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Лісовець, С. М. "Використання COMSOL Multiphysics для моделювання роботи акустичного тракту". Thesis, MDPC Publishing, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17353.
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Höhn, Tomáš. "Modelování kmitočtově selektivních povrchů v programu COMSOL Multiphysics". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217463.
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Metoda konečných prvků implementovaná v programu COMSOL Multiphysics je využívána k analýze tzv. free-standing kmitočtově selektivních povrchů ve 3D. Tyto modely jsou následně doplněny o periodické okrajové podmínky. Dále jsou free-standing povrchy doplněny o vrstvy dielektrika a je zkoumán jejich vliv na modul činitele odrazu. V analytické části jsou vyhodnoceny vlivy počtu elementů diskretizační mřížky na přesnost výsledku a délku výpočtů. Výsledky jsou srovnávány vzhledem k výsledkům uvedeným v literatuře [5]. V závěrečné části práce je vysvětlen postup při generování m-file pro obdélníkový element a použití globálního optimalizačního algoritmu PSO, který automaticky upravuje rozměry vodivého motivu tak, aby bylo dosaženo průběhu modulu činitele odrazu podle požadovaného průběhu.
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Wilow, Viktor. "Electromagnetical model of an induction motor in COMSOL Multiphysics". Thesis, KTH, Elektrisk energiomvandling, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-160703.
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Ansys, Flux or COMSOL are examples of software-tools that can be used to study magnetic noise, caused by magnetic forces in the air-gap, in induction motors. The project team wanted to use COMSOL in this thesis. The electromagnetical domain needs to be coupled to the mechanical domain to complete the study. The air-gap forces, calculated in the electromagnetical model using the Rotating Machinery module, can be exported to the Acoustic-Solid Interaction module in COMSOL to enable the vibro-acoustic analysis. An electromagnetical model of an induction motor is developed in two-dimensions in the finite element method based software-tool COMSOL Multiphysics in this thesis. Simulation results obtained in the frequency domain are compared with results achieved in the software-tool FEMM. Simulation results of the phase inductance, distribution of the flux density and the torque are compared. The simulated torque in COMSOL is validated with the torque derived based on an equivalent lumped model of the induction motor. A time-dependent simulation of the motor is made at 4.7% slip and 1A (peak) supply. The obtained torque is 0.33Nm. The same value is achieved in the frequency study in COMSOL. The corresponding value is 0.003Nm higher in FEMM. The evaluated air-gap forces at 4.7% slip can be used for studying vibro-acoustics in COMSOL.Ansys, Flux eller COMSOL är exempel på datorprogram som kan användas för att studera magnetiskt brus, orsakad av magnetiska krafter i luftgapet, i induktionsmotorer. Projektgruppen ville använda COMSOL i det här examensarbetet. För att kunna utföra studien måste den elektromagnetiska domänen kopplas till den mekaniska domänen. Luftgapskrafterna, beräknade i den elektromagnetiska modellen genom att använda modulen för roterande maskiner, kan exporteras till modulen Acoustic-Solid Interaction för att möjliggöra den vibro-akustiska analysen. En elektromagnetisk modell av en induktionsmotor är utvecklad i två dimensioner i finita elementmetoden-baserade programvaran COMSOL Multiphysics i det här examensarbetet. Simuleringsresultat från frekvensdomänen jämförs med resultat som uppnås med datorprogramvaran FEMM. Simuleringsresultat för fas-induktansen, fördelningen av flödestätheten och momentet jämförs. Det simulerade momentet i COMSOL valideras med momentet som härleds utifrån induktionsmotorns motsvarande ekvivalenta schema. En tidsberoende motor-simulering genomförs vid 4.7% slip, matad med 1A (topp-värde). Det erhållna momentet är 0.33Nm. Samma värde erhålls i frekvensstudien i COMSOL. Värdet är 0.003Nm högre i FEMM. De beräknade luftgapskrafterna vid 4.7% slip kan användas för att göra en vibroakustisk studie i COMSOL.
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Chen, Jie. "Modelling of Laser Welding of Aluminium using COMSOL Multiphysics". Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284448.
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This thesis presents a modelling approach of laser welding process of aluminium alloy from the thermo-mechanical point of view to evaluate the occurrence of hot cracking based on simulation results and relevant criteria. The model was created stepwise in COMSOL Multiphysics, starting with the thermal model where heat conduction of solid and liquid phase was computed. Then the CFD model was created by involving the driving forces of liquid motion in the weld pool, i.e. natural convection and Marangoni effect. Lastly, the temperature profile calculated by the CFD model was loaded into the mechanical model for computation of thermal stress and strain. The mechanical results were required in criteria for measuring the susceptibility of hot cracking. The main findings include that Marangoni effect plays a dominant role in generating the fluid flow and convective heat flux in the weld pool, thus enhancing the heat dissipation and lowering temperature in the workpiece. By contrast, such temperature reduction caused by the air convection, radiation and natural convection is negligible. The welding track further from the clamped side experiences smaller transversal residual stress, but it does not necessarily suggest higher susceptibility to hot cracking according to the applied criteria. It can be concluded judging from current results that these first models of laser welding process work satisfactorily. There is still a work to do to obtain the full maturity of this model due to its limitation and some assumptions made for simplicity.Denna avhandling presenterar en modelleringsmetod för lasersvetsningsprocessen av aluminiumlegering ur termomekanisk synvinkel för att utvärdera förekomsten av het sprickbildning baserat på simuleringsresultat och relevanta kriterier. Modellen skapades stegvis i COMSOL Multiphysics, med början med den termiska modellen där värmeledning av fast och flytande fas beräknades. Sedan skapades CFD-modellen genom att involvera drivkrafterna för flytande rörelse i svetsbassängen, dvs. naturlig konvektion och Marangoni-effekt. Slutligen laddades temperaturprofilen beräknad av CFD-modellen in i den mekaniska modellen för beräkning av termisk stress och töjning. De mekaniska resultaten krävdes i kriterier för att mäta känsligheten för het sprickbildning. De viktigaste resultaten inkluderar att Marangoni-effekten spelar en dominerande roll när det gäller att generera vätskeflödet och konvektivt värmeflöde i svetsbassängen, vilket förbättrar värmeavledningen och sänker temperaturen i arbetsstycket. Däremot är sådan temperaturreduktion orsakad av luftkonvektion, strålning och naturlig konvektion försumbar. Svetsbanan längre från den fastspända sidan upplever mindre tvärgående restspänning, men det föreslår inte nödvändigtvis högre känslighet för hetsprickning enligt de tillämpade kriterierna. Man kan dra slutsatsen utifrån aktuella resultat att dessa första modeller av lasersvetsningsprocesser fungerar tillfredsställande. Det finns fortfarande ett arbete att göra för att få full mognad för denna modell på grund av dess begränsning och vissa antaganden för enkelhetens skull.
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Lövgren, Patrick. "Simulering av ett värmesystem i COMSOL Multiphysics : Pipe Flow Module". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-13212.
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Syftet med detta arbete är att simulera ett värmesystem i COMSOL Multiphysics, Pipe Flow Module, Non-Isothermal Pipe Flow som innehåller ekvationer och randvillkor för att modellera inkompressibel strömning och värmeöverföring i rör. Data om processen och dess komponenter har samlats in från industrin där arbetet är utfört och i vissa fall modifierats för att bättre beskrivas i programmet. Utifrån insamlad data har en modell byggts upp och två simuleringar har gjorts. En stationär för starten av systemet, den har sedan legat till grund för en dynamisk som simulerar förloppet från start till normaldrift. Tiden det tar för det aktuella fallet att nå drifttemperatur är 16 timmar. En felströmning upptäcktes samt att en av pumparna inte kommer att klara en start från 20 °C.
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Hedkvist, Adam, e Henrik Ahrman. "Simulation of helium flow through ion guide with COMSOL multiphysics". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad kärnfysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296242.
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The program COMSOL Multiphysics was used to simulate a flow of helium gas transporting ionized fission products out of an ion guide. Two important parameters to study from the simulation was the evacuation time and velocity of the ions. The mean evacuation time was shown to be 0.1173s, and the velocity of a single particle peaked at 2500m/s, 1000-1500m/s being more common.
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Júnior, Marco Antônio Vasiliev da Silva. "Estudo experimental e modelagem matemática da secagem convectiva de fatias de gel de amido-alginato". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74133/tde-22102018-164651/.
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Os biopolímeros comestíveis, tais como amido e alginato, podem ser utilizados na formulação de géis com elevada capacidade de retenção de água. A secagem convectiva pode ser utilizada para a remoção da umidade em géis. Os parâmetros da secagem (temperatura, velocidade do ar e umidade de equilíbrio) necessitam ser monitorados para a produção de um sólido seco e sem degradação de compostos ativos. A modelagem matemática da secagem pelo método numérico de elementos finitos em COMSOL Multiphysics tem sido utilizada para simular a secagem, usando um número reduzido de ensaios experimentais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de modelos analíticos e numéricos para predizer a umidade e tamanho de fatias de géis de amido de milho e alginato de cálcio durante a secagem convectiva. O acoplamento entre a transferência de massa e encolhimento das fatias durante a secagem foi simulado e a difusividade mássica efetiva foi obtida pelo ajuste não linear aos dados experimentais. Três modelos foram utilizados como estudos de caso: A secagem de géis contendo 60% de água e 5.4% de amido gelatinizados (GC90), foram descritas pela solução analítica da segunda lei de Fick (R2 = 0.997-0.998); A secagem de géis contendo 60% de água e 5.4% de amido nativo (RC90), foram mais bem explicadas pelo modelo analítico com inclusão do termo de encolhimento (R2 = 0.992); O modelo numérico desenvolvido em COMSOL Multiphysics descreveu adequadamente a secagem de géis formulados com 86% de água e 34% amido gelatinizado e não-gelatinizado (GC50 e RC90), dando um R2 de 0.983-0.992. O encolhimento foi estimado a partir do fluxo molar de água, enquanto a deformação da geometria foi simulada pelo método arbitrário Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE). A inclusão do termo de encolhimento modificou o perfil de taxa de secagem e o período de pseudo-taxa constante foi observado. O modelo desenvolvido neste trabalho pode ser aplicado em estudos de secagem de géis, alimentos e outros materiais que apresentam elevada razão de encolhimento.Biopolymers, such as starch and alginate, can be used in the formulation of gels with high water retention. The convective drying can be applied to gel moisture removing. Drying parameters (temperature, air velocity and equilibrium moisture) should be monitored in view of producing a dry solid without degradation of active compounds. The mathematical modeling by the finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics has been used to simulate drying profiles, with reduced experimental runs. This work aimed at developing of analytical and numerical models to predict the moisture and size of slices of gels containing cornstarch and calcium alginate, during convective drying. The coupling between mass transfer and shrinkage of slices during drying was simulated and the effective mass diffusivity was obtained by non-linear adjustment to the experimental data. Three models have been used as case studies obtained the effective mass diffusivity. Drying of gels containing 60% water and 5.4% gelatinized cornstarch (GC90 samples) as well fitted by the analytical solution of Fick\'s second law (R2 = 0.997-0.998). Drying of gels containing 60% water and 5.4% native starch (RC90 samples) as explained by Fick\'s analytical model while inclusion of the shrinkage term (R2 = 0.992). The numerical model developed in COMSOL Multiphysics adequately described the drying of gels formulated with 86% water and 34% of starch, gelatinized or non-gelatinized, (GC50 and RC90 samples), giving a R2 of 0.983-0.992. The shrinkage was estimated by the molar flux of water, while the geometry shrinkage was simulated by the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method. The inclusion of the shrinkage modified the drying rate profiles and a pseudo-constant rate period was observed. The model developed in this work can be applied to drying studies of gels, food and other materials that have a high shrinkage ratio.
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Vicario, Gaia. "Analisi acustica di una finestra forata: modellazione numerica mediante COMSOL multiphysics". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016.
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“Immaginate di potervi rilassare a casa in una giornata d’estate tenendo le finestre aperte per lasciare passare la brezza ma senza essere disturbati dai rumori della città, oggi è possibile”.
Quello che voglio fare attraverso questa tesi è di studiare la fattibilità per la realizzazione di una finestra che permetta il passaggio dell’aria ma non dei rumori. L’idea di questa particolare finestra silenziosa mi è stata fornita dallo studio fatto dal professor Sang-Hoon Kim del Mokpo National University maritime e dal professor Seong-Hyun Lee del Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials in Corea del Sud. Essi hanno utilizzato i metamateriali acustici per risolvere il problema dell’inquinamento sonoro in città. Queste finestre hanno il vantaggio di tenere i rumori fuori dalla nostra abitazione ma permettere il passaggio dell’aria attraverso dei fori aventi dimensioni e posizioni adeguate da garantire questo particolare fenomeno.
I principi su cui si basano queste finestre sono: la diffrazione e i risonatori di Helmholtz, che analizzeremo nel dettaglio nei capitoli 1 e 2 di questa tesi.
Dopo aver analizzato i due principi attraverso simulazione fatte mediante il programma COMSOL multiphysics, sono passata all’analisi della finestra vera e propria: ovvero alla realizzazione delle dimensioni adeguate dei risonatori di Helmholtz utilizzati, alle dimensioni dei rispettivi fori d’ingresso e alla combinazione di questi risonatori per ricavare la miglior finestra silenziosa, che trattenesse al suo esterno il maggior numero di dB.
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Лісовець, С. М. "Застосування COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 при здійсненні неруйнівного акустичного контролю текстильних матеріалів". Thesis, Херсонський національний технічний універсітет, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17835.
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Erlandsson, Simon. "Evaluation, adaption and implementations of Perfectly Matched Layers in COMSOL Multiphysics". Thesis, KTH, Numerisk analys, NA, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280757.
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Perfectly matched layer (PML) is a commonly used method of absorbing waves at a computational boundary for partial differential equation (PDE) problems. In this thesis, methods for improving the usability of implementations in Comsol Multiphysics is addressed. The study looks at complex coordinate stretching PMLs in the context of Helmholtz equation using the finite element method (FEM). For a PML to work it has to be set up properly with parameters that takes into account the properties of the problem. It is not always straight forward. Some theory behind PMLs is presented and experimentation on PML properties performed. Methods for PML optimization and adaption is presented. Currently, the way PMLs is applied in COMSOL Multiphysics requires the user to perform many tasks; setting up a geometry, meshing and choosing a suitable complex coordinate stretching. Using a so-called extra-dimension implementation it is possible to attach PMLs as boundary conditions in COMSOL Multiphysics. This simplifies for the user since the geometry and mesh is handled by the software.Perfectly matched layer (PML) är en metod som ofta används för vågabsorbering vid randen för problem med partiella differentialekvationer (PDE). I det här examensarbetet presenteras metoder som förenklar användingen av PMLer i COMSOL Multiphysics. Studien kollar på PMLer baserade på komplex-koordinatsträckning med fokus på Helmholtz ekvation och finita elementmetoden (FEM). För att en PML ska fungera måste den sättas upp på rätt sätt med parametrar anpassade efter det givna problemet. Att göra detta är inte alltid enkelt. Teori presenteras och experiment på PMLer görs. Flera metoder för optimisering och adaption av PMLer presenteras. I nuläget kräver appliceringen av PMLer i COMSOL Multiphysics att användaren sätter upp en geometri, ett beräkningsnät och väljer den komplexa koordinatsträckningen. Genom att använda COMSOLs implementation av extra dimensioner är det möjligt att applicera PMLer som randvilkor. I en sådan implementation kan geometri och beräkningsnät skötas av mjukvaran vilket underlättar för användaren.
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Liljestrand, Simon, e Viktor Lundell. "Fuktkontroll av en ventilerad platta på mark : Modellering i COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för byggnadsteknik, energisystem och miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32653.
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Krypgrunder i någon form har använts som grundkonstruktion i Sverige under långtid. Förr var det torpargrunder som med tiden blev isolerade krypgrunder och plintgrunder. Gemensamt för krypgrundskonstruktioner som är ventilerade med utomhusluft är att under sommarhalvåret blir det förhöjda relativa ånghalter. Syftet med fallstudien är att studera en uteluftsventilerad konstruktion med välisolerat bjälklag och markisolering. Konstruktionen är nedgrävd och ventilationen i grunden sker via en tunn spalt under marknivå. Luftspaltens temperatur och relativa ånghalt är av intresse för att avgöra om det finns risken för mögel i konstruktionen. En simulering av värmeflödet mellan byggnad och mark genomförs i COMSOLMultiphysics 5.5 för att avgöra temperaturfördelningen i konstruktionen. Temperaturfördelningen ligger som grund för fastställandet av relativ ånghalt i konstruktionens luftspalt. Simuleringen använder klimatdata för ett typår i Gävle. Simuleringen visar att det är höga temperaturer i luftspalten året runt. Detta ger enrelativ ånghalt som månadsmedel på 37–77% under ett år. Den höga temperaturen iluftspalten bidrar till att hålla konstruktionen torr då kritisk relativ ånghalt, 75–80%, inte överstigs under en längre period. Resultat är förvånansvärt positivt med en låg risk för mögeltillväxt i konstruktionen.Det finns många antaganden framförallt vilket luftflöde som återfinns i luftspalten.För att validera resultaten i arbetet så bör mätningar genomföras på de två prototyphus som existerar.Crawl spaces in some form have been used as foundations in Sweden for a long time.In the past, it was uninsulated crawl spaces that eventually evolved into insulatedcrawl spaces and open plinth foundations. An increased relative humidity during thesummer is a common problem for crawl spaces that are ventilated with outdoor air. The purpose of the case study is to study an outdoor ventilated structure with wellinsulated floor and ground insulation. The construction is below ground level andthe ventilation takes place via a thin air gap below ground level. The temperatureand relative humidity in the air gap are of interest to determine if there is a risk ofmould growth in the design. A simulation of the heat flow between the building and the ground is carried out inCOMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 to determine the temperature distribution in the design.The temperature distribution is the basis for the determination of relative vaporcontent in the air gap of the structure.The simulation uses climate data for a typicalyear in Gävle. The simulation shows a high temperature in the air gap which gives a relative vaporcontent as a monthly average of 37–77% during a year. The high temperature in theair gap contributes to keeping the structure dry when critical relative humidity, 75–80%, is not exceeded for a longer period of time. The results are surprisingly positive with a low risk of mold growth in the construction.There are many assumptions, in particular, which airflow is found in the airgap. In order to validate the results in the work, measurements should be made onthe two prototype houses that exist.
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Karlsson, Fredrik, e Samuel Mani. "Beräkning och sammanställning av linjära köldbryggor : En jämförelse mellan HEAT2 och COMSOL Multiphysics". Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174115.
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I dagens samhälle ligger stort fokus på att bygga miljövänliga och energieffektiva byggnader. För att möta de allt mer skärpta energikraven måste hela klimatskalet beaktas där köldbryggor utgör en betydande del. Examensarbetet går ut på att göra en sammanställning av linjära köldbryggor (ψ) för vanligt förekommande konstruktionsdetaljer där köldbryggor finns. Sammanställningen där olika isoleringsmaterial på fasadskiva och isolertjocklekar tabelleras, ska underlätta för framtida projektering. Två simuleringsprogram för beräkning av köldbryggor har jämförts och utvärderats med varandra. Utvärderingen har gjorts med avseende på vilket program som var mest lämpat för att lösa frågeställningen. De två simuleringsprogrammen som används vid detta arbete är HEAT2 och COMSOL Multiphysics. Arbetet har resulterat i en lathund som finns tillgänglig på ELU:s intranät. Lathunden innehåller U-värde och ψ-värde med illustrering av konstruktionsdetaljerna och i detta arbete redovisas tillvägagångssätt och utförandet. En utvärdering av det lämpligaste program för utförandet av uppgiften finns också redovisad.Currently there is a lot of focus on environmentally friendly and energy efficient buildings in our society. To face the more toughen energy requirements, the entire climate shell of the building has to be considered there thermal bridges constitute a significant part. This bachelor dissertation intends to create a compilation for Ψ-values of common construction details where thermal bridges are to be found. The compilation with a chart that includes insulating material and insulation thickness shall simplify in future projecting. Furthermore, two simulating programs for calculations of thermal bridges have been compared with each other. The two simulation programs that have been used in this dissertation are HEAT2 and COMSOL Multiphysics. This dissertation has resulted in a quick reference guide which is available at ELU`s internal network. This quick reference guide includes U-values and Ψ-values with an illustration of every construction detail and the procedure and execution is reported in this dissertation. An evaluation of which of the two programs that has been used was more appropriate for this purpose is presented as well.
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Pla, Rubio Begoña. "The bearing capacity of Nordic soil". Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-175893.
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Heavy forestry machines have great immediate effect on soil properties. This increases the interest to develop approaches that help understanding better the interaction between the forest machines and the terrain and consequently develop the forwarders to be gentle to the environment. The most predominant indications of soil disturbances caused by harvesting are mainly rutting and soil compaction. It is critical to understand and evaluate these damages to be able to protect the remaining trees and improve their tree growth rate. Comprehending the bearing capacity of the soil and the interaction between tire and soil are the key issues to develop forest machines that preserve the terrain. The first step to accomplish this goal is to compare the rut depth theoretical data from empirical models with the rut depth data from a full scale field test, the models suitable to predict rut depth is descripted. Tree roots reinforce the forest floor and significantly increase the bearing capacity of the soil. The contribution from root layer to the soil bearing capacity depends on the number, diameter, orientation of the roots and their mechanical properties. To improve the root tensile strength model, a root bending and stretching laboratory test has been carry out and compared with FEM-based results. The existing Valmet 860. 3 Adams MBS model is finally used to study the suitability of the model to predict rut depth. A comparison between several existing methods to predict rut depth is also shown.Tunga skogsmaskiner har stor omedelbar effekt på markens egenskaper. Detta ökar intresset för att utveckla strategier som underlättar förståelsen av samverkan mellan skogsmaskiner och terrängen och därmed utveckla framdrivning av dessa maskiner som är skonsam mot miljön. De dominerande indikationerna på markstörningar orsakade av hjulbaserade skogsmaskiner är främst spårbildning och jordkompaktering. Det är viktigt att förstå och utvärdera dessa skador för att kunna skydda de kvarvarande träden och förbättra deras tillväxt. Att förstå markens bärighet och samspelet mellan däck och mark är de viktigaste frågorna för att utveckla skogsmaskiner som skonar terrängen. Det första steget för att uppnå detta mål är att jämföra spårdjup vilka är framtagna med empiriska modeller med data för spårdjup från ett fullskaligt fälttest, där de modeller som lämpar sig för att förutsäga spårdjup är beskrivna. Trädrötter förstärker skogsmarken och ökar avsevärt jordens bärighet. Bidraget från rotlagret till jordens bärförmåga beror på antalet rötter, deras diameter samt rötternas orientering och deras mekaniska egenskaper. För att förbättra modellen för rötternas mekaniska egenskaper har rotböjning och rottöjning studerats i ett laboratorietest och vidare jämförts med FEM-baserade resultat. Den befintliga MBS modellen av skotaren Valmet 860.3 har slutligen används för att studera lämpligheten av modellen för att förutsäga spårdjup. En jämförelse mellan flera olika metoder för att förutsäga spårdjup visas också.
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Cedell, Olle, e Elias Ljunggren. "Dimensionering av varmvattenavstick för att undvika Legionellatillväxt : En simuleringsstudie utförd i COMSOL Multiphysics". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-281994.
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Bakterien Legionella pneumophila orsakar sjukdomen Legionella vilket har ökat i världen de senaste 20 åren och har troligtvis ett ännu större mörkertal. Den frodas i vattenrör mellan temperaturen 25–50 grader och vid installation av varmvattenrör i byggnader måste det tas hänsyn i riskzoner. Ett speciellt riskområde är varmvattenavstick som skapas för att kunna dra vidare vattenrör i framtiden. Där utsätts vattnet för större risk för stillastående och sjunkande temperaturprofil beroende på längd. Med hjälp av COMSOL Multiphysics® Modelling Software har ett teoretiskt ramverk för dimensionering av varmvattenavstick i byggnader skapats. Resultatet visar på hur stor strömningshastighet i vattenflödet, isoleringstjocklek och luftrörslängd har påverkan på hur långt avsticket kan vara utan att understiga kritisk temperatur. Resultatet kan användas som beslutsstöd givet att liknande avstickmodell och flödesprofil används samt om strömningshastighet i röret inte är längre än det i rapporten.The bacterium Legionella pneumophila causes the disease Legionella which has seen an increase in the world over the last 20 years and likely has an even greater number of unrecorded cases. It thrives in water pipes between the temperature of 25-50 degrees and when installing hot water pipes in buildings certain factors must be taken into account. A special risk area is hot water branches that are created to be able to extend water pipes in the future. There, the water is at greater risk of stagnant and decreasing temperature profile depending on its length. With the help of COMSOL Multiphysics® Modelling Software, a theoretical framework for the dimensioning of hot water distances in buildings has been created. The result shows how the velocity in the water flow, the insulation thickness and the length of the air pipe have a great influence on how long the branch can be without falling below the critical temperature. The results can be used as decision support if one has a similar branch model and flow profile and also given a that a lower flow rate is not used.
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Dahlin, Linus, e Marcus Hedman. "Undersökning av värmeförluster genom kantbalk vid användning av golvvärme : En simuleringsundersökning i COMSOL Multiphysics". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-27163.
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I Sverige ställs allt högre krav på nya byggnader genom bestämmelser och lagar som påverkar energianvändningen. Byggnader kan värmas upp med hjälp av olika typer av distributionssystem såsom radiatorer och golvvärme. Värmebehovet hos byggnaden baseras på hur mycket värmeenergi som behövs för att uppnå termisk komfort. För att begränsa energianvändningen används isolering i syfte att minimera värmeförlusterna genom byggnadens klimatskärm. Denna undersökning syftar till att undersöka förluster som sker genom kantbalken vid användning av vattenburet golvvärmesystem och hur dessa förluster påverkas då grundkonstruktionen tilläggsisoleras på olika sätt. Kantbalken är den förstärkta del som finns under markplattan/platta på mark, tar upp krafter från bärande väggar och finns efter sidorna på byggnaden. Golvvärme är en uppvärmningsteknik där slingor placeras i grundkonstruktionen och förser byggnader med dess värmebehov. Golvvärmesystem installeras på olika sätt beroende på byggnaders förutsättningar och är ett energieffektivt uppvärmningssätt i kombination med värmepump. Undersökningen påbörjades genom att skapa en förenklad modell som behandlar en 2-dimensionell kantbalksutformning i COMSOL Multiphysics, som är ett program för modellering där statiska och dynamiska simuleringar genomförs i modeller med hjälp av finita-elementmetoden. Fyra modeller skapades med två olika CC-mått (centrumavstånd) och två olika golvmaterial. Därefter skapades tre fall med förbättrande åtgärder för att öka kantbalkens isolerförmåga. Dynamiska simuleringar genomfördes och hade tidsintervallet 365 dagar med varierande utetemperatur. När utetemperaturen varierade var effektbehovet hos golvvärmen olika vilket ledde till att golvvärmetemperaturen justerades efter utetemperaturen för att upprätthålla samma temperatur på golvytan. Resultaten visar att kantbalken står för cirka 50 % av markkonstruktionsförlusterna med installerat L-element. Vid komplettering av konstruktionen med två fall av tillläggsisolering framkom inga större förändringar i resultaten. Genom att byta ut L-elementet till ett U-element minskar dock värmeförlusterna genom kantbalken till ca 30 %. Markkonstruktionsförluster är de förluster som överförs från byggnaden till närliggande mark.Through laws and regulations in Sweden, increasing demands regarding energy use are affecting new buildings. A building achieving thermal comfort is attaining its thermal needs and can be done so through several types of distribution systems such as radiators and underfloor heating. Insulation is used to limit the amount of energy lost through the building’s envelope whilst keeping up with the thermal needs. This study is meant to examine the thermal leakage around the edge beam installa-tion when using a waterborne underfloor heating system and different sets of insulation are installed in the ground-related construction. The edge beam is the reinforced part located around the perimeter of the building absorbing forces from supporting walls. The study started with creating and using a simplified model in COMSOL Multiphysics to look at a two-dimensional edge beam formation. COMSOL Multiphysics is a software used for modeling different static and dynamic simulations via the finite element method. Four models were created using two different CC-dimensions (center to center distance) and two different floor materials. After this, three cases were created with improved circumstances regarding the ability to isolate heat around the edge beam. Dynamic simulations were made and calculated a year’s worth of varying outdoor temperatures. When the outdoor temperature changes, the requirements of the underfloor heating output also change which leads to its temperature adapting due to the outdoor temperature. The results indicate the edge beam related heat losses make up of about 50 % of the ground-related construction losses in the model. When completing the design with two instances of additional insulation, no major changes were found in the results. However, replacing the L-shaped insulation around the edge beam with a U-shaped insulation reduces heat losses through the edge beam to about 30 %. Ground-related construction losses are the losses transferred from the building to adjacent ground.
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Potrymai, Eduard, e Ivan Perstnov. "Time Dependent Modelling and Simulation of the Corona Discharge in Electrostatic Precipitators". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-33293.
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Corona discharge is one of the crucial problems related with high-voltage equipment. This paper focuses on the physical and numerical modelling of corona discharge in an Electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The model is based on Maxwells equations and the Finite element method (FEM) and is implemented with the COMSOL Multiphysics software.The simulation allows studying the electric charge distribution and the behaviour of the electric field inside the ESP. The work is focused primarily on time-dependent studies of the corona discharge.
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Jahan, Israt. "Implementation and experimental evaluation of a parameterized PMSynRM model using Matlab and Comsol Multiphysics". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-265782.
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This thesis focuses on modelling of the permanent magnet synchronous reluctancemotor (PMSynRM), which has drawn considerable attention by researchers thanks toits high efficiency and wide range of speed operation. Comparisons with measurementsfrom a four-pole PMSynRM with four barriers and 24 stator slots have been carriedout. In this thesis work, Matlab and Comsol Multiphysics are used to implement theparameterized PMSynRM model.Models of the PMSynRM in two-dimensions (2D) and three-dimensions (3D) havebeen implemented. The electromotive force (back emf) at no load condition for a fullpitchand short-pitch winding as well as the air-gap flux density distribution have beencalculated. A parametric study has been performed where the air-gap length, insulationratio of both d and q-axes, as well as flux barrier number have been varied and theeffect on the machine performance has been observed. The losses including eddycurrentlosses in permanent magnet, stator lamination loss, and rotor lamination losshave been calculated. The back emf and rated torque as well as developed torque witha pure q-axis current have been compared with corresponding experimental data.A 3D model of an axially shortened rotor has also been implemented in where apulsating current has been applied to estimate eddy-current losses in the permanentmagnets. The predicted losses from the 2D model and 3D model have been comparedfor pulsating currents with varying frequency and magnitude.Denna avhandling fokuserar på modellering av permanentmagneten synkronreluktansmotor (PMSynRM), som har fäst stor uppmärksamhet av forskare tack varedess höga effektivitet och brett spektrum av hastigheter. Jämförelser med mätningarfrån en fyrpolig PMSynRM med fyra hinder och 24 statorspåren har utförts. I dettaexamensarbete, Matlab och Comsol Multi används för att implementera parameterPMSynRM modell. Modeller av PMSynRM i två dimensioner (2D) och tre dimensioner(3D) har genomförts. Den elektromotoriska kraften (mot-emk) utanbelastningstillstånd för en full-pitch och kort stigning lind samt luftgapetfördelningsflödestäthet har beräknats. En parametrisk studie har gjorts där luftspaltlängden,isolering förhållande av både d- och q-axlar, såväl somflödesbarriärnummer har varierats och effekten på maskinens prestanda harobserverats. Förlusterna inklusive virvelströmsförluster i permanentmagnet,statorskiktet förlust, och rotorlamine förlust har beräknats. Mot-emk och nominelltvridmoment samt utvecklat vridmoment med en ren q-axelström har jämförts medmotsvarande experimentella data. En 3D-modell av en axiellt förkortad rötor har ocksågenomförts i där en pulserande ström har tillämpats för att uppskattavirvelströmsförluster i permanentmagneterna. De förutsagda förluster från 2Dmodellenoch 3D-modell har jämförts för pulserande strömmar med varierandefrekvens och storlek.
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Ahmad, Muhammad, e Jhanzeb Jhanzeb. "Modeling and Simulation of an Electrostatic Precipitator Including a Comsol Multiphysics Guide for Modeling an ESP". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, fysik och matematik, DFM, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-10685.
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Gaseous exhaust of different industries contains dust particles of different chemical precipitates that are harmful for the environment. Electrostatic Precipitators are very often used in industries to filter their gaseous exhaust and to prevent the atmosphere to being polluted. Electrostatic Precipitators are very efficient in their work. Electrostatic Precipitators use the force of the electric field to separate the dust particles from gaseous exhaust. Electrostatic Precipitators charge the dust particles and remove these particles by attracting these charged dust particles toward the collecting plates. The charging of dust particles requires a charging zone. When gas passes through that charging zone, the dust particles in the gas stream become charged and then these charged particles are attracted toward the collecting plates. The design of an Electrostatic Precipitators requires the knowledge of its working principle and the problems that often arise during its working. This thesis is the study of the working and the problems of the Electrostatic Precipitators. The main reason for problems in working of an Electrostatic Precipitator is the dust resistivity. This dust resistivity affects the collection performance of an Electrostatic Precipitator. This thesis also contains the simulation of an Electrostatic Precipitator. In the simulation part, the Electric Potential and the Electric Field of an ESP is modeled in an ideal condition, when no gas is flowing through the ESP. The industrial software Comsol Multiphysics is used for the simulation. A Comsol Multiphysics guide is given in appendix of this thesis report that provides information about using this software.
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Berggren, Oscar. "COMSOL Multiphysics - Ett energitekniskt analysverktyg vid numerisk simulering av köldbryggor och analys av fukt i konstruktionesdetaljer". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-91647.
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Berggren, O. (2014) COMSOL Multiphysics – Ett energitekniskt analysverktyg vid numerisk simulering av köldbryggor och analys av fukt i konstruktionsdetaljer. Examensuppsats i ämnet energiteknik. Institutionen för tillämpad elektronik och fysik vid Umeå Universitet. Konsultföretaget Tyréns har vid sitt kontor i Umeå önskat att utvärdera tillämpningen av programvaran COMSOL Multiphysics. Arbetet bestod av att på nytt simulera och analysera en energiteknisk problemställning, som sedan tidigare ska ha genomförts vid Tyréns. Det valda projektet kallas i detta arbete för referensprojektet och är en del av projekteringen av kulturhuset Väven i Umeå. I referensprojektet behandlas analyserna av köldbryggor och fuktkondensation för flertalet konstruktionsdetaljer, där en av analyserna valdes ut för vidare utvärdering i detta arbete. Målet med utvärderingen var att undersöka om resultaten från arbetet var jämförbara med referensprojektets resultat. I detta ingick det även en presentation av en översiktlig kostnadskalkyl för programvaran COMSOL Multiphysics. Resultaten från analysen av köldbryggan och kondensationen av fukt i konstruktionsdetaljen var i jämförelse med resultaten från referensprojektet något förhöjda, i snitt 20 %. Det genomförda arbetet påvisar att det är möjligt att återskapa de tidigare utförda simuleringarna från referensprojektet i enlighet med det krav och standarder som ställs. De erhållna resultaten är, trots en viss skillnad, jämförbara med de från referensprojektet och är giltiga för att användas vid en verklig projektering. Det slutsatser som kan dras utifrån de erhållna resultaten är att utfall av kondens kan undvikas och att den genomsnittliga värmegenomgångskoefficienten, , indikerar att entrétorgets energiprestanda ej kommer att nå upp till kraven i BBR. Detta trots att -värdet kan antas uppfylla kraven. Då simuleringarna har utförts utan problem i COMSOL Multiphysics och tillgodosett detta arbete med giltiga resultat, anses programvaran vara ett lämpligt simuleringsverktyg hos Tyréns. Kostnaden är dock för en flytande licens av Flixo, i jämförelse till COMSOL Multiphysics mycket lägre. COMSOL Multiphysics är vid utredningstillfället drygt fyra gånger så kostsamt. Fördelen med COMSOL Multiphysics är dock att det kan behandla flera olika typer av fysikaliska problemställningar i en-, två- och tredimensioner med endast grundprogrammet. För att användningen av COMSOL Multiphysics ska vara ekonomisk försvarbart, krävs det att programvaran också används vid tillämpningar utöver simuleringar kring köldbryggor och kondensation av fukt.Berggren, O. (2014) COMSOL Multiphysics – An analysis tool for energy applications when conducting numerical simulations on thermal bridges and analysis of moisture in construction details. Master thesis in Energy Engineering. Department of Applied Physics and Electronics at Umeå University. The consultant company Tyréns has at its office in Umeå decided to evaluate the application of the software COMSOL Multiphysics. The evaluation consisted of a simulation on an energy engineering problem with its origin from a project at Tyréns, performed in COMSOL Multiphysics. The chosen project for this task was a part of the design plans of the culture house Väven in Umeå. These design plans includes the analysis of a thermal bridge and moisture on a variety of construction details, where one of them was selected to be investigated further. The main purpose of the investigation was to analyze if the results obtained from the simulations performed in COMSOL Multiphysics were equivalent compared to the results from the design plans. The investigation also included the presentation of an overall cost estimation for the software COMSOL Multiphysics. The obtained results from the analysis of the thermal bridge and moisture in the construction were in both cases slightly raised compared to the results from the design plans, in average an increase of 20 %. The work undertaken concludes that there is fully possible to recreate the previously executed simulations extracted from the design plans in accordance to the requirements and standards that are set. The obtained results are equivalent, even though a minor difference, compared with the results from the design plans and are valid too be used in a real life scenario. The obtained conclusions are that it is possible to prevent moisture in the construction detail. However, the overall U-value, , indicates that the energy efficiency of the entrance square is not good enough to reach the requirements of the SNBBP (Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning). Even though the U-value for the construction detail, , can be assumed to meet the criteria’s of the SNBBP. Due to the fact that the simulations were conducted with COMSOL Multiphysics without any major problems and provided valid results, it is considered that the software is an appropriate tool to perform simulations at Tyréns. However, the cost for a floating license of the software Flixo is much less then for COMSOL Multiphysics. COMSOL Multiphysics is at the time of this study four times as expensive as Flixo. COMSOL Multiphysics has though an advantage because it can treat problems with a multiphysical nature in one, two and three dimensions with the use of only its standard edition. To ensure that the use of COMSOL Multiphysics can be economical viable, it is necessary that the software is used in multiple applications besides performing simulations on thermal bridges and moisture in construction details.
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Friberg, Gustav. "Efficient Quadrature Settings for Elliptic PDE’s using a Coupled FEM and BEM Solver in COMSOL Multiphysics". Thesis, KTH, Numerisk analys, NA, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-150124.
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By using singular integral kernels based on the fundamental solution, a partial differential equation (PDE) can be rewritten as a boundary integral defined at the boundary of a domain. This requires a linear differential operator with coefficients that are isotropic and homogeneous in space. In this report, emphasis is put on PDE’s related to electromagnetics i.e., Laplace’s and Helmholtz equation. Both three- and two-dimensional model problems will be investigated. Galerkin’s method is implemented in order to discretize the domain, now with one less spatial dimension. Hence, the solution is expanded in a series of shape functions 'I whereafter the equation is multiplied by a test function and integrated over the boundary. The resulting matrix elements are double integrals between one shape function 'I and one test function vj integrating vertex i and j in the generated mesh. Unlike a strict BEM implementation, this report will cover a coupled BEM and FEM solver using Costabel’s Symmetric Coupling. Hence, the resulting system of equations, represented by the stiffness matrix K, consists of both sparse and dense parts originating from the different methods. FEM is usually defined in a domain where there exist non-linearities and BEM is implemented at its boundary in order to simulate an infinite domain as efficiently as possible. Furthermore, the integrals in K are transformed using two coordinate transforms: one to the reference element and another to avoid the singularity due to the integral kernel. The latter is modified for each case of integration, namely same elements, same edge, same vertex, close elements and distant elements. The objective of this report is to investigate how the settings for the numerical integration i.e., the quadrature corresponding to the different cases, affect the accuracy of the final solutions to the given PDE’s. However, an element in K is an integral of a function S which characteristics depend on several things, namely the order of the shape functions, the integral kernel and the element order of the mesh. In order to facilitate the error estimation, the numerical results will be generated from the model problems where the analytical solution is known. An efficient quadrature is achieved when the error originating from the numerical integration of S is small or neglected in comparison to the truncation errors i.e., errors originating from meshing and discretization. The thesis is written in close collaboration with the Swedish software company COMSOL Multiphysics®, thus all numerical results will be generated from this software using version 4.4.Genom att använda singulära integralkärnor baserade på den fundamentala lösningen kan en partiell differentialekvation (PDE) omskrivas som en randintegral definierad på randen av en domän. Detta kräver en linjär differentialoperator med tillhörande isotropiska och homogena koefficienter. Denna rapport fokuserar på PDE:er relaterade till elektromagnetism vilket innebär att fokus kommer läggas på Laplace’s ekvation och Poissons ekvation. Både två- och tre-dimensionella modellproblem kommer att undersökas. För att diskretisera geometrierna används Galerkin’s metod, nu med en mindre spatiell dimension. Följaktligen expanderas lösningen i en serie av shapefunktioner 'i varefter ekvationen multipliceras med en testfunktion och sedan integreras över randen. I tre dimensioner blir de resulterande matriselementen dubbelintegraler mellan en shapefunction 'i och en testfunction vj vilka integrerar vertex i och j i den genererade meshen. Genom att använda Costabel’s Symmetric Coupling kommer denna rapport, till skillnad från en strikt BEM-implementation, behandla en kopplad FEM-/BEMlösare. Det slutgiltiga systemet av ekvationer, vilket representeras av stiffnessmatrisen K, består därför både av glesa och fyllda delar vilka härstammar från de olika metoderna. Vanligtvis är FEM definierat i en domän i vilken det existerar olinjäriteter medan BEM är implementerat på domänens rand för att så effektivt som möjligt simulera en infinit domän. Vidare, integralerna i K transformeras genom två koordinattransformer: en till referenselementet och en annan införd i syfte att undvika singulariteten som uppkommer till följd av integralkärnan. Den senare är modifierad för varje integrationsfall, nämligen samma element, samma kant, samma vertex, närliggande element och avlägsna element. Målet med rapporten är att undersöka hur inställningarna för den numeriska integrationen, eller kvadraturen, för de olika integrationsfallen påverkar noggrannheten av den slutgiltiga lösningen till de givna PDE:erna. Ett element i K är en integral av en funktion S vars karaktär beror på flertalet saker, nämligen shapefunktionsordningen, integralkärnan och meshelementens ordning. För att underlätta feluppskattningen kommer de numeriska resultaten baseras på problem där den analytiska lösningen redan är känd. En effektiv kvadratur är uppnådd när felet som grundar sig i den numeriska integrationen av S är litet eller försumbart i jämförelse med trunkeringsfelet, d.v.s. fel som uppstår vid meshning och diskretisering. Rapporten är skriven i nära samarbete med det svenska mjukvaruföretaget COMSOL Multiphysics® och samtliga numeriska resultat kommer därför genereras med hjälp av denna mjukvara, mer specifikt version 4.4.
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Paulsson, Johan. "Simulering av ändrad flödesriktning vid kylning av frukt : Med avseende på minskade nedkylningstider och uniformitet". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-28739.
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Sjökvist, Stefan. "Demagnetization Studies on Permanent Magnets : Comparing FEM Simulations with Experiments". Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-236301.
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In a world where money often is the main controlling factor, everything that can be tends to be more and more optimized. Regarding electrical machines, developers have always had the goal to make them better. The latest trend is to make machines as efficient as possible, which calls for accurate simulation models where different designs can be tested and evaluated. The finite element method is probably the most popular approach since it makes it possible to, in an easy and accurate way, get numerical solutions to a variety of physics problems with complex geometries and non-linear materials. This licentiate thesis includes two different projects in which finite element methods have had a central roll. In the first project, the goal was to develop a simulation model to be able to predict demagnetization of permanent magnets. It is of great importance to be able to predict if a permanent magnet will be demagnetized or not in a certain situation. In the worst case, the permanent magnets will be completely destroyed and the machine will be completely useless. However, it is more probable that the permanent magnets will not be completely destroyed and that the machine still will be functional but not as good as before. In a time where money is more important than ever, the utilization has to be as high as possible. In this study the demagnetization risk for different rotor geometries in a 12 kW direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator was studied with a proprietary finite element method simulation model. The demagnetization study of the different rotor geometries and magnet grades showed that here is no risk for the permanent magnets in the rotor as it is designed today to be demagnetized. The project also included experimental verification of the simulation model. The simulation model was compared with experiments and the results showed good agreement. The second project treated the redesign of the rotor in the generator previously mentioned. The goal was to redesign the surface mounted NdFeB rotor to use a field concentrating design with ferrite permanent magnets instead. The motivation was that the price on NdFeB magnets has fluctuated a lot the last few years as well as to see if it was physically possible to fit a ferrite rotor in the same space as the NdFeB rotor. A new rotor design with ferrite permanent magnets was presented together with an electromagnetic and a mechanical design.
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Болюх, Владимир Федорович, e Александр Иванович Кочерга. "Трехмерное моделирование распределения вихревых токов в ферромагнитной пластине". Thesis, НТУ "ХПИ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/22126.
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Andersson, Lucas. "Shadow effects in open cross-sections : An analysis of steel temperatures with COMSOL Multiphysics, TASEF and Eurocode". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70086.
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Steel is a material commonly used in various constructions such as high-rise buildings, sport arenas, ships etc. Steel is a versatile building material due to its isotropic characteristics, e.g. both high tensile- and compressive strength. This allows steel to be formed into open section profiles which reduces material usage but simultaneously allows the tensile- and compressive stress resistance to be high in directions were loads are applied. Although steel has a high stress resistance its sensitivity to fire is larger than other building materials due to its high thermal conductivity. The strength of the material is reduced at higher temperatures and thereby makes the dimensioning of beams in fire cases vital in fire safety design of structural elements. An aspect to consider when dimensioning open section building elements in steel is the shadow effect. The shadow effect is the result of the open cross-section geometrical shape of beams and columns, e.g. H-profiles. The interior of the profile is screened from thermal radiation caused by fire which makes the characteristics of the thermal exposure different from closed cross-section profiles. A common way to estimate the temperatures of steel after a certain time of fire exposure is to use numerical calculations described in Eurocode. In these calculations the shadow effect is applied as a reduction of the total heat exchange, i.e. both convection and thermal radiation, from the fire exposure. A more realistic approach is to separate these boundary conditions and treat them as independent quantities. Wickström (2001) argues that a void is created within the flanges and that reduction factor thereby only should be applied to the radiative part of the total heat exchange, acting as a reduction of surface emissivity within the profile. This, since the convection is not affected by the shadow effect. Wickströms (2001) suggestion of application has been investigated in this thesis and has showed a better correlation than the approach suggested in Eurocode when compared to experimental tests. Shadow effects calculated on the premises of separated boundary conditions for the total heat exchange has of yet only been investigated in detail with TASEF+-simulations, but these simulations predicts steel temperatures with satisfactory results. It is possible to reproduce a similar setup in the program COMSOL Multiphysics in two-dimensional simulations, and further three-dimensional simulations. This possibility has been investigated in this thesis. COMSOL Multiphysics has proven to be an adequate tool when it comes to simulate fire exposure on slender steel beam with shadow effects considered. Both three- and two-dimensional models produced simulation results correlating well to simulations conducted in TASEF. Additionally, adequate correlations with experimental tests were obtained for COMSOL Multiphysics as well. Further work regarding fire simulations with the utilisation of COMSOL Multiphysics is thereby suggested.
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Tyagi, Abhimanyu. "Simulation of a scaled down version of a run-around coil heat recovery system on COMSOL® Multiphysics". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264263.
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Due to changing anthropological activities, the consumption of resources is continuously increasing. As humans are spending more time indoors, the energy demand is also increasing. The building sector is a major consumer of energy. In buildings, space heating is important to maintain a comfortable space. For this, apart from increasing the thermal insulation and wellconstructed buildings, air-air heat recovery systems(among others) are being used to precondition the ambient air, so that the exhaust air from the conditioned space can pre-heat/ pre-cool the ambient air, depending on the season. In this thesis report, the run around coil heat recovery systems are discussed. A Multiphysics model on COMSOL® Multiphysics was created which was a scaled down version of an actual system. Real-life boundary conditions were provided as inputs to the model and its results were subsequently discussed. First, a literature review of the different air-air heat recovery systems was done, followed by discussing their various advantages and disadvantages. Next, an introduction to COMSOL® was made, followed by the construction of the model and the materials, mesh and physics conditions which were used along with the solver configuration. In the end the model showed success in pre-heating the ambient air in winter and pre-cooling it in summer seasons. Along with that other results were also discussed. In the end some options for future work on the project were also discussed.Resursförbrukningen ökar kontinuerligt som ett resultat av förändrade antropologiska aktiviteter. Samtidigt ökar energibehovet i takt med att människor tillbringar allt mer tid inomhus. Byggsektorn är en stor energiförbrukare, inte minst genom byggnaders uppvärmning som är viktig för att upprätthålla goda komfortnivåer. För att uppnå detta används, förutom ökad värmeisolering och välkonstruerade byggnader, också bland annat så kallade luftluftvärmeåtervinningssystem för att förkonditionera den omgivande luften, så att frånluften från det konditionerade utrymmet kan förvärma eller -kyla den tillströmmande luften, beroende på säsong. I detta examensarbete diskuteras så kallade run around coil värmeåtervinningssystem. En Multiphysics-modell skapades med COMSOL® Multiphysics och utgjorde en nerskalad version av ett faktiskt system. Modellen simulerades med verklighetsbaserade randvillkor som insignaler varefter resultatet diskuterades. Inledningsvis gjordes en litteraturstudie av olika luft-luft värmeåtervinningssystem, följt av en diskussion om deras olika för- och nackdelar. Därefter konstruerades modellen i COMSOL® och inställningar för material, mesh och fysikförhållanden bestämdes och användes tillsammans med solver-konfigurationen. Simuleringen visade på att värmeåtervinningssystemet framgångsrikt förvärmer den tillströmmande luften på vintern och förkyler den under sommarhalvåret. Även andra resultat diskuterades liksom förslag på fortsatt arbete.
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Mostafa, Massaud. "Etude du perçage et du soudage laser : dynamique du capillaire". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00692412.
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L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier expérimentalement la formation du capillaire durant le perçage et le soudage par faisceau laser, et de développer une simulation numérique permettant de reproduire la dynamique de formation et d'évolution du capillaire. Nous avons fait le choix d'utiliser comme matériau test le Zinc, en raison de ses propriétés thermodynamiques. Afin de simplifier le problème, nous avons étudié dans un premier temps le mécanisme de perçage. Deux méthodes expérimentales ont été utilisées pour caractériser l'évolution de la géométrie du capillaire : La méthode DODO (Direct Observation of Drilled hOle ) permet de visualiser le capillaire après perçage pour différentes durées et la méthode Zn-Quartz permet d'observer directement son évolution temporelle par camera rapide à travers une lame de quartz. Puis nous avons utilisé cette évolution pour mettre au point une simulation du mécanisme de perçage. Après avoir étudié le dépôt de puissance à l'intérieur d'un capillaire en tenant compte des réflexions multiples et estimé l'importance de la perte d'énergie et de matière lors du processus, nous avons développé une simulation en utilisant le logiciel Comsol Multiphysics couplant l'équation thermique, l'équation de Navier Stokes et prenant en compte le déplacement du métal fondu sous l'action de la pression de recul. Dans ce cas, on observe la formation d'un bourrelet important au bord du trou et une augmentation de la profondeur du capillaire. Ensuite nous avons étudié la formation du capillaire durant le soudage laser, c'est-à-dire avec déplacement de la source. A partir des techniques mises en œuvre pour l'étude du perçage nous avons obtenu l'évolution de la forme du capillaire dans le cas du soudage Zn/Quartz. Nous avons réalisé une simulation relativement simple en supposant la géométrie et la température du capillaire connues a priori. Nous avons constaté qu'un modèle simple, modélisant uniquement les transferts thermiques par conduction, permet de bien simuler la forme de la zone fondue pour les couples Zn/Zn et Zn-quartz.
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Östlin, Olof, e Havik Mikaela Sjödén. "Kalibrering och validering av en IDA ICE modell : Ett flerbostadshus från 1970-talets miljonprogram". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32798.
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Aktuellt examensarbete är en fallstudie som utförts på en miljonprogramsbyggnad i Andersberg ägd av AB Galvegårdarna vilka även är uppdragsgivarna. Då miljonprogramsbyggnader är dåligt värmeisolerade och har stora värmeläckage är det idag av stort intresse att se över eventuella förbättringsåtgärder då dessa byggnader har en potential att minska energianvändningen med 50 procent. Syftet med detta projekt är att få en kalibrerad och validerad modell med hjälp av den BES-modell (Building Energy System) som kommer att tas fram i detta examensarbete. Genom litteraturstudie, platsbesök samt inhämtning av protokoll, ritningar och uppmätta data för byggnaden kunde modellen skapas och kalibreras i simuleringsprogrammet IDA Indoor Climate and Energy. Ritningar och data tillhandahölls från AB Gavlegårdarna och platsbesök gjordes för att komplettera dessa genom att göra mätningar av temperaturer i de allmänna utrymmena. På plats kunde även byggnadens mått mätas för att säkerställa att byggnaden inte hade uppdaterats sedan tilldelade ritningarna skapats. När samtlig information ansågs ha införskaffats lades all data in i IDA ICE där även en modell av byggnaden byggdes upp. För köldbryggorna användes simuleringsverktyget COMSOL Multiphysics för att ta fram de enskilda köldbryggornas psi-värden vilka därefter användes som input i byggnadsmodellen i IDA ICE. Den kalibrerade modellen framtagen i detta projekt visade sig stämma med uppmätta värden så när som på +- 10% då den ställdes mot det uppmätta energibehovet för byggnaden. Mot en nyutvecklad energisignatursmodells byggnadsförlustkoefficient blev skillnaden 19.6% vilket kan bero på att fel från simuleringsverktygen samt osäkerheter angående omätbara parametrar. Slutsastsen utav detta arbete var att ”performance gap” även inträffade på den framtagna modellen i detta arbete. Vilket verkar vara svårt att undvika. På platsbesöket upptäcktes vattensamlingar på taket på byggnaden vilket var en förvåning för författarna då det fanns dokument som sade att ytskiktet var bytt 2015 och att det fanns indikeringar på att detta kunde få omfattande konsekvenser om det inte åtgärdas vilket tas upp under diskussion Framtida arbete om varför boendes bettendemönster underskattas vore något att gå vidare med i framtida studier för att kunna minska ”performance gap” på BES modeller.This thesis is a case study carried out on a Million Homes Program (MHP) building in Andersberg owned by AB Galvegårdarna, whom are also the clients. Since MHPbuildings are poorly insulated and have major heat leaks, it is of great interest today to investigate any improvement measures as these buildings have a potential to reduce their energy use by 50 percent. This is possible with the help of the calibrated model in a building energy performance simulation (BEPS) tool, which is the purpose of developing in this thesis. Through a literature study, visit in the building and gathering protocols, drawings and measured data, a model could be built and calibrated in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy was started. Drawings and data were provided from AB Gavlegårdarna and site visits were made to supplement these by taking measurements of temperatures in the common areas. On site, the dimensions of the building were also measured to ensure that the building had not been upgraded since the assigned drawings were created. When all the information was considered to have been obtained, all data was entered into IDA ICE where a model of the building was also built up. For the thermal bridges, the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation tool was used to generate their individual linear heat loss coefficient which were used as input in the building model of IDA ICE. The calibrated model developed in this project turned out to have a deviation of 10 % against annual district heating energy. The simulated building heat loss coefficient differed with 19.6 % compared to the one produced with a newly developed energy signature method for the corresponding year which may be caused by errors in the simulation tools and uncertainty concerning immeasurable parameters. The final conclusion of this work was that the performance gap also occurred on this model developed in this work, which seems to be hard to avoid. During the site visit, water collections on the roof of the building were discovered which was a surprise to the authors as there were documents that said that the surface layer had been changed in 2015 and that there were indications that this could have significant consequences if not addressed which is mentioned in the chapter of discussion. Future work on why residents’ behavioral patterns are underestimated would be something to continue with in future studies in order to reduce the “performance gap” in BES models.
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Engström, Iris. "Steady-state hydrogeological modelling in order to investigate groundwater sensitivity". Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171824.
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Growing regions and tighter zoning in urban areas are pushing the hydrological bal-ances to establish new equilibriums which are causing a stress on the groundwater. Urbanization can affect the groundwater in several ways in which both raising and lowering of groundwater tables are a possibility. Both ways, sudden changes may bring on socioeconomic costs for the unprepared. Hydrogeological modelling creates the possibilities to visualise processes that cannot be seen with the naked eye. By combin-ing knowledge about the studied area from tests and measurements a conceptual model and additionally a numerical model can be created. To study the magnitude groundwater sensitivity to changes in land-cover a hydrogeological model was created using COMSOL multiphysics within the frame of a case study concerning a horse racetrack located in Täby, north of Stockholm. The model was calibrated against known data and was the applied on a future scenario where both the land-use and climate were changed. The outcome of the model showed that hydrogeological mod-elling is sensitive to the amount and quality of the in-data. Several insecurities in the results can be traced back to a lack of base material and by changing one parameter the result of other calibrated parameters would also change. Equifinality could thus be established to be a major issue when performing groundwater modelling. Further studies of relevant data requirements for different model objectives are required.
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Wegman, Kevin R. "Numerical Modeling of a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger Based on Experimental Results from the High-Temperature Helium Test Facility". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461266010.
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Wiklund, Henrik. "Numerical calculations of optical structures using FEM". Thesis, Linköping University, The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7326.
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Complex surface structures in nature often have remarkable optical properties. By understanding the origin of these properties, such structures may be utilized in metamaterials, giving possibilities to create materials with new specific optical properties. To simplify the optical analysis of these naturally developed surface structures there is a need to assist data analysis and analytical calculations with numerical calculations.
In this work an application tool for numerical calculations of optical properties of surface structures, such as reflectances and ellipsometric angles, has been developed based on finite element methods (FEM). The data obtained from the application tool has been verified by comparison to analytical expressions in a thorough way, starting with reflection from the simplest of interfaces stepwise increasing the complexity of the surfaces.
The application tool were developed within the electromagnetic module of Comsol Multiphysics and used the script language to perform post-process calculations on the obtained electromagnetic fields. The data obtained from this application tool are given in such way that easily allows for comparison with data received from spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements.
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Koutný, Petr. "Relativní snímač polohy". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220125.
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This thesis deals with design of optimal parameters of a relative displacement sensor, working on the electrodynamics principle. The sensor is based on the voltage induction to the coil placed in changing magnetic field. Thesis is divided into three parts: introductory, theoretical and practical. The introductory part provides basic relationships between displacement, velocity and acceleration sensors. The theoretical part contains physical concepts and describes relationships necessary for calculations and creating a model of permanent magnet in COMSOL Multiphysics. In thesis further presents patent research of electrodynamic sensors. The practical part describes the creation of the permanent magnet model and the subsequent calculation of the induced voltage in the coil in Matlab. A description of laboratory measurements follows, presenting the final comparison of the simulation and measurement results. There were found some differences, which might have been caused by incorrect calculation of the induced voltage. The final part of the thesis presents general recommendations for the design of sensor, resulting from simulations and measurements.
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Brik, Mostafa El Mehdi. "Influence des champs électriques sur l’écoulement au sein d’une goutte isolée et leurs effets sur les interactions entre gouttes". Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3040/document.
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Les interactions entre des gouttes ou des bulles sont rencontrées dans de nombreuses applications industrielles et/ou environnementales. Ici, nous nous intéressons à l’électro-coalescence qui a des applications importantes comme par exemple la séparation eau/pétrole (coalescence de gouttelettes d'eau dans du pétrole). L’étude a été consacrée à l’élaboration et à la mise point de modèles basés sur les équations de Navier-Stokes et les équations régissant les champs électriques au niveau d’une seule goutte ainsi que l’interaction entre deux gouttes et plus particulièrement l’effet des forces hydrodynamiques et électrostatiques sur le mécanisme d’amincissement du film séparant les deux gouttes. Selon les cas traités, le suivi de l’interface est réalisé soit à l’aide de la méthode LS (Level Set) ou bien à l’aide de la méthode MM (Moving Mesh). Les solutions numériques ont été obtenues à l’aide du code de calcul COMSOL Multiphysics. Dans une première étape, nous avons analysé l’effet d’un champ électrique sur la déformation d’une seule goutte suspendue dans un autre fluide visqueux, pour différentes propriétés physiques et électriques des deux fluides. Le modèle a été testé et validé par confrontation avec les solutions analytiques existantes et avec des études numériques de la littérature. Nous avons examiné aussi l’influence du champ électrique sur la génération d’une goutte secondaire lors de la coalescence entre une goutte et une interface liquide-liquide déformable. Dans une seconde étape, nous avons étudié le drainage et la déformation de deux gouttes en interaction sous l’action d’une force constante. Contrairement à la théorie de lubrification basée entre autre sur l’hypothèse d’une petite déformation de l’interface, aucune hypothèse simplificatrice n’a été utilisée pour la résolution des équations, ce qui a permis d’obtenir des solutions numériques aussi bien pour les petites que pour les grandes déformations. Dans une troisième étape, nous avons examiné l’ascension d’une goutte isolée ou de deux gouttes de n-butanol dans l’eau sous l’influence de la force de flottabilité. L’évolution des vitesses terminales d’ascension des gouttes (goutte de tête/goutte suiveuse) et le drainage du film séparant les deux gouttes ont été analysées en présence et en l’absence de champ électriqueDrops and bubbles interactions are encountered in various industrial and environmental applications. In this work, we focus on the electro-coalescence which has important industrial uses such as the destabilization of water / oil emulsions (coalescence of water droplets in oil). This study was devoted to the development and the elaboration of numerical models based on the Navier-Stokes equations and those describing the electrical field on a single drop as well as the interaction between two drops, and more particularly the effect of hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces on the thinning mechanism of the film separating the two drops. According to the treated cases, the interface tracking is achieved either by using the LS method (Level Set) or using the MM method (Moving Mesh). Numerical solutions were obtained using the commercial CFD software COMSOL Multiphysics. During the first step, we analyzed the effect of an electrical field on the deformation of a single suspended drop in another viscous fluid, for different physical and electrical properties of the two fluids. The model was tested and validated by comparison with existing analytical solutions and numerical studies found in the literature. We also analyzed the influence of the electric field on the generation of a secondary drop during the coalescence between a drop and a deformable liquid-liquid interface. In a second step, we investigated the drainage and deformation of two drops in interaction under the effect of a constant force. Unlike the lubrication theory which is based among others, on the assumption of a small interface deformation, in this work, no simplifying assumptions were used for the solution of equations, which allowed us to obtain numerical solutions for both small and large deformations. For the third step, we examined the rise of two drops of n-butanol in water under the influence of buoyancy force. The evolution of the drops terminal ascension velocity (leading drop/trailing drop), and the drainage of the film separating the two drops were analyzed in the presence and in the absence of electrical field
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Lindqvist, Daniel. "Simulation of Intermittent Current Interruption measurements on NMC-based lithium-ion batteries". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Strukturkemi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325298.
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The objective of this report was to implement battery cycling and an intermittent current interruption (ICI) method for determining battery resistance into a simple lithium-ion battery model in the finite element methods (FEM) program COMSOL Multiphysics, andevaluate how accurately the model reflects the behaviour of voltage and internal resistance with respect to experimental results. The ICI technique consists of repeating the steps of first having a longer charging period and then having a short current interruption, where the internal resistance is calculated from the voltage drop that occurs when the current is turned off. The model was evaluated against measurements, made with the same technique (ICI), on assembled NMC-graphite batteries. Codes written in the statistical programming language “R” were used to process the data from both COMSOL and the experiments. Both the batteries and the model were constructed with a reference electrode, to enable measurement of each electrode by itself. The results as documented in this report show that it is possible to simulate the measurement technique in COMSOL, but that both the resistance and voltage profiles differed quite a lot from the behaviour of the tested batteries. The resistance of the positive electrode did however give good results and it was possible to improve the model by changing some parameters. The magnitude of the resistance, which was already quite close, could be improved by changing the porosity and particle size, and the voltage profiles were improved when using voltage-data achieved from the real measurements.
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Stevens, Lorin E. "Thermo-Piezo-Electro-Mechanical Simulation of AlGaN (Aluminum Gallium Nitride) / GaN (Gallium Nitride) High Electron Mobility Transistor". DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1506.
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Due to the current public demand of faster, more powerful, and more reliable electronic devices, research is prolific these days in the area of high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) devices. This is because of their usefulness in RF (radio frequency) and microwave power amplifier applications including microwave vacuum tubes, cellular and personal communications services, and widespread broadband access. Although electrical transistor research has been ongoing since its inception in 1947, the transistor itself continues to evolve and improve much in part because of the many driven researchers and scientists throughout the world who are pushing the limits of what modern electronic devices can do. The purpose of the research outlined in this paper was to better understand the mechanical stresses and strains that are present in a hybrid AlGaN (Aluminum Gallium Nitride) / GaN (Gallium Nitride) HEMT, while under electrically-active conditions. One of the main issues currently being researched in these devices is their reliability, or their consistent ability to function properly, when subjected to high-power conditions. The researchers of this mechanical study have performed a static (i.e. frequency-independent) reliability analysis using powerful multiphysics computer modeling/simulation to get a better idea of what can cause failure in these devices. Because HEMT transistors are so small (micro/nano-sized), obtaining experimental measurements of stresses and strains during the active operation of these devices is extremely challenging. Physical mechanisms that cause stress/strain in these structures include thermo-structural phenomena due to mismatch in both coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and mechanical stiffness between different materials, as well as stress/strain caused by "piezoelectric" effects (i.e. mechanical deformation caused by an electric field, and conversely voltage induced by mechanical stress) in the AlGaN and GaN device portions (both piezoelectric materials). This piezoelectric effect can be triggered by voltage applied to the device's gate contact and the existence of an HEMT-unique "two-dimensional electron gas" (2DEG) at the GaN-AlGaN interface. COMSOL Multiphysics computer software has been utilized to create a finite element (i.e. piece-by-piece) simulation to visualize both temperature and stress/strain distributions that can occur in the device, by coupling together (i.e. solving simultaneously) the thermal, electrical, structural, and piezoelectric effects inherent in the device. The 2DEG has been modeled not with the typically-used self-consistent quantum physics analytical equations, rather as a combined localized heat source* (thermal) and surface charge density* (electrical) boundary condition. Critical values of stress/strain and their respective locations in the device have been identified. Failure locations have been estimated based on the critical values of stress and strain, and compared with reports in literature. The knowledge of the overall stress/strain distribution has assisted in determining the likely device failure mechanisms and possible mitigation approaches. The contribution and interaction of individual stress mechanisms including piezoelectric effects and thermal expansion caused by device self-heating (i.e. fast-moving electrons causing heat) have been quantified. * Values taken from results of experimental studies in literature
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Morelli, Roberto. "Studio dell'emissione per effetto di campo di una matrice di nanotubi di carbonio multi-wall". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14003/.
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L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di studiare alcuni aspetti fondamentali riguardanti l’emissione elettronica per effetto di campo di una matrice di nanotubi di carbonio (CNT) multi-wall. Tra questi vi è: il fattore β di intensificazione del campo elettrico, l’effetto di schermatura elettrostatica e l’effetto di carica spaziale. Le informazioni acquisite, tramite un approccio computazionale sono state utilizzate per approfondire lo studio del comportamento emissivo sperimentale, di una tipologia particolare di campioni, costituiti da una densità molto elevata (1010 CNT/cm2) di nanotubi inseriti in una matrice di allumina nanoporosa. A partire dalle caratteristiche corrente-tensione (I-V) misurate su un dispositivo prodotto in collaborazione tra INFN e CNR, si è rivelato particolarmente efficace un approccio congiunto tra misure sperimentali e studio simulativo-computazionale per cercare una spiegazione al fenomeno di saturazione della corrente emessa. Questa limitazione di corrente rappresenta per tali campioni una situazione tanto comune quanto ancora dibattuta. Tra le ipotesi verificate rientra l’effetto di carica spaziale, la presenza di una resistenza di contatto tra le interfacce che costituiscono il campione, ed un degrado emissivo di tipo termico.
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Salomonsson, Stefan. "Simulation of Temperature Distribution in IR Camera Chip". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Informationskodning, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-65830.
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The thesis investigates the temperature distribution in the chip of an infrared camera caused by its read out integrated circuit. The heat from the read out circuits can cause distortions to the thermal image. Knowing the temperature gradient caused by internal heating, it will later be possible to correct the image by implementing algorithms subtracting temperature contribution from the read out integrated circuit. The simulated temperature distribution shows a temperature gradient along the edges of the matrix of active bolometers. There are also three hot spots at both the left and right edge of the matrix, caused by heat from the chip temperaturesensors and I/O pads. Heat from the chip temperature sensors also causes an uneven temperature profile in the column of reference pixels, possibly causing imperfections in the image at the levels of the sensors. Simulations of bolometer row biasing are carried out to get information about how biasing affects temperatures in neighbouring rows. The simulations show some row-to-row interference, but the thermal model suffers from having biasing heat inserted directly onto the top surface of the chip, as opposed to having heat originate from the bolometers. To get better simulation results describing the row biasing, a thermal model of the bolometers needs to be included. The results indicate a very small temperature increase in the active pixel array, with temperatures not exceeding ten millikelvin. Through comparisons with another similar simulation of the chip, there is reason to believe the simulated temperature increase is a bit low. The other simulation cannot be used to draw any conclusions about the distribution of temperature.Examensarbetet undersöker den temperaturdistribution som uppkommer i ett chip till en IR-kamera till följd av värmeutvecklingen i dess egna utläsningskretsar. Genom att ha information om temperaturdistributionen är det möjligt att längre fram i utvecklingsprocessen skapa algoritmer som subtraherar bort chippets interna värmetillskott från den termiska bilden. Den simulerade temperaturdistributionen visar att de största temperaturgradienterna uppkommer längs den aktiva pixelmatrisens sidor. Det är även möjligt att se tre varmare områden vid både den vänstra och högra sidan av matrisen skapade av värme från chippets temperatursensorer och I/O-kretsar. Värme från temperatursensorerna påverkar även temperaturen i kolumnen med referenspixlar, vilket kan ge upphov till avvikelser i den termiska bilden i höjd med dessa temperatursensorer. Simuleringar av radvis basering av bolometrar utförs för att få information om hur bolometerbiaseringen påverkar temperaturen i angränsade rader. Simuleringarna visar att det finns störningar mellan rader, men simuleringsmodellen lider av avsaknaden av en termisk bolometermodell och tvingas applicera värme direkt på chipytan istället för att låta värme utvecklas i bolometrarna. För bättre simuleringsresultat innefattande bolometerbiasering bör en termisk bolometermodell inkluderas i simuleringen. Resultaten visar på en mycket liten temperaturökning inom den värmekänsliga aktiva pixelmatrisen, med temperaturökningar inom detta område som inte överstiger tio millikelvin. Genom jämförelser med en liknande simulering av samma chip är det inte omöjligt att dra slutsatsen att temperaturökningen är något låg. Det går inte att dra några slutsatser om temperaturens distribution genom denna jämförelse av simuleringar.
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Berg, Ludvig, e Johannes Wanselius. "Magnetitinblandad gjutasfalt : Uppvärmning och avsvalning". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-83236.
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Uppvärmningen av gjutasfalt har traditionellt sett skett med fossila bränslen. Projektet SMMART undersöker möjligheterna att med inblandning av magnetit i asfaltsmassan kunna nyttja mikrovågsteknik för uppvärmning. Detta examensarbete är uppdelat i två delar. Första delen behandlar uppvärmningen av magnetitinblandad asfaltsmassa och andra delen avsvalningsförloppet vid utläggning. Del 1 Numeriska tredimensionella simuleringar med simuleringsverktyget COMSOL Multiphysics har utförts för att undersöka hur uppvärmningen påverkar temperaturskillnaden mellan den inblandade magnetiten och resterande asfaltsmassa. Detta görs för att höga temperaturskillnader kan orsaka koksning. Simuleringarna utförs som ett värmeöverföringsproblem där tillförseln av mikrovågsenergi simuleras som att magnetitkornen avger en viss effekt. Resultatet visar på att temperaturskillnaden i hög grad beror på avståndet mellan magnetitkornen. Där framförallt höga vikt-% magnetit och små kornstorlekar på magnetiten påverkar avståndet och ger små temperaturskillnader. Detta resulterar i att den magnetitinblandade asfalten kan betraktas som ett kontinuum för höga vikt-% magnetit och mindre kornstorlekar på magnetiten. Vidare undersöks om det finns någon optimal vikt-% magnetit vid uppvärmning av asfaltsmassan. Resultatet visar att det ur en värmeöverföringssynpunkt inte finns några begränsningar för hur mycket magnetit som kan blandas in. Del 2 Ett fältförsök utfördes i Kungälv där både magnetitinblandad gjutasfalt och traditionell gjutasfalt lades ut. Båda asfaltstyperna tillverkades och värmdes upp i ett traditionellt gjutasfaltverk och utläggning skedde på Nordreälvsbron i Kungälv. Temperaturen mättes genom att temperaturgivare göts in i asfalten varefter mätvärden registrerades på olika höjdnivåer. Resultatet visade i stort på att den magnetitinblandade gjutasfalten avsvalnade långsammare än den traditionella, även om osäkerheter förekommer. Till exempel vad gäller nederbörd som påverkade asfaltstyperna olika. Numeriska endimensionella simuleringar med simuleringsverktyget COMSOL Multiphysics har utförts för att jämföra med uppmätta värden från fältförsöket. Här konstateras att temperaturerna i den simulerade modellen avtar snabbare än vad som uppmätts i fältförsöket. Precis som vid fältförsöket noterades att den magnetitinblandade gjutasfalten svalnade av långsammare än den traditionella gjutasfalten. Osäkerheter vid modelleringen rör framförallt modellparametrarna.
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Bíreš, Pavol. "Numerické metody výpočtu elektromagnetického pole". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218771.
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The aim of the work is to study the electromagnetic field theory, finite element method and the interaction of electromagnetic field with tissues. Gained knowledge is then used to calculate spreading of the electromagnetic field in the microwave field and to create a temperature profile of spreading the electromagnetic fields in human tissue. The finite element method was implemented in the Matlab programming environment, where the 1D model was created in the frequency and time domain and a simple 2D model created in time domain. The program was developed to analyze spreading electromagnetic wave. Another part of work was done in the programming environment of COMSOL Multiphysics. In this case was the human leg exposed to electromagnetic fields. The analysis determined the changes of temperature in these biological tissues for six minutes.
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Bordoni, Lorenzo. "Studio e realizzazione di provini piezoelettrici flessibili per applicazioni di sensoristica". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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L’obiettivo del progetto europeo MyLeg è quello di realizzare una nuova generazione di protesi transfemorali motorizzate che possano essere utilizzate in modo intuitivo e affidabile. L’aspetto innovativo riguarda la presenza di un impianto osteointegrato e di sensori mioelettrici impiantabili su muscoli innervati per estendere le capacità cognitive dell’utente, aumentando la percezione della gamba protesica e la capacità di movimento.
Il lavoro di Tesi si focalizza su uno dei tantissimi aspetti del progetto, che riguarda lo sviluppo di un sensore piezoelettrico flessibile da integrare nella pianta del piede protesico, con la funzione di rispondere alla pressione esercitata nelle differenti zone con un segnale elettrico ad essa proporzionale. In particolare sono stati studiati diversi tipi di materiale per il corpo del sensore, dai siliconi alle resine epossidiche, valutandone aspetti funzionali e strutturali, e l’ottimizzazione della struttura del dispositivo per migliorarne le prestazioni.
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Ng, Kiang Chuan. "Calculation of the transition matrix for the scattering of acoustic waves from a thin elastic spherical shell using the COMSOL Multiphysics Finite-Element Code". Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10661.
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In acoustics, the so-called Transition, or T-matrix relates the incident and scattered acoustic pressures of an object or scatterer. The T-matrix of a thin steel spherical shell in water has been determined by the COMSOL Multiphysics Finite-Element Code. The shell has an outer radius of 0.5m and a thickness of 1cm. It is driven at a frequency of 474 Hz such that ka=1 (where k is the acoustic wave number and a is the outer radius of the shell). A standing wave, represented by a spherical Bessel function, is incident onto the shell surface and the corresponding scattering coefficient is computed. The approach is divided into three portions. Firstly, a fluid-loaded rigid sphere is modeled using the Acoustic-Shell Interaction (ACSH) physics mode to examine the functionality of COMSOL. It also explores the degree of improvement when a refined fluid mesh is applied. Secondly, a thin spherical shell is modeled in the ACSH physics mode. This will examine the credibility of COMSOL to obtain accurate results based on thin shell approximation. Finally, a true 3D finite element, employing the 3D elastic theory, is created using the Acoustic-Structure Interaction (ACSI) physics mode. The resulting diagonal T-matrix elements achieved an accuracy of 0.1% relative to the analytical T-matrix. Ultimately, these results will be applicable to the modeling of the radiation from an arbitrarily densely-packed array of sonar transducers.
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Lisnyak, Marina. "Theoretical, numerical and experimental study of DC and AC electric arcs". Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2013/document.
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L’apparition accidentelle d’un arc électrique dans le système de distribution électrique d’un aéronef peut compromettre la sécurité du vol. Il existe peu de travaux liés à cette problématique.Le but de ce travail est donc d’étudier le comportement d’un arc électrique, en conditions aéronautiques,par des approches théorique, numérique, et expérimentale. Dans ce travail, un modèle MHD de la colonne d’arc à l’ETL a été utilisé, et résolu à l’aide du logiciel commercial comsolMultiphysics. Afin de décrire l’interaction plasma-électrodes, le modèle a dû étendu pour inclure les écarts à l’équilibre près des électrodes. Ces zones ont été prises en compte en considérant la conservation du courant et de l’énergie dans la zone hors-équilibre. L’approche choisie et le développement du modèle ont été détaillés. La validation du modèle dans le cas d’un arc libre a montré un excellent accord avec les résultats numériques et expérimentaux de la littérature.Ce modèle d’arc libre a été étendu au cas de l’arc se propageant entre des électrodes en configuration rails et en géométrie 3D. Une description auto-cohérente du déplacement de l’arc entre les électrodes a été réalisée. La simulation numérique a été faite pour des arcs en régimes DC, pulsé et AC à des pressions atmosphériques et inférieures. Les principales caractéristiques de l’arc ont été analysées et discutées. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés avec les résultats expérimentaux et ont montré un bon accord.Ce modèle d’arc électrique est capable de prédire le comportement d’un arc de défaut dans des conditions aéronautiques. Des améliorations du modèle sont discutées comme perspectives de ce travailThe ignition of an electric arc in the electric distribution system of an aircraft can be a serious problem for flight safety. The amount of information on this topic is limited, however. Therefore,the aim of this work is to investigate the electric arc behavior by means of experiment and numerical simulations.The MHD model of the LTE arc column was used and resolved numerically using the commercial software comsol Multiphysics. In order to describe plasma-electride interaction, the model had to be extended to include non-equilibrium effects near the electrodes. These zones were taken into account by means of current and energy conservation in the non-equilibrium layer. The correct matching conditions were developed and are described in the work. Validation of the model in the case of a free burning arc showed excellent agreement between comprehensive models and the experiment.This model was then extended to the case of the electric arc between rail electrodes in a 3D geometry. Due to electromagnetic forces the electric arc displaces along the electrodes. A self-consistent description of this phenomenon was established. The calculation was performed for DC, pulsed and AC current conditions at atmospheric and lower pressures. The main characteristics of the arc were analyzed and discussed. The results obtained were compared with the experimental measurements and showed good agreement.The model of electric arcs between busbar electrodes is able to predict the behavior of a fault arc in aeronautical conditions. Further improvements of the model are discussed as an outlook of the research
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Ivanenko, Yevhen. "Modelling and Simulation of Electrostatic Precipitators with a Dust Layer". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44773.
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A dust layer, especially based on high-resistivity dust, at the collecting electrodes may cause a back corona discharge in electrostatic precipitators (ESP). It can significantly reduce the ESP efficiency and as a result cause ecological damages. To study the dust layer influence inside ESPs, it is necessary to derive an adequate model of the ESP precipitation process with a dust layer at the collecting electrode. The research of the present thesis is focused on stationary studies of the precipitation process with a dust layer at the collecting electrode in ESPs. Three mathematical models are proposed as a description of the precipitation process with a dust layer at the collecting electrode. The models are based on Maxwell’s equations and the finite element method (FEM). COMSOL Multiphysics software is used for their implementation. In all models the dust layer has constant conductivity and the air region has constant ion mobility. In the first model there are no coupling conditions, which is required in mathematics, are given between the two regions. The solution found by COMSOL Multiphysics does not provide physically acceptable coupling conditions. In the second model, a continuous transition zone is introduced between the two regions so that no coupling conditions are required. With the large derivatives in the transition zone, the nonlinear solver in COMSOL Multiphysics does not converge. Finally, in the third model, the dust layer and the grounded collecting electrode are replaced with a boundary condition for the air region. The properties of the third model are investigated, and these models can be used to study the influence of the dust layer. The results of these investigations are reported and discussed.
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George, Brian Patrick. "Experimental and Computational Modeling of Ultrasound Correlation Techniques". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1270663937.
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Bažantová, Lucie. "Modelování ohřevu tkání v KV diatermii". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-219736.
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This thesis deals with the basic theory of the electromagnetic field in the first part and the field interactions with biological tissues. Than describes shortwave diathermy as a technique used for purposes of medical treatment. The aim is to built a model of tissue heating in shortwave diathermy in COMSOL Multiphysics environment, so there is included a description of the programming environment, including the mathematical method that COMSOL uses for calculations. The output of the whole work is a model of the lower limb in the knee part and display the results after his diathermy heating.
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Wampler, Dean Thomas. "Fluid Flow Characterization and in Silico Validation in a Rapid Prototyped Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1805.
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Aortic aneurysms are the 14th leading cause of death in the United States. Annually, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) ruptures are responsible for 4500 deaths. There are another 45,000 repair procedures performed to prevent rupture, and of these approximately 1400 lead to deaths. With proper detection, the aneurysm may be treated using endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Understanding how the flow of the blood within the artery is affected by the aneurysm is important in determining the growth of the aneurysm, as well as how to properly treat the aneurysm. The goal of this project was to develop a physical construct of the AAA, and use this construct to validate a computational model of the same aneurysm through flow visualization. The hypothesis was that the fluid velocities within the physical construct would accurately mimic the fluid velocities used in the computational model. The physical model was created from a CT scan of an AAA using 3D printing and polymer casting. The result was a translucent box containing a region in the shape of the aneurysm. Fluid was pumped through the construct to visualize and quantify the velocity of the fluid within the aneurysm. COMSOL Multiphysics® was used to create a computational model of the same aneurysm, as well as obtain velocity measurements to statistically compare to those from the physical construct. There was no significant difference between the velocity values for the physical construct and the COMSOL Multiphysics® model, confirming the hypothesis. This study used a CT scan to create an anatomically accurate model of an AAA that was used to validate a computational model using a novel technique of flow visualization. As EVAR technologies continue to progress, it will become increasingly important to understand how the blood flow within the aneurysm affects the growth and treatment of AAAs.
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Le, Lous Morgan. "Transferts de pression, de masse et d'énergie au sein des systèmes aquifères grandes profondeurs : application à la géothermie haute énergie". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30003.
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Utilisée depuis des milliers d’années sous ses manifestations naturelles par l’Homme, cette ressource fait l’objet d’une exploitation commerciale depuis seulement le XXe siècle, à destination du chauffage de bâtiments, de certains usages industriels ainsi que de la production d’électricité. La France compte parmi les pionniers concernant l’usage direct de la chaleur alors qu’aucune filière industrielle n’est véritablement effective pour la production d’électricité d’origine géothermique. Le projet sélectionné, intitulé FONGEOSEC, a pour objectif la conception et la réalisation d’un démonstrateur innovant préindustriel d’une centrale géothermique haute enthalpie exploité par cogénération d’électricité et de chaleur. Un travail de recherche et développement, conduit par un consortium composé de partenaires industriels et scientifiques, vise au lancement de la filière industrielle géothermique haute température en France. L’objectif général des travaux de thèse porte sur une meilleure compréhension globale des comportements hydrauliques, massiques et thermiques des formations profondes en réponse à une sollicitation anthropique de longue durée. Il s’agit d’identifier les paramètres clés régissant la réponse du complexe réservoir à la suite d’une exploitation géothermique. Un point particulier sera consacré à caractériser la part de chacun des modes de transport de chaleur en milieu poreux – conduction thermique, convection libre et forcée – dans l’établissement des performances thermiques de l’ouvrage considéré. Plusieurs dispositifs techniques d’exploitation seront proposés afin de réduire les incertitudes associées au système géothermique souterrain et garantir le succès du projet FONGEOSEC. L’impact des mécanismes thermo-convectifs au voisinage des forages d’exploitation géothermique de grande profondeur reste peu documenté, a fortiori dans le cas de dispositifs déviés adoptant une complétion particulière. L’outil retenu pour l’évaluation des performances du dispositif au contact de l’encaissant est la modélisation numérique distribuée. La variabilité des propriétés physiques de l’hydrosystème, de la conception et des modalités d’exploitation du dispositif sur le comportement hydraulique et thermique de l’exploitation est envisagée selon différentes approches développées à partir de modèles numériques 3DUsed for thousands of years under its natural manifestations, this resource has been commercially exploited since the twentieth century, for the heating of buildings, certain industrial uses and the production of electricity. France is one of the pioneers in the direct use of heat, whereas no industrial cluster is truly effective for the production of geothermal electricity. The selected project, FONGEOSEC, aims to design and produce an innovative pre-industrial demonstrator of a high enthalpy geothermal power plant operated by cogeneration of electricity and heat. A research and development project, led by a consortium of industrial and scientific partners, aims to launch the high-temperature geothermal industrial sector in France. The general objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of the hydraulic, mass and thermal behavior of deep porous formations in response to long-term anthropogenic stress. The aim is to identify the key parameters governing the response of the reservoir complex related to geothermal operation. A particular point will be devoted to characterize the part of each mode of transport of heat in porous medium – thermal conduction, free and forced convection – in the establishment of the thermal performances of the geothermal power plant. Several technical operating devices will be proposed to reduce the uncertainties associated with the underground geothermal system and guarantee the success of the FONGEOSEC project. The impact of thermo-convective mechanisms in the vicinity of deep geothermal borehole remains poorly documented, especially in the case of deviated wells with a complex inner geometry. The evaluation of the hydraulic and thermal performances of the device, based on 3D numerical modeling, is conducted according to different approaches
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Ryšánek, Martin. "Vícepásmová magnetická anténa". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218593.
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The thesis deals with a parametric analysis of a magnetic multiband antenna and explains the principle of its operation. In the thesis, an optimization of the antenna by the particle swarm optimization is performed in order to meet impedance matching in prescribed frequency bands.
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Kazi-tani, Zakaria. "Simulation of Hardening of the MahanaKhon Tower Mat Foundation". Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244030.
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Cement hydration is the result of a series of simultaneous chemical reactions occurring during the production of concrete. An excessive amount of heat is generated, which consequently may give rise to thermal stresses and cause early age cracks in concrete that may affect its structural integrity, and load bearing capacity. Incorporating fly ash into the concrete mixture has shown to be an efficient method to reduce the temperatures developed during early age hydration, especially for massive concrete structures. Fly ash does additionally affect the concrete's development of compressive strength, tensile strength and Young's modulus. The MahanaKhon tower's mat foundation is divided into 14 layers, with fly ash incorporated in the concrete mix. A finite element model was developed of the mat foundation with COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the developed temperatures and thermal stresses during curing. The simulations were carried out as parametric studies with different strain reference temperatures. The simulated temperatures were compared with existing temperature measurements that were conducted in three different elevations in each concrete layer. The result of the temperature analyses showed that the measured temperatures were generally larger than the simulated ones, which may have been the result of the numerical model's heat conductivity and convective heat transfer coeffcient not reflecting the actual case. Furthermore, the numerical model did not take into account the effects of solar radiation, which would most likely have increased the temperature of the concrete. The maximum simulated temperatures were mostly found in the center level of the concrete, followed by the lower level, and the lowest at the top. It was also observed that the maximum temperatures in some of the mat foundation layers could exceed 70 °C, which is generally considered high since the risk of delayed ettringite formation may arise. The large temperature is partially a result of not using cooling methods, such as cooling pipes, but also due to the high initial and ambient temperatures. The result of the thermal stress analyses showed that no tensile stresses arose when the strain reference temperature, Tref, was specified to 30 °C, corresponding to the mean ambient temperature. This is due to the concrete temperature not falling below Tref, and the concrete will therefore be in expansion and only be subject to compressive stresses. Increasing Tref to 50 °C, which was considered a reasonable estimation, resulted in developed tensile stresses in all mat foundation layers, where the majority of the mat foundation layers showed a risk of superficial surface cracks. The maximum tensile stresses were found at the final time of the simulations, which was expected, since the temperatures were at their lowest as a result of removing the curing insulation. Finally, setting Tref to 70 °C, corresponding to the maximum temperature during hardening, increased the induced tensile stresses considerably, due to the large temperature gradient between Tref and the concrete temperature. The maximum stresses were, as expected, located at the top level and caused by internal restraint. The second largest tensile stresses were found in the center level, also subject to internal restraint. The lowest tensile stresses were located in the lower level, subject to external restraint.Cementhydratation är resultatet av en serie kemiska reaktioner som sker under tillverkningen av betong. Stora mängder värme genereras, vilket följaktligen kan ge upphov till termiska spänningar och orsaka tidig sprickbildning som påverkar betongens hållfasthet, och bärförmåga. Inkludering av flygaska i betongblandningen har visat sig vara en effektiv metod avsedd att minska temperaturerna som utvecklas under hydratationen i ung betong, särskilt i massiva betongkonstruktioner. Flygaska påverkar också betongens utveckling av tryckhållfasthet, draghållfasthet och elasticitetsmodul. MahanaKhon towers bottenplatta är uppdelad i 14 lager, där flygaska inkluderades i bottenplattans betong. En finit elementmodell av bottenplattan skapades i COMSOL Multiphysics, där de utvecklade temperaturerna och termiska spänningarna i den unga betongen simulerades under bottenplattans härdningsfas. Simuleringarna genomfördes som parameterstudier med olika referenstemperaturer. De simulerade temperaturerna jämfördes vidare med befintliga temperaturmätningar som utfördes i tre olika elevationer i varje gjutetapp. Resultaten av temperaturerna visade att de uppmätta temperaturerna var generellt högre än de simulerade, vilket bland annat kan bero på att betongens värmeledningsförmåga, samt konvektiva värmeöverföringskoefficient inte återspeglade det aktuella fallet. Den numeriska modellen tog inte heller hänsyn till effekten av solinstrålning, som sannolikt skulle ökat betongens temperatur. De maximala temperaturerna hittades mestadels i betongens mittnivå, följt av den lägre nivån och slutligen lägsta nivåerna vid toppen. Det observerades även att de maximala temperaturerna i bottenplattan kunde överstiga 70 °C, vilket generellt anses vara högt då risken för fördröjd ettringitbildning kan uppstå. De höga temperaturerna beror delvis på avsaknad av kylmetoder, såsom kylrör, men även på den höga initialtemperaturen och omgivningstemperaturen. Resultaten av spänningsanalysen påvisade att inga dragspänningar uppstod när referenstemperaturen Tref denierades till 30 °C, som motsvarar den genomsnittliga omgivningstemperaturen. Detta förklaras av att betongen kommer att vara i expansion och följaktligen endast utsättas för tryckspänningar. Efter att Tref ökats till 50 °C, vilken ansågs vara en rimlig estimering i denna studie, uppstod dragspänningar i alla lager i bottenplattan, där vissa utsattes för risk för ytsprickor. De maximala dragspänningarna uppstod vid simuleringarnas slut, vilket var förväntat då temperaturerna var som lägst vid den tidpunkten till följd av att isoleringen avlägsnades. Slutligen höjdes Tref till 70 °C, vilket motsvarar den maximala temperaturen i bottenplattan under härdning. De inducerade dragspänningarna ökade avsevärt på grund av den stora temperaturgradienten mellan Tref och betongtemperaturen. Samtliga lager utsattes i detta fall för risk för genomgående sprickor. De maximala dragspänningarna påträffades på toppnivån och orsakades av inre tvång. De näst största dragspänningarna fanns i mitten av plattan och var också resultatet av inre tvång. De lägsta dragspänningarna påträffades vid plattans lägre nivå, som utsattes för yttre tvång.
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Lorenzi, Giulia. "Studio delle proprietà elettriche di materiali nanocompositi a base di resina epossidica additivati con nanografite". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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Le nanotecnologie rappresentano un nuovo approccio tecnologico basato sulla conoscenza e sulla manipolazione della materia su scala nanometrica. Numerosi sono i settori industriali interessati a queste nuove tecnologie. L’elaborato di tesi rientra nell’ambito dell’ingegneria elettrica e riguarda, in particolare, materiali isolanti additivati con particelle nanometriche conduttive.
Le principali applicazioni sono rappresentate dagli accessori per cavi elettrici, quali ad esempio giunti e terminali, dove è necessario gradare il campo elettrico e la corrente, evitando che stress eccessivi danneggino il materiale.
L'obiettivo del seguente lavoro è quello di sviluppare un modello computazionale che permetta di determinare la concentrazione di nanofiller che sarà necessario additivare al materiale di base per ottenere un determinato incremento di conducibilità, richiesto per limitare gli sforzi elettrici a cui sono sottoposti i dielettrici.
Il lavoro è stato organizzato in più fasi:
1. Analisi di un modello computazionale 2D realizzato in precedenza e sviluppo di un nuovo modello 3D mediante il software Comsol with Matlab;
2. Sintesi dei materiali nanocompositi;
3. Caratterizzazione dielettrica dei campioni realizzati;
4. Confronto con i risultati ottenuti da elaborazioni precedenti, durante le quali sono stati utilizzati tre diversi filler lamellari (GO, G2 e G3);
5. Confronto tra gli incrementi di conducibilità previsti dai modelli computazionali e i risultati ottenuti sperimentalmente.
Essendo questo ambito ancora in via di sviluppo, le conoscenze stanno progredendo gradualmente, eseguendo prove e test sui materiali. Le tematiche e le sperimentazioni riguardanti questo tema saranno oggetto di elaborazioni successive e continueranno ad essere studiate e approfondite, in modo da portare la ricerca in direzione di una maggiore precisione e certezza.
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Franchini, Federico. "Studio e realizzazione di provini piezoelettrici flessibili per applicazioni di sensoristica". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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L’obiettivo del lavoro di Tesi è stato quello di produrre dal punto di vista sperimentale un sensore piezoelettrico mediante l’utilizzo di materiali e processi innovativi. È stato inoltre sviluppato un modello elettromeccanico sfruttando il software COMSOL Multiphysics®, che ha permesso di validarne sul piano teorico l’efficienza e fattibilità. I sensori piezoelettrici sfruttano la proprietà di alcuni materiali, di indurre una ridistribuzione delle cariche interne a seguito dell’applicazione di una sollecitazione di tipo meccanico. Inoltre, per garantire la flessibilità e la resistenza che caratterizzano la pelle artificiale, devono essere composti da materiali con proprietà meccaniche simili al silicone. Perciò in questo elaborato è stata studiata la creazione di sensori flessibili, partendo proprio dalle gomme siliconiche. Il primo passo è stata la produzione di elettrodi flessibili con l’integrazione di un materiale conduttivo in una matrice polimerica, per creare così un polimero conduttivo. Il materiale conduttivo scelto è il Carbon Black. Miscelando il Carbon Black con il Polidimetilsilossano o PDMS, appartenente alla famiglia delle gomme siliconiche, si ottiene una integrazione fra i due materiali e sottoponendoli ad un processo di cura termoindurente si ottiene un materiale conduttivo della stessa consistenza del silicone. Come materiale piezoelettrico, è stato utilizzato il PVDF-TrFE, copolimero ferromagnetico, sottoforma di tappetino di nanofibre in grado di avere polarizzazione spontanea anche in assenza di un campo elettrico. Il sensore è prodotto come sovrapposizione di strati curati assieme. La seconda parte di questo elaborato con lo sviluppo di un modello elettromeccanico che sfrutta il software COMSOL Multiphysics® ha permesso la realizzazione di un sensore simile a quello realizzato sperimentalmente. I risultati computati dal software sono poi stati confrontati con i risultati del sensore reale, sottoponendo entrambi allo stesso tipo di forza.