inclusive fitness provides a framework for understanding the evolution of social behaviour between kin, including parental and alloparental care. Brood parasitism is a reproductive tactic in which parasites exploit the care of other individuals of the same species (conspecific parasitism) or different species (interspecific parasitism) to rear their brood. Here, drawing from examples in birds and social insects, we identify two insights into brood parasitism that stem from inclusive fitness theory. First, the kin structure within nests, or between neighbouring nests, can create a niche space favouring the evolution of conspecific parasitism. For example, low average relatedness within social insect nests can increase selection for reproductive cheats. Likewise, high average relatedness between adjacent nests of some birds can increase a female's tolerance of parasitism by her neighbour. Second, intrabrood conflict will be high in parasitized broods, from the perspective of both parasite and host young, relative to unparasitized broods. We also discuss offspring recognition by hosts as an example of discrimination in a kin-selected social behaviour. We conclude that the inclusive fitness framework is instructive for understanding aspects of brood parasite and host evolution. In turn, brood parasites present some unique opportunities to test the predictions of inclusive fitness theory.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Cotter, S. C., D. Pincheira-Donoso e R. Thorogood. "Defences against brood parasites from a social immunity perspective". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0207.
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Parasitic interactions are so ubiquitous that all multicellular organisms have evolved a system of defences to reduce their costs, whether the parasites they encounter are the classic parasites which feed on the individual, or brood parasites which usurp parental care. Many parallels have been drawn between defences deployed against both types of parasite, but typically, while defences against classic parasites have been selected to protect survival, those against brood parasites have been selected to protect the parent's inclusive fitness, suggesting that the selection pressures they impose are fundamentally different. However, there is another class of defences against classic parasites that have specifically been selected to protect an individual's inclusive fitness, known as social immunity . Social immune responses include the anti-parasite defences typically provided for others in kin-structured groups, such as the antifungal secretions produced by termite workers to protect the brood. Defences against brood parasites, therefore, are more closely aligned with social immune responses. Much like social immunity, host defences against brood parasitism are employed by a donor (a parent) for the benefit of one or more recipients (typically kin), and as with social defences against classic parasites, defences have therefore evolved to protect the donor's inclusive fitness, not the survival or ultimately the fitness of individual recipients This can lead to severe conflicts between the different parties, whose interests are not always aligned. Here, we consider defences against brood parasitism in the light of social immunity, at different stages of parasite encounter, addressing where conflicts occur and how they might be resolved. We finish with considering how this approach could help us to address longstanding questions in our understanding of brood parasitism. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Stevens, Martin. "Bird brood parasitism". Current Biology 23, n.º 20 (outubro de 2013): R909—R913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.025.
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Dufty, Alan M., e H. Nakamura. "Symposium: Brood parasitism". Journal of Ornithology 135, n.º 3 (julho de 1994): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01639996.
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Carmody, Lisa C., Alexander Cruz e Jameson F. Chace. "Brood Parasitism Defense Behaviors Along an Altitudinal Gradient in the American Robin (Turdus Migratorius)". Open Ornithology Journal 9, n.º 1 (21 de novembro de 2016): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874453201609010039.
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Some host species accept eggs from brood parasites over parts of their range and reject them in other areas representing an “evolutionary lag” in the development of rejection behavior or the loss of an adapative behavior when the selection pressure of brood parasitism is removed. Hosts may deter brood parasitism through egg rejection and aggressive nest defense behavior specifically targetting female brood parasites during the egg incubation period. In areas where parasitism frequencies are spatially and temporally variable, anti-parasite behaviors may decline as costs outweigh the benefits. Along the Colorado Front Range, American robins (Turdus migratorius) breed from low elevations where the brood parasitic Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is abundant to near timberline (3700 m) where cowbirds are uncommon. We tested the hypothesis that egg rejection and nest defense behaviors decline with reduced probability of parasitism. We found that robins accepted 100% of immaculate (robin-like) experimental eggs at both low and high elevations, but were more likely to reject spotted (cowbird-like) experimental eggs at low elevations than high elevations. Response to egg size was more variable than to egg color. When presented with a mount of a cowbird and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) near the nest, robins responded more aggressively to cowbird models than to sparrows (control), and nest defense behavior towards cowbirds was longer and more aggressive at the lower elevation sites where cowbirds are common. These results suggest that egg rejection and nest-site aggression are costly adaptations to cowbird parasitism, and these behaviors decline when the threat of parasitism is reduced.
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Cohen, Marcus S., M. Brent Hawkins, David W. Stock e Alexander Cruz. "Early life-history features associated with brood parasitism in the cuckoo catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0205.
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The cuckoo catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus , is the only known obligate brood parasite among fishes, exploiting the parental care of mouthbrooding cichlids endemic to Lake Tanganyika. Comparisons of this system to brood parasitism in birds may reveal broader principles that underlie the evolution of this life-history strategy in vertebrates. However, little is known about the features of the cuckoo catfish that enable this species to successfully parasitize cichlids. Here, we examine early ontogeny of the cuckoo catfish and compare it to that of its cichlid hosts as well as a non-parasitic congener. We found that cuckoo catfish embryos develop and hatch in advance of host embryos, and begin feeding on cichlid young just as they start to hatch. Overall timing of ontogeny in the cuckoo catfish was found to be similar to that of the substrate-spawning congener Synodontis lucipinnis , suggesting that more rapid development of the cuckoo catfish relative to cichlids is not a unique adaptation to brood parasitism. However, we found that cuckoo catfish progeny exhibit extensive morphological differences from S . lucipinnis , which may represent adaptations to brood parasitism. These life-history observations reveal both similarities and differences between the cuckoo catfish system and brood parasitism in other lineages. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Krüger, Oliver. "Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: adaptations, trade-offs and constraints". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, n.º 1486 (23 de junho de 2006): 1873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1849.
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The interactions between brood parasitic birds and their host species provide one of the best model systems for coevolution. Despite being intensively studied, the parasite–host system provides ample opportunities to test new predictions from both coevolutionary theory as well as life-history theory in general. I identify four main areas that might be especially fruitful: cuckoo female gentes as alternative reproductive strategies, non-random and nonlinear risks of brood parasitism for host individuals, host parental quality and targeted brood parasitism, and differences and similarities between predation risk and parasitism risk. Rather than being a rare and intriguing system to study coevolutionary processes, I believe that avian brood parasites and their hosts are much more important as extreme cases in the evolution of life-history strategies. They provide unique examples of trade-offs and situations where constraints are either completely removed or particularly severe.
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Pöysä, Hannu. "Low host recognition tendency revealed by experimentally induced parasitic egg laying in the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 2003): 1561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-147.
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Host-parasite relatedness has been suggested to promote the evolution of conspecific brood parasitism, an alternative reproductive tactic pursued by females in several animal taxa. An essential prerequisite for relatedness to promote brood parasitism is accurate kin recognition, including the recognition of related hosts by parasites. I performed a field experiment to address the accuracy of host recognition by parasites in the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), a cavity-nesting duck. I studied whether parasites discriminate between experimental nests that did not have a host (i.e., new nest boxes that contained chicken eggs dyed to mimic the colour of common goldeneye eggs) and real nests that did have a host (i.e., active nests that progressed to incubation). Parasitic egg laying in the experimental nests was not constrained by the lack of contemporarily available nests that had a host; it was also not constrained by the lack of suitable and empty nest sites. There was no difference in the start of parasitic laying between the experimental and real nests. The experimental nests and real nests were equally parasitized. The findings suggest that host recognition by parasites is not sophisticated in the common goldeneye, questioning the possible function of accurate kin recognition in brood parasitism in this species.
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Blažek, Radim, Matěj Polačik e Martin Reichard. "Group intrusions by a brood parasitic fish are not cooperative". Behavioral Ecology 33, n.º 1 (18 de outubro de 2021): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab123.
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Abstract Brood parasites relegate all parental duties to unrelated hosts. Host resistance against brood parasitism is most effective during egg laying and is best countered by surreptitious oviposition. This may be aided through distraction of host attention by the male partner or a larger cooperative group. Cuckoo catfish (Synodontis multipunctatus) parasitize the broods of mouthbrooding cichlids, which collect their eggs immediately after oviposition. Cuckoo catfish must time their intrusion precisely, as the temporal window for parasitism lasts only a few seconds. As the cuckoo catfish typically intrude host spawning as a group, we tested whether groups of catfish distract spawning cichlid pairs more successfully than a single catfish pair. We found that larger catfish groups were not more effective in parasitism, as parasitism success by groups of three catfish pairs increased only proportionally to single catfish pairs. The number of cichlid eggs in host clutches decreased at high catfish abundance, apparently due to elevated cuckoo catfish predation on the eggs. Hence, group intrusions do not represent cooperative actions, but incur an increased cost to the host cichlid from greater egg predation by cuckoo catfish.
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McClelland, Stephanie C., Gabriel A. Jamie, Katy Waters, Lara Caldas, Claire N. Spottiswoode e Steven J. Portugal. "Convergent evolution of reduced eggshell conductance in avian brood parasites". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0194.
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Brood parasitism has evolved independently in several bird lineages, giving rise to strikingly similar behavioural adaptations that suggest convergent evolution. By comparison, convergence of physiological traits that optimize this breeding strategy has received much less attention, yet these species share many similar physiological traits that optimize this breeding strategy. Eggshell structure is important for embryonic development as it controls the flux of metabolic gases, such as O 2 , CO 2 and H 2 O, into and out of the egg; in particular, water vapour conductance ( G H 2 O ) is an essential process for optimal development of the embryo. Previous work has shown that common cuckoos ( Cuculus canorus ) have a lower than expected eggshell G H 2 O compared with their hosts. Here, we sought to test whether this is a trait found in other independently evolved avian brood parasites, and therefore reflects a general adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle. We analysed G H 2 O for seven species of brood parasites from four unique lineages as well as for their hosts, and combined this with species from the literature. We found lower than expected G H 2 O among all our observed brood parasites both compared with hosts (except for brown-headed cowbirds ( Molothrus ater )) and compared with the expected rates given their phylogenetic positions. These findings suggest that a lowered G H 2 O may be a general adaptation for brood parasitism, perhaps helping the parasite nestling to develop greater aerobic fitness. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Kilpi, Mikael, Peter Waldeck, Malte Andersson e Markus Öst. "Brood Parasitism in a Population of Common Eider (somateria Mollissima)". Behaviour 141, n.º 6 (2004): 725–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539042245132.
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AbstractThe common eider differs from many other ducks in being a colonial 'capital' breeder, producing eggs from stored resources. These traits are expected to influence the occurrence of conspecific brood parasitism (CBP), which is particularly common in waterfowl. We analysed CBP in an eider population in the central Baltic Sea 2001-2002, using non-destructive egg albumen sampling combined with protein fingerprinting. This technique greatly increases the detection of parasitic eggs compared to more traditional methods. Parasitic eggs occurred in 20-22% of 164 nests studied, 6% of 754 eggs being laid by other than the host female. Parasitism increased with nest density, was rather evenly distributed over the laying season, and occurred both early and late in the laying sequence of the host. Protein fingerprinting showed that host females laid up to seven eggs, more than previously reported. Among 33 parasitised nests 22 had one parasitic egg, nine had two and two had three. In all but one case all parasitic eggs within a nest were laid by the same female. Although colonial breeding facilitates CBP, it is less frequent in this eider population than in several other diving ducks. Possible contributing reasons are the relatively small clutch size and start of incubation after egg 2 or 3, limiting the time window for successful parasitism.
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Gonzalez-Martin, Milagros, e Xavier Ruiz. "Brood Parasitism in Herons". Colonial Waterbirds 19, n.º 1 (1996): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521804.
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Medina, Iliana, e Naomi E. Langmore. "Host density predicts the probability of parasitism by avian brood parasites". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0204.
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The spatial distribution of hosts can be a determining factor in the reproductive success of parasites. Highly aggregated hosts may offer more opportunities for reproduction but can have better defences than isolated hosts. Here we connect macro- and micro-evolutionary processes to understand the link between host density and parasitism, using avian brood parasites as a model system. We analyse data across more than 200 host species using phylogenetic comparative analyses and quantify parasitism rate and host reproductive success in relation to spatial distribution using field data collected on one host species over 6 years. Our comparative analysis reveals that hosts occurring at intermediate densities are more likely to be parasitized than colonial or widely dispersed hosts. Correspondingly, our intraspecific field data show that individuals living at moderate densities experience higher parasitism rates than individuals at either low or high densities. Moreover, we show for the first time that the effect of host density on host reproductive success varies according to the intensity of parasitism; hosts have greater reproductive success when living at high densities if parasitism rates are high, but fare better at low densities when parasitism rates are low. We provide the first evidence of the trade-off between host density and parasitism at both macro- and micro-evolutionary scales in brood parasites. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Rutila, Jarkko, Jukka Jokimäki, Jesús M. Avilés e Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki. "Responses of Parasitized And Unparasitized Common Redstart (Phoenicurus Phoenicurus) Populations Against Artificial Cuckoo Parasitism". Auk 123, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2006): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.1.259.
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Abstract Brood parasitism selects for defensive mechanisms that enhance host fitness. Therefore, host populations under different parasitism pressures may express different levels of defense against brood parasites. We tested the rejection responses of currently parasitized and unparasitized Common Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) populations in Finland to artificial Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) eggs. We predicted a higher level of defense in the parasitized population, but in fact the rejection rate was higher in the nonparasitized population. Nonmimetic artificial eggs were rejected more often than mimetic ones. Desertion probability was higher in the nonparasitized population and was independent of artificial egg type. Common Redstarts in the parasitized population rejected the artificial eggs mostly through ejection, whereas desertion was a more frequent rejection method in the nonparasitized population. Our results suggest that current selection pressures from brood parasites do not always explain the current levels of defense. Respuestas de Poblaciones Parasitadas y No Parasitadas de Phoenicurus phoenicurus Contra el Parasitismo Artificial de Cuculus canorus
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Medina, Iliana, e Naomi E. Langmore. "Coevolution is linked with phenotypic diversification but not speciation in avian brood parasites". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, n.º 1821 (22 de dezembro de 2015): 20152056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2056.
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Coevolution is often invoked as an engine of biological diversity. Avian brood parasites and their hosts provide one of the best-known examples of coevolution. Brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other species, selecting for host defences and reciprocal counteradaptations in parasites. In theory, this arms race should promote increased rates of speciation and phenotypic evolution. Here, we use recently developed methods to test whether the three largest avian brood parasitic lineages show changes in rates of phenotypic diversity and speciation relative to non-parasitic lineages. Our results challenge the accepted paradigm, and show that there is little consistent evidence that lineages of brood parasites have higher speciation or extinction rates than non-parasitic species. However, we provide the first evidence that the evolution of brood parasitic behaviour may affect rates of evolution in morphological traits associated with parasitism. Specifically, egg size and the colour and pattern of plumage have evolved up to nine times faster in parasitic than in non-parasitic cuckoos. Moreover, cuckoo clades of parasitic species that are sympatric (and share similar host genera) exhibit higher rates of phenotypic evolution. This supports the idea that competition for hosts may be linked to the high phenotypic diversity found in parasitic cuckoos.
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López, Analía V., Juan C. Reboreda, Vanina D. Fiorini, Lía N. Gerschenson e Mark E. Hauber. "A comparative study of the structural and mechanical properties of avian eggshells among hosts of obligate brood parasitic cowbirds (genus Molothrus)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, n.º 4 (10 de maio de 2021): 1057–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab041.
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Abstract Obligate avian brood parasites depend on hosts for parental care, which in turn suffer fitness losses as a result of parasitism. Mechanisms by which brood parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus spp.) reduce host breeding success include the puncture (M. rufoaxillaris and M. bonariensis) or removal (M. ater) of the eggs of the host. Our working hypothesis is that the host eggs’ mechanical strength and their size and shape in species with higher frequency of parasitism covaries with the cowbird’s strategy to reduce host clutch size. Our results, obtained through phylogenetic analyses based on egg 2D geometric morphometry and eggshell mechanical and ultrastructural measurements, suggest that egg-puncturer behaviour has led to an increase in the strength of the host’s eggshell, which might make them more difficult to be pierced. We also characterized larger, more rounded and asymmetrical eggs in frequent hosts of M. ater, which might be more difficult to be removed. These interspecific host egg and shell traits were also positively affected by the frequency of parasitism, indicating that species-specific patterns of parasitic costs select for respective anti-parasitic defences in hosts.
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Stermin, Alexandru N. "New cases of facultative interspecific brood parasitism in Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) and Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra)". Ornis Hungarica 29, n.º 2 (29 de novembro de 2021): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2021-0029.
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Abstract Many hypotheses try to explain the evolution and possible relations between obligate and facultative brood parasitism in birds. To explore this, a large number of observations and data are needed. Our understanding based on the observations of facultative parasitic species published in the literature is less clear compared to the obligate parasitic species. This communication is about three cases of facultative interspecific brood parasitism. Two nests of Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) parasite by Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra) and one nest of Pied Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta) parasite by Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus). These observations are significant as long as interspecific brood parasitism was frequently described in Gruiformes (Rallidae) but has rarely observed within Charadriiformes.
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Williamson, Jessie L., e Matthew J. Baumann. "Evidence of Brood Parasitism and Quantification of Rangewide Overlap between the Olive Warbler and Brown-headed Cowbird". Western Birds 52, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21199/wb52.1.5.
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Brood parasitism is a fascinating natural history phenomenon that provides a window into the coevolution of antagonistic interactions. Many ecological and evolutionary aspects of brood parasitism remain unknown, and new hosts of brood parasites are still being discovered. We document the second instance of brood parasitism of the Olive Warbler (Peucedramus taeniatus) by the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater). Apparent lack of habitat and elevation overlap across the ranges of these two species prompted us to examine how frequently they come into contact. We analyzed >3 million Olive Warbler and Brown-headed Cowbird occurrence records from two open-source repositories, eBird and GBIF, to examine both synchronous and asynchronous locality overlap during the breeding season. We found that the two species were documented together simultaneously in only 3.1% of analyzed instances, but that they co-occurred in similar habitat types and/or at similar elevations at 11.8% of localities analyzed across the Olive Warbler’s range. Additional research on aspects of ecology and evolution, such as host selection, the cowbird’s diurnal patterns of movement, and the dynamics of intracellular pathogens infecting brood parasites and their hosts, may shed light more broadly on the ecological interactions and mechanisms underlying brood parasitism.
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Polačik, M., M. Reichard, C. Smith e R. Blažek. "Parasitic cuckoo catfish exploit parental responses to stray offspring". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0412.
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Interspecific brood parasitism occurs in several independent lineages of birds and social insects, putatively evolving from intraspecific brood parasitism. The cuckoo catfish, Synodontis multipunctatus , the only known obligatory non-avian brood parasite, exploits mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika, despite the absence of parental care in its evolutionary lineage (family Mochokidae). Cuckoo catfish participate in host spawning events, with their eggs subsequently collected and brooded by parental cichlids, though they can later be selectively rejected by the host. One scenario for the origin of brood parasitism in cuckoo catfish is through predation of cichlid eggs during spawning, eventually resulting in a spatial and temporal match in oviposition by host and parasite. Here we demonstrate experimentally that, uniquely among all known brood parasites, cuckoo catfish have the capacity to re-infect their hosts at a late developmental stage following egg rejection. We show that cuckoo catfish offspring can survive outside the host buccal cavity and re-infect parental hosts at a later incubation phase by exploiting the strong parental instinct of hosts to collect stray offspring. This finding implies an alternative evolutionary origin for cuckoo catfish brood parasitism, with the parental response of host cichlids facilitating its evolution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Brodhead, Katherine M., Scott H. Stoleson e Deborah M. Finch. "Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax Traillii Extimus) in a Grazed Landscape: Factors Influencing Brood Parasitism". Auk 124, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2007): 1213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1213.
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Abstract Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater; hereafter “cowbirds”) is an important factor contributing to the endangered status of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus, hereafter “flycatcher”). We report on factors that influence brood parasitism on the flycatcher using seven seasons of nest data (n = 491 nests) collected in riparian patches comprising cottonwood (Populus fremontii), willow (Salix spp.), and boxelder (Acer negundo) along the Gila River in southwest New Mexico. We quantified habitat and landscape characteristics that might be associated with higher levels of parasitism and assessed the correlation between those and the observed incidence of nest parasitism. Given that cowbirds associate with cattle, we were particularly interested to determine whether the distance to active summer grazing would influence the frequency of brood parasitism. We found an apparent negative trend between the distance to grazing and brood parasitism, but this trend was not statistically significant. Rather, brood parasitism was more strongly correlated with characteristics of the habitat. Specifically, nests in larger patches, and nests built near the patch edge adjacent to the river, were more susceptible to parasitism, which suggests that these areas are preferred nesting habitat for cowbirds because of a potentially greater abundance of hosts. Parasitism was significantly lower within the core of large patches, but the insulating effect was not evident in small and medium-sized patches. Higher nest height was strongly correlated with lower probability of parasitism, most notably for nests in boxelders. Nests in boxelders were less susceptible to parasitism, whereas nests in willows were more susceptible to parasitism. We discuss the results in the context of other studies. We recommend that management efforts to recover the flycatcher should focus on increasing quality habitat, and we suggest that cattle management should focus on eliminating the adverse effects of grazing on riparian health as a more feasible option than removing cattle far enough from riparian corridors so as to preclude parasitism. Empidonax traillii extimus en un Paisaje con Pastoreo: Factores que Influyen sobre el Parasitismo de la Nidada
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Krüger, O., N. B. Davies e M. D. Sorenson. "The evolution of sexual dimorphism in parasitic cuckoos: sexual selection or coevolution?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, n.º 1617 (17 de abril de 2007): 1553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0281.
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Sexual dimorphism is ubiquitous in animals and can result from selection pressure on one or both sexes. Sexual selection has become the predominant explanation for the evolution of sexual dimorphism, with strong selection on size-related mating success in males being the most common situation. The cuckoos (family Cuculidae) provide an exceptional case in which both sexes of many species are freed from the burden of parental care but where coevolution between parasitic cuckoos and their hosts also results in intense selection. Here, we show that size and plumage differences between the sexes in parasitic cuckoos are more likely the result of coevolution than sexual selection. While both sexes changed in size as brood parasitism evolved, we find no evidence for selection on males to become larger. Rather, our analysis indicates stronger selection on parasitic females to become smaller, resulting in a shift from dimorphism with larger females in cuckoos with parental care to dimorphism with larger males in parasitic species. In addition, the evolution of brood parasitism was associated with more cryptic plumage in both sexes, but especially in females, a result that contrasts with the strong plumage dimorphism seen in some other parasitic birds. Examination of the three independent origins of brood parasitism suggests that different parasitic cuckoo lineages followed divergent evolutionary pathways to successful brood parasitism. These results argue for the powerful role of parasite–host coevolution in shaping cuckoo life histories in general and sexual dimorphism in particular.
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Barrero, Adrián, Julia Gómez-Catasús, Daniel Bustillo-de la Rosa, Juan Traba, Julia Zurdo e Margarita Reverter. "First documented case of Tawny Pipit <em>Anthus campestris</em> nest parasitism by Common Cuckoo <em>Cuculus canorus</em> in Spanish steppes". Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 92, n.º 2 (19 de dezembro de 2022): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rio.2022.634.
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Interspecific brood or nest parasitism is a relatively common breeding behavior in birds. Through this reproductive tactic, brood-parasites avoid the costs associated with raising and maintaining chicks by laying their eggs in the nests of the host species in which they are specialized. The common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) follows this brood parasite strategy. Female cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species, mimicking egg shape, size, and color of the host species. In this paper we report the first documented case of parasitism of tawny pipit nests by the common cuckoo in Spanish steppe habitats, where no record of parasitism on this species has been reported to date.
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Spottiswoode, Claire N. "A brood parasite selects for its own egg traits". Biology Letters 9, n.º 5 (23 de outubro de 2013): 20130573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0573.
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Many brood parasitic birds lay eggs that mimic their hosts' eggs in appearance. This typically arises from selection from discriminating hosts that reject eggs which differ from their own. However, selection on parasitic eggs may also arise from parasites themselves, because it should pay a laying parasitic female to detect and destroy another parasitic egg previously laid in the same host nest by a different female. In this study, I experimentally test the source of selection on greater honeyguide ( Indicator indicator ) egg size and shape, which is correlated with that of its several host species, all of which breed in dark holes. Its commonest host species did not discriminate against experimental eggs that differed from their own in size and shape, but laying female honeyguides preferentially punctured experimental eggs more than host or control eggs. This should improve offspring survival given that multiple parasitism by this species is common, and that honeyguide chicks kill all other nest occupants. Hence, selection on egg size in greater honeyguides parasitizing bee-eaters appears to be imposed not by host defences but by interference competition among parasites themselves.
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Wang, Longwu, Yuhan Zhang, Wei Liang e Anders Pape Møller. "Common cuckoo females remove more conspicuous eggs during parasitism". Royal Society Open Science 8, n.º 1 (13 de janeiro de 2021): 201264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201264.
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Avian obligate brood parasites gain an advantage by removing the eggs of the cuckoos who have already visited the nest, which can increase the chances of survival for their offspring. Conversely, to prevent their eggs from being picked up by the next parasitic cuckoo, they need to take some precautions. Egg mimicry and egg crypsis are two alternative strategies to prevent the parasitized egg from being picked up by another parasitic cuckoo. Here, we tested whether the egg crypsis hypothesis has a preventative effect when common cuckoos ( Cuculus canorus ) parasitize their Oriental reed warbler ( Acrocephalus orientalis ) hosts. We designed two experimental groups with different crypsis effects to induce common cuckoos to lay eggs and observed whether the cuckoos selectively picked up the experimental eggs with low crypsis levels in the process of parasitism. Our results supported the egg crypsis hypothesis; the observed cuckoos significantly preferred to select the more obvious white model eggs. This shows that even in an open nest, eggs that are adequately hidden can also be protected from being picked up by cuckoo females during parasitism so as to increase the survival chance of their own parasitic eggs.
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Ducatez, Simon. "Brood parasitism: a good strategy in our changing world?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, n.º 1780 (7 de abril de 2014): 20132404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2404.
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The original life-history strategy of brood-parasitic birds has been the focus of a large number of studies in ecology and evolution. Whether species adopting such a strategy differ in their response to global changes remains, however, unknown. Both the absence of investment in parental care and the capacity to spread nesting failure by laying eggs in several nests might help brood parasites in dealing with environmental changes. Alternatively, brood parasites might cumulate the negative effects of environmental changes on their own environment and on their hosts’ environment. Here, I tested whether brood parasites’ extinction risk and population trend differed from those of species with parental care. Focusing on the five bird families containing brood parasite species, I show that brood parasites are less at risk of extinction, and have a more stable population trend than species with parental care. In addition, I found that brood parasites with a higher host diversity were more likely to be increasing than those with fewer hosts. The bet-hedging strategy of brood parasites, by allowing them to spread nesting failure risks associated with environmental changes, is likely to help them resist current global changes.
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Florisvaldo Batisteli, Augusto, e Marco Aurelio Aurélio Pizo. "The location of thrush nests on buildings affects the chance of cowbird parasitism". Ecosistemas 31, n.º 1 (26 de abril de 2022): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.7818/ecos.2196.
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Nest site placement is a critical choice among passerines, being an important factor that affects their breeding success. In urban areas, human buildings offer suitable nesting sites usually less exposed to predators and brood parasitic birds and readily available to be reused for several breeding seasons. However, the extent to which the features of nest placement sites in buildings contribute to reduce nest detectability by predators and brood parasites is still unknown. Here, we tested whether the features of the nesting site (i.e., lateral concealment, distance to the building ceiling, and height above ground) affect the chance of brood parasitism by Shiny Cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) in Pale-breasted Thrushes (Turdus leucomelas) nests placed on buildings in a Brazilian suburban area from 2013 to 2019. Cowbird parasitism increased throughout the study years, and nests closer to ceilings, supposedly better concealed, were more likely to be parasitized. Laying date, height above ground, and lateral concealment were not related to the probability of cowbird parasitism. We suggest that less concealed nests enhance vicinity monitoring by parents, allowing a faster agonistic response to the presence of cowbirds near the nest. Our results indicate that nest site location in cities may have consequences for the breeding success of cowbird hosts.
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Florisvaldo Batisteli, Augusto, e Marco Aurelio Aurélio Pizo. "The location of thrush nests on buildings affects the chance of cowbird parasitism". Ecosistemas 31, n.º 1 (26 de abril de 2022): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.7818/ecos.2196.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Nest site placement is a critical choice among passerines, being an important factor that affects their breeding success. In urban areas, human buildings offer suitable nesting sites usually less exposed to predators and brood parasitic birds and readily available to be reused for several breeding seasons. However, the extent to which the features of nest placement sites in buildings contribute to reduce nest detectability by predators and brood parasites is still unknown. Here, we tested whether the features of the nesting site (i.e., lateral concealment, distance to the building ceiling, and height above ground) affect the chance of brood parasitism by Shiny Cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) in Pale-breasted Thrushes (Turdus leucomelas) nests placed on buildings in a Brazilian suburban area from 2013 to 2019. Cowbird parasitism increased throughout the study years, and nests closer to ceilings, supposedly better concealed, were more likely to be parasitized. Laying date, height above ground, and lateral concealment were not related to the probability of cowbird parasitism. We suggest that less concealed nests enhance vicinity monitoring by parents, allowing a faster agonistic response to the presence of cowbirds near the nest. Our results indicate that nest site location in cities may have consequences for the breeding success of cowbird hosts.
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Croston, R., e M. E. Hauber. "High repeatability of egg rejection in response to experimental brood parasitism in the American robin (Turdus migratorius)". Behaviour 151, n.º 6 (2014): 703–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003164.
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Repeatability is a measure of the amount of variation in a phenotype that is attributable to differences between individuals. This concept is important for any study of behaviour, as all traits of evolutionary interest must be repeatable in order to respond to selection. We investigated the repeatability of behavioural responses to experimental brood parasitism in American robins, a robust (100%) rejecter of parasitic brown-headed cowbird eggs. Because tests of repeatability require variation between individuals, we parasitized the same robin nests twice successively with model eggs dyed with colours known to elicit rejection at intermediate rates (58–70%). We calculated the repeatability of responses to parasitism, and used a generalized linear mixed model to also test for potentially confounding effects of ordinal date, presentation order, and clutch size. We found that repeatability in response to brood parasitism in this host species is high, and the best model predicting responses to sequential artificial parasitism includes only nest identity. This result is consistent with a critical assumption about egg rejection in this cowbird host as an evolved adaptation in response to brood parasitism.
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McLaren, C. M., B. E. Woolfenden, H. L. Gibbs e S. G. Sealy. "Genetic and temporal patterns of multiple parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) on song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2003): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-002.
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Identifying the factors used by an avian brood parasite to select host nests is important in understanding the determinates of individual reproductive success, yet such factors are poorly known for most parasitic species. Insights into these factors may come from understanding the conditions under which female parasites lay more than one egg per host nest (multiple parasitism). Using genetic techniques we examined patterns of multiple parasitism on a preferred host, the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), to determine some basic patterns of multiple parasitism. Multiple parasitism involved equal frequencies of the same female parasitizing the same nest again and two or more females parasitizing the same nest. The frequency of multiple parasitism increased as the season progressed. We also documented a high frequency of parasitism that was not synchronized with host laying. These laying patterns may be the result of cowbirds "making the best of a bad situation" or of suboptimal host choice by inexperienced, nonselective females.
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Noel, Kristen, Rodger D. Titman e Shawn R. Craik. "No support for relatedness and kin selection to explain high rates of conspecific brood parasitism in colonial Red-breasted Mergansers (Mergus serrator)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 99, n.º 6 (junho de 2021): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2020-0251.
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Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) has been observed in approximately half of all species of waterfowl, a philopatric group in which breeding females are frequently locally related. It has been suggested that kin selection can facilitate the evolution of CBP in waterfowl via fitness benefits for the host and parasite. One model demonstrates that discrimination of related and unrelated parasites by the host must be sufficient for kinship to promote CBP, provided that costs of brood parasitism to host fitness are sufficiently low. We parameterized the model using demographic data and behavioural observations from a population of colonial Red-breasted Mergansers (Mergus serrator Linnaeus, 1758) in which 47% of nests were parasitized by conspecifics. The costs of 1–3 foreign eggs to host hatching success were generally small (decline of 1.8% per additional egg). Nevertheless, model outputs revealed that brood parasites maximize their inclusive fitness by avoiding nests of relatives, primarily because of constraints on a host’s ability to detect parasites at the nest. Indeed, hosts spent <8% of the diurnal period at the nest during egg laying, a period when parasite activity is greatest. It is thus highly unlikely that relatedness and kin selection promote brood parasitism in this population.
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Whittingham, Linda A., e Peter O. Dunn. "Female Responses to Intraspecific Brood Parasitism in the Tree Swallow". Condor 103, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2001): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/103.1.166.
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Abstract We studied female responses to experimental intraspecific brood parasitism (IBP), or egg-dumping, in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Unlike other species of swallows, Tree Swallow nests are rarely parasitized by conspecifics. We experimentally parasitized nests of Tree Swallows to investigate how females respond to uncertain maternity. Host females accepted a parasitic egg if it was added to the nest within 3 days of the host's first egg (62%). In contrast, the host female buried the parasitic egg (24%) or deserted the nest (14%) when the parasitic egg was added 4 or more days before the host's first egg. The acceptance of parasitic eggs close to the host's own laying date is similar to the behavior reported for other species; however, egg burial and nest desertion appear to be rare as responses to intraspecific brood parasitism. We suggest that the low level of IBP in Tree Swallows has evolved as an indirect consequence of females defending their nest cavity against usurpation.
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Stokke, Bård. "Costs associated with recognition and rejection of parasitic eggs in two European passerines". Behaviour 139, n.º 5 (2002): 629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390260136744.
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AbstractMany avian brood parasite hosts accept parasitic eggs even though successful parasitism frequently is detrimental to their own reproduction. Such behaviour seems suboptimal, but has been explained by the existence of opposing selective pressures operating against the evolution of appropriate host defence. Costs associated with rejection and recognition of eggs are central topics in this respect. Here, we report the occurrence of such costs in two European passerines (chaffinches and blackcaps) that are good rejecters of foreign eggs, even though the common cuckoo does not presently use them as hosts. Since high rejection rates are maintained in the absence of parasitism, we predicted that few recognition errors are made by these species. We tested this prediction by monitoring the occurrence of such errors in both experimentally parasitised and non-parasitised host clutches. We found support for the prediction, as our results show that recognition errors are at best rare events in these two species. We discuss the role of intraspecific brood parasitism as well as other explanations for the retention of a high rejection rate in these species. Various studies have reported mixed support for the occurrence of recognition errors among cuckoo hosts, and we consider other explanations for the existence of both acceptors and rejecters of foreign eggs in host populations.
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Krüger, Oliver. "Brood parasitism selects for no defence in a cuckoo host". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, n.º 1719 (2 de fevereiro de 2011): 2777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2629.
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In coevolutionary arms races, like between cuckoos and their hosts, it is easy to understand why the host is under selection favouring anti-parasitism behaviour, such as egg rejection, which can lead to parasites evolving remarkable adaptations to ‘trick’ their host, such as mimetic eggs. But what about cases where the cuckoo egg is not mimetic and where the host does not act against it? Classically, such apparently non-adaptive behaviour is put down to evolutionary lag: given enough time, egg mimicry and parasite avoidance strategies will evolve. An alternative is that absence of egg mimicry and of anti-parasite behaviour is stable. Such stability is at first sight highly paradoxical. I show, using both field and experimental data to parametrize a simulation model, that the absence of defence behaviour by Cape bulbuls ( Pycnonotus capensis ) against parasitic eggs of the Jacobin cuckoo ( Clamator jacobinus ) is optimal behaviour. The cuckoo has evolved massive eggs (double the size of bulbul eggs) with thick shells, making it very hard or impossible for the host to eject the cuckoo egg. The host could still avoid brood parasitism by nest desertion. However, higher predation and parasitism risks later in the season makes desertion more costly than accepting the cuckoo egg, a strategy aided by the fact that many cuckoo eggs are incorrectly timed, so do not hatch in time and hence do not reduce host fitness to zero. Selection will therefore prevent the continuation of any coevolutionary arms race. Non-mimetic eggs and absence of defence strategies against cuckoo eggs will be the stable, if at first sight paradoxical, result.
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Peer, Brian D. "Conspecific Brood Parasitism by the Dickcissel". Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122, n.º 1 (março de 2010): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/09-093.1.
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Lokemoen, John T., e Terry L. Shaffer. "Analysis Error in Brood Parasitism Paper". Condor 94, n.º 2 (maio de 1992): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369235.
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KRAKAUER, ALAN H., e REBECCA T. KIMBALL. "Interspecific brood parasitism in galliform birds". Ibis 151, n.º 2 (26 de março de 2009): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2009.00916.x.
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May, Robert M., e Scott K. Robinson. "Population Dynamics of Avian Brood Parasitism". American Naturalist 126, n.º 4 (outubro de 1985): 475–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/284433.
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de Valpine, Perry, e John M. Eadie. "Conspecific Brood Parasitism and Population Dynamics". American Naturalist 172, n.º 4 (outubro de 2008): 547–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/590956.
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Power, Harry W. "The calculation of net brood parasitism". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5, n.º 6 (junho de 1990): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(90)90211-u.
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Lusignan, Alain P., Katherine R. Mehl, Ian L. Jones e Mark L. Gloutney. "Conspecific Brood Parasitism in Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima): Do Brood Parasites Target Safe Nest Sites?" Auk 127, n.º 4 (outubro de 2010): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/auk.2010.09207.
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Cichoń, Mariusz. "The evolution of brood parasitism: the role of facultative parasitism". Behavioral Ecology 7, n.º 2 (1996): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/7.2.137.
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Haraszthy, László. "Cases of occasional interspecific brood parasitism and egg dumping in Hungary". Ornis Hungarica 27, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2019): 115–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2019-0020.
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Abstract There are numerous publications in the ornithological literature on mixed-species broods, i.e. on cases when a species lays some or all of its eggs into the nests of other species. This phenomenon, known as brood parasitism, has not yet been studied in Hungary. Here, I use the term brood parasitism, but I could not separate cases of egg dumping, a reproductive error by females. Based on literature and my own observations, I found evidence for interspecific brood parasitism in 28 species breeding in Hungary, not including the cases of the obligate interspecific brood parasite, the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Only one of these belongs to passerines, while in the rest of the cases, this phenomenon occurred in representatives of non-passerine families. However, cases of brood parasitism and nest parasitism have to be treated separately. The latter refers to cases when a species occupies a nest, usually a nesthole or nestbox, already containing eggs of another species, and lays its own eggs next to the foreign eggs. The present study provides data on European Roller (Coracias garrulus), Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Red-footed Falcon (Falco vespertinus), Eurasian Hobby (Falco subbuteo), tit species (Parus, Cyanistes, Poecile spp.), Eurasian Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) and Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus), but in all likelihood the number of species involved is much higher.
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Yang, Canchao, Wei Liang e Anders P. Møller. "Egg retrieval versus egg rejection in cuckoo hosts". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0200.
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Before complex nests evolved, birds laid eggs on the ground, and egg retrieval evolved as an adaptation against accidental displacement of eggs outside the nest. Therefore, egg retrieval is an ancient, and likely ancestral, widespread behaviour in birds. However, it has received little attention in studies of avian brood parasitism, perhaps because most parasitism occurs in species with complex nests, a context in which egg retrieval seems irrelevant. However, for cavity-nesting hosts of avian brood parasites, egg retrieval may still play an important role in the coevolutionary interactions between obligate brood parasites and hosts, because egg retrieval can be considered to be antagonistic to egg rejection behaviour in hosts, yet both may involve cognition to recognize eggs. We hypothesized that (1) cavity-nesting hosts should retrieve misplaced eggs from outside the nest cup, (2) brood parasitism has modulated egg retrieval behaviour in cavity-nesting hosts and (3) hosts use the same visual cues for decision-making during egg recognition in both egg retrieval and egg rejection actions. To test these hypotheses, we performed a series of experiments in a cavity-nesting host, the green-backed tit (Parus monticolus). Foreign eggs with different levels of mimicry were placed within or outside nest cups of hosts to test their responses. We found that host decisions about whether to retrieve or reject an egg both depended on the degree of mimicry. However, hosts sometimes first retrieved poorly mimetic foreign eggs and then rejected them. Alternatively, hosts sometimes failed to retrieve highly mimetic conspecific eggs. We suggest that egg retrieval in hosts is likely to be a result of the interaction between ancient retrieval behaviour and subsequent adaptation against brood parasitism.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Rock, C. A., S. P. Quinlan, M. Martin e D. J. Green. "Age-dependent costs of cowbird parasitism in Yellow Warblers (Setophaga petechia)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, n.º 7 (julho de 2013): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0014.
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Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater (Boddaert, 1783)) often reduces the reproductive success of their hosts. We examined whether the ability of females to avoid or mitigate the costs of brood parasitism improved with age in a population of Yellow Warblers (Setophaga petechia (L., 1766)) breeding near Revelstoke, British Columbia, between 2004 and 2011. Cowbirds parasitized 18% of Yellow Warbler nesting attempts and females rejected 24% of parasitized nests, principally by deserting the nest and initiating a new breeding attempt. We found no evidence that older females were better at avoiding parasitism or more likely to reject parasitized nests than yearlings. On average, brood parasitism reduced clutch sizes by 0.8 eggs, had no effect on nest success, but reduced the number of young fledged from successful nests by 1.3 offspring. Despite age-related improvement in some measures of breeding performance, the costs of brood parasitism at each period of the breeding cycle did not vary with age. There was, however, some evidence, that brood parasitism reduced the annual productivity (total number of young fledged) of older females less than the annual productivity of yearlings suggesting that the cumulative costs of brood parasitism varied with age.
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Suhonen, Jukka, Jaakko J. Ilvonen, Tommi Nyman e Jouni Sorvari. "Brood parasitism in eusocial insects (Hymenoptera): role of host geographical range size and phylogeny". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0203.
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Interspecific brood parasitism is common in many animal systems. Brood parasites enter the nests of other species and divert host resources for producing their own offspring, which can lead to strong antagonistic parasite–host coevolution. Here, we look at commonalities among social insect species that are victims of brood parasites, and use phylogenetic data and information on geographical range size to predict which species are most probably to fall victims to brood parasites in the future. In our analyses, we focus on three eusocial hymenopteran groups and their brood parasites: (i) bumblebees, (ii) Myrmica ants, and (iii) vespine and polistine wasps. In these groups, some, but not all, species are parasitized by obligate workerless inquilines that only produce reproductive-caste descendants. We find phylogenetic signals for geographical range size and the presence of parasites in bumblebees, but not in ants and wasps. Phylogenetic logistic regressions indicate that the probability of being attacked by one or more brood parasite species increases with the size of the geographical range in bumblebees, but the effect is statistically only marginally significant in ants. However, non-phylogenetic logistic regressions suggest that bumblebee species with the largest geographical range sizes may have a lower likelihood of harbouring social parasites than do hosts with medium-sized ranges. Our results provide new insights into the ecology and evolution of host–social parasite systems, and indicate that host phylogeny and geographical range size can be used to predict threats posed by social parasites, as well to design efficient conservation measures for both hosts and their parasites. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Lindholm, Anna, e Robert Thomas. "BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF REED WARBLERS IN DEFENCES AGAINST BROOD PARASITISM". Behaviour 137, n.º 1 (2000): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900501854.
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AbstractTwo potential defences against brood parasitism by the cuckoo Cuculus canorus were compared experimentally between British populations of reed warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus that are parasitised at different rates. (1) Rates of rejection of model cuckoo eggs were lower at two unparasitised populations which did not have resident cuckoos, than at a rarely parasitised population which had cuckoos nearby, and at a regularly parasitised population. (2) Reed warblers from an unparasitised population showed a slightly weaker response to taxidermic mounts of cuckoos and, unlike a parasitised population, did not differentiate between mounts of a cuckoo, sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus and jay Garrulus glandarius . Differences in exposure to real predators may explain the differences in responses to mounted predators between populations, as specific aggressive responses to predators are likely to have been learned. Although evidence from dispersal and population turnover data suggests that there is likely to be gene flow between reed warbler populations in Britain, the hypothesis that the population differences reflect genotypic differences could not be ruled out. An alternative explanation of phenotypic plasticity in defences could also explain the population differences. Phenotypic plasticity in defences would be favoured in environments where the risk of parasitism fluctuates, if those defences are costly to unparasitised reed warblers.
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Feeney, William E., e Christina Riehl. "Monogamy without parental care? Social and genetic mating systems of avian brood parasites". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1769 (11 de fevereiro de 2019): 20180201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0201.
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Classic evolutionary theory predicts that monogamy should be intimately linked with parental care. It has long been assumed, therefore, that avian brood parasites—which lay their eggs in the nests of ‘host’ species and provide little, if any, parental care—should be overwhelmingly promiscuous. However, recent studies have revealed that the social mating systems of brood parasites are surprisingly diverse, encompassing lek polygyny, monogamy, polygamy and promiscuity. What ecological or phylogenetic factors explain this variation, and why are some brood parasites apparently monogamous? Here we review the social and genetic mating systems of all 75 brood parasitic species for which data are available and evaluate several hypotheses that may help explain these patterns. We find that social monogamy is widespread, often co-occurring with territoriality and cooperative behaviour by the mated pair. Comparative studies, though preliminary, suggest that in some species, monogamy is associated with low host density and polygamy with higher host density. Interestingly, molecular data show that genetic and social mating systems can be entirely decoupled: genetic monogamy can occur in parasitic species that lack behavioural pair-bonds, possibly as a by-product of territoriality; conversely, social monogamy has been reported in parasites that are genetically polygamous. This synthesis suggests that social and genetic monogamy may result from very different selective pressures, and that male–female cooperative behaviours, population density and territoriality may all interact to favour the evolution of monogamous mating in brood parasites. Given that detailed descriptive data of social, and especially genetic, mating systems are still lacking for the majority of brood parasitic species, definitive tests of these hypotheses await future work. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.