Artigos de revistas: "Colour camera"

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Dugonik, Bogdan, Aleksandra Dugonik, Maruška Marovt e Marjan Golob. "Image Quality Assessment of Digital Image Capturing Devices for Melanoma Detection". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 8 (21 de abril de 2020): 2876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082876.

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The fast-growing incidence of skin cancer, especially melanoma, is the guiding principle for intense development of various digital image-capturing devices providing easier recognition of melanoma by dermatologists. Handheld and digital dermoscopy, following of mole changes with smartphones and digital analysing of mole images, is based on evaluation of the colours, shape and deep structures in the skin moles. Incorrect colour information of an image, under- or overexposed images, lack of sharpness and low resolution of the images, can lead to melanoma misdiagnosis. The purpose of our study was to determine the colour error in the image according to the given lighting conditions and different camera settings. We focused on measuring the image quality parameters of smartphones and high-resolution cameras to compare them with the results of state-of-the-art dermoscopy device systems. We applied standardised measuring methods. The spatial frequency response method was applied for measuring the sharpness and resolution of the tested camera systems. Colour images with known reference values were captured from the test target, to evaluate colour error as a CIELAB (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) ΔE*ab colour difference as seen by a human observer. The results of our measurements yielded two significant findings. First, all tested cameras produced inaccurate colours when operating in automatic mode, and second, the amount of sharpening was too intensive. These deficiencies can be eliminated through adjusting the camera parameters manually or by image post-production. The presented two-step camera calibration procedure improves the colour accuracy of captured clinical and dermoscopy images significantly.

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Nobbs, J. H., e C. Connolly. "Camera‐based colour inspection". Sensor Review 20, n.º 1 (março de 2000): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280010311347.

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Hakuto International (UK) Ltd. "Compact colour card camera". Displays 14, n.º 3 (julho de 1993): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-9382(93)90044-6.

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Connolly, Christine, William Leung e Jim Nobbs. "Colour measurement by video camera". Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 111, n.º 12 (22 de outubro de 2008): 373–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1995.tb01687.x.

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Bhat, Vidya S., SanathKumar Shetty, Khizer Ishaquddin Syed e Sanha Razdan. "Comparison of Tooth Shade Colour Recorded Using Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera and Mobile Cameras with Manually Adjusted Parameters". Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, n.º 32 (9 de agosto de 2021): 2577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/528.

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BACKGROUND Visual selection by using shade guides is the most common but also the most subjective technique, influenced by factors such as the age of the observer and eye fatigue. Digital imaging provides a practical and consistent method of determining tooth colour. A suitable alternative for DSLR cameras may be a mobile phone camera. Recent smart phones have manual control which helps to manually adjust parameters. Female patients usually use lipstick, which may alter the tooth colour perception, but there is no clinical evidence showing the effect of lipstick on tooth shade. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability of using phone camera and the effect of lipstick on the shade of the tooth. METHODS This study was conducted on 11 female individuals within the age of 18 - 25 years. Eight photographs were made of all 11 participants, using 3 different smart phone cameras and Nikon D3400 DSLR camera with twin flash and cross-polaroid filter was used as the control group. The parameters of all the cameras were standardized for every image. All digital photographs were evaluated with a Digital Colour Meter software, which gave the parameters in the RGB colour codes and CIE L, a*b* colour space. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in the L* and R* values between the control and the smartphone camera groups. There was no statistically significant difference in L* and R* values before and after applying lipstick in all the groups. There was no significant difference in L* and R* values in all the groups before and after applying lipstick. CONCLUSIONS Recent smartphone cameras with manually adjusted parameters including unprocessed or RAW images can be used as a reliable tool for shade matching. Shade matching can be done even after applying lipstick, as there was no difference seen in this study. KEY WORDS Esthetics, Shade, Lipstick, Spectophotometer, Shade

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Lee, Wong Poh, Mohd Azam Osman, Abdullah Zawawi Talib e Khairun Yahya. "Tracking Multiple Fishes Using Colour Changes Identification and Enhanced Object Tracking Algorithm". Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (janeiro de 2013): 1528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1528.

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Tracking multiple fishes using computational methods have become a research endeavor among researchers. Different concepts have been taken such as installing water sensors and video cameras to identify movement speed, colours, shapes and swimming patterns displayed by the fishes. In this research, an enhanced algorithm consisting of motion detection algorithm and condensation algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is further integrated with colour changes identification technique which considers the changes in colour on fishes. This is to identify overlapping fishes and to detect the distance between the camera and the fishes in the water. In our case study, a cultured fish tank installed with water sensors to monitor water pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature is set up together with two network cameras. Koi fishes are chosen due to their active swimming behaviour, variety of colours and easy-to-adapt habitat in the water. A real-time prototype system which models the fish swimming pattern consisting of the enhanced algorithm and the colour changes identification is developed.

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Wiebe, K. L., e G. R. Bortolotti. "Variation in colour within a population of northern flickers: a new perspective on an old hybrid zone". Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, n.º 6 (1 de junho de 2001): 1046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-065.

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We used a digital camera to quantify the colour of the tail feathers of 245 northern flickers (Colaptes auratus) in central British Columbia and investigate the frequency of colour morphs in the population of hybrids. The colour values generated by the camera corresponded well to the conventional method of ranking colours by eye, but was advantageous because it provided finer discrimination and a continuous colour variable. Rectrix colour varied in a continuum from the yellow of C. a. auratus to the red of C. a. cafer. By experimentally exposing red and yellow feathers to sunlight we showed that the intermediate orange colours were not a result of secondary fading of the carotenoid pigments. The distribution of colours in the population was bimodal. A paucity of intermediate phenotypes (orange birds) could not be explained by their mortality because return rates of birds to our study area was not associated with colour. New immigrants into the population tended to resemble parental types more often than hybrids. Assortative mating by colour in this population may tend to keep the subspecies separate, contrary to the situation in more southerly areas of the hybrid zone.

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Pointer, M. R., G. G. Attridge e R. E. Jacobson. "Practical camera characterization for colour measurement". Imaging Science Journal 49, n.º 2 (janeiro de 2001): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682199.2001.11784369.

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Shyu, M. James, e Margaret Chen Lee. "Non-Contact Color Analysis and Digital Archive Method for Blue-and-White Porcelain by Using Spectral Imaging Technology". International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 7, supplement (março de 2013): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2013.0069.

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The unique colour representation of Oriental art work distinguishes itself from what has been seen in Western art work. Not only the traditional Oriental watercolour paintings but also the ancient Chinese porcelains show a great deal of interesting colours that have been archived by digital camera in digital archive practice. However, the majority of the current digital cameras operate with RGB filters, which record every pixel in a tri-chromatic manner. There are several limitations for such a tri-chromatic camera. One is that it describes the colour of the object only by three primary colours. Another is that the image captured is strongly influenced by the illumination at the scene, such that the archived image appears as it does specifically under that lighting condition, not as the original object itself. With such limitations, a problem called ‘metamerism’ may occur when an object is viewed under different illuminations. This creates a serious problem when colour is a critical factor in the digital archiving process. Spectral imaging technology is capable of capturing the colour in spectral form, and the spectral reflectance of each pixel is recorded accordingly. With consequent analysis and process, art works can be archived with high precision spectral data with the advantages of resolving the issue of metamerism and of reproducing the art work under any kind of illumination. Another advantage of spectral imaging technology is that it captures and analyzes the spectral data of an art work without any physical contact. In this study ancient Chinese blue-and-white porcelains collected by the Hwa-Kang Museum of the Chinese Culture University are digitised by spectral imaging technology. A custom-built spectral camera is used to capture the spectral image by using a new spectrograph device. Statistics analysis is used to extract the primary spectral reflectance from the captured spectral data. Comparisons can then be made to explore the differences among the colour primaries of the porcelains. This new spectral system and the colour analysis of blue-and-white porcelain as well as the resulting spectral characteristics of this porcelain can be a new benchmark for the museum community in digital archiving.

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Kolláth, Zoltán, Dénes Száz, Kai Pong Tong e Kornél Kolláth. "The Colour of the Night Sky". Journal of Imaging 6, n.º 9 (5 de setembro de 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6090090.

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The measurement of night sky quality has become an important task in night sky conservation. Modern measurement techniques involve mainly a calibrated digital camera or a spectroradiometer. However, panchromatic devices are still prevalent to this day, even in the absence of determining the spectral information of the night sky. In the case of multispectral measurements, colour information is currently presented in multiple ways. One of the most frequently used metrics is correlated colour temperature (CCT), which is not without its limitation for the purpose of describing especially the colour of natural night sky. Moreover, visually displaying the colour of the night sky in a quantitatively meaningful way has not attracted sufficient attention in the community of astronomy and light pollution research—most photographs of the night sky are post-processed in a way for aesthetic attractiveness rather than accurate representation of the night sky. The spectrum of the natural night sky varies in a wide range depending on solar activity and atmospheric properties. The most noticeable variation in the visible range is the variation of the atomic emission lines, primarily the green oxygen and orange sodium emission. Based on the accepted models of night sky emission, we created a random spectral database which represents the possible range of night sky radiance distribution. We used this spectral database as a learning set, to create a colour transformation between different colour spaces. The spectral sensitivity of some digital cameras is also used to determine an optimal transformation matrix from camera defined coordinates to real colours. The theoretical predictions were extended with actual spectral measurements in order to test the models and check the local constituents of night sky radiance. Here, we present an extended modelling of night sky colour and recommendations of its consistent measurement, as well as methods of visualising the colour of night sky in a consistent way, namely using the false colour enhancement.

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Dueholm, K. S., e A. A. Garde. "Geological photogrammetry using standard colour slides". Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 130 (31 de dezembro de 1986): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v130.7945.

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Photogrammctric mapping methods (Dueholm, 1979; Jepsen & Dueholm, 1978; Pedersen, 1981) are widely used by the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU). However, until now it has only been possible to use vertical aerial photographs taken with large frame photogrammetric cameras. As a major part af the geology in Greenland is exposed on steep mountain sides. there are many afcas that e(]llllot be rnappcd from vertical aerial pl1otographs. In 1983 a research projccl was set up to invcstigate phologrammetric mapping using commerci ally available oblique aeria! photographs, as well as terrestriaJ photographs taken by geologists with ordinary 24/36 mm cameras (fig. 1). A new type of photogrammetric instrument, the Kern DSR11/GP1 AnalyticaI Plotter, was procured for this and other projects. Here we present results and experience from the first successful mapping in Greenland with an ordinary 24/36 mm camera.

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Lukac, R., e K. N. Plataniotis. "Digital camera zooming on colour filter array". Electronics Letters 39, n.º 25 (2003): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20031198.

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Pimenta, Catarina, Carla Morais e Raul Fangueiro. "The Thermal Colour and the Emissivity of Printed Pigments on Knitted Fabrics for Application in Diurnal Thermal Camouflage Garments". Key Engineering Materials 812 (julho de 2019): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.812.127.

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This work compares thermal colour and emissivity of different pigments printed on to two types of jersey knitted fabrics (cotton and polyester). In order to analyze and differentiate the thermal colours of the knitted fabrics samples, diurnal and nocturnal thermal images of a female body were captured in an outdoor environment using a thermal imaging camera. Five pigments (white, black, yellow, magenta and cyan blue) were analyzed in a conditioned environment, simulating atmospheric (diurnal/nocturnal) and skin temperature, using a climatic chamber, a thermal manikin and a thermal imaging camera. The thermal tests allowed identifying the thermal colour of the printed pigments for application in the diurnal thermal camouflage garments.

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Riza, Nabeel A. "Thinking Camera – Powered by the CAOS Camera Platform". EPJ Web of Conferences 238 (2020): 06012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023806012.

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Introduced is the system level design of a Thinking Camera powered by the CAOS camera platform. The proposed camera provides features such as extreme linear dynamic range and full spectrum operations with selectable space-time-frequency CAOS pixel modes using active and passive light. The imager has triple output ports design and is controlled via application-specific classical image processing, machine learning techniques, and human/user feedback. Imaging capabilities cover multi-dimensional mappings allowing diverse full spectrum (350 nm to 2700 nm) applications from industrial metrology to quantitative medical imaging to artefact preserving colour photography.

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Molada-Tebar, Adolfo, Ángel Marqués-Mateu e José Lerma. "Camera Characterisation Based on Skin-Tone Colours for Rock Art Recording". Proceedings 19, n.º 1 (15 de julho de 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019019012.

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Image-based characterisation offers accurate results for colour recording in cultural heritage documentation tasks. Although numerous researches are focused on improving either the mathematical model used or the workflow technical details, in this paper we propose the use of selected skin-tone colours instead of the full colour checker dataset. Even though the two datasets yield good colourimetric results, an improvement is observed when using the skin-tone samples. The results reveal two key aspects in the characterisation procedure, specifically the number of samples and the use of training data near the chromatic range of the scene used in the characterisation procedure itself.

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Jabari, S., F. Fathollahi e Y. Zhang. "APPLICATION OF SENSOR FUSION TO IMPROVE UAV IMAGE CLASSIFICATION". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W6 (23 de agosto de 2017): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w6-153-2017.

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Image classification is one of the most important tasks of remote sensing projects including the ones that are based on using UAV images. Improving the quality of UAV images directly affects the classification results and can save a huge amount of time and effort in this area. In this study, we show that sensor fusion can improve image quality which results in increasing the accuracy of image classification. Here, we tested two sensor fusion configurations by using a Panchromatic (Pan) camera along with either a colour camera or a four-band multi-spectral (MS) camera. We use the Pan camera to benefit from its higher sensitivity and the colour or MS camera to benefit from its spectral properties. The resulting images are then compared to the ones acquired by a high resolution single Bayer-pattern colour camera (here referred to as HRC). We assessed the quality of the output images by performing image classification tests. The outputs prove that the proposed sensor fusion configurations can achieve higher accuracies compared to the images of the single Bayer-pattern colour camera. Therefore, incorporating a Pan camera on-board in the UAV missions and performing image fusion can help achieving higher quality images and accordingly higher accuracy classification results.

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Bayraktar, Rabia, Batur Alp Akgul e Kadir Sercan Bayram. "Colour recognition using colour histogram feature extraction and K-nearest neighbour classifier". New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Advances in Pure and Applied Sciences, n.º 12 (30 de abril de 2020): 08–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjpaas.v0i12.4981.

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K-nearest neighbours (KNN) is a widely used neural network and machine learning classification algorithm. Recently, it has been used in the neural network and digital image processing fields. In this study, the KNN classifier is used to distinguish 12 different colours. These colours are black, blue, brown, forest green, green, navy, orange, pink, red, violet, white and yellow. Using colour histogram feature extraction, which is one of the image processing techniques, the features that distinguish these colours are determined. These features increase the effectiveness of the KNN classifier. The training data consist of saved frames and the test data are obtained from the video camera in real-time. The video consists of consecutive frames. The frames are 100 × 70 in size. Each frame is tested with K = 3,5,7,9 and the obtained results are recorded. In general, the best results are obtained when used K = 5. Keywords: KNN algorithm, classifier, application, neural network, image processing, developed, colour, dataset, colour recognition.

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Yang, Jiansheng, Zhen Ma e Yang Zhang. "Improved colour-modelled CH* and C2* measurement using a digital colour camera". Measurement 141 (julho de 2019): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.04.016.

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Simonini, S., S. J. Elston e C. R. Stone. "Soot temperature and concentration measurements from colour charge coupled device camera images using a three-colour method". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 215, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 2001): 1041–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440620121500905.

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The three-colour method has been developed in order to turn chromatic information in charge coupled device (CCD) camera images of combustion into flame temperature and soot concentration measurements. The method showed the following advantages over the two-colour method from which it is derived: only one camera is needed; no further calibration is required once the response curve of the camera is known; it does not rely on light intensity but on ratios between colour components, making it easy to adapt to different operating points with different name brightness. The results on temperature evaluation were compared with a thermodynamic model, and better agreement was found in the late stages of the cycle, when the radiation from chemical reactions becomes negligible. The error analysis showed that the calculations for soot concentration are ill-conditioned, but when the results are integrated to give a soot loading the accuracy is improved and there is clear evidence of soot evolution and destruction during combustion.

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Tilneac, Mihaela, Sanda Grigorescu, Victor Paléologue e Valer Dolga. "Wrist Mounted Camera for Colour and Shape Recognition". Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (fevereiro de 2012): 1543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.1543.

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The aim of this paper is robot with vision system to interact with its environment. The task considered is recognizing and finding objects extracted from the image space. The work presents a Matlab program for different objects colour and shape recognition. The image taken by a low cost Web camera is processed and information is transferred to a robot controller for moving above the identified object.

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Lee, K. Y., R. H. Park e S. W. Lee. "Colour matching for soft proofing using a camera". IET Image Processing 6, n.º 3 (2012): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-ipr.2011.0046.

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Jones, D. H. P. "CCD Standard Fields". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 136 (1993): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100007405.

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AbstractThere are several standard fields for CCDs available in the literature. Some of these have been observed many times with the CCD cameras of the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes on La Palma. These observations were made in order to establish the zero-points and colour equations for the U BV RI filters. Now that many observations are available in the data archive it is possible to combine them and search for inconsistencies in the published magnitudes and colours. This discussion will lead to standard fields of a higher quality. Furthermore astrometric plates have been taken of several of these fields which will be used to provide accurate positions as well as magnitudes and colours. These will provide the scale, orientation and distortion of any CCD camera.

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Antuña-Sánchez, Juan C., Roberto Román, Victoria E. Cachorro, Carlos Toledano, César López, Ramiro González, David Mateos, Abel Calle e Ángel M. de Frutos. "Relative sky radiance from multi-exposure all-sky camera images". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, n.º 3 (22 de março de 2021): 2201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2201-2021.

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Abstract. All-sky cameras are frequently used to detect cloud cover; however, this work explores the use of these instruments for the more complex purpose of extracting relative sky radiances. An all-sky camera (SONA202-NF model) with three colour filters narrower than usual for this kind of cameras is configured to capture raw images at seven exposure times. A detailed camera characterization of the black level, readout noise, hot pixels and linear response is carried out. A methodology is proposed to obtain a linear high dynamic range (HDR) image and its uncertainty, which represents the relative sky radiance (in arbitrary units) maps at three effective wavelengths. The relative sky radiances are extracted from these maps and normalized by dividing every radiance of one channel by the sum of all radiances at this channel. Then, the normalized radiances are compared with the sky radiance measured at different sky points by a sun and sky photometer belonging to the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). The camera radiances correlate with photometer ones except for scattering angles below 10∘, which is probably due to some light reflections on the fisheye lens and camera dome. Camera and photometer wavelengths are not coincident; hence, camera radiances are also compared with sky radiances simulated by a radiative transfer model at the same camera effective wavelengths. This comparison reveals an uncertainty on the normalized camera radiances of about 3.3 %, 4.3 % and 5.3 % for 467, 536 and 605 nm, respectively, if specific quality criteria are applied.

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Kolláth, Zoltán, Dénes Száz, Kornél Kolláth e Kai Pong Tong. "Light Pollution Monitoring and Sky Colours". Journal of Imaging 6, n.º 10 (5 de outubro de 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6100104.

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The measurement of night sky quality has become an important task in nature conservation. The primary device used for this task can be a calibrated digital camera. In addition, colour information can be derived from sky photography. In this paper, we provide a test on a concept to gather information about the possible sources of night sky brightness based on digital camera images. This method helps to understand changes in night sky quality due to natural and artificial changes in the environment. We demonstrate that a well-defined colour–colour diagram can differentiate between the different natural and artificial sources of night sky radiance. The colour information can be essential when interpreting long-term evolution of light pollution measurements.

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ETOH, Takeharu, Kohsei TAKEHARA, Masataka TSUJI e Hidehiro KUME. "Highspeed Colour Video/Multiframing camera with Three Image Sensors". Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 16, Supplement2 (1996): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.16.supplement2_187.

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Hodson, Thomas M., e Christopher C. Donnell. "Colour fidelity: the camera never lies - or does it?" British Dental Journal 229, n.º 8 (outubro de 2020): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-2273-4.

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Yamamoto, Kenji, Tomohiro Yendo, Toshiaki Fujii, Masayuki Tanimoto e David Suter. "Colour Correction for Multiple-camera System by Using Correspondences". Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 61, n.º 2 (2007): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.61.213.

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Lichti, D. D., D. Jarron, M. Shahbazi, P. Helmholz e R. Radovanovic. "INVESTIGATION INTO THE BEHAVIOUR AND MODELLING OF CHROMATIC ABERRATIONS IN NON-METRIC DIGITAL CAMERAS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W18 (29 de novembro de 2019): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w18-99-2019.

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Abstract. Chromatic aberration in colour digital camera imagery can affect the accuracy of photogrammetric reconstruction. Both longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberrations can be effectively modelled by making separate measurements in each of the blue, green and red colour bands and performing a specialized self-calibrating bundle adjustment. This paper presents the results of an investigation with two aims. The first aim is to quantify the presence of chromatic aberration in two sets of cameras: the six individual cameras comprising a Ladybug5 system, calibrated simultaneously in air; and four GoPro Hero 5 cameras calibrated independently under water. The second aim is to investigate the impacts of imposing different constraints in the self-calibration adjustment. To this end, four different adjustment cases were performed for all ten cameras: independent adjustment of the observations from each colour band; combined adjustment of all colour bands’ observations with common object points; combined adjustment of all colour bands with common object points and common exterior orientation parameters for each colour band triplet; and combined adjustment with common object points and certain common interior orientation parameters. The results show that the Ladybug5 cameras exhibit a small (1-2 pixel) amount of transverse chromatic aberration but no longitudinal chromatic aberration. The GoPro Hero 5 cameras exhibit significant (25 pixel) transverse chromatic aberration as well as longitudinal chromatic aberration. The principal distance was essentially independent of the adjustment case for the Ladybug5, but it was not for the GoPro Hero 5. The principal point position and precision were both affected considerably by adjustment case. Radial lens distortion was invariant to the adjustment case. The impact of adjustment case on decentring distortion was minimal in both cases.

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Resfita, Nova, Rahmadi Kurnia e Fitrilina Fitrilina. "The Implementation of Multilevel Colour Thresholding on a Prototype Coffee Machine". Journal of Science and Applicative Technology 4, n.º 2 (20 de dezembro de 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.35472/jsat.v4i2.344.

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The development of computer vision has expanded widely as there is a vast number of its applications in various aspects of daily life. One of its implementations is integrating the image processing technique on a prototype coffee machine based on the speech recognition system. This study aims to detect the requested coffee colour spoken by users which are black, middle and light. The sensor used in this research is a digital PC camera and the applied method is Multilevel Colour Thresholding. Of all experiments conducted, the image processing technique can work perfectly as the camera is able to identify the requested colour of the coffee solution. Furthermore, the system might be developed by improving the multilevel colour thresholding technique as well as advancing the hardware design in order to establish more robust coffee machine based on the requested colour.

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Brown, N., M. R. Jackson e R. M. Parkin. "Automatic gravure print feature determination at production speeds". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 217, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2003): 1101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440540321700807.

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This paper describes the development of a non-contact system for measuring the colour of printed material at web speeds, in addition to gravure-printed dot feature recognition. The system proposed uses a non-contact spectrophotometer based on a holographic grating, in conjunction with a conventional monochrome area scan camera, from which colour spectral data are extracted, while a xenon flash is used to illuminate colour samples. Dot features are captured by a magnification lens, in conjunction with a progressive scan camera. Software and hardware details of the system are given, together with the underlying mathematics for colour space conversion and measurement. Conversion equations from X, Y, Z chromaticity coordinates to the RGB system are presented, and also equations to convert from the L* a* b* colour space to X, Y, Z chromaticity coordinates. Experimental results are presented whereby the non-contact spectral system is shown to perform to a colour tolerance exceeding that of conventional colour video systems, and where performance of the dot feature system is comparable with traditional static examination methods using a microscope.

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Kolláth, Zoltán, Dénes Száz, Kai Pong Tong e Kornél Kolláth. "Light Pollution Survey in Hungarian National Parks". Acta Universitatis de Carolo Eszterházy Nominatae. Sectio Biologiae 46 (2021): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33041/actauniveszterhazybiol.2021.46.111.

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We have started a light pollution survey in the Hungarian national parks. We use a mobile laboratory consisting of digital cameras and robotic panorama heads to gather high-resolution panorama imaging radiometry. The same type of cameras with fish-eye lenses are used in fix monitoring stations. Parallel to the imaging radiometry, we measure the spectral distribution of the sky radiation. The spectroradiometry provides additional calibration check on the measurements and further information on the sources of light. The mobile laboratory provides an excellent spatial resolution at a given national park while the monitoring all-sky camera stations add the possibility to detect temporal changes in night sky quality. We developed new SI traceable metrics for the measurement of night sky quality. The RGB colour channels of the camera provide an optimal way to obtain multispectral radiance information. The selected metric is the band-averaged spectral radiance. Besides, we use a colour enhancement technique to find traces of different sources of night sky radiance. In the near future, we expect a large amount of high-quality data from the Hungarian national parks, which provide an outstanding possibility in light pollution related and atmospheric research. In the paper, we present the first results of the sky quality survey.

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Chennamma, H. R., e Lalitha Rangarajan. "Source Camera Identification Based on Sensor Readout Noise". International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics 2, n.º 3 (julho de 2010): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdcf.2010070103.

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A digitally developed image is a viewable image (TIFF/JPG) produced by a camera’s sensor data (raw image) using computer software tools. Such images might use different colour space, demosaicing algorithms or by different post processing parameter settings which are not the one coded in the source camera. In this regard, the most reliable method of source camera identification is linking the given image with the sensor of camera. In this paper, the authors propose a novel approach for camera identification based on sensor’s readout noise. Readout noise is an important intrinsic characteristic of a digital imaging sensor (CCD or CMOS) and it cannot be removed. This paper quantitatively measures readout noise of the sensor from an image using the mean-standard deviation plot, while in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, the authors tested against the images captured at two different exposure levels. Results show datasets containing 1200 images acquired from six different cameras of three different brands. The success of proposed method is corroborated through experiments.

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Berra, E., S. Gibson-Poole, A. MacArthur, R. Gaulton e A. Hamilton. "ESTIMATION OF THE SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY FUNCTIONS OF UN-MODIFIED AND MODIFIED COMMERCIAL OFF-THE-SHELF DIGITAL CAMERAS TO ENABLE THEIR USE AS A MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING SYSTEM FOR UAVS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-1/W4 (26 de agosto de 2015): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-1-w4-207-2015.

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Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) digital cameras on-board unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to be used as multispectral imaging systems; however, their spectral sensitivity is usually unknown and needs to be either measured or estimated. This paper details a step by step methodology for identifying the spectral sensitivity of modified (to be response to near infra-red wavelengths) and un-modified COTS digital cameras, showing the results of its application for three different models of camera. Six digital still cameras, which are being used as imaging systems on-board different UAVs, were selected to have their spectral sensitivities measured by a monochromator. Each camera was exposed to monochromatic light ranging from 370 nm to 1100 nm in 10 nm steps, with images of each step recorded in RAW format. The RAW images were converted linearly into TIFF images using DCRaw, an open-source program, before being batch processed through ImageJ (also open-source), which calculated the mean and standard deviation values from each of the red-green-blue (RGB) channels over a fixed central region within each image. These mean values were then related to the relative spectral radiance from the monochromator and its integrating sphere, in order to obtain the relative spectral response (RSR) for each of the cameras colour channels. It was found that different un-modified camera models present very different RSR in some channels, and one of the modified cameras showed a response that was unexpected. This highlights the need to determine the RSR of a camera before using it for any quantitative studies.

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Edafewhuotu, Umukoro, Alebu Ohimai e Olugotun Olubu. "Design and Development of Traffic Light and IR Camera Computer Network; a Tool for Infrastructural Planning and Revenue Generation". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, n.º 18 (30 de junho de 2018): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n18p352.

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A traffic light is a device that gives the right of way to any road user. The device is design with three visible colours made up of the Red, Yellow and Green light. It is used to control the movement of vehicles entry or leaving a junction of a town or cities. The red colour light indicates danger or stop movement. The yellow (amber) colour indicates get ready to start or stop movement. The green light indicates crossing the intersection without danger. The infrared camera (IR) is a light emitting diode (LEDs) which can video an image in an extreme low or absence of light condition. The IR camera when installed on a traffic light will capture every vehicle image, colour and the registration number of every vehicle that is given the right of way across an intersection in various locations. The captured data can be stored in a software drive (SD-card) or the hard-disk of the computer. The traffic light and IR camera are interface with a computer network system for visible and data retrieving for further programming processing. This system when installed can be used for infrastructural planning and revenue generation for the Government. It can also be used to prevent road accident and monitor the incessant knapping of the citizen. It serves as a tool for moral discipline for road user when defaulters are persecuted and charge to pay fine. The system will eliminate manual system of controlling traffic and embarrassment caused when there is traffic jam. The system is cheap and easy to install.

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Griffiths, Andrew D., Andrew J. Coates, Ralf Jaumann, Harald Michaelis, Gerhard Paar, David Barnes e Jean-Luc Josset. "Context for the ESA ExoMars rover: the Panoramic Camera (PanCam) instrument". International Journal of Astrobiology 5, n.º 3 (julho de 2006): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550406003387.

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The recently approved ExoMars rover is the first element of the ESA Aurora programme and is scheduled to deliver the Pasteur exobiology payload to Mars by 2015. The 0.7 kg Panoramic Camera will provide multi-spectral stereo images with 65 ° field-of-view (1.1 mrad/pixel) and high-resolution (85 μrad/pixel) monoscopic ‘zoom’ images with 5 ° field-of-view. The stereo wide-angle cameras (WAC) are based on the Beagle 2 Stereo Camera System heritage (Griffiths et al. (2005). Planet. Space Sci. 53, 1466–1488). The Panoramic Camera instrument is designed to fulfil the digital terrain mapping requirements of the mission as well as to provide multi-spectral geological imaging, colour and stereo panoramic images, water vapour abundance and dust optical depth measurements. It can also be used for high-resolution imaging of inaccessible locations on crater walls and to observe retrieved subsurface samples before ingestion into the rest of the Pasteur payload.

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McGuire, P. C., C. Gross, L. Wendt, A. Bonnici, V. Souza-Egipsy, J. Ormö, E. Díaz-Martínez et al. "The Cyborg Astrobiologist: testing a novelty detection algorithm on two mobile exploration systems at Rivas Vaciamadrid in Spain and at the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah". International Journal of Astrobiology 9, n.º 1 (30 de novembro de 2009): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550409990358.

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AbstractIn previous work, a platform was developed for testing computer-vision algorithms for robotic planetary exploration. This platform consisted of a digital video camera connected to a wearable computer for real-time processing of images at geological and astrobiological field sites. The real-time processing included image segmentation and the generation of interest points based upon uncommonness in the segmentation maps. Also in previous work, this platform for testing computer-vision algorithms has been ported to a more ergonomic alternative platform, consisting of a phone camera connected via the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network to a remote-server computer. The wearable-computer platform has been tested at geological and astrobiological field sites in Spain (Rivas Vaciamadrid and Riba de Santiuste), and the phone camera has been tested at a geological field site in Malta. In this work, we (i) apply a Hopfield neural-network algorithm for novelty detection based upon colour, (ii) integrate a field-capable digital microscope on the wearable computer platform, (iii) test this novelty detection with the digital microscope at Rivas Vaciamadrid, (iv) develop a Bluetooth communication mode for the phone-camera platform, in order to allow access to a mobile processing computer at the field sites, and (v) test the novelty detection on the Bluetooth-enabled phone camera connected to a netbook computer at the Mars Desert Research Station in Utah. This systems engineering and field testing have together allowed us to develop a real-time computer-vision system that is capable, for example, of identifying lichens as novel within a series of images acquired in semi-arid desert environments. We acquired sequences of images of geologic outcrops in Utah and Spain consisting of various rock types and colours to test this algorithm. The algorithm robustly recognized previously observed units by their colour, while requiring only a single image or a few images to learn colours as familiar, demonstrating its fast learning capability.

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SÖDERGÅRD, CAJ, RAIMO LAUNONEN e JUUSO ÄIKÄS. "INSPECTION OF COLOUR PRINTING QUALITY". International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 10, n.º 02 (março de 1996): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001496000104.

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The use of machine vision technology is being investigated at VTT for improving the colour quality and productivity of web offset printing. The visual inspection of colour quality is performed by a colour CCD camera which traverses the moving web under a stroboscopic light. The measuring locations and goal values for the colour register, the ink density and the grey balance are automatically determined from the PostScript™ description of the digital page. A set of criteria is used to find the most suitable spots for the measurements. In addition to providing data for on-line control, the page analysis estimates the zone wise link consumption of the printing plates as a basis for presetting the ink feed. Target calorimetric CIE-values for grey balance and critical colours are determined from the image originals. The on-line measurement results and their derivations from the target values are displayed in an integrated manner. The paper gives test results of computation times, measurements of register error with and without test targets and the colour measuring capabilities of the system. The results show that machine vision can be used for on-line inspection of colour print quality. This makes it possible to upgrade older printing presses to produce a colour quality that is competitive with more modern presses.

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Klocek, Czesław, Jacek Nowicki, Barbara Brudzisz e Mariola Pabiańczyk. "Colour preferences in pigs". Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 12, n.º 4 (29 de dezembro de 2016): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5420.

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The aim of the study was to determine the behavioural response of weaners to feeders of different colours. Eighteen weaners, crosses of Polish Landrace x Polish Large White, were observed. The pigs received compound feed in blue, red or yellow feeders, ad libitum. The behaviour of the pigs was observed using an industrial surveillance camera and recorded in a time-lapse system. The number of visits to each feeder, the time spent at the feeder and the amount of feed eaten were noted. The piglets spent the most time at the blue feeder (on average 41 minutes per day) and the least time at the yellow feeder (28 minutes). These preferences were similar in individuals of both sexes.

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Zhu, Yuteng. "Designing a physically-feasible colour filter to make a camera more colorimetric". London Imaging Meeting 2020, n.º 1 (29 de setembro de 2020): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2694-118x.2020.lim-16.

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Previously, a method has been developed to find the best colour filter for a given camera which results in the new effective camera sensitivities that best meet the Luther condition. That is, the new sensitivities are approximately linearly related to the XYZ colour matching functions. However, with no constraint, the filter derived from this Luther-condition based optimisation can be rather non-smooth and transmit very little light which are impractical for fabrication. In this paper, we extend the Luther-condition filter optimisation method to allow us to incorporate both the smoothness and transmittance bounds of the recovered filter which are key practical concerns. Experiments demonstrate that we can find physically realisable filters which are smooth and reasonably transmissive with which the effective 'camera+filter' becomes significantly more colorimetric.

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Iong, P. T., S. H. Chen e Y. Yang. "Vision guidance of a fixed wing UAV using a single camera configuration". Aeronautical Journal 117, n.º 1188 (fevereiro de 2013): 147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000007922.

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Abstract In this paper a single camera vision guidance system for fixed wing UAV is developed. This system searches for and identifies a target object with known colour and shape from images captured by an onboard camera. HSV colour space and moment invariants are utilised to describe the colour and shape features of the target object. Position, area and rotation angle of the target object in the image plane are collected. This information is then processed by the Extended Kalman Filter to estimate the relative positions and attitudes of the UAV. The vision guidance system guides the UAV towards the target object automatically based on these estimated states by using a proportional controller. A Senior Telemaster aircraft model kit installed with an onboard camera and computer is used for flight test. The target object for the flight test is a white flag with a red cross. Flight simulations and flight tests results are presented in this paper, showing that the vision guidance system can recognise the target object and guide the UAV effectively.

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Banerjee, Abhik, Abhirup Ghosh, Koustuvmoni Bharadwaj e Hemanta Saikia. "Mouse Control using a Web Camera based on Colour Detection". International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 9, n.º 1 (25 de março de 2014): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22312803/ijctt-v9p104.

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Pointer, M. R., G. G. Attridge e R. E. Jacobson. "Application of a colour reproduction index to digital camera characterization". Imaging Science Journal 49, n.º 2 (janeiro de 2001): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682199.2001.11784371.

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Wingate, L., J. Ogée, E. Cremonese, G. Filippa, T. Mizunuma, M. Migliavacca, C. Moisy et al. "Interpreting canopy development and physiology using the EUROPhen camera network at flux sites". Biogeosciences Discussions 12, n.º 10 (27 de maio de 2015): 7979–8034. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-7979-2015.

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Abstract. Plant phenological development is orchestrated through subtle changes in photoperiod, temperature, soil moisture and nutrient availability. Presently, the exact timing of plant development stages and their response to climate and management practices are crudely represented in land surface models. As visual observations of phenology are laborious, there is a need to supplement long-term observations with automated techniques such as those provided by digital repeat photography at high temporal and spatial resolution. We present the first synthesis from a growing observational network of digital cameras installed on towers across Europe above deciduous and evergreen forests, grasslands and croplands, where vegetation and atmosphere CO2 fluxes are measured continuously. Using colour indices from digital images and using piecewise regression analysis of time-series, we explored whether key changes in canopy phenology could be detected automatically across different land use types in the network. The piecewise regression approach could capture the start and end of the growing season, in addition to identifying striking changes in colour signals caused by flowering and management practices such as mowing. Exploring the dates of green up and senescence of deciduous forests extracted by the piecewise regression approach against dates estimated from visual observations we found that these phenological events could be detected adequately (RMSE < 8 and 11 days for leaf out and leaf fall respectively). We also investigated whether the seasonal patterns of red, green and blue colour fractions derived from digital images could be modelled mechanistically using the PROSAIL model parameterised with information of seasonal changes in canopy leaf area and leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. From a model sensitivity analysis we found that variations in colour fractions, and in particular the late spring "green hump" observed repeatedly in deciduous broadleaf canopies across the network, are essentially dominated by changes in the respective pigment concentrations. Using the model we were able to explain why this spring maximum in green signal is often observed out of phase with the maximum period of canopy photosynthesis in ecosystems across Europe. Coupling such quasi-continuous digital records of canopy colours with co-located CO2 flux measurements will improve our understanding of how changes in growing season length are likely to shape the capacity of European ecosystems to sequester CO2 in the future.

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Kumar, Vinay, Binod Kumar Vimal, Rakesh Kumar, Rakesh Kumar e Mukesh Kumar. "Determination of soil pH by using digital image processing technique". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2014): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i1.368.

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Soil is recognized as one of the most valuable natural resource whose soil pH property used to describe the degree of acidity or basicity which affect nutrient availability and ultimately plant growth. Fifty soil samples were collected and their pH was determined by using digital image processing technique. Soil colour is visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories i.e red, green, blue and others. Soil colours are the parts of visual perceptual property where digital values of red, green and blue (RGB) provide a clue for spectral signature capture of different pH in soil. For the capturing images, digital camera was used. Transformation of the multispectral image was carried out through TNT Mips spatial software. On the basis of RGB grey values, pixels properties and their digital correlations, results showed that there was a clear cut gap in grey values of colours in the images 1, 2, 3, 4,10,11,14 and 16. Ranges of soil pH and pH index values were 7.30-7.50 and 0.0070-0.0261, respectively in deep brown colour. Similarly, soil pH range varies from 6.80-7.04 and 5.58-6.58 in light yellowish and greenish colour respectively while their corresponding pH index values were 0.0071-0.0451 and 0.0084-0.0239. Thus soil pH range varies from 7.30-7.50, 6.80-7.04 and 5.58-6.58 in deep brown colour, light yellowish colour and greenish colour respectively.

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Wingate, L., J. Ogée, E. Cremonese, G. Filippa, T. Mizunuma, M. Migliavacca, C. Moisy et al. "Interpreting canopy development and physiology using a European phenology camera network at flux sites". Biogeosciences 12, n.º 20 (21 de outubro de 2015): 5995–6015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5995-2015.

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Abstract. Plant phenological development is orchestrated through subtle changes in photoperiod, temperature, soil moisture and nutrient availability. Presently, the exact timing of plant development stages and their response to climate and management practices are crudely represented in land surface models. As visual observations of phenology are laborious, there is a need to supplement long-term observations with automated techniques such as those provided by digital repeat photography at high temporal and spatial resolution. We present the first synthesis from a growing observational network of digital cameras installed on towers across Europe above deciduous and evergreen forests, grasslands and croplands, where vegetation and atmosphere CO2 fluxes are measured continuously. Using colour indices from digital images and using piecewise regression analysis of time series, we explored whether key changes in canopy phenology could be detected automatically across different land use types in the network. The piecewise regression approach could capture the start and end of the growing season, in addition to identifying striking changes in colour signals caused by flowering and management practices such as mowing. Exploring the dates of green-up and senescence of deciduous forests extracted by the piecewise regression approach against dates estimated from visual observations, we found that these phenological events could be detected adequately (RMSE < 8 and 11 days for leaf out and leaf fall, respectively). We also investigated whether the seasonal patterns of red, green and blue colour fractions derived from digital images could be modelled mechanistically using the PROSAIL model parameterised with information of seasonal changes in canopy leaf area and leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. From a model sensitivity analysis we found that variations in colour fractions, and in particular the late spring `green hump' observed repeatedly in deciduous broadleaf canopies across the network, are essentially dominated by changes in the respective pigment concentrations. Using the model we were able to explain why this spring maximum in green signal is often observed out of phase with the maximum period of canopy photosynthesis in ecosystems across Europe. Coupling such quasi-continuous digital records of canopy colours with co-located CO2 flux measurements will improve our understanding of how changes in growing season length are likely to shape the capacity of European ecosystems to sequester CO2 in the future.

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Chen, C., B. S. Yang e S. Song. "LOW COST AND EFFICIENT 3D INDOOR MAPPING USING MULTIPLE CONSUMER RGB-D CAMERAS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (2 de junho de 2016): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b1-169-2016.

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Driven by the miniaturization, lightweight of positioning and remote sensing sensors as well as the urgent needs for fusing indoor and outdoor maps for next generation navigation, 3D indoor mapping from mobile scanning is a hot research and application topic. The point clouds with auxiliary data such as colour, infrared images derived from 3D indoor mobile mapping suite can be used in a variety of novel applications, including indoor scene visualization, automated floorplan generation, gaming, reverse engineering, navigation, simulation and etc. State-of-the-art 3D indoor mapping systems equipped with multiple laser scanners product accurate point clouds of building interiors containing billions of points. However, these laser scanner based systems are mostly expensive and not portable. Low cost consumer RGB-D Cameras provides an alternative way to solve the core challenge of indoor mapping that is capturing detailed underlying geometry of the building interiors. Nevertheless, RGB-D Cameras have a very limited field of view resulting in low efficiency in the data collecting stage and incomplete dataset that missing major building structures (e.g. ceilings, walls). Endeavour to collect a complete scene without data blanks using single RGB-D Camera is not technic sound because of the large amount of human labour and position parameters need to be solved. To find an efficient and low cost way to solve the 3D indoor mapping, in this paper, we present an indoor mapping suite prototype that is built upon a novel calibration method which calibrates internal parameters and external parameters of multiple RGB-D Cameras. Three Kinect sensors are mounted on a rig with different view direction to form a large field of view. The calibration procedure is three folds: 1, the internal parameters of the colour and infrared camera inside each Kinect are calibrated using a chess board pattern, respectively; 2, the external parameters between the colour and infrared camera inside each Kinect are calibrated using a chess board pattern; 3, the external parameters between every Kinect are firstly calculated using a pre-set calibration field and further refined by an iterative closet point algorithm. Experiments are carried out to validate the proposed method upon RGB-D datasets collected by the indoor mapping suite prototype. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the point clouds derived from the prototype with ground truth data collected by commercial terrestrial laser scanner at ultra-high density. The overall analysis of the results shows that the proposed method achieves seamless integration of multiple point clouds form different RGB-D cameras collected at 30 frame per second.

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47

Chen, C., B. S. Yang e S. Song. "LOW COST AND EFFICIENT 3D INDOOR MAPPING USING MULTIPLE CONSUMER RGB-D CAMERAS". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (2 de junho de 2016): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-169-2016.

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Driven by the miniaturization, lightweight of positioning and remote sensing sensors as well as the urgent needs for fusing indoor and outdoor maps for next generation navigation, 3D indoor mapping from mobile scanning is a hot research and application topic. The point clouds with auxiliary data such as colour, infrared images derived from 3D indoor mobile mapping suite can be used in a variety of novel applications, including indoor scene visualization, automated floorplan generation, gaming, reverse engineering, navigation, simulation and etc. State-of-the-art 3D indoor mapping systems equipped with multiple laser scanners product accurate point clouds of building interiors containing billions of points. However, these laser scanner based systems are mostly expensive and not portable. Low cost consumer RGB-D Cameras provides an alternative way to solve the core challenge of indoor mapping that is capturing detailed underlying geometry of the building interiors. Nevertheless, RGB-D Cameras have a very limited field of view resulting in low efficiency in the data collecting stage and incomplete dataset that missing major building structures (e.g. ceilings, walls). Endeavour to collect a complete scene without data blanks using single RGB-D Camera is not technic sound because of the large amount of human labour and position parameters need to be solved. To find an efficient and low cost way to solve the 3D indoor mapping, in this paper, we present an indoor mapping suite prototype that is built upon a novel calibration method which calibrates internal parameters and external parameters of multiple RGB-D Cameras. Three Kinect sensors are mounted on a rig with different view direction to form a large field of view. The calibration procedure is three folds: 1, the internal parameters of the colour and infrared camera inside each Kinect are calibrated using a chess board pattern, respectively; 2, the external parameters between the colour and infrared camera inside each Kinect are calibrated using a chess board pattern; 3, the external parameters between every Kinect are firstly calculated using a pre-set calibration field and further refined by an iterative closet point algorithm. Experiments are carried out to validate the proposed method upon RGB-D datasets collected by the indoor mapping suite prototype. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the point clouds derived from the prototype with ground truth data collected by commercial terrestrial laser scanner at ultra-high density. The overall analysis of the results shows that the proposed method achieves seamless integration of multiple point clouds form different RGB-D cameras collected at 30 frame per second.

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Watkins, Liz. "Unsettling Perception: Screening Surveillance and the Body in Red Road". Paragraph 38, n.º 1 (março de 2015): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/para.2015.0149.

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The association of colour, sensation and the body, which is noted by Jacqueline Lichtenstein and Merleau-Ponty through their insights on colour as the disturbing of structure and form, offers a way in which to foreground a series of questions about embodiment and the discourse of vision. An analysis of the chromatics of Red Road (Dir. Andrea Arnold, UK/Denmark, 2006), which features a female protagonist who works as a surveillance officer in a CCTV control room, offers a way to echo and disrupt the ‘mechanisms and techniques of reality-control’ (de Lauretis 1984, 84) and to challenge what constitutes socially acceptable bodies and the cinematic institution of the image of woman. In Red Road the legible architecture of the film image emerges through the myriad colours of light reflected by a camera lens and the effacement of details in areas affected by shadow and variations in focus. The camera is almost always in motion and responsive to the gestures of the protagonist's body, signalling the potential of the chromatics of Red Road to trouble the structures of seeing familiar to cinematic representation. Colour and perception remain open to contingency and change, fostering alternative subject positions that trace the interrelations of the body — its senses and sensations — and the discourse of vision. The unsettling of perception refigures the encounter between the self and others through the imaginary or fictional worlds that remind us of the uncertainties and vulnerability of such interactions.

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Mathew, Kurian, A. S. Arya, Harish Seth, S. Manthira Moorthi e P. N. Babu. "Correction of Mars Colour Camera images for identification of spectral classes". Current Science 112, n.º 06 (1 de março de 2017): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v112/i06/1158-1164.

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Macken, S., e D. Filippini. "Colour moiré interferometry for physical sensing using a standard web camera". Measurement Science and Technology 21, n.º 10 (2 de setembro de 2010): 105305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/10/105305.

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