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Rohenkohl, Gustavo. "Cognitive neuroscience, experimental psychology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547508.
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Robertson, Toby Andrew. "The social psychology of contradictions." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337682.
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Durrheim, Kevin. "Rethinking cognitive style in psychology." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13472.
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Bibliography: leaves 240-257.<br>This thesis proposes to answer a single question: do the stylistic features of cognition operate independently of cognitive contents? The question itself has a history, and the way it has been framed, and the types of answers it has attracted have been related to ideological and political interests. Chapter 1 reviews four social psychological theories of the relationship between cognitive style and ideological beliefs - authoritarianism, extremism theory, context theory, and value pluralism theory. It argues that these (empiricist) accounts have been bedeviled by a tension between theoretical universalism and political critique, and have fostered the view that cognitive traits are stable, general, and pervasive properties of individual psychology. Chapter 2 focuses on the construct of intolerance of ambiguity, and shows how - in the manner of Danziger's (1985) "methodological circle" - universalistic assumptions have become incorporated into measurement instruments; and how all evidence of individual variability in cognitive style has been accommodated by interactionist models of personality, leaving the empiricist view intact. Roy Bhaskar's critical realism is used as an alternative to a empiricist psychology, and Michael Billig's rhetorical psychology is used as an alternative to universalistic theories of cognitive style. A measurement procedure is developed which can assess cross-content variability in ambiguity tolerance. Three studies are performed in order to justify a move towards an anti-universalistic conception of cognitive style. Study l evaluates the hypothesized generality of ambiguity tolerance on a sample of university students. Factor analysis and correlational matrices show that ambiguity tolerance toward different authorities is domain specific, and that different factors are related to each other positively, negatively, and orthogonally. Study 2 employs the same sample, and uses polynomial regression analysis to show that the relationship between ambiguity tolerance and ideological conservatism is highly variable across content domain. Study 3 replicates these central findings with another student sample and with different scale contents. The results of all three studies arc contrary to the predictions of the social psychological accounts of cognitive style. They show that expressions of cognitive style are context- and content-dependent, and suggest that the empiricist "thing-like" ontology be replaced with a praxis- and concept-dependent ontology.
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Harrison, David J. "Connectionism, folk psychology and cognitive architecture." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322924.
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Dewhurst, Joseph Edmund. "From folk psychology to cognitive ontology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25916.
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This thesis examines the relationship between folk psychology and scientific psychology, and argues that the conceptual taxonomy provided by the former is unsuitable for fine-grained cognitive scientific research. I avoid traditional eliminativism by reserving a role for folk psychology as a socio-normative discourse, where folk psychological concepts primarily refer to behaviour rather than to mental states, and also exert a regulative influence on behaviour. In the first half of this thesis I develop a positive account of folk psychology as a broad discourse that includes mental state attributions, behavioural predictions, narrative competency, and regulative mechanisms. In the second half I argue that the conceptual taxonomy provided by this discourse has led to theoretical confusions in both philosophy and cognitive science, and I propose a systematic methodology for developing a novel ‘cognitive ontology’ that is better suited for contemporary scientific research. What is folk psychology? In chapter 1 I survey the history of the term folk psychology and demonstrate that the term only really came into general usage following the work of Fodor and Churchland in the 1970s and 80s. I also argue that it is a mistake, stemming from this era, to identify folk psychology exclusively with propositional attitude psychology, which is just one particular way in which the folk might understand one another. If folk psychology is not just propositional attitude psychology, what else might it be? In chapter 2 I consider what I call the ‘universality assumption’, i.e. the assumption that folk psychological intuitions are shared across all cultures and languages. If this assumption were justified then it might provide partial support for the claim that folk psychology presents an accurate account of human cognition. However, there is significant evidence of variation in folk psychological intuitions, suggesting that folk psychology might be at least partially biased by cultural and linguistic influences. If folk psychology is not the same in every culture, how come it is so successful at predicting behaviour? In chapter 3 I look at various ways in which folk psychological discourse can play a regulative or normative role by exerting an influence on our behaviour. This role helps to explain how folk psychology can be predictively successful even if it fails to accurately describe the fine-grained details of human cognition, as via regulative mechanisms it is able to become a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy. How well does folk psychology match up with our scientific understanding of cognition? In chapter 4 I present evidence of cases where folk psychological concepts have served to mislead or confuse theoretical debates in philosophy of mind and cognitive science. I consider several case studies, including the false belief task in social cognition, the taxonomisation of sensory modalities, the extended cognition debate, and the recently emerging ‘Bayesian brain’ hypothesis. If folk psychological concepts do not refer to entities in our scientific theories, then what do they refer to? In chapter 5 I examine the status of folk psychological kinds as natural kinds, and argue that even under a very liberal account folk psychological kinds probably do not constitute viable scientific kinds. However, due to the regulative mechanisms described in chapter 3, they do constitute what Hacking has described as ‘human’ or ‘interactive’ kinds, which exhibit complex looping effects. What kinds of concepts should cognitive science use, if not folk psychological concepts? Finally, in chapter 6 I look at recent developments in ‘cognitive ontology’ revision and argue that we should adopt a systematic methodology for constructing novel concepts that better reflect our current best understanding of cognitive systems. In closing I consider the relationship between these novel concepts and the ontology presented by folk psychological discourse.
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Rowlands, Mark. "Anomalism, supervenience, and explanation in cognitive psychology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d22daaac-1094-424e-91ce-dc39e9da644f.
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This thesis defends the claim that the principle of methodological solipsism can play no role in the formation of the theories of cognitive psychology. Corresponding to this negative claim, but assuming a comparatively minor role, will be the positive claim that a scientific psychology ought to deal in explanations which relate mental states in virtue of their semantic contents. The basis of the case against methodological solipsism is the claim that the explanatory properties invoked by this principle are indivlduation dependent on properties of semantic content. In Chapter I the idea of methodological solipsism will be discussed, and two forms distinguished. One of the versions of methodological solipsism identified invokes the explanatory notion of the narrow content of a mental state. The other version invokes the notion of formal or syntactic properties possessed by mental states. In both cases it will be argued that these properties can be identified only by way of the semantic contents of their associated mental states. The notion of narrow content will be discussed in Chapter II. The case against that version of methodological solipsism which invokes syntactic properties will be constructed in Chapters III-V. The latter argument constitutes the bulk of the thesis, and derives from considerations centred around the principles of anomalism, supervenience, and the relation between them. These arguments are intended to be of independent interest as solutions to certain persistent problems in the philosophy of mind.
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Dillon, Andrew, and Marian Sweeney. "The Application of cognitive psychology to CAD." Cambridge University Press, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106215.
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This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: Dillon, A. and Sweeney, M. (1988) The application of cognitive psychology to CAD. In D. Jones and R.Winder (eds.) People and Computers IV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 477-488. Abstract: The design of usable human-computer interfaces is one of the primary goals of the
HCI specialist. To date however interest has focussed mainly on office or text based systems such as word processors or databases. Computer aided design (CAD) represents a major challenge to the human factors community to provide suitable
input and expertise to an area where the users goals and requirements are cognitively distinct from more typical HCI. The present paper is based on psychological investigations of the engineering domain, involving an experimental comparison of designers using CAD and the more traditional drawing board. By employing protocol analytic techniques it is possible to shed light on the complex problem-solving nature of design and to demonstrate the crucial role of human factors in the development of interfaces which facilitate the designers in their task. A model of the cognition of design is proposed which indicates that available knowledge and guidelines alone are not sufficient to aid CAD developers and the distinct nature of the engineering designer's task merits specific attention. (This is a paper presented at HCI 1988 and the book is a record of all the proceedings at this conference, the major annual European conference on human-computer interaction.)
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Puechbroussou, Benjamin. "Psychologie positive et processus cognitifs dans le traitement de la dépression." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILH065.
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Ce travail de thèse explore les processus cognitifs qui sous-tendent l'efficacité des interventions de psychologie positive dans le traitement du trouble dépressif majeur. Pour cela, quatre études ont été menées pour identifier ces processus et comprendre comment ils contribuent à la réduction de la symptomatologie dépressive. La première étude a comparé l'efficacité de deux entraînements d'une semaine basés sur l'activation comportementale et la psychologie positive. Les participants ont été divisés en deux groupes : l'un a reçu un entraînement à l'activation comportementale basé sur la psychologie positive, tandis que l'autre a reçu un entraînement à l'activation comportementale basé sur la pratique d'une activité physique. Les résultats ont montré une diminution significative de la symptomatologie dépressive dans les deux groupes, mais sans différence entre les deux groupes. Cela suggère que l'efficacité de l'entraînement dépend peut-être de facteurs autres que la théorie sous-jacente. La deuxième étude a testé l'effet d'un protocole ciblant les réseaux de la mémoire associative et l'accessibilité des souvenirs en mémoire autobiographique. Les participants ont été divisés en deux groupes : l'un a reçu un entraînement à la remémoration de souvenirs positifs, tandis que l'autre a reçu un entraînement de contrôle. Les résultats ont montré une diminution significative de la symptomatologie dépressive et une augmentation de l'accessibilité des souvenirs dans le groupe expérimental. Cela suggère que la remémoration de souvenirs positifs peut être un moyen efficace de réduire la symptomatologie dépressive. La troisième étude a évalué l'effet d'un protocole de remémoration de souvenirs positifs basé sur des exercices de visualisation inspirés de l'hypnose Ericksonienne. Les participants ont été divisés en deux groupes : l'un a reçu un entraînement quotidien d'une semaine à la remémoration de souvenirs positifs, tandis que l'autre a reçu un entraînement de relaxation. Les résultats ont montré une diminution significative de la symptomatologie dépressive et une augmentation de l'accessibilité des souvenirs dans le groupe expérimental. Cela suggère que la remémoration de souvenirs positifs peut être un moyen efficace de réduire la symptomatologie dépressive et d'améliorer la mémoire autobiographique. La quatrième étude a mesuré l'effet d'une réalisation quotidienne d'un carnet de gratitude. Les participants ont été divisés en deux groupes : l'un a reçu un carnet de gratitude, tandis que l'autre a reçu un carnet de contrôle. Les résultats ont montré une diminution significative de la symptomatologie dépressive et une augmentation de l'accessibilité des souvenirs dans le groupe expérimental. Cela suggère que la pratique de la gratitude peut être un moyen efficace de réduire la symptomatologie dépressive et d'améliorer la mémoire autobiographique. Dans la suite de notre thèse, nous comparons l'efficacité de ces différents protocoles en intergroupe et en intragroupe. Nous discutons ensuite les perspectives expérimentales et cliniques que ces recherches permettent. Enfin nous proposons une illustration clinique des différents entrainements présentés dans ces études. Si nos travaux ont permis de commencer à enrichir la réflexion et la compréhension de certains mécanismes d'action des entrainements de psychologie positive, dont certains apparaissent à même d'expliquer une partie importante de leur efficacité, ils soulignent aussi la nécessité primordiale pour les chercheurs et les cliniciens de mener des recherches et réflexions approfondies sur les processus mis en œuvre dans les thérapeutiques qu'ils proposent à leurs patients. La recherche actuelle sur les processus sous-tendant les différences au sein de la psychologie est, en effet, d'une importance capitale car cette démarche scientifique concourt à une pratique éclairée de cette discipline, en tentant d'unir toujours davantage science et conscience<br>This thesis explores the cognitive processes that underlie the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions in the treatment of major depressive disorder. To achieve this, four studies were conducted to identify these processes and understand how they contribute to the reduction of depressive symptoms. The first study compared the effectiveness of two one-week training programs based on behavioral activation and positive psychology. Participants were divided into two groups: one received a behavioral activation training program based on positive psychology, while the other received a behavioral activation training program based on physical activity. The results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms in both groups, but without a difference between the two groups. This suggests that the effectiveness of the training may depend on factors other than the underlying theory. The second study tested the effect of a protocol targeting associative memory networks and autobiographical memory accessibility. Participants were divided into two groups: one received a training program focused on recalling positive memories, while the other received a control training program. The results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and an increase in autobiographical memory accessibility in the experimental group. This suggests that recalling positive memories may be an effective way to reduce depressive symptoms. The third study evaluated the effect of a protocol for recalling positive memories based on exercises inspired by Ericksonian hypnosis. Participants were divided into two groups: one received a daily one-week training program focused on recalling positive memories, while the other received a relaxation training program. The results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and an increase in autobiographical memory accessibility in the experimental group. This suggests that recalling positive memories may be an effective way to reduce depressive symptoms and improve autobiographical memory. The fourth study measured the effect of a daily gratitude journaling program. Participants were divided into two groups: one received a gratitude journal, while the other received a control journal. The results showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and an increase in autobiographical memory accessibility in the experimental group. This suggests that practicing gratitude may be an effective way to reduce depressive symptoms and improve autobiographical memory. In the conclusion of our thesis, we compare the effectiveness of these different protocols in both between-group and within-group analyses. We then discuss the experimental and clinical implications of these findings. Finally, we propose a clinical illustration of the different training programs presented in these studies. If our work has allowed us to begin enriching the reflection and understanding of certain mechanisms of action of positive psychology training programs, which appear to explain a significant part of their effectiveness, it also highlights the primary need for researchers and clinicians to conduct in-depth research and reflection on the processes involved in the therapies they propose to their patients. The current research on the processes underlying differences within psychology is, indeed, of great importance, as this scientific approach contributes to a more enlightened practice of this discipline, by attempting to unite science and conscience even more closely
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Chamorro, Emilia. "Theories of Nightmares in Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-11496.
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Dreaming is a complex, multimodal and sequentially organized model of the waking world (Metzinger, 2003). Nightmares are a category of dreams involving threatening scenarios, anxiety and other negative emotions (Hartmann, 1998; Nielsen & Levin, 2007). Dreams and nightmares are explored in this present thesis in the light of psychology and modern cognitive neuroscience as to their nature, function and neural correlates. The three main dream theories and their leading investigations are reviewed to evaluate their evidence and overall explanatory power to account for the function of dreams and nightmares. Random Activation Theories (RATs) claim dreams are biological epiphenomena and by-products of sleep underlying mechanisms (Crick & Mitchison, 1983; Flanagan, 1995, 2000a, 2000b, Hobson & McCarley, 1997). Mood regulation theories consider that the psychological function of dreams is to regulate mood and help with the adaptation of individuals to their current environment such as solving daily concerns and recovery after trauma exposure (Hartmann, 1996; Levin, 1998; Stickgold, 2008; Kramer, 1991a, 1991b, 2014). Threat Simulation Theories of dreams present the evolutionary function for dreaming as a simulating off-line model of the world used to rehearse threatening events encountered in the human ancestral environment (Revonsuo, 2000a). With the threat-simulation system, threats were likely to be recognized and avoidance skills developed to guarantee reproductive success. TST consider nightmares to reflect the threat-simulation system fully activated (Revonsuo, 2000a). Supported by a robust body of evidence TST is concluded to be the most plausible theory at the moment to account as a theoretical explanation of dreams and nightmares
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Lyons, Jack Coady. "Epistemological consequences of a faculty psychology." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289041.
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Traditional epistemology has devoted much attention to the distinctions between perception and inference and between basic and non-basic beliefs. Hot, I develop a different and more general distinction, between what I call "privileged" and "nonprivileged" beliefs; privileged beliefs are justifiable by means of an otherwise substandard argument while nonprivileged beliefs require support by a generally adequate argument for their justification I argue that even coherentists are tacitly committed to this distinction (although they may deny the existence of basic beliefs) and that one of the chief problems for simple reliabilist theories is that they imply that all beliefs are privileged. Any adequate epistemology has to count some beliefs as privileged and some as nonprivileged, and I suggest a way to modify reliabilist theories to accommodate this result. The privileged/nonprivileged belief distinction suggests a framework theory about the structure of epistemic justification, a theory which improves on foundationalism, coherentism, and reliabilism in certain respects. Yet it raises the question of which beliefs are privileged and which are nonprivileged. I argue that whether or not a belief is privileged is determined by the etiology of that belief, and in particular, by the intrinsic nature and the etiology of the psychological faculty that produced that belief. A belief, therefore, is privileged if and only if it is the output of a certain kind of cognitive faculty, or system. Consequently, the beliefs produced by these faculties are such that it is possible to be justified in holding them even in the absence of a generally adequate argument. This does not mean that all the outputs of all such faculties are justified, for such beliefs might still require (and lack) inferential support or be subject to non-inferential requirements, like reliability And of course, all such beliefs are potentially subject to defeat from other justified beliefs. The kind of cognitive faculties I have in mind includes, but is not restricted to, "modules", in Jerry Fodor's sense. The etiological, faculty-oriented view defended hat argues for distinctive, versions of externalism and naturalism in epistemology and holds some promise of illuminating certain traditional epistemological problems.
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Leonhard, Margaret L. "Cognitive and Affective Variables Associated with Exercise." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1383574668.
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Makány, Tamás. "Strategies of human spatial cognition : cognitive and behavioural trade-offs." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/66157/.
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Human spatial strategies are heuristics that allocate cognitive and behavioural resources for navigation tasks. These spatial strategies help the individual optimize its interactions with the surrounding space through functional trade-offs between the memory costs of planning routes and the cost involved in actually travelling that distance. These trade-offs result in visitation patterns of initial exploration of the space and subsequently determine navigation efficiency. The purpose of this thesis was to observe, identify and describe patterns of spatial exploration, understand the trade-offs and strategy optimizations they encompass and empirically quantify their performance both in physical and abstract (i.e., virtual, computational model and informational) spaces. The first study presented a novel methodology of identifying spatial exploration patterns based on cluster analyses in a physical room and measured navigation efficiencies according to a spatial strategy trade-off between memory demands and distances travelled. Two exploration patterns were found that determined subsequent navigation. Explorers with an ‘axial’ pattern were more memory efficient and followed a fixed route sequence to find objects; whereas ‘circular’ pattern explorers were more distance efficient with less overall travel on more flexible route choices. The following two studies used the same experimental design and methodology to further examine the effect of spatial constraints on cognitive and behavioural resource optimization, specifically looking at the issues of exploration on forced routes in a physical space and in an effortless virtual space. In both spaces, the efficiency trade-off observed in the first study was affected. On the one hand, forced physical exploration reduced navigational control and overwrote individually preferred spatial strategy optimizations. On the other hand, effortless virtual exploration resulted in preference towards optimization of cognitive resources over distances travelled. These presented examples of spatial environmental biases. Following the three behavioural studies, an agent-based model is presented. It formalized the main hypothesis of this thesis that human spatial cognition is optimized by spatial strategies via simulating exploration patterns with memory and distance heuristics. The model also replicated the behavioural findings and allowed further insights into the trade-off observed in the first study. The lessons learnt from the model and the three behavioural studies were then tested in a practical e-learning environment. The application of the theoretical findings provides further understanding into human spatial cognition. In the study, three different spatial layout website designs were analysed for their navigational and learning utilities both immediately and 2-weeks post exploration. This web based navigational study revealed the role of spatial control in long-term retention and other cognitive benefits. Together these studies present important insights to human spatial cognition and its implications.
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Reeder, Sarah. "Relationships in Aging, Cognitive Processes, and Contingency Learning." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/259.
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This study investigated the influence of age, processing speed, working memory,and associative processes on the acquisition of contingency information. Young and older adults completed positive (+.65) and negative (-.65) contingency tasks that measured their ability to discover the relationship between a symptom (e.g., FEVER) and a fictional disease (e.g., OLYALGIA). Both d' scores, i.e., contingency learning, and contingency estimates, i.e., contingency judgment, were examined. Participants were also asked to complete cognitive tasks that measure the constructs of processing speed, working memory resources, associative memory, and associative learning. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect relationships between processing speed, working memory resources, associative memory, associative learning, and positive and negative contingency learning and judgment for young and older adult groups. Young adults outperformed older adults on the cognitive tasks and on contingency learning and judgment tasks. However, age differences were smaller for the positive contingency than for negative contingency. A comparison of the structural equation models for young and older adults showed no relationship between any cognitive construct and negative contingency learning. However, young adults' judgment for the negative contingency was directly influenced by associative learning, while their learning and judgment for the positive contingency was directly influenced by associative memory. For older adults, working memory executive function directly influenced their judgment for the negative contingency and their learning and judgment for the positive contingency. Processing speed had an indirect effect on older adults' contingency learning and judgment that was mediated by working memory executive functioning. The differences in the young adults' models as well as the difference between the young and older adults' models for positive and negative contingencies suggest that while associative processing is important, it may not account for all of the variation in contingency learning and judgment. The young adults' models for the negative contingency task indicates that higher level processes, such as inductive reasoning, maybe involved in negative contingency judgment because the associative learning task required some level of hypothesis testing. In contrast, positive contingency learning and judgment could rely primarily on more basic associative processes. The present findings therefore suggest that an overall model of contingency learning must include both associative processes and inductive reasoning processes. Older adults' general contingency performance was most directly related to their working memory executive functioning, suggesting that the decline in their working memory has the strongest effect on their ability to acquire and use information about contingencies. In fact, the age related decline in working memory seems to affect older adults' ability to acquire both positive and negative contingencies. The similarities across the older adult models for positive and negative contingencies indicate that the underlying deficit in older adults' working memory executive functioning that affects their overall contingency learning and judgment performance. This basic working memory executive functioning deficit for older adults also explains why their models for positive and negative contingency did not exhibit direct relationships between associative tasks and contingency learning as observed for the young adult models.
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Fortgang, Rebecca G. "Perseverant Cognitive Effort and Disengagement." Thesis, Yale University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13851868.
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<p> Willingness to expend effort has received increased attention over the past decade, and for good reason – effort is crucial to life's successes, and many of us wish we could harness and control it more optimally. In particular, cognitive effort is central to academic and vocational achievements. Though effort is important, it is also costly. If it were not, no projects would be left unfinished, and no treadmills would be abandoned early. Because it is costly, self-control is often required to exert and maintain effort. Reduced willingness to expend effort has also come into focus as a clinically relevant variable related to amotivation, most notably in schizophrenia. Additionally, both incentive motivation (immediate monetary reward availability) and effort have been linked with cognitive performance, suggesting that our measures of cognitive ability are inexorably linked to and to some degree confounded by cognitive effort.</p><p> In this dissertation, I present a novel paradigm developed for the assessment of perseverant cognitive effort in the absence of monetary incentive. The Cognitive Effort and DisEngagement (CEDE) task is a cognitive test that increases in difficulty and measures perseverant effort disengagement in a simple but novel way: participants are permitted to skip trials without penalty. The present work introduces the task, situates it within a framework of self-control divided into inhibitory and actuating mechanisms, and provides evidence of its association with stable traits, context, and psychosis.</p><p> The first set of studies (Chapter 1) tests the reliability and validity of the CEDE task in an undergraduate sample and a community sample. We find evidence of high internal consistency using a split-half method. We also find that skips on the CEDE show convergent validity in terms of correlation with self-reported perseverance and work ethic, as well as discriminant validity, showing lack of significant relationships with several theoretically distinct aspects of self-control. We also show evidence of tolerability of the paradigm and of face validity of skipping as an index of effort disengagement.</p><p> In Chapter 2, we test the effect of observation on perseverant effort on the CEDE task. We find that participants skip significantly more trials when they are observed by an experimenter with access to information about their performance via sound effects, compared with than when they have privacy (when the experimenter leaves the room, or when the participant wears headphones). We also find that self-reported internal motivational style predicts more perseverant effort when in private, whereas external motivational style predicts more effort when observed, suggesting that motivational styles exert influence differentially depending on features of the context. We also show that self-reported stress during the task negatively predicts performance, and that this relationship is fully mediated by skips. These results suggest that observation has a potent effect on cognitive task effort, affecting people differently according to motivational style, and that test anxiety also promotes effort disengagement. </p><p> In Chapter 3, we test for group differences in skips between individuals with first episode psychosis (FEP) and community controls, as schizophrenia is associated with both a cognitive and a motivational impairment. We show reduced perseverant cognitive effort on the CEDE in FEP. We find that this group difference specifically emerges during difficult trials, suggesting specifically a deficit in perseverance in reaction to difficulty rather than continuous attention throughout the test. We also show that reduction of effort in the form of skips is correlated with self-reported amotivation among patients. These results suggest clinical relevance of perseverant cognitive effort in schizophrenia as a component or reflection of motivational impairments.</p><p> Together, these findings provide novel insight into cognitive effort perseverance, its relationship to non-monetary motivations in terms of motivational style and observational context, and its reduction in psychosis. Our findings also highlight the relevance of cognitive effort perseverance to cognitive testing. Willingness to expend cognitive effort appears to be sensitive to numerous factors in the context of difficulty, when the demands on effort are higher, whereas it is relatively steadfast during easier tasks.</p><p>
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Wang, Ji 1949. "Ren shi xi tong yun xing lun." Beijing : Zhongguo ren min da xue chu ban she, 1990.
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Stark, Darryl Wayne. "The validity of cognitive and non-cognitive predictors over time /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1994. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9513944.
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Dunbar, George Luke. "The cognitive lexicon." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/18847.
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Hu, Hongzhan. "Exploring the concept of feedback with perspectives from psychology and cognitive science." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Interaktiva och kognitiva system, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-107090.
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This study explores the concept of feedback from various perspectives in psychology and cognitive science. Specifically, the theories of ecological psychology, situated and Distributed Cognition, Cognitive Systems Engineering and Embodied cognition are investigated and compared. Cognitive Systems Engineering provides a model of feedback and related constructs, to understand human behavior in complex working environments. Earlier theories such as ecological psychology, considered feedback as direct perception. Situated cognition clearly inherits ideas from ecological psychology, whereas distributed cognition provides a deeper understanding of feedback through artifact use. Cognitive Systems Engineering provides a systematic view of feedback and control. This framework is a suitable perspective to understanding feedback in human-machine settings.
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Daman, Stuart J. "Does humor promote cognitive flexibility by way of its affective and cognitive components? A prospective test." Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3722909.
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<p> Two studies tested hypotheses regarding the idea that humor promotes cognitive flexibility. Two components of humor are argued to promote cognitive flexibility. First, the positive emotion associated with humor may enhance cognitive flexibility. Second, the processing of humor may exercise complex cognitive processing, thus making similar processing more efficient on subsequent tasks. Participants in Experiment 1 read humorous sentences or one of two types of non-humorous sentences. Participants in Experiment 2 viewed captioned images that varied in the presence of positivity and incongruity. Results of both studies do not support the idea that humor promotes cognitive flexibility, nor do they show evidence that humor promotes cognitive flexibility because of the positive emotion or incongruity associated with it. Explanations for the failure to find support for hypotheses focus on the stimuli used in non-humor conditions and the stimuli and method of measuring cognitive flexibility. Alternative methods of testing the hypotheses are also offered, such as investigating sense of humor as a personality trait, using different types of humor and a different method of measuring cognitive flexibility. This project hoped to provide elementary evidence for the notion that humor is beneficial for health, but did not do so. It is hoped that future research can elucidate the relationship between humor and health.</p>
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Peceguina, Maria Inês Duarte. "A competência social da criança em meio pré-escolar: Um modelo hierárquico no contexto das relações entre pares." Doctoral thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/1107.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia Aplicada (Psicologia Cognitiva) apresentada ao Instituto Superior Psicologia Aplicada<br>Integrados numa moldura desenvolvimental, os estudos apresentados nesta
investigação avaliam um modelo de medidas para a competência social com os pares, durante
o período pré-escolar. A competência social é definida como um traço latente de diferenças
individuais que reflecte a capacidade das crianças para coordenar os afectos, cognição, e
comportamento na realização de objectivos pessoais de natureza social (Waters & Sroufe,
1983). Adicionalmente, a concretização dos objectivos pessoais não deverá constituir um
obstáculo à concretização dos objectivos pessoais dos pares, nem limitar a realização de
objectivos futuros.
O modelo de mensuração caracteriza-se por ter uma estrutura hierárquica de três
níveis, onde a competência social se situa no nível de topo, enquanto factor latente de segunda
ordem, com implicações nos três domínios da competência social, situados no nível latente
inferior – motivação social e envolvimento, perfis de atributos comportamentais e
psicológicos e aceitação de pares. Cada um destes domínios (as famílias de medidas) é
medido através de dois ou três indicadores, constituindo a base do modelo (i.e., proporção de
atenção visual recebida, proporção de interacções positivas e neutras iniciadas, dois Q-sorts
da competência social, e duas medidas sociométricas).
Foram testadas hipóteses sobre o ajustamento do modelo a dados Portugueses, bem
como sobre a estabilidade do modelo durante o pré-escolar foram testadas. De um modo
geral, os resultados foram consistentes com estudos anteriores (e.g., Bost, Vaughn,
Washington, Cielinski, & Bradbard, 1998; Vaughn, 2001; Vaughn, et al., 2009), indicando
que o modelo tem um bom ajustamento aos dados das crianças portuguesas. Adicionalmente,
os resultados sustentam o pressuposto de que, embora pequenas diferenças de natureza
cultural, desenvolvimental e de contexto social possam ocorrer ao nível das medidas (o nível
base do modelo), a estrutura hierárquica é idêntica ao longo destas dimensões, uma vez que os
domínios sociais considerados são considerados como universalmente relevantes para
crianças desta faixa etária (i.e., entre os 3 e os 5 anos).
A característica que melhor distingue o modelo hierárquico é que, contrariamente a
outras abordagens, diversos conteúdos essenciais são considerados, e diversos tipos de
instrumentos (e níveis de análise) são utilizados de modo a que seja possível obter uma
descrição global da competência social (i.e., sem os constrangimentos situacionais,
contextuais, ou dependentes de determinadas habilidades sociais). Como resultado, a
avaliação da estabilidade é também possível.
As relações entre a competência social, a amizade recíproca e o estatuto sociométrico
(duas variáveis frequentemente utilizadas na avaliação da competência social das crianças)
foram também exploradas no último estudo. Entre outros resultados, verificou-se que as
medidas do modelo apresentavam maior estabilidade de um ano para outro, quer em
comparação à amizade, quer ao estatuto sociométrico, sugerindo que a avaliação obtida
através do protocolo de medidas é mais abrangente e consistente.
As limitações de cada estudo, bem como orientações para futuras ---------- ABSTRACT ---------- Embedded in a developmental framework, the studies presented in this research
investigate a measurement model for social competence with peers, during the preschool
years. Social competence construct is described as an individual differences latent trait that
reflects children’s ability in coordinating affect, cognition, and behavior in achieving personal
social goals (Waters & Sroufe, 1983). Moreover, the attainment of personal goals should not
excessively constrain peers’ opportunities in achieving their own social goals, or reduce the
chances for the achievement personal social goals in the future.
The measurement model characterizes by having a three-level hierarchical structure,
where social competence is placed at the top level, as a second-order latent factor influencing
three lower social competence domains – social motivation and engagement, profiles of
behavioral and psychological attributes, and peer acceptance. Each of these domains (the
measurement families) is measured using two or three indicators, which constitute the base
level of the model (i.e., rates of visual attention received, rates of positive and neutral
interactions initiated, two social competence Q-sorts, and two sociometric measures).
Hypothesis regarding the fit of the model to Portuguese data, as well as the stability of
the model across the preschool years were tested. Overall, results were consistent with prior
studies (e.g., Bost, Vaughn, Washington, Cielinski, & Bradbard, 1998; Vaughn, 2001;
Vaughn, et al., 2009), indicating that the model has a good fit to Portuguese preschool data.
Results also support the assumption that, even though small differences associated with
cultural, developmental, and social contexts variability may occur at the base level of the
model (i.e., the observed measures/indicators), the hierarchical structure is identical across
these dimensions, because the social domains considered are thought to be universally
relevant to children at these ages (i.e., between the ages of 3-, and 5-years)
The most distinguishable feature of the hierarchical model is that, contrary to other
approaches, several main issues are taken into account, and several types of instruments (and
levels of analyses) are used so that a broad characterization of social competence (i.e., non
situational, or contextual, or skills’ based) is possible. As a result, the assessment of stability
is also possible.
The relations between social competence, friendship reciprocity, and sociometric
status (two variables frequently assessed in the evaluation of children’s social competence)
were also explored in the last study. Among other findings, the model’s measures was found
to be more stable than both friendship and sociometric status, indicating that a broader and
consistent assessment is given by the protocol of measures that are used in model
operationalization.
Limitations of each study and future directions of research are presented in the
discussion section of each work, as well as in the general discussion.<br>Bolsa de Investigação SFRH/BD/23350/2005, financiada pelo Programa Operacional Ciência e Inovação (POCO 2010) da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia
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Quelhas, Ana Cristina. "Raisonnement conditionnel: Modeles mentaux et schemas pragmatiques." Doctoral thesis, Université de Provence, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/1834.
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Shoji, Kristy Douglas. "Factors predicting intraindividual cognitive variability in older adults with different degrees of cognitive integrity." Thesis, The University of Alabama, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10162515.
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<p> Given the increasing number of older adults in the population, the fact that about 1 in 10 people over the age of 65 will develop mild cognitive impairment, and the substantial individual, familial, and financial burden associated with such disorders, the need for innovative research examining cognitive impairment in older adults is evident. The present study used a microlongitudinal design to assess cognition and contextual factors that may affect cognition for 14 consecutive days using a daily diary method in older adults with varying degrees of cognitive function. This study design enables investigation of concurrent associations between variables, as well as providing unique information not gleaned from the traditional focus on mean values of cognition. The present study had two broad aims: 1) to compare variability in cognition in older adults with varying degrees of cognitive impairment and 2) to investigate relationships between daily cognitive performance, variability in cognitive performance, and contextual factors that may influence daily cognitive performance and variability in older adults with varying degrees of cognitive impairment. Results suggest there was sufficient intraindividual variability in daily cognition to warrant investigation of within-person associations. Furthermore, the contextual factors of pain, stress, and sleep were predictive of cognitive performance, but with significance and directionality of these associations depending on level of measurement (baseline, daily, or mean values). Finally, associations between contextual factors and cognition were frequently conditional upon baseline cognitive status. The findings highlight the need for continued examination of these associations to expand our understanding of cognition in older adults and to discover potential targets for interventions to attenuate cognitive decline.</p>
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Hickox, Sherrie Danene. "Life Stress and Adjustment: Effects of Cognitive Content and Cognitive Organization." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331234/.
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Individual differences of cognitive organization and content were investigated as they relate to adaptation to remote, recent, and immediate life stress. Outside the field of stress, prior researchers have implicated cognitive organization with adjustment and cognitive content with specific psychopathology. As for behavioral adaptation to life stress, cognitive organization was viewed as a major factor in emotional vulnerability and adjustment, and cognitive content as a major factor in the mood disturbance of depression. Behavioral adaptation was defined in terms of current emotional vulnerability, adjustment and negative changes in the immediate (last six months), recent (over six months), and remote (over one year) past.
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Akagi, Mikio Shaun Mikuriya. "Cognition in practice| Conceptual development and disagreement in cognitive science." Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10183682.
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<p> Cognitive science has been beset for thirty years by foundational disputes about the nature and extension of cognition—e.g. whether cognition is necessarily representational, whether cognitive processes extend outside the brain or body, and whether plants or microbes have them. Whereas previous philosophical work aimed to settle these disputes, I aim to understand what conception of cognition scientists could share given that they disagree so fundamentally. To this end, I develop a number of variations on traditional conceptual explication, and defend a novel explication of cognition called the sensitive management hypothesis.</p><p> Since expert judgments about the extension of “cognition” vary so much, I argue that there is value in explication that accurately models the variance in judgments rather than taking sides or treating that variance as noise. I say of explications that accomplish this that they are <i> ecumenically extensionally adequate</i>. Thus, rather than adjudicating whether, say, plants can have cognitive processes like humans, an ecumenically adequate explication should classify these cases differently: human cognitive processes as paradigmatically cognitive, and plant processes as controversially cognitive.</p><p> I achieve ecumenical adequacy by articulating conceptual explications with <i>parameters</i>, or terms that can be assigned a number of distinct interpretations based on the background commitments of participants in a discourse. For example, an explication might require that cognition cause “behavior,” and imply that plant processes are cognitive or not depending on whether anything plants do can be considered “behavior.” Parameterization provides a unified treatment of embattled concepts by isolating topics of disagreement in a small number of parameters.</p><p> I incorporate these innovations into an account on which cognition is the “sensitive management of organismal behavior.” The sensitive management hypothesis is ecumenically extensionally adequate, accurately classifying a broad variety of cases as paradigmatically or controversially cognitive phenomena. I also describe an extremely permissive version of the sensitive management hypothesis, arguing that it has the potential to explain several features of cognitive scientific discourse, including various facts about the way cognitive scientists ascribe representations to cognitive systems. </p>
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Holder, Barbara E. "Cognition in flight : understanding cockpits as cognitive systems /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9945784.
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Hirsch, Colette. "Anxiety and cognitive schemata." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364211.
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Parren, Nora. "The Cognitive Naturalness of Witchcraft Beliefs : An intersection of religious cognition, threat perception, and coalitional psychology." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2049/document.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Contenu1) (Introduction) Parren, N. (2017). Le naturel cognitif (possible) des croyances de sorcellerie: une exploration de la littérature existante. Journal de la cognition et de la culture, 17 (5), 396-418.2) Boyer, P., & Parren, N. (2015). L'information liée à la menace suggère la compétence: un facteur possible dans la propagation des rumeurs. PloS un, 10 (6), e0128421.3) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Soumis). Préférence pour les sources d'informations liées aux menaces. PloS un4) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Soumis). L'effet de vérité: fluidité ou consensus implicite? Conscience et Cognition5) Parren, N., van Leeuwen, F., Miton, H., & Boyer, P. (manuscrit non publié) Mésaventure, Agence, et Contre-Intuitivité Minimale6) Conclusion chapitre<br>1) (Introduction) Parren, N. (2017). The (possible) Cognitive Naturalness of Witchcraft Beliefs: An Exploration of the Existing Literature. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 17(5), 396-418.2) Boyer, P., & Parren, N. (2015). Threat-related information suggests competence: a possible factor in the spread of rumors. PloS one, 10(6), e0128421.3) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Submitted). Preference for Sources of Threat-Related Information. PloS one4) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Submitted). The Truth Effect: Fluency or Implicit Consensus? Consciousness and Cognition5) Parren, N., van Leeuwen, F., Miton, H., & Boyer, P. (unpublished manuscript) Misfortune, Agency, and Minimal Counter-Intuitiveness6) Conclusion chapter
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Parren, Nora. "The Cognitive Naturalness of Witchcraft Beliefs : An intersection of religious cognition, threat perception, and coalitional psychology." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2049.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Contenu1) (Introduction) Parren, N. (2017). Le naturel cognitif (possible) des croyances de sorcellerie: une exploration de la littérature existante. Journal de la cognition et de la culture, 17 (5), 396-418.2) Boyer, P., & Parren, N. (2015). L'information liée à la menace suggère la compétence: un facteur possible dans la propagation des rumeurs. PloS un, 10 (6), e0128421.3) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Soumis). Préférence pour les sources d'informations liées aux menaces. PloS un4) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Soumis). L'effet de vérité: fluidité ou consensus implicite? Conscience et Cognition5) Parren, N., van Leeuwen, F., Miton, H., & Boyer, P. (manuscrit non publié) Mésaventure, Agence, et Contre-Intuitivité Minimale6) Conclusion chapitre<br>1) (Introduction) Parren, N. (2017). The (possible) Cognitive Naturalness of Witchcraft Beliefs: An Exploration of the Existing Literature. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 17(5), 396-418.2) Boyer, P., & Parren, N. (2015). Threat-related information suggests competence: a possible factor in the spread of rumors. PloS one, 10(6), e0128421.3) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Submitted). Preference for Sources of Threat-Related Information. PloS one4) Parren, N., & Boyer, P. (Submitted). The Truth Effect: Fluency or Implicit Consensus? Consciousness and Cognition5) Parren, N., van Leeuwen, F., Miton, H., & Boyer, P. (unpublished manuscript) Misfortune, Agency, and Minimal Counter-Intuitiveness6) Conclusion chapter
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Dillon, Andrew, Marian Sweeney, Val Herring, Phil John, and Enda Fallon. "The Psychology of designer style." DTI/IED Publications, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106073.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: Dillon, A., Sweeney, M., Herring, V., John, P. and Fallon, E. (1988) The psychology of designer style. The Alvey Conference 1988. DTI/IED Publications, 323-327.
1. INTRODUCTION: Underlying the notion of style is a basic premise that all designers are not the same and that the manner in which any designer tackles a problem and proposes a solution may be qualitatively different from other designers. If this is shown to be the case and the concept of designer style can be meaningfully discussed then any model of the process of design should allow for such variation at the level of the group or individual. This basically describes the starting point of the HUSAT team's investigation of the concept.
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Kliegl, Reinhold, Ulrich Mayr, and R. T. Krampe. "Process dissociations in cognitive aging." Universität Potsdam, 1995. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4042/.
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One undisputed finding of cognitive aging research is that the two main clusters of intellectual abilities, fluid and crystallized abilities, exhibit differential age-related trends. Healthy older adults perform less well than young adults on almost any task that requires fast responses or taps the fluid or mechanical aspects of intelligence; they show much less of a decline, if any at all, in tasks requiring the access of their crystallized knowledge (Baltes, 1987; Horn, 1970). These age-differential trends are the prototype of what we will refer to as a process dissociation. We will show how process dissociations can be established within the domain of fluid intelligence that pass more stringent tests than is customary in experimental research on cognitive aging.
31
Golebiowska, Ewa A. "Cognitive underpinnings of political intolerance /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487863429093782.
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Jiang, Huangqi. "FACTOR ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE CONTROL." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1562597562093455.
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Cimini, Katharine L. "Cognitive Developmental Differences in Source Monitoring." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625773.
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Richard, Laurence. "The contribution of non-spatial information to geographic reasoning." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1396966668.
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Lawson, Ruth. "Outcomes and effectiveness : a study of community psychology practice." Thesis, City University London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389550.
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Michel, Juna. "Enhancing the Ability of Adults with Mild Mental Retardation to Recognize Facial Expression of Emotions." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1081.
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A critical element in the development of interpersonal skills is the ability to recognize facial expressions. However, in persons with mild mental retardation (PMR), social interactions based on the recognition of others' emotional states may be compromised. Guided by the theory of mind, which allows one to make inferences on someone's mental states, differentiate facts from friction, and process others' beliefs and intentions, this study determined if emotion training impacted future emotion recognition scores in a PMR population and whether the variables of gender, age, and baseline Facial Expression of Emotions Stimuli and Test (FEEST) scores predicted changes in emotion recognition. Secondary data from a group of trainees identified as having mild mental retardation who participated in an emotion recognition training program (n = 31) were assessed. A paired samples t test revealed no differences between the pre-and post- assessments as a function of training, and the multiple regression analysis revealed that gender, age, and baseline FEEST score did not predict changes in emotional recognition. These findings, despite their non significance, offer a unique contribution to the field of mental retardation and contribute to theory of mind research in PMR populations. Positive social change implications include the potential ability to identify ways to improve social skills and effective training models to foster social inclusion in PMR population.
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Taillade, Mathieu. "Evaluation écologique des troubles de l'apprentissage et de la navigation dans les grands espaces liés au vieillissement : rôle des déclins mnésiques, exécutifs et du contrôle moteur." Phd thesis, Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920503.
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Depuis plusieurs années, la réalité virtuelle est largement utilisée en neuropsychologie, notamment dans le domaine de l'étude de la cognition spatiale. Son utilisation grandissante a pour but de répondre à la fois au manque de validité écologique des tests classiques et au manque de contrôle des évaluations en conditions réelles. Les études dans le domaine de la cognition spatiale ont permis de montrer la complexité de l'apprentissage et de la navigation dans les grands espaces et suggèrent également une origine cognitive multifactorielle des difficultés de navigation chez les personnes âgées. Le but de cette thèse sera tout d'abord de vérifier la validité écologique de notre application utilisant la réalité virtuelle par une comparaison directe des performances d'apprentissage et de navigation, entre apprentissages réels et virtuels chez des adultes jeunes et âgés. Il s'agira ensuite de confirmer les hypothèses sur l'origine à la fois mnésique et exécutive des difficultés de navigation liées au vieillissement. Enfin, le rôle du contrôle sensorimoteur dans l'apprentissage de grands espaces, peu étudiée pour le moment dans le cas du vieillissement sera abordé. A l'aide d'une application en réalité virtuelle, nécessitant de mémoriser un parcours dans un quartier virtuel, réplique d'un quartier de Bordeaux, nous avons étudiés les effets du vieillissement en termes de mémoire spatiale et de performance de navigation. Nous avons comparé directement les apprentissages en conditions réelles et virtuelles, en conditions actives (joystick) et passives, et nous avons mis en relation ces indicateurs avec des mesures neurocognitives et des questionnaires d'estimation des difficultés quotidiennes. Nos principaux résultats ont permis de montrer un effet négatif de l'âge sur les performances dans notre application avec des patterns équivalents entre apprentissages réels et virtuels chez les jeunes et les âgés. Nous avons obtenu une bonne relation entre les mesures obtenues grâce à notre application virtuelle et les difficultés rapportées par les jeunes mais pas de différences entre jeunes et âgés concernant les difficultés de navigation au quotidien. Ces résultats confirment la bonne validité écologique de notre application virtuelle chez les personnes âgées et favorisent ainsi l'utilisation de mesures directes de mémoire spatiale et de navigation plutôt que des questionnaires chez les personnes âgées. Ils ont également permis de montrer de manière directe le rôle des déclins mnésiques et exécutifs dans leurs difficultés de navigation. Contrairement à ce qui avait été obtenu chez les jeunes, le contrôle moteur a eu un effet négatif sur les performances de navigation chez les personnes âgées. Nous discuterons alors les hypothèses neurocognitives concernant l'origine des difficultés de navigation chez les personnes âgées, ainsi que le rôle de la dimension actif (joystick) vs. passif dans les performances de navigation des jeunes et des âgés.
38
Wagner, Lori Anne. "Cognitive modeling analysis of decision-making processes in young adults at-risk and not at-risk for alcohol dependence." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Ritter, Dominik. "Cognitive mediators of aggression." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2004. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20011/.
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A large amount of research suggests that aggressive children differ from their nonaggressive peers in the way they process social information in conflict situations. Using Crick & Dodge's (1994) Social Information Processing following Provocation Model as a theoretical framework, this investigation was undertaken to explore adults' social information processing (SIP) under the influence of negative affect as well as assessing how specific subcategories of aggressive behaviour (reactive and proactive aggression) relate to different stages in this model. Pilot Study I (n = 10) and II (n = 13) were carried out to develop an anger provoking laboratory aggression paradigm (Hand Slapping Game). Hypothesising that responding in this paradigm would be associated with other well-established measures of aggression (e.g. AQ) convergent validity of this procedure was established. In Study I (n = 55) the paradigm was modified (Chopstick Game) which led to the successful induction of negative affect (which failed to occur in the Hand Slapping Game). It was hypothesised that the new paradigm would have convergent validity, that there would be sex differences in early SIP steps and that early SIP steps (e.g. intent attribution, response access) would be associated with trait/state anger. There was partial support for the convergent validity of the new paradigm, sex differences in early SIP steps and associations between early SIP steps and trait/state anger. In Study II (n = 62) it was predicted that the paradigm would have convergent validity, and that further early SIP steps (e.g. attention, goal formation) would be associated with trait/state anger and trait aggression. Convergent validity of the paradigm was confirmed and there was general support for a relationship between early SIP steps and trait/state anger and trait aggression. In Study III (n = 35) it was hypothesised that later SIP steps (e.g. outcome evaluation, self efficacy) would be associated with (pro-active) aggressive traits. Only limited support for the relationship • between later SIP steps and trait aggression was provided. Combined, these studies provide support for the presence of relationships of social information processing with • both trait anger/aggression and negative affect in samples of adults. The author concludes by discussing theoretical and treatment implications, highlighting limitations of the present investigation and making suggestions for future research.
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Painter, Desmond William. "The social in social psychology : cognitive, postmodern and discursive alternatives to individualism." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52025.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study evaluates the development of a discursive approach to social psychology in
terms of this discipline's most pressing metatheoretical question: what is the relation
between the individual and the social in social psychology? This question is illuminated
through a discussion of traditional cognitive approaches to social psychology as well
as postmodern critiques of the discipline, after which the discursive approach is
introduced to address shortcomings in both these perspectives. The discursive
approach incorporates a key insight of recent developments in the philosophy of
language, namely that language is not primarily referential, but constructive of our
experiences and relationship to reality. By taking seriously both the performative or
rhetorical and the abstract-systemic characteristics of language, discursive social
psychology addresses the traditional issues of individualism and the reduction of the
social on two levels: first, as it is revealed in especially traditional cognitive approaches
to social psychology; and secondly, as it supports a set of specifically Western cultural
values that reproduce cultural and political practices and power imbalances. Discursive
social psychology is subsequently presented as a definite advance with regard to
providing richer conceptions of social-cognitive processes and the socio-cultural
foundations of psychological phenomena. Despite this there are also important
limitations that should be taken into account before discursive social psychology is
imported to South Africa as a critical alternative: the focus on language goes along with
a negation of the materiality and embodied nature of experience. Because experience
cannot be pre-reflexively psychological meaningful, discursive social psychology
remains to develop a theory of agency that indicates how criticism, resistance and
change is possible.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie evalueer die ontwikkeling van 'n diskursiewe benadering tot die sosiale
sielkunde in terme van hierdie dissipline se mees knellende metateoretiese vraag: wat
is die verhouding tussen die individuele en die sosiale in sosiale sielkunde? Hierdie
vraag word aangespreek deur eers te kyk na tradisioneel kognitiewe benaderings tot
en postmodernistiese kritiek op die sosiale sielkunde, waarna die diskursiewe
benadering bekendgestel word soos dit die tekortkominge in hierdie twee perspektiewe
aanspreek. Die diskursiewe benadering inkorporeer 'n sleutel-insig van onlangse
ontwikkelinge in die taalfilosofie, naamlik dat taal nie primêr referensieel is nie, maar
konstruktief en medebepalend van ons ervaring van en verhouding tot die werklikheid.
Deur beide die performatiewe of retoriese en die meer abstrak-sistemiese kenmerke
van taal ernstig op te neem, spreek die diskursiewe sosiale sielkunde die tradisionele
knelpunte van individualisme en reduksie van die sosiale op twee vlakke aan: eerstens,
soos dit onthul word in veral tradisioneel kognitiewe benaderings tot sosiale sielkunde;
en tweedens, soos dit 'n stel spesifiek Westers-kulturele waardes onderhou wat bydra
tot die reproduksie van kulturele en politieke praktyke en mags-wanbalanse.
Diskursiewe sosiale sielkunde word gevolglik aangetoon as 'n definitiewe vooruitgang
wat betref die uiteensetting van ryker konsepsies van sosiaal kognitiewe prosesse en
die sosiaal-kulturele grondslae van sielkundige fenomene. Ten spyte hiervan is daar
egter ook belangrike gebreke wat in ag geneem moet word voordat diskursiewe sosiale
sielkunde as kritiese alternatief na Suid-Afrika ingevoer word: die fokus op taal gaan
qepaard met 'n negering van die materialiteit en liggaamlikheid van ervaring. Omdat
ervaring nie pre-refleksief sielkundige betekenis kan hê nie, bly hierdie ontwikkeling se
verstaan van agentskap in gebreke om te verduidelik hoe kritiek, teenstand en
verandering moontlik is.
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Yoder, Ryan J. "Learning cognitive feedback specificity during training and the effect of learning for cognitive tasks." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1256155902.
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Berger, Ian P. "Autopriming : the presentation of a potentially unique cognitive transference phenomenon /." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1089816921.
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Cowley, Joshua D. "Inferential-role semantics: A theory of concepts for philosophy and psychology." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280685.
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Concepts are not sets of necessary and sufficient conditions. This fact has caused trouble for both psychologists and philosophers. The resultant psychological theories of concepts, which are primarily aimed at the functional role of concepts, are very specific but this specificity is at the expense of excluding some types of concepts. The resultant philosophical theories of concepts, which are primarily aimed at the content of concepts, are general but this generality is at the expense of understanding the role concepts play in the mind. My dissertation proposes a bridge between psychological and philosophical theories of concepts. This bridge has two parts: The first part is a general model of the functional role of concepts which is philosophically rigorous but can house existing psychological theories of concepts. The second part is a theory of the (narrow) content of concepts, which is informed by the mass of psychological evidence, but is general enough to encompass all concepts. The key in both parts is the role that concepts play in inference. I argue for the inferential model of concepts, which claims that the functional role of a concept is its inferential role. I also argue for inferential-role semantics which claims that the (narrow) content of a concept is determined by its inferential role. The overlooked advantage of this inferentialist position is the ability to draw on an account of reasoning to solve problems in developing a theory of concepts. My dissertation can then be seen as unifying philosophical and psychological work on concepts with philosophical and psychological work on reasoning. This is most obviously seen in the final chapter which offers an account of compositionality for inferential-role semantics.
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Khalil, M. S. "Computer-assisted cognitive remediation with learning disabled children : an evaluation using cognitive-neuropsychological model." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334458.
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Berkowitz, Megan. "Understanding the Relevance of Cognitive Psychology to Composition: Taking a Closer Look at How Cognitive Psychology has Influenced Ideas about Reading, Writing, and the Teaching Process." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1208900950.
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Lambert, Sophie. "L'impact de facteurs socio-cognitifs dans la modulation de l'effet d'accentuation: une analyse exploratoire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211224.
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Jara-Ettinger, Jose Julian. "The inner life of goals : costs, rewards, and commonsense psychology." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106433.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 131-143).<br>By kindergarten, our knowledge of agents has unfolded into a powerful intuitive theory that enables us to thrive in our social world. In this thesis I propose that children build their commonsense psychology around a basic assumption that agents choose goals and actions by quantifying, comparing, and maximizing utilities. This naive utility calculus generalizes infants' expectation that agents navigate efficiently, and captures much of the rich social reasoning we engage in from early childhood. I explore this theory in a series of experiments looking at children's ability to infer costs and rewards given partial information, their reasoning about knowledgeable versus ignorant agents, and their reasoning about the moral status of agents. Moreover, a formal model of this theory, embedded in a Bayesian framework, predicts with quantitative accuracy how humans make cost and reward attributions.<br>by Jose Julian Jara-Ettinger.<br>Ph. D.
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Andersson, Oskar. "Cognitive Abilities in Human Echolocation." Thesis, Umeå University, Department of Psychology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-36140.
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Krakauer, David C. "Cognitive ecology : a theoretical perspective." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294283.
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Nixon, Philip D. "The cerebellum and cognitive processes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299224.
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