Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Constructivism"

This thesis examines the legacy and consequences of Constructivism in art, from the early days of the Russian avant-garde to recent times and today. The Introduction explains how the concept of faktura, first theorised around 1912 by David Burliuk and others, came to designate the material qualities rather than the subject-matter of art. Chapter 1: Towards A Constructive Ideal, traces the progress of faktura in the reliefs of V.Tatlin from 1913. The ancestry of faktura in the Eastern icon tradition is emphasised, where a close relation between sight and touch already suggested a new type of encounter between the viewer and the object of art. The chapter further examines the importance of faktura to Suprematism, and examines A.Rodchenko’s appeal to line as a rational element of construction and as a weapon against ‘composition’ in art. Chapter 2: Time and the Viewer presents evidence of the importance to artists in the period 1940-70 of the real-time encounter between viewer and the art-object, first in American and British ‘Constructionism’, and then in the Minimal art of Judd, Morris and others. The chapter ends with a discussion of temporality in relation to abstract paintings of Rothko and de Kooning. Chapter 3: Irregular Curves: Science and ‘The Organic’ reprises the minority Constructivism of Mikhail Matyushin and Pyotr Miturich that claimed organic structures were superior to technicist ones. Evidence is presented that the rectilinear grid was always subject to challenge, initially in the art of Emma Kunz, Jean Arp and other pre-war modernists but latterly among those for whom ‘field’ and ‘curvature’ became relevant formats after 1945. Particularly with the development of computing from the 1970s, new geometries based on iteration and scale-invariancy assumed major relevance to constructed art. Chapter 4: Constructivism Now presents evidence of the application of Constructivist principles in recent art, initially in Dan Flavin’s ‘monuments’ to Tatlin and others and subsequently in so-called Neo-Geo and Op art of the 1970s and 1980s. From that period on, albeit often in a register of irony and ‘serious play’, faktura in a Constructivist sense continued, and continues today, to define the relation between viewer and object of art.

This dissertation lays the philosophical groundwork for a mathematics that combines some of the virtues of constructivist mathematics and classical mathematics; from the former, an austere ontology and independency of actual in nity, and from the latter, objectivity of truth values and a strong logic. The rst half of the dissertation is concerned with classical mathematics and Brouwer's intuitionism. Classical mathematics is criticized for relying on a notion of in nity that may not even be possibly instantiable. Brouwer is criticized for relying on an incoherent notion of free choice sequences and based on a novel interpretation of intuitionism in terms of a strong and a weak notion of truth for unnecessarily mixing mentalism about mathematical objects with veri cationism. The second half develops a so-called non-veri cationist constructivist philos- ophy of mathematics that accepts all and only possible constructions as truth makers, independently of what is and can be veri ed about them. Classical arithmetic is vindicated on this basis. Classical set theory is, of course, not. Rather, it is argued that a mentalistic set theory has to be non-well-founded and that this forces a revision of logic. However, the result is not intuitionis- tic logic but something akin to the logic that comes out of Kripke's theory of truth: bivalence fails only in the absence of groundedness, not in the absence of proof and decidability. The akin to reservation is due to the fact that there are serious problems with the speci c formal theory given by Kripke. His theory is extended and modi ed with the aim of solving these problems while staying within the bounds of non-veri cationist constructivism.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 1990.<br>Title on page 6. Two folded displays. Prepared for: Dept. of Communication Arts and Design. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a la comprensió dels processos de construcció de significat humans i la seva relació amb el benestar psicològic. Aquesta contribució s’emmarca en els enfocaments constructivistes i construccionistes socials, i en la teoria narrativa. Tot que els enfocaments constructivistes constructivistes i socials comparteixen la premissa bàsica que els processos de construcció de significats són construïts en la interacció en contextos socioculturals específics, ambdós paradigmes difereixen sobre l'èmfasi que posen en l'individu enfront allò social. No obstant això, les últimes investigacions han arribat a reconèixer alguns punts de trobada per integrar ambdós enfocaments, pel que fa al focus en la narrativa i el llenguatge (McNamee, 2004). Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu explorar alguns d'aquests punts de trobada, ja que es troba a la cruïlla de la integració dels enfocaments constructivistes i construccionistes, en analitzar la construcció de significat des d'un enfocament narratiu. Per tant, es presenta una sèrie d'estudis centrats en dos enfocaments narratius integradors en el qual s'entrellacen les perspectives constructivistes i construccionistes. El primer enfocament integrador seguit és l'enfocament constructivista relacional, proposat per Luis Botella i col•laboradors (Botella, 2001; Botella i Herrero, 2000). El segon enfocament, és la Teoria dialògica i, en concret, la metodologia Dialogical Investigations of Happenings of Change, desenvolupada per Jaakko Seikkula i col•laboradors (Seikkula, Laitila, i Rober, 2012). Per tal d'aconseguir l’objectiu d'aquesta tesi -contribuir a la comprensió dels processos de construcció de significat i la seva relació amb el benestar psicològic basant-se en la teoria narrativa- quatre estudis diferents han estat desenvolupats que persegueixen els següents objectius: 1. Analitzar les característiques i l'existència de narratives prototípiques que diferenciïn els pacients que presenten depressió d’aquells que presenten ansietat; 2. Analitzar disrupció narrativa i la qualitat de vida percebuda en els processos d'immigració; 3. Analitzar els processos de construcció de significat des d'un enfocament dialògic en un entorn psicoterapèutic d'una teràpia de parella per violència de gènere. En els dos primers objectius, l'estudi de les narracions s'aborda des d'un enfocament constructivista relacional, el qual sembla el més apropiat quan es treballa de forma individual. El tercer, se centra en el Dialogical Methods of Investigations of Happenings of Change, el qual sembla el més apropiat quan es treballa amb la família i la teràpia de parella. En les conclusions es destaquen els principals resultats troballes de cada estudi i la forma en què proporcionen nova informació sobre els processos de construcció de significat, des d’un enfocament narratiu. També s’assenyalen les possibles implicacions clíniques derivades d'aquest programa de recerca, les limitacions i les qüestions que es deixen per a investigacions futures. Finalment, en les conclusions finals es discuteix sobre la utilitat d'aquests dos enfocaments integradors quan el focus se centra en la narrativa i la construcció de significats.<br>El objetivo de esta tesis es contribuir a la comprensión de los procesos de construcción de significado y su relación con el bienestar psicológico. Esta contribución se nutre de los enfoques constructivistas y construccionistas sociales, basándose en la teoría narrativa. Aunque los enfoques constructivistas y construccionistas sociales comparten la premisa básica de que los procesos de construcción de significados son construidos en la interacción en contextos socioculturales específicos, ambos paradigmas difieren sobre el énfasis que ponen al individuo frente a lo social. Sin embargo, las últimas investigaciones han llegado a reconocer algunos puntos de encuentro para integrar ambos enfoques en referencia a la narrativa y el lenguaje (McNamee, 2004). Esta tesis tiene como objetivo explorar algunos de estos puntos de encuentro, ya que se sitúa en el cruce de la integración de los enfoques constructivistas y construccionistas, al analizar la construcción de significados a través de un enfoque narrativo. Por lo tanto, se presenta una serie de estudios centrados en dos enfoques narrativos integradores en los que se entrelazan las perspectivas constructivistas y construccionistas. El primer enfoque integrador seguido es el enfoque constructivista relacional, propuesto por Luis Botella y colaboradores (Botella, 2001; Botella y Herrero, 2000). El segundo, es la Teoría dialógica y en concreto, la metodología “Dialogical Methods of Investigations of Happenings of Change”, desarrollada por Jaakko Seikkula y colaboradores (Seikkula, Laitila y Rober, 2012). Con el fin de lograr el objetivo de esta tesis -contribuir a la comprensión de los procesos de construcción de significado y su relación con el bienestar psicológico desde la teoría narrativa- cuatro estudios diferentes han sido desarrollados que persiguen los siguientes objetivos: 1. Analizar las características y la existencia de narrativas prototípicas que diferencien los pacientes con depresión de los pacientes con ansiedad; 2. Analizar la disrupción narrativa y la calidad de vida percibida en los procesos de inmigración; 3. Analizar los procesos de construcción de significado desde un enfoque dialógico en un entorno psicoterapéutico de una terapia de pareja por violencia de género. En los dos primeros objetivos, el estudio de las narraciones se aborda desde un enfoque constructivista relacional, el cual parece más apropiado cuando se trabaja con los individuos. El tercero, se centra en el Dialogical Methods of Investigations of Happenings of Change, el cual parece el más apropiado cuando se trabaja con terapia familiar y/o de pareja. En las conclusiones se destacan los principales resultados de cada estudio y la forma en que proporcionan nueva información sobre el proceso de construcción de significados, desde un enfoque narrativo. También señalamos las posibles implicaciones clínicas derivadas de este programa de investigación, las limitaciones y las cuestiones que se dejan para trabajos futuro. Por último, en las conclusiones finales se discute acerca de la utilidad de esos dos enfoques integradores cuando el enfoque se centra en la narrativa y la construcción de significados.<br>The goal of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of human meaning making processes and their relation to psychological well-being. This contribution is drawn from constructivist, and social constructionist approaches, heavily relying on narrative theory. Although constructivist and social constructionist approaches share the basic assumption that meaning making processes are embedded and constructed in interaction in specific sociocultural contexts, both paradigms differ regarding the emphasis they place to the individual vs the social word. However, latest research has come to recognize some meeting points for bridging both approaches when the focus is on narrative and language (McNamee, 2004). This thesis aims at exploring some of these meeting points, since it is situated at the crossroad of the integration of constructivist and constructionist approaches, when analyzing meaning-making through a narrative focus. Therefore, it presents a series of studies focused on two integrative narrative approaches in which constructivist and social constructionist perspectives are intertwined. The first integrative approach followed is the Relational Constructivist approach, proposed by Luis Botella and collaborators (Botella, 2001; Botella &,Herrero, 2000). The second one, is the Dialogical Theory and specifically, the Dialogical Investigations of Happenings of Change methodology, developed by Jaakko Seikkula and collaborators (Seikkula, Laitila,, & Rober, 2012). In order to accomplish this thesis’ goal -to contribute to the understanding of human meaning making processes and their relation to psychological well-being relying on narrative theory- four different studies have been developed addressing the following objectives: 1. To analyze the characteristics and the existence of prototypic narratives that differentiate depressed from anxious patients; 2. To analyze narrative disruption and the perceived quality of life in immigration processes; 3. To analyze meaning making processes from a dialogical approach in a psychotherapeutic setting of a couple therapy for Intimate Partner Violence. As can be inferred, in the first two objectives, the study of narratives is addressed from a relational constructivist approach, which seemed the most appropriated when working with individuals. The third one is focused on the Dialogical Methods of Investigations of Happenings of Change, which seemed the most appropriated when working with family and couple therapy. In the conclusion we highlight the main findings of each study and the way in which they provide new information on human meaning making process focusing on a narrative approach. We also point out the potential clinical implications derived from this research program, the limitations, and the issues that are left for future work. Finally, in the concluding remarks we discuss about the usefulness of those two integrative approaches when focusing on narrative and meaning making.

George Klosko attempts to solve a problem put forth by Rawls, namely how to create a persisting, just and stable liberal democracy in light of pluralism. He believes Rawls has failed at this task through the employment of political constructivism. Klosko claims that since Rawls does not utilize actual views within the existing public to form principles of justice, his method would fail to reach an overlapping consensus. As an alternative, Klosko proposes the method of convergence, which utilizes actual societal views to find overlapping concepts that inform the principles of justice. My argument is that Klosko misconstrues the method and aims of political constructivism. Klosko seems to incorrectly believe that stability is primary to establishing a liberal democracy, whereas it is secondary to the achievement of justice. Because of this error, Klosko’s method of convergence potentially has the consequence of creating a society which is stable but unjust.

Christine Korsgaard has attempted to defend a distinct approach to metaethics – Neo-Kantian Constructivism. Not only does she present a positive case for her own view, she also attacks existing metaethical positions and even the disctinctions that metaethics has traditionally relied on. This thesis is a sustained examination of this position. I consider whether Korsgaard can legitimately claim to be offering a metaethical position at all, providing her with some defence against the scepticism of some metaethicists. I also examine her attacks on traditional metaethical positions (in particular moral realism and expressivism). I argue that her attack on moral realism can be avoided if the realism on offer takes a particular form. In the case of expressivism I claim that Korsgaard’s attack, though not fully developed in her work, motivates an examination of contemporary hybrid-expressivist theories. I argue that these are, as of yet, no advance over their non-hybrid cousins. Finally I examine Korsgaard’s own position, attempting to make it clearer by combining her claims with a framework developed by Crispin Wright for judgement-dependent qualities. This gives Korsgaard her best chance of a distinctive metaethical position. Ultimately, though, the Neo-Kantian approach to morality fails.