Artigos de revistas: "Case frame construction"

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Perek, Florent, e Amanda L. Patten. "Towards an English Constructicon using patterns and frames". Constructions in Applied Linguistics 24, n.º 3 (27 de agosto de 2019): 354–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.00016.per.

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Abstract Recent research in construction grammar has been marked by increasing efforts to create constructicons: detailed inventories of form-meaning pairs to describe the grammar of a given language, following the principles of construction grammar. This paper describes proposals for building a new constructicon of English, based on the combination of the COBUILD Grammar Patterns and the semantic frames of FrameNet. In this case study, the valency information from FrameNet was automatically matched to the verb patterns of COBUILD, in order to identify the frames that each pattern is associated with. We find that the automatic procedure must be complemented by a good deal of manual annotation. We examine the “V that” pattern in particular, illustrating how the frame information can be used to describe this pattern in terms of constructions.

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Soetanto, R., J. Glass, A. R. J. Dainty e A. D. F. Price. "Structural frame selection: case studies of hybrid concrete frames". Building Research & Information 35, n.º 2 (20 de março de 2007): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613210600809029.

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Matsumoto, Yoshiko. "Partnership between grammatical construction and interactional frame". Constructions and Frames 7, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2015): 289–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.7.2.05mat.

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Building on the seminal work on grammar and frames (e.g. Fillmore 1982), in addition to recent studies that apply a construction grammar approach to the description of genres (Antonopoulou & Nikiforidou 2011; Nikiforidou 2010b; Östman 2005) and spoken discourse (Fischer 2011; Fried & Östman 2005), this paper highlights the importance of extending the analytical boundary of grammar to include interactional frames, e.g. genres and social interactions. Using as an illustrative case the stand-alone noun-modifying construction in Japanese, a grammatical construction that is genre-sensitive, this paper suggests that grammatical constructions and interactional frames are in partnership in the construction of meaning. It is argued that this partnership is mediated by the proficient language users’ knowledge, which is socially and culturally inculcated and fostered, and therefore it is important to keep the theoretical model flexible enough to acknowledge fluidity in grammatical understanding.

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Семыкина, Ксения Сергеевна. "The Media’s Construction of LGBT Pride Parades in Russia". Journal of Social Policy Studies 17, n.º 2 (27 de junho de 2019): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/727-0634-2019-17-2-281-292.

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This article analyses media representations of LGBT social movements, taking the case of Saint Petersburg LGBT pride parades. The analysis is developed through the use of framing theory, which views the media as an arena where interest groups promote their own interpretations of particular issues. Frames juxtapose elements of the text in such a way as to provide the audience with a scheme within which to perceive the message. Social movements are viewed as interest groups that introduce new frames in public debate. Two types of frames can be distinguished: collective action frames and status quo frames. In this study, the usage of two collective action frames (equality frame and victim frame), and two status quo frames (morality frame and propaganda promoting homosexuality frame) were examined. Additionally, the sources of quotes used in news stories were analyzed. The study focuses on articles dedicated to Saint Petersburg LGBT pride marches in the years 2010–2017 in the most popular local Internet websites. The analysis shows that the coverage of LGBT pride marches can be divided into two distinct periods: 2010–2013 and 2014–2017. In the first period, LGBT activists dominated the coverage, quoted about twice as much as government officials. Equality and victim frames were prevalent. In the second period, activists were cited significantly less often, with the propaganda promoting homosexuality frame dominating the discourse. However, contrary to findings of previous studies on social movement representation, across the whole period under consideration, LGBT activists were quoted more often than government representatives. This finding calls for a further exploration of the conditions which allowed for such coverage in the context of political heterosexism and homophobia.

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Fujii, Seiko, e Russell Lee-Goldman. "Argument structure satisfaction via unselected adjuncts". Belgian Journal of Linguistics, Volume 34 (2020) 34 (31 de dezembro de 2020): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00036.fuj.

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Abstract This paper presents a frame-based constructional approach to argument structure satisfaction via unselected adjuncts, by focusing on one such case in Japanese. It points out an intriguing constructional phenomenon whereby causal adjunct clauses marked with node ‘because’, as used with main-clause predicates that evoke communication frames (such as Telling and Warning), serve to satisfy main-clause argument structure. The node clause precedes the main-clause speech act of telling/warning, and can be interpreted as a speech-act causal (Sweetser 1990). The node clause at the same time conveys the content of informing or warning, i.e., the core Frame Element message, which is absent as a main-clause complement. This analysis of argument structure satisfaction via unselected adjuncts provides evidence for a Frame Semantic approach to argument structure that incorporates Construction Grammar.

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Cheung, Kevin C. K. "Case Studies of Multi-Storey Wood-Frame Construction in USA". Structural Engineering International 18, n.º 2 (maio de 2008): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686608784218789.

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Oladazimi, Amir, Saeed Mansour e Seyed Abbas Hosseinijou. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Steel and Concrete Construction Frames: A Case Study of Two Residential Buildings in Iran". Buildings 10, n.º 3 (12 de março de 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10030054.

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Given the fact that during the recent years the majority of buildings in Iran have been constructed either on steel or concrete frames, it is essential to investigate the environmental impacts of materials used in such constructions. For this purpose, two multi-story residential buildings in Tehran with a similar function have been considered in this study. One building was constructed with a steel frame and the other was constructed with a concrete frame. Using the life cycle assessment tool, a complete analysis of all the stages of a building’s life cycle from raw material acquisition to demolition and recycling of wastes was carried out. In this research, the environmental impacts included global warming potential in 100 years, acidification, eutrophication potential, human toxicity (cancer and non-cancer effects), resource depletion (water and mineral), climate change, fossil fuel consumption, air acidification and biotoxicity. It could be concluded from the results that the total pollution of the concrete frame in all eleven aforementioned impact factors was almost 219,000 tonnes higher than that of the steel frame. Moreover, based on the results, the concrete frame had poorer performance in all but one impact factor. With respect to global warming potential, the findings indicated there were two types of organic and non-organic gases that had an impact on global warming. Among non-organic emissions, CO2 had the biggest contribution to global warming potential, while among organic emissions, methane was the top contributor. These findings suggest the use of steel frames in the building industry in Iran to prevent further environmental damage; however, in the future, more research studies in this area are needed to completely investigate all aspects of decision on the choice of building frames, including economic and social aspects.

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Wiliński, Jarosław. "On the Brink of-Noun vs. On the Verge of-Noun: a Distinctive-Collexeme Analysis". Research in Language 15, n.º 4 (30 de dezembro de 2017): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2017-0024.

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This paper uses the terminology of Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1996; 2006) and a corpus-based method to investigate a pair of semantically similar constructions and the lexemes that occur in both of them. The method, referred to as distinctive-collexeme analysis (Gries and Stefanowitsch 2004a), seeks to identify lexemes that exhibit a strong preference for one construction as opposed to another: in other words, to uncover subtle distributional differences between two semantically or functionally near-equivalent constructions. On the basis of the case study dealing with the on the brink of- noun construction versus the on the verge of- noun construction, the paper shows that there are lexemes that prefer one of the investigated patterns over the other. Moreover, the results of the distinctive-collexeme analysis reveal that the frame-constructional semantics is a relevant factor in the choice between these two patterns.

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MOWRTAGE (VAIL KARAKALE), WAIEL. "PARALLEL STEEL FRAME TECHNIQUE FOR SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF RC STRUCTURES: CASE STUDY". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 07, n.º 05 (dezembro de 2013): 1350038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431113500383.

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To strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) structures against possible future earthquakes, several techniques are used in practice such as adding new RC shear walls, column jacketing using steel or RC or carbon fibers, adding steel bracing, and using seismic isolation and dampers. To apply these techniques, the whole building or part of it should be evacuated for several months and if this building is a school or a factory it means that the building will lose its function for several months during the strengthening construction. In this paper, parallel braced steel frame strengthening technique is proposed to strengthen the low or middle raise RC structures in which all the construction works are applied from outside of the building and do not affect the building function. The main features of this technique are ensuring the view, ventilation, and sunlight from windows after the retrofitting work is done. Furthermore, using the construction steel members lead to shortening the construction term, improve in quality, and reduce costs. The idea of this technique is to reduce the earthquake displacement demand on the nonductile existing RC structures by attaching steel frames to the building floors. These frames are parallel to the structural system of the building and their foundations are connected to the existing building's foundation. In doing so, it is expected that during an earthquake the building's interstory drifts will reduce in half and prevent building collapse. The parallel steel frames can be designed to the desired limit states using performance-based design method in FEMA or Turkish earthquake code. A study case of a factory building in Turkey is presented. The seismic performance of the building before and after the strengthening was evaluated according to the Turkish earthquake code TERDC-2007. Analysis results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

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WOJDYŁŁO, PIOTR. "WILSON SYSTEM FOR TRIPLE REDUNDANCY". International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 09, n.º 01 (janeiro de 2011): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691311003980.

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A Wilson orthonormal basis was constructed in 1991 by Daubechies, Jaffard and Journé from Gabor tight frame elements, when the redundancy of the Gabor system is 2. In 1994, Auscher gave a characterization of the atoms for which the Wilson system is an orthonormal basis. Afterwards, Gröchenig posed a question whether the construction of an orthonormal Wilson basis is possible for a Gabor tight frame of redundancy 3. We give a partial positive answer to this question constructing in this case a Wilson system being a tight frame with bound 1.

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Moore, Cath. "Position-in-frame". Networking Knowledge: Journal of the MeCCSA Postgraduate Network 10, n.º 2 (14 de junho de 2017): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31165/nk.2017.102.505.

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An integral connection point between the screenplay and reader/viewer is the protagonist’s transformative journey. The construction of this narrative backbone is critical to the articulation of overarching thematic concerns and story premise but also reflects the story creator’s worldview- one often coloured by representations of gender. The Hollywood model certainly divides narrative function along gender lines but does this representation hold true within a different cultural context? This article examines the selected screen stories of Danish director Susanne Bier whose partnership with screenwriter Anders Thomas Jensen is one of Denmark’s most successful film partnerships. Employing a case study methodology I examine the dramatic function of and agency afforded screen characters and the critical dynamic between cultural landscape, practitioner preference and narrative inquiry. Key to this address is an exploration of mobility, legacy and sacrifice as textual considerations of gender and its utilisation as transnational narrative strategy.

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Ma, Shu Fen, e Xie Dong Zhang. "Behavior Response Analysis of Long Span Rigid-Frame Bridge Considering Construction Error". Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (agosto de 2013): 1370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.1370.

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From the aspect of accumulated construction error of the bridge, the inaccuracy analysis method was put forward. Considering the two kinds of construction error case in construction stage, the inaccuracy response numerical model was built. The error effect to the bridge was researched quantitatively and qualitatively. The results demonstrate that more attention should be paid to the effects of two kinds of construction error on the stress and deformation of bridge. The study of sensitivity analysis of structural damage cases should also be engaged in the design and construction stage for the optimal reliability.

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Rizwan, Muhammad, Muhammad Fahad, Muhammad Naeem e Mohammad Adil. "Energy Dissipation in Frame Structures using Sliding Lever Mechanism Technique". Open Construction & Building Technology Journal 15, n.º 1 (18 de março de 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836802115010001.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the seismic energy dissipation mechanism of a novel and newly proposed sliding lever damping energy dissipation through dynamic shake table testing. Background: Typical energy dissipation systems consist of brace members and installed dampers, which are directly connected to structural members such as beams, columns and joint regions. This can cause additional load concentrations and may require retrofitting or strengthening of existing structures. In order to avoid the load demand on the main structural system, a new energy dissipation technique based on a sliding lever mechanism is proposed and tested through dynamic testing. Objective: The objective of this study was to test a new sliding lever damping energy dissipation through dynamic shake table testing within the scope of steel frame structures. Methods: In order to investigate the proposed energy dissipation configuration, a 1/3rd reduced scaled, three-story and one bay steel frame model has been fabricated and tested in a uni-directional shaking with increasing excitation and, without and with the new technique. For the sliding lever energy dissipation configuration, a non-structural frame (i.e., carrying no gravity loads) has been constructed and provided with an installed ramp-damper assembly. The shaking responses in the form of acceleration and displacement histories have been obtained during the experimental program and compared in order to check the efficiency of the proposed configuration. Results: The results showed a reduction of 55% to 6% in stories deflections and 36% to 12% in acceleration with the newly proposed sliding lever mechanism energy dissipation technique. The top story peak displacements for the damped frame case decreased by 36.55% in case of 0.1 g, 37.95% in case of 0.2g, 31.89% in case of 0.3g, 38.05% in case of 0.4g, 29.37% in case of 0.5g and 12.06% in case of 0.6g shaking excitation. Conclusion: It has been confirmed from the current experimental studies that the new configuration was quite effective in reducing the overall displacement and acceleration response. The reduction in the structural response parameters was very significant during low excitation shaking, whereas, with the increase in shaking intensities, the responses varied with much less difference.

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Bhade, Shweta S. "Construction Sequence Analysis and Conventional Lumped Analysis considering P-Delta Effect by Using Etabs". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, n.º VII (15 de julho de 2021): 1181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36448.

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While analyzing a multistorey building frame, conventionally all the probable loads are applied after modeling the entire building frame. But in practice the frame is constructed in various stages. Accordingly, the stability of frame varies at every construction stage. Even during construction freshly placed concrete floor is supported by previously cast floor by formwork. Thus, the loads assumed in conventional analysis will vary in transient situation. Obviously, results obtained by the traditional analysis will be unsuitable. Therefore, the frame should be analyzed at every construction stage taking into account variation in loads. The phenomenon known as Construction Sequence Analysis considers these uncertainties precisely. Therefore, the building structure should be analysed at every stage of construction taking into account the load variations. In this project two cases have been considered. Whereas in Case 1 the multistoried building (G+22 storied) with ﬂoating columns and transfer girder will be analysed by response spectrum method and considering P-delta effect as a whole for the subjected loading and in Case 2 the multistoried building (G+22storied) with ﬂoating columns and transfer girder will be analysed by response spectrum method with reference to the construction sequence or staged construction and considering P-delta effect. In the present study a G+22 storey multistoried R.C.C building model is modelled using Etabs 2019 software. Response spectrum analysis is made by considering building situated in zone III.Building models are analyzed by Etabs 2019 software to study the effect of maximum positive moment, maximum negative moment, maximum shear forces, maximum deflection, maximum torsion moment of transfer girder beam and total axial load under transfer girder and floating column etc

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Kim, Jin-Won, Namhyuk Ham e Jae-Jun Kim. "Quantitative Analysis of Waiting Length and Waiting Time for Frame Construction Work Activities Using a Queue Model; Focusing on Korean Apartment Construction". Sustainability 13, n.º 7 (29 de março de 2021): 3778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073778.

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The frame construction of an apartment complex that consists of multiple buildings encounters various uncertainties, owing to the complex relationships between units of work. Currently, the period of such a construction is calculated based on the number of floors of the highest building in the complex. This study quantitatively analyzes an apartment frame construction period using a queue model and evaluates the validity of the estimated period. In this regard, a methodology is proposed for analyzing the construction period by applying the concept of a customer and a server. A case study on the duration of an apartment frame construction period is conducted with the Korea Land and Housing Corporation, which has supplied the largest number of apartments in South Korea. It was found that the stable state of a queue system was observed when the rate of server utilization was applied to the basement and above-ground floors. However, a stable state was not reached on the ground floor. This study includes non-working days in its calculation and quantitatively analyzes uncertainty factors during construction. Therefore, the findings can be practically utilized to quantitatively plan the durations of work units in an apartment frame construction.

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Traykova, Marina, Raina Boiadjieva-Marinova e Alexander Traykov. "Strengthening of existing RC frame in case of construction of additional floor, with account for the construction stages". IABSE Symposium Report 105, n.º 23 (23 de setembro de 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137815818358484.

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Kim, Gwang Hee, Hyun Woo Joh, Young Do Lee e Yoon Seok Shin. "A Case Study of Reinforced Self-Supported Retaining Wall (RSW)". Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (agosto de 2013): 2799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2799.

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With increasing land prices and a lack of space in urban areas, urban construction sites are requiring deeper and larger excavations. For this reason, excavation is becoming more important. With deeper excavation, the retaining wall system needs to be adjusted, and a support system for retaining walls needs to be established so that the construction can resist the soil pressure. This can have potential problems depending on construction costs, the duration of construction, and the quality of structural frame. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the conventional retaining wall system with the use of a Reinforcement Self-Supported Retaining Wall (RSW). This study revealed that the construction costs of RSW are 4 percent lower than those for the conventional retaining wall system.

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Tai-Yi Liu, Cheng-An Lee, Hong-Kee Tzou, Shiun-Jye Lin, Mao-Yi Chou e Ke-Fan Jhan. "Sustainable Solution for Shoring Method of Cross-Creek Bridge in Ankeng MRT System in New Taipei City: A Case Study". International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, n.º 1 (5 de fevereiro de 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.1.3.

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In the Ankeng Light Rail MRT system (ALRMS) project, the U7 box girder passes crossing the Erbads creek and needs a temporary supporting system for the construction work. In this study, three temporary shoring system options were proposed to be the construction method. The D-B Contractor, New Asia construction and Development Corporation, evaluated and selected the optimal choice, The Steel truss frame with supporting beams, to serve as the temporary supporting system. Compare the deflection of Δmax and Δactual, which are 1.609 cm and 1.59 cm, respectively. This result presented that the shoring system composed of the H912*302*18*37 supporting beams and steel truss frame had achieved outstanding performance and work to construct the U7 box girder. This paper presents how the three options are evaluated and the detailed construction processes along with the survey verification for the method.

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Son, Seunghyun, Kwangheon Park, Heni Fitriani e Sunkuk Kim. "Embodied CO2 Reduction Effects of Composite Precast Concrete Frame for Heavily Loaded Long-Span Logistics Buildings". Sustainability 13, n.º 3 (20 de janeiro de 2021): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031060.

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For heavily loaded long-span (HLS) logistics buildings, embodied CO2 (ECO2) of a structural frame accounts for more than 80% of the CO2 emissions of the entire building. To realize a sustainable structure from the CO2 perspective, an innovative construction method that reduces ECO2 of a structural frame is required. Through studies conducted over several years, we have developed a SMART (Sustainable, Measurable, Attainable, Reliable, and Timely) frame that is a steel connected composite precast concrete (CPC) frame that significantly reduces not only construction time and cost but also ECO2. If a SMART frame is applied to HLS logistics buildings, ECO2 reduction effects are expected to be substantial. To prove this, this study aims to analyze ECO2 reduction effects of the CPC frame for HLS logistics buildings. An HLS logistics building constructed with the existing precast concrete (PC) frame was selected as a case project. Thereafter, the typical PC girder was redesigned using the SMART frame; then, analysis was conducted on the quantity take-off of resources, such as form, rebar, steel, and concrete, as well as on ECO2 and production cost. As a result of the analysis, in the case of a single typical girder of the SMART frame, 730 kg-ECO2, which accounts for 9.52% of the CO2 emissions, was reduced compared to that of the existing PC frame. If only the typical girders of the case project are applied, a relatively larger quantity of 465 ton-ECO2 will be reduced. The results of this study will contribute in securing structural stability, as well as achieving a sustainable structure that leads to an unprecedented reduction of ECO2.

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Kikava, Temuri R. "The Analysis of the Tunnel with the Middle Soil-Based Wall". Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series. 16, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2016): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsb-2016-0002.

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Abstract The methods for analysis of the ferroconcrete construction for a particular case are proposed in the present work. The underground construction is considered and analyzed as a double-drift frame situated on linearly-deformed basis. The formulas of analysis are given herein.

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Murtha-Smith, Erling, e John E. Bean. "Double Layer Grid Space Frame Buckling". International Journal of Space Structures 4, n.º 3 (setembro de 1989): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635118900400301.

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The general problem of the buckling of space frames has been simplified for the case of double layer grid space frames making assumptions regarding the mode of buckling. These assumptions allow simple single joint equivalent substructures to be used and solved using stability functions with a single equation for each mode each involving only one variable, the load level. Typical cases are examined. In addition, the method is applied to existing experimental results and shows very good agreement. The method can be applied to the practical design of double layer grid space frame members. In addition, this method could be combined with a nonlinear space truss analysis to determine the member capacities as nonlinear behaviour develops.

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Yilmaz Karaman, Özgül, e Mine Tanaç Zeren. "Case study: Examples of Wooden Vernacular Architecture - Turkish Houses in Western Anatolia". YBL Journal of Built Environment 3, n.º 1-2 (1 de dezembro de 2015): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbe-2015-0008.

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Abstract Wooden material is described as the oldest construction material along with stone. In the historical process, especially for the buildings of shelter, timber construction components are seen to be used as primary and indispensable structural system components in different geographies of the world as well as Anatolia. This paper focuses on timber-frame structures of four different settlements from Western Anatolia. It is aimed to analyze the traditional techniques, in order to transmit our cultural heritage to the next generations, as well as obtaining some data on construction techniqes to be used for creating alternative solutions to the house production of today.

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Varga, Tibor, e Rastislav Ingeli. "The Effect of Thermal Bridges on Energy Balance of Wood Frame Houses". Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (janeiro de 2016): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.323.

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In compliance with the today’s trend of designing sustainable and energy-saving architecture, it is necessary to firstly solve the factors influencing the energy balance. In this respect, the thermal bridges in buildings constitute a crucial factor. In case of their occurrence, the use of construction and insulation building materials is significant for finding the solution. The aim of this paper is to analyse the thermal bridges in buildings constructed on the basis of light constructions. The subject of analysis was an implemented wood frame house with common sandwich construction, designed in a low-energy standard. The house analysis is divided in theoretical and experimental part. The house in question has been directly exposed to dynamic boundary conditions. In order to analyse the thermal bridges, critical details have been selected methodically, verified by thermography. The experimental and theoretical results were compared by the simulation method for calculating critical surface temperatures. Both the measurements and results show how attention shall be paid to this issue at the project stage already. With increasing demands for overall energy balance of buildings, it is necessary to exactly define the critical details and consider the thermal bridges in the project documentation already.

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Sun, Lei, Xian Wu Hao e Ya Xun Yang. "Study on the Optimization of Depth-Span Ratio Design for Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge Girder". Advanced Materials Research 280 (julho de 2011): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.280.80.

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By the force analysis of continuous rigid frame bridge girder, the depth-span ratio’s influence on the structure in load carrying was studied, the relationship between the depth-span ratio and prestressing force required by structure was established, and using the sectional force of girder in the construction and utilization of the bridge as the constraint, with the application of grid search method and the construction case of Ziyang bridge, we carried out the optimization of design on the depth-span ratio for continuous rigid frame bridge girder.

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Lámer, G. "Space creation, structural construction and force distribution". International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 4, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.4.2013.1.1.

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Abstract The paper is an overview of issues related to the space creation of a building, possibilities of developing frame structure and connections of force distribution in the construction. In plane the force distribution can be compression, bending and tension. In space “enclosing” a geometric solid means space creation. In space as it is to be expected, the force distribution must be compression, bending and tension in two different directions at the same time. This can be really variant but in the case of surface or surface-like constructions generated by translations (and/or rotations) on one hand, there are some other surfaces, which cannot be generated by translations (and/or rotations), on the other hand, the dimension of the inside “forces” is not two but three (independent components of a two-by-two tensor either in the case of compression tension, or in the case of bending). By this, force distribution is more complicated in space than in plane.

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Fazio, Paul. "A case study in integrated building design". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1990): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-072.

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The review of the design and construction details of the external wall assembly of a 122 m (400 ft) tall building in a Canadian city is presented. Inadequate tolerance consideration for the steel frame structure and elements of the building envelope and changes in the fireproofing method led to a series of changes and conflicts, delay in the project, and added costs. This case study is presented to show the need to adopt integrated building design principles from the conceptual stage to achieve compatibility between building subsystems while they are being assembled and during the life of the building and to accelerate the construction process. Key words: building envelope, tolerances, integrated building design, metal air pan, tall buildings, building engineering, case study, fireproofing.

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Sotsek, Nicolle Christine, Drielle Sanchez Leitner, Marcell Mariano Corrêa Maceno, Marcos Augusto Mendes Marques e Adriana de Paula Lacerda Santos. "Application of MEPLWF: method performance evaluation of the Light Wood Frame construction system". Ambiente Construído 21, n.º 3 (setembro de 2021): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212021000300546.

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Abstract One of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) set out in this agenda, objective 11 is related to the search for more sustainable cities and communities. This study wishes to contribute in this effort, presenting a method application to evaluate the performance of light wood frame buildings in Brazil. The structure of the method used, named MEPLWF, is based on five dimensions, which involve criteria and sub-criteria that analyse technical, social, environmental and economic requirements to evaluate buildings. It allows the examination of the operating results of buildings and the discovery of performance-related problems. The proposed method was applied in a real case study in southern Brazil, during the pre-occupation phase of the building. As a result, the performance identified in the building was 94%, which is a high performance. The application of the method in this case study diagnosed points that should be reviewed by the construction company, such as items related to fire protection and safety, flexibility and adaptability of the building system, environmental plan, energy efficiency and Costs.

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Domínguez-Martínez, Verónica, Gabriel Guarneros-Peña, Magdalena Segura-Nieto e Everardo Curiel-Quesada. "Construction of a multiframe vector to express coding sequences inEscherichia coli". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2001): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-110.

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Cloning of foreign DNA fragments for coding sequence analysis in Escherichia coli usually involves sets of three vectors. To simplify this, we constructed an expression vector named pMFV7 containing three ATG codons in different frames downstream of a Shine-Dalgarno sequence, assuming that the ribosome can use any of the three start codons in an alternative manner. Translation beginning at either of the start codons would drive the expression of any coding fragment cloned downstream. To test the feasibility of this proposal, we cloned DNA fragments of the lacZ gene in each of the possible reading frames downstream from pMFV7 start codons. Sequence analysis of the N-terminus regions around the fusion sites indicates that ribosomes indeed initiate translation at each of the three initiation codons. In one case, levels of β-galactosidase activity depended largely on the N-terminus of the translation products. We conclude that pMFV7 may be useful for expressing coding sequences regardless of their reading frame.Key words: translation initiation, in-frame gene cloning, expression vectors.

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Koronaki, Antiopi, Paul Shepherd e Mark Evernden. "Rationalization of freeform space-frame structures: Reducing variability in the joints". International Journal of Architectural Computing 18, n.º 1 (9 de janeiro de 2020): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478077119894881.

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In recent years, the application of space-frame structures on large-scale freeform designs has significantly increased due to their lightweight configuration and the freedom of design they offer. However, this has introduced a level of complexity into their construction, as doubly curved designs require non-uniform configurations. This article proposes a novel computational workflow that reduces the construction complexity of freeform space-frame structures, by minimizing variability in their joints. Space-frame joints are evaluated according to their geometry and clustered for production in compliance with the tolerance requirements of the selected fabrication process. This provides a direct insight into the level of customization required and the associated construction complexity. A subsequent geometry optimization of the space-frame’s depth minimizes the number of different joint groups required. The variables of the optimization are defined in relation to the structure’s curvature, providing a direct link between the structure’s geometry and the optimization process. Through the application of a control surface, the dimensionality of the design space is drastically reduced, rendering this method applicable to large-scale projects. A case study of an existing structure of complex geometry is presented, and this method achieves a significant reduction in the construction complexity in a robust and computationally efficient way.

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Shiah, Guan Chyun, e Chia Lun Liu. "A Case Study of Earthquake Resistant Retrofit Design with Economical Braced Steel Frame System for a Primary School". Applied Mechanics and Materials 157-158 (fevereiro de 2012): 1083–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.1083.

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This paper makes a case study of an elementary school in Feng-shan District, Kaohsiung City. According to “The handbook of seismic resistant evaluation standard for school buildings” issued by National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) in 2009, this study analyzes elementary school building adopting braced steel frame retrofit system, conducts seismic evaluation, as well as compares its seismic performance with shear-wall retrofit structure and RC strengthening of columns . If space permits, braced steel frame retrofit system can be applied into school building retrofit scheme; its seismic performance is compared with shear wall and RC strengthening of columns proposals. Adopting shear wall or RC strengthening of columns retrofit would affect main structure system of school building. These constructions will make existing reinforced concrete school building crack, especially old school building whose structure strength is greatly influenced. Therefore, an economic braced portal frame systems are proposed as new way of retrofitting. This paper uses ETABS program to make a seismic evaluation for structural system of the study object. It also compares the research object with commonly-used shear wall retrofit and RC strengthening of columns retrofit, thus to judge whether it meets requirements stipulated in seismic standards issued by NCREE and provide an another alternative scheme for the primary school retrofit construction.

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Jin, Xin, Da Hua Li e An Hui Wang. "Research and Application on the Movable Protective Frame Scaffolding in the Overpass Demolition Work". Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (julho de 2014): 784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.784.

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This essay introduces a construction case of demolishing the scrapped concrete overpass over the existing railway using the mobile protective scaffolding during the construction of an overpass reform project. When the overpass demolishing project is staging into the phase of right over the railway, moving the mobile protective scaffolding to the appropriate position guarantees an easy way for the demolishing of the scrapped overpass above as well as a safe journey for the railway. After the demolishing project, the scaffolding can be removed and dismantled. The stability of the mobile protective scaffolding structure and the design of the member response is discussed in this essay, meanwhile the controlling key points of the scaffolding during the construction is also sketched.

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Storozhenko, Leonid, Dmytro Yermolenko e Grygorii Gasii. "Investigation of the Deformation State of a Composite Cable Space Frame Structures with a Photogrammetric Method". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n.º 3.2 (20 de junho de 2018): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14568.

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The article presents experimental study results of the deformation state of composite cable space frame structures, including composite steel-concrete structures. Composite cable space frame structures are three-dimensional roof framing of long-span buildings. The designed constructions are a new type of roof framing structures and consist of typical composite steel-concrete modules connected with steel cable elements. The operation of composite cable space frame structures under load is characterised by geometric nonlinearity. The aim of the research is to study the deformation state and changing the geometric shape of experimental structures under the influence of external load. The technique of studying the deformation state of the composite cable space frame structures is based on the principles of digital photogrammetry. At the limit state the composite cable space frame structures change their regular shape. In this case, the central vertical points get the greatest vertical displacements, and the displacement value decreases closer to the supports. It is defined that the investigated construction has demonstrated combined action of all its components during the test, which indicates its effectiveness. The application of the photogrammetry method made possible to determine the moment of reaching the limit state of the composite cable space frame structures concretely.

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Prell, Christina. "Rethinking the Social Construction of Technology through ‘Following the Actors’: A Reappraisal of Technological Frames". Sociological Research Online 14, n.º 2 (março de 2009): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1913.

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In this paper, I summarize case study research on an information system called Connected Kids. This case study was guided by an approach to technology studies called the ‘Social construction of technology’ or SCOT Pinch and Bijker (1984). In discussing Connected Kids, I illustrate many of SCOT's main tenents, e.g. the various social interactions that surround and influence technology design. As the paper progresses, however, I focus on one concept in particular, that being SCOT's notion of a ‘technological frame,’ which is used as a catch-all concept for handling the structural influences in technology design. My discussion and illustration of this concept shows that – whilst technological frames help an analyst understand, in general terms, the role structure(s) play in shaping technology – the ‘heterogeneity’ of technological frames can cloak the more obvious, and potentially most influential, forces at work in technology design. In the case of Connected kids, the role of resources, and which actors had access to these resources, was critical in pointing Connected Kids down a particular trajectory. Further, this discovery emerged from listening carefully to respondents’ comments on the role of resources in their community. These comments, and my own observations on how resource-access propelled certain actors into a leadership position, led to my developing an alternative method for analyzing technological frames. The implications of this analysis are then discussed within the context of SCOT and technology studies more generally.

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Browning, JoAnn, Y. Roger Li, Abraham Lynn e Jack P. Moehle. "Performance Assessment for a Reinforced Concrete Frame Building". Earthquake Spectra 16, n.º 3 (agosto de 2000): 541–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586126.

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This paper evaluates the performance of a seven-story reinforced concrete frame building that was severely damaged during the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake. The building was designed and constructed in the 1960s and contains details that are typical of that construction era in the western United States. The building sustained severe damage that included column shear failures. The building was analyzed independently by three research teams using analysis methodólogies that were similar in concept but different in details. An objective of each analysis was to correlate observed and calculated performance. The different analyses were successful to varying degrees. The results provide a test case of the effectiveness of various seismic performance assessment methodologies.

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Lattke, Frank, e Steffen Lehmann. "Multi-Storey Residential Timber Construction: Current Developments in Europe". Journal of Green Building 2, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2007): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.2.1.119.

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This is a research paper with a focus on technical aspects of timber and on recent case studies, discussing the use of timber as multi-frame for multi-level residential buildings in Europe. The authors see this as a relevant topic within the context of the current environmental debate and the use of sustainable materials and construction methods. The conclusion suggests that timber is a high performance construction material adequate for multi-storey residential buildings, even in an urban context.

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Górecka, Katarzyna, Marek Sklodowski, Piotr Pawłowski, Joanna Szpor e Henryk Arendarski. "XVIII Century Wooden Stretchers Structure Designed for Large Canvas and an Example of the Assessment Method". Advanced Materials Research 778 (setembro de 2013): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.113.

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Paper discusses large size canvas paintings stretching methods and deformations and damages specific for large canvas resulting from an incorrect stretching. Analysis of the preservation state of a wooden stretcher construction and its functionality was an important step in development of the program of conservation work. The case study of M. H Loders painting "Adoration of the Magi" (XVIII c.) from the cathedral Saint - Aubain in Namur (Belgium) is presented. The painting is exhibited 5,5 m above the floor and has a unique shape, as the wooden stretcher frame is adjusted to the round apse walls. Thus usual direct inspection was difficult due to poor access to the reverse side of the painting. Preliminary conclusions on the construction and preservation state of the stretcher frame were drawn on the basis of a thorough inspection of the painting surface. Actual shape of the painting and precise stretchers dimensions were measured with a laser scanner. More information concerning the stretcher frame construction was obtained from a simple micro-camera system combined with LED lighting introduced from the canvas reverse side.

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McGregor, William B. "The Medio-Active Construction in Nyulnyulan Languages". Studies in Language 23, n.º 3 (31 de dezembro de 1999): 531–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.23.3.04mcg.

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Most Nyulnyulan languages (non-Pama-Nyungan, Western Australia), show an unusual clause type, the medio-active, with the case-frame of a transitive clause, but the verbal agreement of an intransitive clause; there is no formal registration in the verb. This paper provides a detailed description of the structural and semantic properties of this clause type in each language that exhibits it, identifying shared features and differences. Evidence is presented that it represents a distinct construction, of intermediate transitivity, and a grammatical analysis is proposed in terms of roles. The medio-active shows, however, few characteristics prototypical of the passive, and is not a voice option.

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Schafroth, Elmar, e Riccardo Imperiale. "Gebrauchsbasierte Phraseologie des Italienischen: Digitale Lexikographie zwischen Frame-Semantik und Konstruktionsgrammatik". Lexicographica 35, n.º 1 (1 de dezembro de 2019): 133–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lex-2019-0004.

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Abstract This article presents the lexicographical-phraseological research project GEPHRI (Usage-based Phraseology of Italian), whose theoretical foundation lies at the interface between corpus-based construction grammar and frame semantics. First, the theoretical framework will be defined (chapter 2) and then the concepts ‘internalʼ and ‘external syntaxʼ will be discussed (chapter 3). In chapter 4, the methods and problems of practical implementation are illustrated by means of specific case studies.

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Barbagallo, F., M. Bosco, A. Ghersi, E. M. Marino e P. P. Rossi. "Seismic Assessment of Steel MRFs by Cyclic Pushover Analysis". Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 13, n.º 1 (31 de janeiro de 2019): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/18748368019130012.

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Background:Structural members subjected to strong earthquakes undergo stiffness and strength degradation. To predict accurately the seismic behaviour of structures, nonlinear static methods of analysis have been developed in scientific literature. Generally, nonlinear static methods perform the pushover analysis by applying a monotonic lateral load. However, every earthquake input is characterized by several repeated loads with reverse in signs and the strength and deformation capacities of structures are generally related to the cumulative damage. This aspect is neglected by the conventional monotonic approaches, which tend to overestimate the strength and stiffness of structural members.Objective:This paper aims to investigate the possibility that the Cyclic Pushover Analysis (CPA) may be used as a tool to assess the seismic behaviour of structures. During the CPA, the structure is subjected to a distribution of horizontal forces that is reversed in sign when predefined peak displacements of the reference node are attained. This process repeats in cycles previously determined in a loading protocol.Methods:To investigate the effectiveness of the CPA in predicting the structural response, a steel moment resisting frame is designed as a case study building. A numerical model of this frame is developed in OpenSees. To examine the influence of the loading protocols on the seismic response, the CPA is run following the ATC-24 and the SAC protocols. Additionally, the seismic demand of the case study frame is determined by a Monotonic Pushover Analysis (MPA) and by Incremental nonlinear Dynamic Analysis (IDA).Results and Conclusions:The following results are obtained:• Despite the differences between the SAC and the ATC-24 loading protocols, the CPA applied according to those two protocols led to almost the same structural response of the case study frame.• The CPA showed the capability of catching the stiffness and strength degradation, which is otherwise neglected by the MPA. In fact, given a base shear or peak ground acceleration, the CPA leads to the estimation of larger displacement demands compared to the MPA.• During long (or medium) duration earthquakes, the CPA was necessary to estimate accurately the response of the structure. In fact, at a PGA equal to 1 g, the CPA estimated the top displacement demand with an error lower than 10%, while the MPA underestimated it by 18%.• The importance of considering the cyclic deterioration is shown at local level by the damage indexes of the frame. In the case of long earthquakes, given a top displacement of 600 mm (corresponding to a PGA equal to 1 g), the CPA estimated the damage indexes with an error equal to 12%.

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Kirtas, E., e D. J. Kakaletsis. "Numerical Investigation of Influential Parameters Concerning the Experimental Testing of RC Frames Under Cyclic Loading". Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 7, n.º 1 (30 de dezembro de 2013): 230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801307010230.

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Numerical simulations have been widely used to study the inelastic response of reinforced concrete structures under earthquake loading. Yet, due to the complex nature of structural inelastic behavior, experimental results are often required to verify the efficiency of applied numerical schemes. In this paper, experimental results of bare reinforced concrete frame models are employed to validate numerical calculations using the code Seismostruct. Moreover, numerical simulations investigate the influential parameters related to the physical experiment configuration and numerical analysis options and determine their effect on the obtained structural response. The experimental setup concerns a well-defined case study of a reinforced concrete frame under cyclic horizontal loading. The fixed base frame is subjected to increasing horizontal forces, leading to the development of plastic hinges at the structural elements. The adopted numerical approach describes successfully the inelastic behavior of the frame, as indicated by the obtained results of the overall structural response as well as the plastic hinge formation at cross section level. Comparison of the plastic hinge formation mechanism in particular, raises interesting remarks on the conditions and constraints of the physical experiments and highlights the valuable contribution of numerical simulations in their design.

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Hillard, P. J., A. J. Harrison e R. M. Atkins. "The yielding of tensioned fine wires in the Ilizarov frame". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 212, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1998): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954411981533809.

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The Ilizarov frame uses tensioned fine wires to support bone fragments. The objective of this study was to determine whether these wires deformed plastically under functional load bearing and to determine the significance of such deformation on the long-term performance of frames used for treating lower limb conditions. The mechanical characteristics of the wires were determined by means of destructive tensile tests and used in the construction of a series of finite element models replicating typical frame configurations. Each model was then subjected to a single load cycle representing a single step and the residual displacement (i.e. plastic deformation) was determined. In each case a residual displacement of between 0.26 and 0.42 mm was observed giving a corresponding reduction in wire tension of between 8.3 and 32.8 per cent. These reductions in wire tension reduce the frame's overall stiffness and so compromise its ability to inhibit high-amplitude axial and shear motions at the fracture site which are deleterious to the healing outcome.

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Flam, Helena. "Anxiety and The Successful Oppositional Construction of Societal Reality: The Case of Kor". Mobilization: An International Quarterly 1, n.º 1 (1 de março de 1996): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.1.1.p33q6r2m26413317.

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Based on narrative interviews and textual materials, the oppositional life world of the Workers' Defense Committee (KOR) in pre; Solidarity Poland is analyzed. In response to oppositional anxieties, KOR activists developed their own sub-universe of meaning. This was a social construction which, elaborated in response to the repressive Polish state, was much more extensive than a typical Western collective action frame. It helped place KOR at the vanguard of the developing opposition. Most importantly, KOR's sub-universe of meaning positioned it to lay claim to charismatic leadership and to occupy the top strata in a new hierarchy of social status. Both these claims were central in its successful mobilizing efforts.

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Gaetani d’Aragona, Marco, Maria Polese e Andrea Prota. "Effect of Masonry Infill Constitutive Law on the Global Response of Infilled RC Buildings". Buildings 11, n.º 2 (7 de fevereiro de 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11020057.

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Masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames represent a very common construction typology across the Mediterranean countries. The presence of infills substantially modifies the global seismic performances of buildings in terms of strength, stiffness, and energy dissipation. Although several research studies focused on the overall performances of infilled reinforced concrete frames, the modeling of infill panels remains an open issue due to the complex interaction between the infill and the frame and the uncertainties involved in the definition of the problem. In the present paper, an existing masonry-infilled RC frame designed according to obsolete seismic codes is chosen as a case study. A refined three-dimensional finite element model is built for performing nonlinear static and time-history analyses in order to investigate some significant aspects related to the modeling of infills. In particular, it is investigated the effect of different infill constitutive models on the seismic performance of infilled RC building expressed in terms of engineering demand parameters such as interstory drift ratios and peak floor accelerations, and on the generation of damage fragility curves.

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FUKUMOTO, Koji, Marina KOUDA, Mami SAITO, Tomohito OKAZAKI, Hiroshi ISODA e Noboru YASUI. "A CASE STUDY AND FUTURE SUBJECTS OF STEEL FRAME HYBRID STRUCTURE WITH CLT INFILL SHEAR WALLS". AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 26, n.º 64 (20 de outubro de 2020): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.26.923.

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Fischer, Kerstin. "Situation in grammar or in frames?" Constructions and Frames 7, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2015): 258–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.7.2.04fis.

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This paper addresses the conditions under which knowledge of situation-specific language use should be part of a construction grammatical representation and under which it should, rather, be part of a frame semantic representation. Using child-directed speech as an example, which has been suggested to constitute a good candidate for a register, it is shown that a conventional association between grammatical form and situation is implausible. Instead, the relationship between grammar and situation is mediated by speakers’ understandings of the functional affordances of the respective situation, to which the communication partner may contribute considerably. In the case of the so-called baby talk register, situational knowledge is thus stored best in semantic frames as a set of functions that can be demonstrated to be commonly attended to, whereas construction grammar remains an inventory of general form-function pairs.

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FERAPONTOV, E. V. "ANALOG OF WILCZYNSKI'S PROJECTIVE FRAME IN LIE SPHERE GEOMETRY: LIE-APPLICABLE SURFACES AND COMMUTING SCHRÖDINGER OPERATORS WITH MAGNETIC FIELDS". International Journal of Mathematics 13, n.º 09 (novembro de 2002): 959–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x0200154x.

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We propose a construction of surfaces in Lie sphere geometry based on the linear system which copies equations of Wilczynski's projective frame. In the particular case of Lie-applicable surfaces this linear system describes joint eigenfunctions of a pair of commuting Schrödinger operators with magnetic terms.

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Fu, Feifei, Hanbin Luo, Hua Zhong e Andrew Hill. "Development of a Carbon Emission Calculations System for Optimizing Building Plan Based on the LCA Framework". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/653849.

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Life cycle thinking has become widely applied in the assessment for building environmental performance. Various tool are developed to support the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) method. This paper focuses on the carbon emission during the building construction stage. A partial LCA framework is established to assess the carbon emission in this phase. Furthermore, five typical LCA tools programs have been compared and analyzed for demonstrating the current application of LCA tools and their limitations in the building construction stage. Based on the analysis of existing tools and sustainability demands in building, a new computer calculation system has been developed to calculate the carbon emission for optimizing the sustainability during the construction stage. The system structure and detail functions are described in this paper. Finally, a case study is analyzed to demonstrate the designed LCA framework and system functions. This case is based on a typical building in UK with different plans of masonry wall and timber frame to make a comparison. The final results disclose that a timber frame wall has less embodied carbon emission than a similar masonry structure. 16% reduction was found in this study.

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Kiose, M. I. "Perspective construal techniques in indirect non-referential naming". Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, n.º 4 (2020): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/73/13.

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The research explores the perspective construal techniques applied in predicate indirect noun groups in Russian. In this case, the discourse perspective is construed with a highly salient ob-ject of perspective in the construed frame of reference. To achieve this effect, the speaker / narrator chooses a particular type of predicate indirect noun groups, such as predicate con-structions with the verbs of fictive motion, appearance, and being (existence) or comparative constructions. Each of these construction types demonstrates its own linguistic and cognitive features, which are used to apply various perspectivization techniques to ensure that its inter-pretation will proceed successfully. To detect these techniques, a complex procedure is applied. Hand-selected fragments analysis followed by corpus statistic and correlation analysis help define the parameters and values in predicate indirect noun group constructions. These parameters are referential (bodily modus type, referent type, referent focus type), lexical (first / repeated lexeme use, type of attribute in pre-position, intensifier type in pre-position), syntactic (sentence initial / final position, position before a clause, co-reference distance in words and propositions) and textual ones (textual role, new microevent introduction). Vari-ance analysis has revealed a group of parameters typical for the studied construction types of predicate indirect noun groups. Parametric results allow describe the typical techniques of object mental scanning, object construal, frames of reference (coordinate system) construal. These include the techniques of mental path shortening / prolongation, embodiment con- strual alleviation / constraining, animated / non-animated object construal, stability / instabil-ity of frames of reference, etc.

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Soetanto, R., A. R. J. Dainty, J. Glass e A. D. F. Price. "Towards an explicit design decision process: the case of the structural frame". Construction Management and Economics 24, n.º 6 (junho de 2006): 603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446190600568173.

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Cho, Tae-Jea, e Jong-Soo Choi. "Case Studies: Schedule Delay Factors and Delay Prevention Program for Concrete Frame Works in Apartment Construction Project". Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction 11, n.º 1 (20 de fevereiro de 2011): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5345/jkic.2011.02.1.009.

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